Claims: T 6

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• The impact of the 9th-grade on-track NSI appeared to increase over time - The impact of the 9th-grade on-track NSI appeared to increase over time
• The impact of the strategy training was higher for evaluation than for search skills, in terms of accuracy and quality of students' justifications. - The impact of the strategy training was higher for evaluation than for search skills, in terms of accuracy and quality of students' justifications.
• The improved probabilistic inference of VGPs generalizes to a novel auditory tone-location discrimination task - The improved probabilistic inference of VGPs generalizes to a novel auditory tone-location discrimination task
• The improvement index for Little Books on general reading achievement is +12 percentile points for each delivery variation, averaging +12 percentile points across the study - The improvement index for Little Books on general reading achievement is +12 percentile points for each delivery variation, averaging +12 percentile points across the study
• The inattention manipulation was behaviorally verified: only one of 10 nonmonitored-ear subjects reported hearing the CS during preexposure versus eight of 10 monitored-ear subjects - The inattention manipulation was behaviorally verified: only one of 10 nonmonitored-ear subjects reported hearing the CS during preexposure versus eight of 10 monitored-ear subjects
• The inattentive ADHD subtype has the worst learning ability score among ADHD subtypes - The inattentive ADHD subtype has the worst learning ability score among ADHD subtypes
• The inattentive ADHD subtype shows the most delayed ABR latencies in waves III and V and intervals I-III and I-V - The inattentive ADHD subtype shows the most delayed ABR latencies in waves III and V and intervals I-III and I-V
• The incidental learning advantage occurs from as little as two exposures to multimodal stimuli in complete beginners - The incidental learning advantage occurs from as little as two exposures to multimodal stimuli in complete beginners
• The included scaffolding studies show small-study effects, which the Bayesian approach addresses by shrinking overweighted effect sizes - The included scaffolding studies show small-study effects, which the Bayesian approach addresses by shrinking overweighted effect sizes
• The inclusion of developing and using models in K-12 science standards creates an opportunity to examine the role of modeling in science classrooms - The inclusion of developing and using models in K-12 science standards creates an opportunity to examine the role of modeling in science classrooms
• The incongruence between stationary schools and mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyles, including distant, poorly maintained schools and abusive hostels, blocks school access - The incongruence between stationary schools and mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyles, including distant, poorly maintained schools and abusive hostels, blocks school access
• The increase in noticing dialogue was accompanied by a decrease in noticing mathematical activity, described as attentional tunneling — a design consideration for integrated dialogue-plus-content noticing training - The increase in noticing dialogue was accompanied by a decrease in noticing mathematical activity, described as attentional tunneling — a design consideration for integrated dialogue-plus-content noti
• The increase in students inventing their own ways of solving tasks was minor, but there was a marked increase in students agreeing the CCS tasks required inventing their own ideas - The increase in students inventing their own ways of solving tasks was minor, but there was a marked increase in students agreeing the CCS tasks required inventing their own ideas
• The increased efficiency effect confounds attempts to exploit the speed-ability trade-off central to many response-time models - The increased efficiency effect confounds attempts to exploit the speed-ability trade-off central to many response-time models
• The increased efficiency effect threatens the validity of response-time models that presume item response time is influenced only by item time intensity, ability, and working speed - The increased efficiency effect threatens the validity of response-time models that presume item response time is influenced only by item time intensity, ability, and working speed
• The increased number and specificity of policy requirements challenged implementation flexibility, with some viewing the policy as one-size-fits-all - The increased number and specificity of policy requirements challenged implementation flexibility, with some viewing the policy as one-size-fits-all
• The indicator system correctly classifies 96 percent of case-study schools' politics and 92 percent of their improvement approach - The indicator system correctly classifies 96 percent of case-study schools' politics and 92 percent of their improvement approach
• The indirect association between AI anxiety and academic motivation through emotion regulation is significant for both male and female students but stronger among male students - The indirect association between AI anxiety and academic motivation through emotion regulation is significant for both male and female students but stronger among male students
• The indirect association between verbal short-term memory and listening comprehension through vocabulary just missed significance - The indirect association between verbal short-term memory and listening comprehension through vocabulary just missed significance
• The indirect association through social motivation is model-dependent: negative in the unconditional model but positive and attenuating with higher perceived AI literacy in the moderated model - The indirect association through social motivation is model-dependent: negative in the unconditional model but positive and attenuating with higher perceived AI literacy in the moderated model
• The indirect effect of AI literacy on engagement via psychological capital strengthens as professional commitment rises (moderated mediation) - The indirect effect of AI literacy on engagement via psychological capital strengthens as professional commitment rises (moderated mediation)
• The indirect effect of GenAI use on critical thinking via feedback literacy is conditional on reflective thinking, strengthening as reflectivity rises - The indirect effect of GenAI use on critical thinking via feedback literacy is conditional on reflective thinking, strengthening as reflectivity rises
• The indirect praise-to-achievement path is driven by trait beliefs, not learning goals - The indirect praise-to-achievement path is driven by trait beliefs, not learning goals
• The individualized generative AI condition showed no significant effect on relevance as identification with math compared with the control group or the collective condition - The individualized generative AI condition showed no significant effect on relevance as identification with math compared with the control group or the collective condition
• The induction did not increase teachers' perceived similarity with focal students - The induction did not increase teachers' perceived similarity with focal students
• The induction improved treatment teachers' relationships with focal students: more positivity (Cohen's d = 0.41) and less negativity (Cohen's d = -0.52) - The induction improved treatment teachers' relationships with focal students: more positivity (Cohen's d = 0.41) and less negativity (Cohen's d = -0.52)
• The inductively tutored group gave distinctly better-quality explanations of the fallacies they detected than the class-taught group - The inductively tutored group gave distinctly better-quality explanations of the fallacies they detected than the class-taught group
• The inferred norms show features of a traditional teacher perspective, while SDMN 4 shows features of a perception-based perspective - The inferred norms show features of a traditional teacher perspective, while SDMN 4 shows features of a perception-based perspective
• The influence of strategic planning on accuracy is unclear and depends on task type and planning conditions - The influence of strategic planning on accuracy is unclear and depends on task type and planning conditions
• The inhibitory control–mathematical ability correlation does not differ across domains of mathematical ability - The inhibitory control–mathematical ability correlation does not differ across domains of mathematical ability
• The initiation-response organizing principle constrains interaction to a linear structure and breaks down when drawing space runs out - The initiation-response organizing principle constrains interaction to a linear structure and breaks down when drawing space runs out
• The initiative aims to reach all 6,300 students residing in the three served counties - The initiative aims to reach all 6,300 students residing in the three served counties
• The initiative was associated with an overall increase in promotions to the next grade, concentrated among special education students - The initiative was associated with an overall increase in promotions to the next grade, concentrated among special education students
• The institution maintained privacy primarily through role-based access limiting data by user role and through technological security protocols such as single sign-on and encryption - The institution maintained privacy primarily through role-based access limiting data by user role and through technological security protocols such as single sign-on and encryption
• The institutionalized “ELL” label positioned labelled students as the Other, depriving them of access to agentive participation in the unit - The institutionalized “ELL” label positioned labelled students as the Other, depriving them of access to agentive participation in the unit
• The instructional manipulation check confirmed that TBI and SBI videos were perceived as intended - The instructional manipulation check confirmed that TBI and SBI videos were perceived as intended
• The instructor's own final exam showed the same direction of advantage on the intact randomized sample, with no difference on the pre-treatment midterm - The instructor's own final exam showed the same direction of advantage on the intact randomized sample, with no difference on the pre-treatment midterm
• The instructor's personality and attitudes influence outcomes of sex instruction as much as the facts taught, so personal appeal should carry greater stress than information alone. - The instructor's personality and attitudes influence outcomes of sex instruction as much as the facts taught, so personal appeal should carry greater stress than information alone.
• The instrument used to measure perfectionism moderates its relationship with academic achievement, particularly for perfectionistic concerns - The instrument used to measure perfectionism moderates its relationship with academic achievement, particularly for perfectionistic concerns
• The integrated G4L approach combining graph-based modeling, database-driven tracking, and generative content creation successfully supported learner navigation and domain comprehension - The integrated G4L approach combining graph-based modeling, database-driven tracking, and generative content creation successfully supported learner navigation and domain comprehension
• The integrated model explains substantial variance in student engagement (R² = 0.700) in GenAI-supported learning - The integrated model explains substantial variance in student engagement (R² = 0.700) in GenAI-supported learning
• The integrated model explains substantially less variance in science achievement at eleventh grade (17%) compared to fifth (41%) and eighth (38%) grades - The integrated model explains substantially less variance in science achievement at eleventh grade (17%) compared to fifth (41%) and eighth (38%) grades
• The integration of visual perception and motor coordination is uniquely associated with math skills but not with reading or written language - The integration of visual perception and motor coordination is uniquely associated with math skills but not with reading or written language
• The intellectual quality of classroom assignments in Annenberg Challenge schools improved between 1997 and 1999, though some 1999 averages were lower than 1998 - The intellectual quality of classroom assignments in Annenberg Challenge schools improved between 1997 and 1999, though some 1999 averages were lower than 1998
• The intensive case management offered by PROMISE might be difficult to sustain in the current system - The intensive case management offered by PROMISE might be difficult to sustain in the current system
• The INTERACT intervention showed no significant ITT effect on student-reported emotional, behavioral, or cognitive engagement - The INTERACT intervention showed no significant ITT effect on student-reported emotional, behavioral, or cognitive engagement
• The INTERACT teacher coaching intervention produced small, statistically significant ITT improvements in student-perceived emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support in upper secondary school - The INTERACT teacher coaching intervention produced small, statistically significant ITT improvements in student-perceived emotional support, classroom organization, and instructional support in upper
• The interaction between robot appearance and task on trust was only marginal, suggesting appearance may slightly modulate expectations without determining trust - The interaction between robot appearance and task on trust was only marginal, suggesting appearance may slightly modulate expectations without determining trust
• The interaction between school diversity climate (aggregated teachers' immigration attitudes) and immigrant status significantly predicts performance in science, mathematics, and reading - The interaction between school diversity climate (aggregated teachers' immigration attitudes) and immigrant status significantly predicts performance in science, mathematics, and reading
• The interaction of complexity and desirable difficulty does not significantly affect posttest performance - The interaction of complexity and desirable difficulty does not significantly affect posttest performance
• The interaction of cortisol and alpha amylase at 48 months is unrelated to math and reading ability at prekindergarten and to growth - The interaction of cortisol and alpha amylase at 48 months is unrelated to math and reading ability at prekindergarten and to growth
• The interaction of interventions with age and curricular undertaking is not significant at the .05 level - The interaction of interventions with age and curricular undertaking is not significant at the .05 level
• The interaction of label type and victim age did not significantly affect public perceptions of individuals who sexually offend - The interaction of label type and victim age did not significantly affect public perceptions of individuals who sexually offend
• The interaction of peer rejection and teacher-child closeness/conflict significantly predicts later language competence in multilevel models - The interaction of peer rejection and teacher-child closeness/conflict significantly predicts later language competence in multilevel models
• The interaction taxonomy's effectiveness within Memdora has not been empirically evaluated - The interaction taxonomy's effectiveness within Memdora has not been empirically evaluated
• The Interchange series covered learning objectives more comprehensively than the Iranian high school textbooks - The Interchange series covered learning objectives more comprehensively than the Iranian high school textbooks
• The interdependence between numerical relational and counting skills is weaker in at-risk learners - The interdependence between numerical relational and counting skills is weaker in at-risk learners
• The interference dip disappears once instruction returns to vector-based topics such as magnetic fields - The interference dip disappears once instruction returns to vector-based topics such as magnetic fields
• The interleaving benefit appears in three of four problem-type-by-delay comparisons; the slope-problem effect at 1 day was not statistically significant - The interleaving benefit appears in three of four problem-type-by-delay comparisons; the slope-problem effect at 1 day was not statistically significant
• The interleaving benefit is not caused by spacing, and the benefit extends to delayed tests - The interleaving benefit is not caused by spacing, and the benefit extends to delayed tests
• The interleaving effect generalizes to visual materials, with the largest effects for paintings - The interleaving effect generalizes to visual materials, with the largest effects for paintings
• The interleaving literature is dominated by laboratory studies of university undergraduates, with no included study using high-school participants - The interleaving literature is dominated by laboratory studies of university undergraduates, with no included study using high-school participants
• The intervention did not enhance students' sourcing in specifying the information need - The intervention did not enhance students' sourcing in specifying the information need
• The intervention did not improve 5th graders' extract-and-integrate performance - The intervention did not improve 5th graders' extract-and-integrate performance
• The intervention did not increase students' SRL aptitude, yet supported higher course grades - The intervention did not increase students' SRL aptitude, yet supported higher course grades
• The intervention did not significantly improve performance on the integrated, unguided purposeful reading task - The intervention did not significantly improve performance on the integrated, unguided purposeful reading task
• The intervention does not change general motivation for mathematics measured by the SRQ-A - The intervention does not change general motivation for mathematics measured by the SRQ-A
• The intervention effect increases with the number of Tekster lessons students complete - The intervention effect increases with the number of Tekster lessons students complete
• The intervention effects on mathematics are robust across model specifications and did not differ between RCT and COVID-affected implementation contexts - The intervention effects on mathematics are robust across model specifications and did not differ between RCT and COVID-affected implementation contexts
• The intervention improved students' sourcing in credibility judgments and in written products relative to controls - The intervention improved students' sourcing in credibility judgments and in written products relative to controls
• The intervention increased students' elaborated explanations and cumulative and exploratory talk - The intervention increased students' elaborated explanations and cumulative and exploratory talk
• The intervention increased teachers' talk moves but decreased authentic teacher questions, contradicting the dialogic-practice hypothesis for questions - The intervention increased teachers' talk moves but decreased authentic teacher questions, contradicting the dialogic-practice hypothesis for questions
• The intervention produced significant effects on researcher-developed measures of vocabulary depth but not vocabulary breadth - The intervention produced significant effects on researcher-developed measures of vocabulary depth but not vocabulary breadth
• The intervention raised observed teacher confidence and enthusiasm, with partial mediation via this dimension for African American students only, though the group difference was not significant - The intervention raised observed teacher confidence and enthusiasm, with partial mediation via this dimension for African American students only, though the group difference was not significant
• The intervention showed no meaningful differential effects for children facing socioeconomic disadvantage, EAL, SEN, or multiple overlapping challenges - The intervention showed no meaningful differential effects for children facing socioeconomic disadvantage, EAL, SEN, or multiple overlapping challenges
• The intervention showed substantively important but WWC-unconfirmed effects on English language development, with non-significant CTBS Language and Writing outcomes - The intervention showed substantively important but WWC-unconfirmed effects on English language development, with non-significant CTBS Language and Writing outcomes
• The intervention significantly benefited 6th-grade students but showed no significant effects for 7th or 8th graders - The intervention significantly benefited 6th-grade students but showed no significant effects for 7th or 8th graders
• The intervention significantly increased teachers' noticing of six dialogic attributes — persuasive interaction, one leads and another is led, agreement and collective attention, students have equal status, dialogic gap, and monologue — but not of dialogue-expansion attributes - The intervention significantly increased teachers' noticing of six dialogic attributes — persuasive interaction, one leads and another is led, agreement and collective attention, students have equal s
• The intervention's effect on math/science course interest and grades was tested as a main effect and as moderated by math/science identity - The intervention's effect on math/science course interest and grades was tested as a main effect and as moderated by math/science identity
• The interventions did not consistently benefit any baseline subgroup more than another - The interventions did not consistently benefit any baseline subgroup more than another
• The interventions narrowed some reading gaps, reducing the Word Attack gap by about two-thirds for third graders and one-half for fifth graders - The interventions narrowed some reading gaps, reducing the Word Attack gap by about two-thirds for third graders and one-half for fifth graders
• The intrinsic–extraneous–germane distinction is conceptually problematic: definitions are tautological and expertise-dependent - The intrinsic–extraneous–germane distinction is conceptually problematic: definitions are tautological and expertise-dependent
• The inventing group showed more metacognitive regulation during future learning, contrary to hypothesis, without benefiting transfer - The inventing group showed more metacognitive regulation during future learning, contrary to hypothesis, without benefiting transfer
• The inverse relation between mathematics and reading sex differences also holds within nations across the performance continuum - The inverse relation between mathematics and reading sex differences also holds within nations across the performance continuum
• The inverted low-confidence info-seeking pattern persists when only each participant's first condition is analyzed - The inverted low-confidence info-seeking pattern persists when only each participant's first condition is analyzed
• The investigate–solve–write scaffold, with personalization disabled, improves all five backbone model families on general agentic benchmarks, with average relative gains of 25.69%–32.03% - The investigate–solve–write scaffold, with personalization disabled, improves all five backbone model families on general agentic benchmarks, with average relative gains of 25.69%–32.03%
• The Investigation phase divides into three sub-phases: Exploration or Experimentation leading to Data Interpretation - The Investigation phase divides into three sub-phases: Exploration or Experimentation leading to Data Interpretation
• The iPad helped a student with ADHD focus attention and become more metacognitive about his reading - The iPad helped a student with ADHD focus attention and become more metacognitive about his reading
• The IPS evidence base predominantly addresses information search and selection, with library and ecological-validity biases limiting generalizability to broader IPS competence - The IPS evidence base predominantly addresses information search and selection, with library and ecological-validity biases limiting generalizability to broader IPS competence
• The IRE classroom discourse structure constrains students' everyday mathematical register, conjectures, and participation of lower socioeconomic groups - The IRE classroom discourse structure constrains students' everyday mathematical register, conjectures, and participation of lower socioeconomic groups
• The ISHS advantage in STEM career interest at the end of high school remains significant after controlling for prior middle school STEM interest and activity - The ISHS advantage in STEM career interest at the end of high school remains significant after controlling for prior middle school STEM interest and activity
• The ISI intervention shows no main effect on first graders' self-regulation gains from fall to spring - The ISI intervention shows no main effect on first graders' self-regulation gains from fall to spring
• The item-quality and prediction work is part of a larger project aiming to make online math more accessible to students with visual impairments - The item-quality and prediction work is part of a larger project aiming to make online math more accessible to students with visual impairments
• The Ivy Hypothesis differs from the Dominant Language Hypothesis and Bilingual Bootstrapping Hypothesis in developmental scope and hierarchical prediction - The Ivy Hypothesis differs from the Dominant Language Hypothesis and Bilingual Bootstrapping Hypothesis in developmental scope and hierarchical prediction
• The IW-supported group needed less teacher scaffolding in the late problem-solving stage, where nurse and instructor discourse decreased, while scaffolding increased from early to late stage in the TW condition - The IW-supported group needed less teacher scaffolding in the late problem-solving stage, where nurse and instructor discourse decreased, while scaffolding increased from early to late stage in the TW
• The jigsaw classroom overall leads to positive effects, but findings vary depending on the academic subjects and psychosocial variables measured - The jigsaw classroom overall leads to positive effects, but findings vary depending on the academic subjects and psychosocial variables measured
• The Jill Watson AI teaching assistant met student expectations in a Georgia Tech online course without being detected as non-human - The Jill Watson AI teaching assistant met student expectations in a Georgia Tech online course without being detected as non-human
• The JOBSTART and control groups showed no statistically significant baseline differences on compared characteristics - The JOBSTART and control groups showed no statistically significant baseline differences on compared characteristics
• The Kansas Reading Tests' use of arithmetical, physical and practical problems taps mental processes scarcely comparable to ordinary reading comprehension - The Kansas Reading Tests' use of arithmetical, physical and practical problems taps mental processes scarcely comparable to ordinary reading comprehension
• The Kansas Silent Reading Tests appear to measure quality of silent reading (comprehension) rather than rate. - The Kansas Silent Reading Tests appear to measure quality of silent reading (comprehension) rather than rate.
• The Kauffman School had a positive and statistically significant impact on enrollment in four-year colleges, closing over 80 percent of the Black-student enrollment gap in Missouri - The Kauffman School had a positive and statistically significant impact on enrollment in four-year colleges, closing over 80 percent of the Black-student enrollment gap in Missouri
• The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, and educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, reading, and science during its first four years - The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, and educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, reading, and science during its first four years
• The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in math during its first two years - The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in math during its first two years
• The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in reading during its first two years - The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in reading during its first two years
• The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in science during its first two years - The Kauffman School had positive, statistically significant, educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in science during its first two years
• The Kauffman School had substantial positive, statistically significant impacts on student achievement in mathematics, reading, and science during its first three years of operation - The Kauffman School had substantial positive, statistically significant impacts on student achievement in mathematics, reading, and science during its first three years of operation
• The Kauffman School has a positive and statistically significant impact on four-year college enrollment - The Kauffman School has a positive and statistically significant impact on four-year college enrollment
• The Kauffman School has a positive, statistically significant impact on enrollment in four-year colleges large enough to close the gap in four-year college enrollment rates for Black high school seniors in Missouri - The Kauffman School has a positive, statistically significant impact on enrollment in four-year colleges large enough to close the gap in four-year college enrollment rates for Black high school senio
• The Kauffman School has higher ACT scores than the Kansas City high school average, but its impact on ACT scores could not be calculated - The Kauffman School has higher ACT scores than the Kansas City high school average, but its impact on ACT scores could not be calculated
• The Kauffman School produced positive, statistically significant, and educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science in each of its first five years, beyond the growth of students in other Kansas City public schools - The Kauffman School produced positive, statistically significant, and educationally meaningful impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science in each of its f
• The Kauffman School produced substantial positive impacts on achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science each year through 2021-22, except during the 2020-21 pandemic year - The Kauffman School produced substantial positive impacts on achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science each year through 2021-22, except during the 2020-21 pandemic year
• The Kauffman School produced substantial positive impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science over its first six years - The Kauffman School produced substantial positive impacts on student achievement growth in mathematics, English language arts, and science over its first six years
• The Kauffman School produces sustained positive achievement growth impacts in mathematics, English language arts, and science - The Kauffman School produces sustained positive achievement growth impacts in mathematics, English language arts, and science
• The Kauffman School raised student attendance by approximately 1 percentage point relative to comparison students - The Kauffman School raised student attendance by approximately 1 percentage point relative to comparison students
• The Kauffman School suspends students at a substantially higher rate than other schools in Kansas City - The Kauffman School suspends students at a substantially higher rate than other schools in Kansas City
• The Kauffman School's achievement impacts are higher than the average impacts found in studies of other charter schools - The Kauffman School's achievement impacts are higher than the average impacts found in studies of other charter schools
• The Kauffman School's hallmarks are largely being implemented faithfully - The Kauffman School's hallmarks are largely being implemented faithfully
• The Kauffman School's impact on four-year college enrollment compares favorably to the average effects observed for other high-performing charter schools - The Kauffman School's impact on four-year college enrollment compares favorably to the average effects observed for other high-performing charter schools
• The KEI threshold was accurate for the cohort despite large individual-level prediction errors (53% of proficient and 73% of non-proficient students correctly classified) - The KEI threshold was accurate for the cohort despite large individual-level prediction errors (53% of proficient and 73% of non-proficient students correctly classified)
• The Key Stage 3 ICT assessment has more potential than CWRA and PISA to measure the full range of 21st century capabilities - The Key Stage 3 ICT assessment has more potential than CWRA and PISA to measure the full range of 21st century capabilities
• The keyword-quality–JOL correlation increases after comparison with expert keywords, indicating learners exploit keyword quality as a cue only when given external standards - The keyword-quality–JOL correlation increases after comparison with expert keywords, indicating learners exploit keyword quality as a cue only when given external standards
• The KIPP impact on reading skills persists over time, but impacts on reading comprehension largely dissipate by grade 2 - The KIPP impact on reading skills persists over time, but impacts on reading comprehension largely dissipate by grade 2
• The knowledge base supported downstream expert-level analysis, yielding 1,267 risk items across 81 categories and 14 domains - The knowledge base supported downstream expert-level analysis, yielding 1,267 risk items across 81 categories and 14 domains
• The Knowledge Tracing Algorithm does not suffer the identifiability problem: all four parameters affect its behavior separately - The Knowledge Tracing Algorithm does not suffer the identifiability problem: all four parameters affect its behavior separately
• The KOKU digital programme improves balance function at 12 weeks compared with standard care in community-dwelling older adults, with the effect increasing over time - The KOKU digital programme improves balance function at 12 weeks compared with standard care in community-dwelling older adults, with the effect increasing over time
• The L1-L2 distinction in incidental vocabulary acquisition from reading lies in the rate, not the ultimate outcome, of the acquisition process - The L1-L2 distinction in incidental vocabulary acquisition from reading lies in the rate, not the ultimate outcome, of the acquisition process
• The L2C coach adaptively modulates assistance by estimated learner skill and physical context, concentrating intervention around gates - The L2C coach adaptively modulates assistance by estimated learner skill and physical context, concentrating intervention around gates
• The LA Promise Neighborhood expanded its service model to a second community with few nonprofits despite the need for services - The LA Promise Neighborhood expanded its service model to a second community with few nonprofits despite the need for services
• The LA Promise Neighborhood lead agency drew one community's boundaries partly based on the location of existing partnerships - The LA Promise Neighborhood lead agency drew one community's boundaries partly based on the location of existing partnerships
• The lack of guidelines for test score use fails to reflect the ultimate purpose of a test score: helping solve an important problem faced by intended test users - The lack of guidelines for test score use fails to reflect the ultimate purpose of a test score: helping solve an important problem faced by intended test users
• The LAD did not support the preparatory phase because most participants did not use the actionable feedback despite perceiving it as potentially useful - The LAD did not support the preparatory phase because most participants did not use the actionable feedback despite perceiving it as potentially useful
• The LAD was mostly perceived to support student appraisal of study behaviour by providing new insights or awareness - The LAD was mostly perceived to support student appraisal of study behaviour by providing new insights or awareness
• The large majority (71.2%) of Universal ESA users had not previously attended a public school, adding new costs to the state education budget - The large majority (71.2%) of Universal ESA users had not previously attended a public school, adding new costs to the state education budget
• The large majority of freshmen scoring below 77.5 Alpha drop out before senior year - The large majority of freshmen scoring below 77.5 Alpha drop out before senior year
• The large online group showed significant score improvements from phase onward on question 1 while the smaller groups did not, indicating collective intelligence capacity emerged in the large group - The large online group showed significant score improvements from phase onward on question 1 while the smaller groups did not, indicating collective intelligence capacity emerged in the large group
• The larger enrollment decline at HBCUs corresponded to the larger decline in PLUS recipients at those institutions - The larger enrollment decline at HBCUs corresponded to the larger decline in PLUS recipients at those institutions
• The largest checklist-item gain from multi-agent scaffolding was in observable empathic expression, with additional gains in selected history-taking items - The largest checklist-item gain from multi-agent scaffolding was in observable empathic expression, with additional gains in selected history-taking items
• The largest improvements in mathematics instruction and learning gains went to students with the lowest tested math scores - The largest improvements in mathematics instruction and learning gains went to students with the lowest tested math scores
• The largest OSCE-domain improvement from multi-agent scaffolding was in communication performance - The largest OSCE-domain improvement from multi-agent scaffolding was in communication performance
• The largest reported effects came from interventions training reflection on own learning and teaching through metacognitive judgements (Michalsky 2021: d = 3.12; Pieschl et al. 2021: d = 2.9) - The largest reported effects came from interventions training reflection on own learning and teaching through metacognitive judgements (Michalsky 2021: d = 3.12; Pieschl et al.
• The largest self-efficacy effect sizes in the pilot appeared on advanced features such as setting up hooks and creating skills - The largest self-efficacy effect sizes in the pilot appeared on advanced features such as setting up hooks and creating skills
• The largest source of mismatch between trace-based and think aloud SRL processes was confusion between elaboration/organisation and first-reading processes - The largest source of mismatch between trace-based and think aloud SRL processes was confusion between elaboration/organisation and first-reading processes
• The late-pretest estimator preference holds as long as test score impacts do not grow very quickly early in the school year - The late-pretest estimator preference holds as long as test score impacts do not grow very quickly early in the school year
• The later, shorter, inconsistent sleep health class shows later bedtimes, shorter sleep duration, less consistent routines, and higher pre-bedtime caffeine consumption than the earlier, longer, consistent class - The later, shorter, inconsistent sleep health class shows later bedtimes, shorter sleep duration, less consistent routines, and higher pre-bedtime caffeine consumption than the earlier, longer, consis
• The LEAD Partnership delivers professional development on play-based learning and high-quality teacher-student interactions to school leaders and preK and kindergarten teachers - The LEAD Partnership delivers professional development on play-based learning and high-quality teacher-student interactions to school leaders and preK and kindergarten teachers
• The leakage manipulation fires: ConvTutor leaks far more than PedTutor on the primary base, while probe accuracy saturates and cannot distinguish conditions - The leakage manipulation fires: ConvTutor leaks far more than PedTutor on the primary base, while probe accuracy saturates and cannot distinguish conditions
• The learner's developmental level conditions the outcomes of interactional input - The learner's developmental level conditions the outcomes of interactional input
• The learner's first language influences target-language pronunciation and is a significant factor in foreign accents, causing errors in aspiration, intonation, and rhythm - The learner's first language influences target-language pronunciation and is a significant factor in foreign accents, causing errors in aspiration, intonation, and rhythm
• The learning advantage of multimedia introductory messages is partially visible on global exams and not durable across the study - The learning advantage of multimedia introductory messages is partially visible on global exams and not durable across the study
• The learning benefit of control over studying emerges around age six and increases across the elementary-school years - The learning benefit of control over studying emerges around age six and increases across the elementary-school years
• The learning benefit of increasing integration is substantially larger for high element interactivity (complex) materials than for low element interactivity materials - The learning benefit of increasing integration is substantially larger for high element interactivity (complex) materials than for low element interactivity materials
• The learning benefit of mathematics test practice is larger for boys than for girls - The learning benefit of mathematics test practice is larger for boys than for girls
• The learning benefit of the worked-example textbook was greater for students with lower pretest proportional reasoning skills - The learning benefit of the worked-example textbook was greater for students with lower pretest proportional reasoning skills
• The learning benefits of perceptual disfluency reported by Diemand-Yauman et al. (2011) do not replicate in any general way - The learning benefits of perceptual disfluency reported by Diemand-Yauman et al.
• The learning cycle is reported as an effective means for learning science concepts and processes - The learning cycle is reported as an effective means for learning science concepts and processes
• The Learning during COVID-19 research investigated whether 2020-21 school-year gains and spring 2021 achievement differed from pre-pandemic trends and levels in reading and math. - The Learning during COVID-19 research investigated whether 2020-21 school-year gains and spring 2021 achievement differed from pre-pandemic trends and levels in reading and math.
• The learning patterns model differs from SRL models by being multi-dimensional, non-normative, and including external regulation and lack of regulation - The learning patterns model differs from SRL models by being multi-dimensional, non-normative, and including external regulation and lack of regulation
• The learning process and memory are the most frequently stressed sub-topics in educational psychology courses - The learning process and memory are the most frequently stressed sub-topics in educational psychology courses
• The learning-performance MANOVA showed an overall effect of learning instruction across identification, terminology, and comprehension - The learning-performance MANOVA showed an overall effect of learning instruction across identification, terminology, and comprehension
• The least on-task students show the largest improvement after Energizers activities, improving on-task behavior by 20% - The least on-task students show the largest improvement after Energizers activities, improving on-task behavior by 20%
• The level of reflection support (practice-only, grade comparison, or reflection prompts) did not differentially affect the improvement of secondary students' calibration accuracy over time - The level of reflection support (practice-only, grade comparison, or reflection prompts) did not differentially affect the improvement of secondary students' calibration accuracy over time
• The levels and rates of studies meeting WWC evidence standards have increased over the life of the What Works Clearinghouse - The levels and rates of studies meeting WWC evidence standards have increased over the life of the What Works Clearinghouse
• The lexical frequency effect on writing a difficult first letter is present only in 1st graders, indicating spelling-motor interference before handwriting automation - The lexical frequency effect on writing a difficult first letter is present only in 1st graders, indicating spelling-motor interference before handwriting automation
• The LI(A)RA project produced competitive, scholarly, and educational outcomes that validated the framework's practices - The LI(A)RA project produced competitive, scholarly, and educational outcomes that validated the framework's practices
• The lifelong learning paradigm, introduced in the 1972 Faure report, links learning to equal opportunity and democratisation of education - The lifelong learning paradigm, introduced in the 1972 Faure report, links learning to equal opportunity and democratisation of education
• The lifetime fiscal loss per Arizona high school dropout is $135,730 across all levels of government, or $2.5 billion per cohort - The lifetime fiscal loss per Arizona high school dropout is $135,730 across all levels of government, or $2.5 billion per cohort
• The likelihood of being identified as at risk increases as historically underserved background characteristics intersect, with variation by gender and race/ethnicity, and school characteristics also matter - The likelihood of being identified as at risk increases as historically underserved background characteristics intersect, with variation by gender and race/ethnicity, and school characteristics also m
• The likelihood of being identified as significantly below benchmark in early literacy screening increases as historically underserved background characteristics intersect - The likelihood of being identified as significantly below benchmark in early literacy screening increases as historically underserved background characteristics intersect
• The limitations of mental discipline have been shown in many investigations, yet it remains a cornerstone of curricular argument among educators - The limitations of mental discipline have been shown in many investigations, yet it remains a cornerstone of curricular argument among educators
• The linear effect of task difficulty on cognitive strategy use is competitively mediated by learner resources: difficulty decreases resources, which lowers strategy use, while a positive direct effect remains - The linear effect of task difficulty on cognitive strategy use is competitively mediated by learner resources: difficulty decreases resources, which lowers strategy use, while a positive direct effect
• The linear slope of the HSGPA–college graduation relationship does not vary significantly across high schools, so HSGPA provides a consistent signal across schools - The linear slope of the HSGPA–college graduation relationship does not vary significantly across high schools, so HSGPA provides a consistent signal across schools
• The linear-drag AI video yields a fitted glycerin viscosity (≈ 0.234 Pa·s) consistent with an aqueous glycerin solution of about 85% by weight - The linear-drag AI video yields a fitted glycerin viscosity (≈ 0.234 Pa·s) consistent with an aqueous glycerin solution of about 85% by weight
• The linearity bias heuristic enables robust alignment with low-dimensional embeddings on standard CPUs, lowering computational prerequisites - The linearity bias heuristic enables robust alignment with low-dimensional embeddings on standard CPUs, lowering computational prerequisites
• The link between children's affect index and their subsequent collaboration preferences varied with age, with the two proxies for social motivation becoming dissociated in older children - The link between children's affect index and their subsequent collaboration preferences varied with age, with the two proxies for social motivation becoming dissociated in older children
• The link between mastery goals and social comparison orientation is stronger the higher learners' performance-approach goal endorsement - The link between mastery goals and social comparison orientation is stronger the higher learners' performance-approach goal endorsement
• The link between Turkish identity and mixed-trial accuracy was negative when German identity was low and marginally positive when German identity was high - The link between Turkish identity and mixed-trial accuracy was negative when German identity was low and marginally positive when German identity was high
• The literature contains a gap regarding the development of assessments based on learning styles - The literature contains a gap regarding the development of assessments based on learning styles
• The literature defines late-career teachers inconsistently, by age, experience or perceived expertise, with no coherent conceptualisation - The literature defines late-career teachers inconsistently, by age, experience or perceived expertise, with no coherent conceptualisation
• The literature is mixed on age differences in the accuracy of retrospective confidence judgments during recognition memory tests, with older adults sometimes producing more high-confidence false alarms and poorer resolution with deceptive lures - The literature is mixed on age differences in the accuracy of retrospective confidence judgments during recognition memory tests, with older adults sometimes producing more high-confidence false alarm
• The literature is supportive of recasts, but recast effectiveness varies with the language area and learner knowledge, focus, and aptitudes - The literature is supportive of recasts, but recast effectiveness varies with the language area and learner knowledge, focus, and aptitudes
• The literature review reports a converging consensus that middle school is the ideal time to begin career exploration - The literature review reports a converging consensus that middle school is the ideal time to begin career exploration
• The lived experience of conversing with a pedagogical agent comprises five interdependent phenomenological themes - The lived experience of conversing with a pedagogical agent comprises five interdependent phenomenological themes
• The LL-DC, PS-DC, and W-DC methods produce similar decision consistency estimates (within 0.044) for normally or close to normally distributed datasets - The LL-DC, PS-DC, and W-DC methods produce similar decision consistency estimates (within 0.044) for normally or close to normally distributed datasets
• The LLM evaluator score discriminates between simulated-student motivation profiles - The LLM evaluator score discriminates between simulated-student motivation profiles
• The LLM judge agrees with human annotators at 87.7% (κ = 0.842) on consensus pairs, but severity-rating agreement is uneven and medium-tier boundaries are uncertain - The LLM judge agrees with human annotators at 87.7% (κ = 0.842) on consensus pairs, but severity-rating agreement is uneven and medium-tier boundaries are uncertain
• The LLM observation function's per-answer mastery evidence correlates with true mastery at r = 0.68 pooled, but only r ≈ 0.15 within the weak tier, making it least reliable for low-ability learners - The LLM observation function's per-answer mastery evidence correlates with true mastery at r = 0.68 pooled, but only r ≈ 0.15 within the weak tier, making it least reliable for low-ability learners
• The LLM-based journaling assistant shows no significant effect on students' intrinsic motivation for creating a learning journal - The LLM-based journaling assistant shows no significant effect on students' intrinsic motivation for creating a learning journal
• The LLM-judge scoring pipeline for the two metrics aligns with human labels and human raters - The LLM-judge scoring pipeline for the two metrics aligns with human labels and human raters
• The LLM-judge separates weak submissions but its ranking of the strongest systems has almost no agreement with crowd ranking (Spearman ρ = −0.17) - The LLM-judge separates weak submissions but its ranking of the strongest systems has almost no agreement with crowd ranking (Spearman ρ = −0.17)
• The locale types with the lowest four-year principal retention differed across the three states - The locale types with the lowest four-year principal retention differed across the three states
• The logic model's medium-term outcomes center on ADE staff data-use and formative-evaluation capacity - The logic model's medium-term outcomes center on ADE staff data-use and formative-evaluation capacity
• The longer and more difficult the motor problem, the more advisable it is to break it into units and learn both the units and their connections under massed conditions - The longer and more difficult the motor problem, the more advisable it is to break it into units and learn both the units and their connections under massed conditions
• The Los Padillas 4th-grade cohort improved markedly in ELA from 3rd to 4th grade (13% to 34% proficient) and outperformed APS community school peers - The Los Padillas 4th-grade cohort improved markedly in ELA from 3rd to 4th grade (13% to 34% proficient) and outperformed APS community school peers
• The LoU Interview shows high interrater reliability, and the rating procedure was streamlined over two years without loss of agreement - The LoU Interview shows high interrater reliability, and the rating procedure was streamlined over two years without loss of agreement
• The Louisiana study separated high schools' contributions to long-term success from family resources and students' learning before high school - The Louisiana study separated high schools' contributions to long-term success from family resources and students' learning before high school
• The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on communication/language competencies for children with disabilities - The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on communication/language competencies for children with disabilities
• The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on functional abilities for children with disabilities - The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on functional abilities for children with disabilities
• The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on social-emotional development and behavior for children with disabilities - The Lovaas Model has no discernible effects on social-emotional development and behavior for children with disabilities
• The Lovaas Model has potentially positive effects on cognitive development for children with disabilities, with an improvement index of +27 percentile points - The Lovaas Model has potentially positive effects on cognitive development for children with disabilities, with an improvement index of +27 percentile points
• The low Alpha–school-standing correlation is difficult to explain and investigators report conflicting correlation results - The low Alpha–school-standing correlation is difficult to explain and investigators report conflicting correlation results
• The low- and high-coercion versions of NTool did not differ on perceived sociability or social presence - The low- and high-coercion versions of NTool did not differ on perceived sociability or social presence
• The lower a test's score ceiling, the more teacher value-added estimates shrink toward the average teacher, because ceiling scores contain imprecise information about achievement - The lower a test's score ceiling, the more teacher value-added estimates shrink toward the average teacher, because ceiling scores contain imprecise information about achievement
• The lowest-performing MiC elementary schools made increasingly greater progress beyond prediction as CCSS-M implementation deepened from 2016 to 2018 - The lowest-performing MiC elementary schools made increasingly greater progress beyond prediction as CCSS-M implementation deepened from 2016 to 2018
• The lowest-performing middle school readers fell further behind during post-COVID recovery - The lowest-performing middle school readers fell further behind during post-COVID recovery
• The LR+SBERT model achieved the highest specificity and estimated time savings at 95% sensitivity among the tested learning algorithms - The LR+SBERT model achieved the highest specificity and estimated time savings at 95% sensitivity among the tested learning algorithms
• The LWPA advantage on the End-of-Unit exam persists after removing oral comprehension scores - The LWPA advantage on the End-of-Unit exam persists after removing oral comprehension scores
• The M&E Checklist structures validation as stakeholder-collaborative evidence building culminating in a large pilot study - The M&E Checklist structures validation as stakeholder-collaborative evidence building culminating in a large pilot study
• The M&E Plan Template promotes continuity across funders' portfolios, enabling streamlined review and cross-solution comparisons - The M&E Plan Template promotes continuity across funders' portfolios, enabling streamlined review and cross-solution comparisons
• The MACE visual arts aspect of shape showed no improvement and no condition effect - The MACE visual arts aspect of shape showed no improvement and no condition effect
• The magnet data cannot determine air permeability; only the magnet's dipole moment can be estimated - The magnet data cannot determine air permeability; only the magnet's dipole moment can be estimated
• The magnitude of ERP prediction markers correlates with the behavioral reaction-time benefit of predictability - The magnitude of ERP prediction markers correlates with the behavioral reaction-time benefit of predictability
• The magnitude of sex differences in mathematics varies across geographical regions, with larger estimated effects in Central Europe (d = 0.164) and Central and South America (d = 0.153) than in North America (d = 0.047) - The magnitude of sex differences in mathematics varies across geographical regions, with larger estimated effects in Central Europe (d = 0.164) and Central and South America (d = 0.153) than in North
• The main dropout-contagion findings remained essentially unchanged across five robustness checks including unmatched samples, IPTW, and conditional regression - The main dropout-contagion findings remained essentially unchanged across five robustness checks including unmatched samples, IPTW, and conditional regression
• The main student use of GAI tools consistently in view was supporting language-usage and text production - The main student use of GAI tools consistently in view was supporting language-usage and text production
• The majority (63%) of kindergartners hold naïve mental models of the day and night cycle, with the distance model the most common - The majority (63%) of kindergartners hold naïve mental models of the day and night cycle, with the distance model the most common
• The majority (77%) of children with high mathematics anxiety have average or above-average mathematics performance - The majority (77%) of children with high mathematics anxiety have average or above-average mathematics performance
• The majority of AI-assisted participants self-report using the AI primarily to get answers directly, a pattern validated against chatlogs - The majority of AI-assisted participants self-report using the AI primarily to get answers directly, a pattern validated against chatlogs
• The majority of children with ADHD-C is impaired on visuospatial working memory - The majority of children with ADHD-C is impaired on visuospatial working memory
• The majority of published RCR education evaluations use measures without reported validation evidence - The majority of published RCR education evaluations use measures without reported validation evidence
• The majority of surveyed arts organizations foresee Prop 28 AMS expanding student access to the arts - The majority of surveyed arts organizations foresee Prop 28 AMS expanding student access to the arts
• The majority of variability in preschool teachers' ratings of children's academic skill is attributable to teacher-level rather than child-level characteristics - The majority of variability in preschool teachers' ratings of children's academic skill is attributable to teacher-level rather than child-level characteristics
• The MAKQ dimensions show acceptable internal consistency across both studies (alphas 0.77-0.93) - The MAKQ dimensions show acceptable internal consistency across both studies (alphas 0.77-0.93)
• The MAKQ self-knowledge items show a stable two-factor structure: meta-attention control (15 items) and meta-attention monitoring (5 items) - The MAKQ self-knowledge items show a stable two-factor structure: meta-attention control (15 items) and meta-attention monitoring (5 items)
• The male advantage in geometry, broad mathematics, and computation increases across grades, reaching approximately d = 0.541, d = 0.255, and d = 0.207 by the end of secondary schooling, but grade slopes are flat for advanced mathematics, basic numeracy, and national tests - The male advantage in geometry, broad mathematics, and computation increases across grades, reaching approximately d = 0.541, d = 0.255, and d = 0.207 by the end of secondary schooling, but grade slop
• The manipulation worked as intended: I-PS students largely succeeded on the problem-solving sheets while PS-I students largely failed - The manipulation worked as intended: I-PS students largely succeeded on the problem-solving sheets while PS-I students largely failed
• The manuscript reports that income inequality fosters competitiveness at school, as stated in its title. - The manuscript reports that income inequality fosters competitiveness at school, as stated in its title.
• The MAP Growth National Dashboard draws on a sample of over seven million students in 20,000 schools, about one in four US public schools - The MAP Growth National Dashboard draws on a sample of over seven million students in 20,000 schools, about one in four US public schools
• The marginality of Generator, Reimaginator, and Synthesizer entanglements reflects institutional accommodation of individualistic competence expectations rather than technological limitation - The marginality of Generator, Reimaginator, and Synthesizer entanglements reflects institutional accommodation of individualistic competence expectations rather than technological limitation
• The mark of failure is not a ranking mark but an indication that a student should not proceed without repeating the subject - The mark of failure is not a ranking mark but an indication that a student should not proceed without repeating the subject
• The massed-versus-distributed question is tied to the whole-versus-part question: the hard problem remains hard unless learned in parts under massed conditions - The massed-versus-distributed question is tied to the whole-versus-part question: the hard problem remains hard unless learned in parts under massed conditions
• The mastery–performance-approach goal interaction on social comparison replicates across correlational and experimental methods - The mastery–performance-approach goal interaction on social comparison replicates across correlational and experimental methods
• The maternal-education group difference in neural attentional modulation persists after controlling for receptive language scores - The maternal-education group difference in neural attentional modulation persists after controlling for receptive language scores
• The math club–math GPA relationship holds for non-poverty students but not for poverty students, with a race-by-poverty interaction - The math club–math GPA relationship holds for non-poverty students but not for poverty students, with a race-by-poverty interaction
• The Math Corps replication sites were successful in serving their priority communities - The Math Corps replication sites were successful in serving their priority communities
• The math deficit profile of children with comorbid RDMD is additive: it equals the sum of the deficits of isolated RD and MD groups - The math deficit profile of children with comorbid RDMD is additive: it equals the sum of the deficits of isolated RD and MD groups
• The math discrepancy between NWEA and ERS recovery estimates is largely driven by differences in their samples of districts - The math discrepancy between NWEA and ERS recovery estimates is largely driven by differences in their samples of districts
• The math test-score gap for students from closed schools persisted for four years post-closings, while reading scores rebounded to expected levels by the second year - The math test-score gap for students from closed schools persisted for four years post-closings, while reading scores rebounded to expected levels by the second year
• The mathematics sex difference favoring boys is more consistently found among higher-achieving nations, with considerable variability among lower-scoring countries - The mathematics sex difference favoring boys is more consistently found among higher-achieving nations, with considerable variability among lower-scoring countries
• The mathematics sex difference is practically non-existent among low performers and largest among high performers, where boys outnumber girls up to 2.7:1 above the 99th percentile - The mathematics sex difference is practically non-existent among low performers and largest among high performers, where boys outnumber girls up to 2.7:1 above the 99th percentile
• The mathematics–writing correlation is stronger in primary grades (r = 0.52) than in university and beyond (r = 0.30) - The mathematics–writing correlation is stronger in primary grades (r = 0.52) than in university and beyond (r = 0.30)
• The maze task included a re-solve phase in which participants solved the same maze forward or backward from finish to start - The maze task included a re-solve phase in which participants solved the same maze forward or backward from finish to start
• The meaning of Bear/Dragon task performance changes with age: go and no-go trial performance was inversely correlated at 30 months (r = −.67) but not at 42 months (r = .12) - The meaning of Bear/Dragon task performance changes with age: go and no-go trial performance was inversely correlated at 30 months (r = −.67) but not at 42 months (r = .12)
• The meaning of theoretical arrows (causal vs predictive, timescale, functional form, magnitude) is unclear, and cross-lagged effect signs can change with assessment intervals - The meaning of theoretical arrows (causal vs predictive, timescale, functional form, magnitude) is unclear, and cross-lagged effect signs can change with assessment intervals
• The measured advantage of computer-based instruction over conventional teaching shrinks when the same teacher teaches both versions - The measured advantage of computer-based instruction over conventional teaching shrinks when the same teacher teaches both versions
• The mechanism underlying everyday errors is held to be similar to that underlying serious mental disturbances such as hysteria and allied neuroses - The mechanism underlying everyday errors is held to be similar to that underlying serious mental disturbances such as hysteria and allied neuroses
• The mediated EC-achievement model is not moderated by children's sex, age, or SES - The mediated EC-achievement model is not moderated by children's sex, age, or SES
• The mediating effects of executive functioning and attention problems did not significantly differ from each other on any first-grade outcome - The mediating effects of executive functioning and attention problems did not significantly differ from each other on any first-grade outcome
• The mediating role of executive functions remains significant when children's temperament and vocabulary are modeled as alternative mediators - The mediating role of executive functions remains significant when children's temperament and vocabulary are modeled as alternative mediators
• The mediation of child-directed speech effects through processing efficiency holds after controlling for knowledge of the target words and excluding at-chance performers - The mediation of child-directed speech effects through processing efficiency holds after controlling for knowledge of the target words and excluding at-chance performers
• The mediational strategy is reported as more effective than other intervention approaches such as the graduated prompt - The mediational strategy is reported as more effective than other intervention approaches such as the graduated prompt
• The member check did not resolve the dissensus: the distrust item (C4) was the weakest-endorsed confirmatory item, with participants reframing what distrust meant - The member check did not resolve the dissensus: the distrust item (C4) was the weakest-endorsed confirmatory item, with participants reframing what distrust meant
• The memory layer recorded 889 failure, verification, correction, or protocol-proxy events (9.26 per active day), making governance part of the operating environment - The memory layer recorded 889 failure, verification, correction, or protocol-proxy events (9.26 per active day), making governance part of the operating environment
• The memory rating requirement moderated the restudy-versus-retrieval pattern: interference on retrieval trials and facilitation on restudy trials both contributed to the restudy superiority. - The memory rating requirement moderated the restudy-versus-retrieval pattern: interference on retrieval trials and facilitation on restudy trials both contributed to the restudy superiority.
• The Memphis value-added model estimates school effects on student performance while adjusting for mobility, demographics, and measurement error - The Memphis value-added model estimates school effects on student performance while adjusting for mobility, demographics, and measurement error
• The mental integration task showed no general advantage of the dynamic over the static visual design in overall accuracy - The mental integration task showed no general advantage of the dynamic over the static visual design in overall accuracy
• The mentoring topics first-year teachers most frequently received guidance on were noninstructional rather than instructional - The mentoring topics first-year teachers most frequently received guidance on were noninstructional rather than instructional
• The mere presence of another person with different knowledge slows egocentric judgements, unaffected by cognitive load - The mere presence of another person with different knowledge slows egocentric judgements, unaffected by cognitive load
• The merit award program produced modest achievement improvements concentrated in schools close to the award threshold - The merit award program produced modest achievement improvements concentrated in schools close to the award threshold
• The meta-analysis supports retrieval effort as a contributor to the testing effect - The meta-analysis supports retrieval effort as a contributor to the testing effect
• The meta-analytic correlation between growth mind-set and academic achievement is weak (r = .10) - The meta-analytic correlation between growth mind-set and academic achievement is weak (r = .10)
• The metacognitive scale yields two factors: Global/Monitoring and Problem Solving - The metacognitive scale yields two factors: Global/Monitoring and Problem Solving
• The methodological quality of forest-school studies is poor: most are at high or moderate risk of bias, with no follow-ups and inadequate statistical procedures - The methodological quality of forest-school studies is poor: most are at high or moderate risk of bias, with no follow-ups and inadequate statistical procedures
• The mid-winter Department of Superintendence meeting serves as a clearing-house between educational theorists and practical schoolmen, with discussions grounded in proved fact - The mid-winter Department of Superintendence meeting serves as a clearing-house between educational theorists and practical schoolmen, with discussions grounded in proved fact
• The mindfulness interventions did not significantly change anticipatory or executive state-MA relative to cognitive support alone - The mindfulness interventions did not significantly change anticipatory or executive state-MA relative to cognitive support alone
• The MIT DAILy curriculum significantly improved middle and early high school learners' AI literacy compared to control groups - The MIT DAILy curriculum significantly improved middle and early high school learners' AI literacy compared to control groups
• The mixed algorithm produced groups differing significantly in marker-feature distributions, with shared (overlapping) yellow markers significantly lower than unique yellow markers - The mixed algorithm produced groups differing significantly in marker-feature distributions, with shared (overlapping) yellow markers significantly lower than unique yellow markers
• The mixed model holds for metacognitive quality in both age groups: metacognitive skillfulness contributes uniquely to math performance on top of intelligence - The mixed model holds for metacognitive quality in both age groups: metacognitive skillfulness contributes uniquely to math performance on top of intelligence
• The mixed-algorithm grouping intervention did not significantly change comprehension test performance despite slightly higher experimental mean - The mixed-algorithm grouping intervention did not significantly change comprehension test performance despite slightly higher experimental mean
• The ML-LVM provides more accurate individual-level estimates of judgment accuracy components than the person-score (PS) two-step method - The ML-LVM provides more accurate individual-level estimates of judgment accuracy components than the person-score (PS) two-step method
• The ML-LVM yields higher true-positive rates for detecting moderation effects of judgment accuracy components than the PS method across most conditions - The ML-LVM yields higher true-positive rates for detecting moderation effects of judgment accuracy components than the PS method across most conditions
• The ML-LVM yields lower parameter bias and higher coverage rates for regression weights predicting learning outcomes than the PS two-step method - The ML-LVM yields lower parameter bias and higher coverage rates for regression weights predicting learning outcomes than the PS two-step method
• The MLM group showed greater preference for the study materials over their current textbook than the two text-based groups - The MLM group showed greater preference for the study materials over their current textbook than the two text-based groups
• The modal post-graduation outcome for CPS graduates with very low college qualifications is neither working nor in school - The modal post-graduation outcome for CPS graduates with very low college qualifications is neither working nor in school
• The modality effect may disappear or reverse for lengthy, complex spoken text - The modality effect may disappear or reverse for lengthy, complex spoken text
• The modality effect on inference-based questions is serially mediated by personal references and comprehensiveness of explanations - The modality effect on inference-based questions is serially mediated by personal references and comprehensiveness of explanations
• The modality effect tends to be strongest when material is fast-paced and under system control - The modality effect tends to be strongest when material is fast-paced and under system control
• The model explains 62.50% of variance in AI teaching innovation behavior, with moderate predictive relevance and good fit - The model explains 62.50% of variance in AI teaching innovation behavior, with moderate predictive relevance and good fit
• The model was validated on the complete public school network of the Calabria region using real institutional, territorial, and demographic data - The model was validated on the complete public school network of the Calabria region using real institutional, territorial, and demographic data
• The model's assumed negative correlation between cognitive load and learner resources was not supported; the overall correlation was positive - The model's assumed negative correlation between cognitive load and learner resources was not supported; the overall correlation was positive
• The model's posterior confidence estimates are conservative: over 95% of predictions the model claims 90–95% confidence in are correct - The model's posterior confidence estimates are conservative: over 95% of predictions the model claims 90–95% confidence in are correct
• The models' classification accuracy exceeds that of 97 percent of prior studies predicting high school completion - The models' classification accuracy exceeds that of 97 percent of prior studies predicting high school completion
• The moderated-mediation effect of family resilience on the ACEs-curiosity-in-learning relationship is significantly greater for Black than for White children - The moderated-mediation effect of family resilience on the ACEs-curiosity-in-learning relationship is significantly greater for Black than for White children
• The moderating effects of school competitiveness on SES gaps were statistically significant but small in size - The moderating effects of school competitiveness on SES gaps were statistically significant but small in size
• The modern principal's job has expanded from administrative oversight to instructional leadership and staff collaboration - The modern principal's job has expanded from administrative oversight to instructional leadership and staff collaboration
• The Monitoring Exercise protected against overconfidence in the second exam score prediction but did not affect exam scores - The Monitoring Exercise protected against overconfidence in the second exam score prediction but did not affect exam scores
• The monograph's conclusions on entry age were independent of the form of teaching adopted, across schools with different educational attitudes - The monograph's conclusions on entry age were independent of the form of teaching adopted, across schools with different educational attitudes
• The more confident a learning partner's answers, the more competent the partner is perceived - The more confident a learning partner's answers, the more competent the partner is perceived
• The more girls endorse gender-interest stereotypes favoring boys, the lower their own interest in computer science and engineering, and interest stereotypes predict girls' interest more strongly than ability stereotypes - The more girls endorse gender-interest stereotypes favoring boys, the lower their own interest in computer science and engineering, and interest stereotypes predict girls' interest more strongly than
• The more often learners meet a word while reading, the more likely they are to learn it incidentally; a meta-analysis of correlational studies finds a moderate correlation - The more often learners meet a word while reading, the more likely they are to learn it incidentally; a meta-analysis of correlational studies finds a moderate correlation
• The more skilled adult partners displayed skilled counterargument, evidence use, frequent questioning, and meta-talk about the discourse - The more skilled adult partners displayed skilled counterargument, evidence use, frequent questioning, and meta-talk about the discourse
• The more the substitution practice was distributed over days, the larger the practice gains and the more pronounced the negative transfer effects - The more the substitution practice was distributed over days, the larger the practice gains and the more pronounced the negative transfer effects
• The more underconfident participants are about their memory abilities, the larger their reminder bias, regardless of framing - The more underconfident participants are about their memory abilities, the larger their reminder bias, regardless of framing
• The more verbal the test material, the higher its correlation with school achievement, with a partial correlation of 0.69 for verbalness alone - The more verbal the test material, the higher its correlation with school achievement, with a partial correlation of 0.69 for verbalness alone
• The most active and fittest adolescent group achieved the best psychosocial indicator scores - The most active and fittest adolescent group achieved the best psychosocial indicator scores
• The most challenging holistic-rubric question reached only moderate inter-rater reliability (kw=0.54) after three iterations - The most challenging holistic-rubric question reached only moderate inter-rater reliability (kw=0.54) after three iterations
• The most cited barriers to adult learning are situational, but adults also face internal barriers such as low confidence in their ability to learn - The most cited barriers to adult learning are situational, but adults also face internal barriers such as low confidence in their ability to learn
• The most common answer transition after KITE feedback was Partially Correct to Correct, occurring in 14 of 44 cases (31.82%) - The most common answer transition after KITE feedback was Partially Correct to Correct, occurring in 14 of 44 cases (31.82%)
• The most common prompt mistakes are omissions of key details, most frequently the specified function return type - The most common prompt mistakes are omissions of key details, most frequently the specified function return type
• The most common purpose of AI in instructional design is enhancing or assisting the design process itself (22 of 28 studies, 78.5%) - The most common purpose of AI in instructional design is enhancing or assisting the design process itself (22 of 28 studies, 78.5%)
• The most common rationale treats the teacher network as a source of professional development (32 of 51 studies) - The most common rationale treats the teacher network as a source of professional development (32 of 51 studies)
• The most critical challenge in integrating AI into instructional design is pedagogical alignment (14 of 28 studies, 50.0%) - The most critical challenge in integrating AI into instructional design is pedagogical alignment (14 of 28 studies, 50.0%)
• The most effective biology conceptual change interventions dealt with more simplified phenomena such as the cardiovascular system - The most effective biology conceptual change interventions dealt with more simplified phenomena such as the cardiovascular system
• The most effective forms of learning support differed by user expertise: beginners preferred at-a-glance visual cues while advanced users preferred the analysis console. - The most effective forms of learning support differed by user expertise: beginners preferred at-a-glance visual cues while advanced users preferred the analysis console.
• The most effective transmission-reducing testing strategies also increase the number of in-person school days lost, creating a tradeoff schools must weigh - The most effective transmission-reducing testing strategies also increase the number of in-person school days lost, creating a tradeoff schools must weigh
• The most energy-efficient tested configuration consumes 1.8 mWh per query, a 43.8% reduction relative to the Qwen-7B FP16 baseline - The most energy-efficient tested configuration consumes 1.8 mWh per query, a 43.8% reduction relative to the Qwen-7B FP16 baseline
• The most extreme district disparity: District A's high-poverty middle schools had about 1 in 20 highest-performing math teachers versus about 12 in 20 in the lowest-poverty quintile - The most extreme district disparity: District A's high-poverty middle schools had about 1 in 20 highest-performing math teachers versus about 12 in 20 in the lowest-poverty quintile
• The most frequent limitation of AI in instructional design is content reliability and transparency (16 of 28 studies, 57.14%) - The most frequent limitation of AI in instructional design is content reliability and transparency (16 of 28 studies, 57.14%)
• The most frequently cited ethical concerns about GenAI in research were hallucinated facts, fabricated references, and misleading content - The most frequently cited ethical concerns about GenAI in research were hallucinated facts, fabricated references, and misleading content
• The most frequently referenced theoretical backgrounds are the 3P Model (2.69%), Cognitive Load Theory (1.84%), and Conceptual Change approaches (1.51%), and most studies are atheoretical - The most frequently referenced theoretical backgrounds are the 3P Model (2.69%), Cognitive Load Theory (1.84%), and Conceptual Change approaches (1.51%), and most studies are atheoretical
• The most frequently reported affordances of AR enhanced analytics are interaction, projection of contextual information, and sensory capability - The most frequently reported affordances of AR enhanced analytics are interaction, projection of contextual information, and sensory capability
• The Most Improved profile showed an integrated AI-support pattern with strong ENA connections among coaching, modeling, and reflection and frequent model uptake in group discussion - The Most Improved profile showed an integrated AI-support pattern with strong ENA connections among coaching, modeling, and reflection and frequent model uptake in group discussion
• The most prevalent verbalization type was labeling text parts as important without stating any reason for selection - The most prevalent verbalization type was labeling text parts as important without stating any reason for selection
• The most reported risks of AI tools in science and chemistry education are ethical issues, including gender and racial bias, hallucinations, copyright infringement, and plagiarism - The most reported risks of AI tools in science and chemistry education are ethical issues, including gender and racial bias, hallucinations, copyright infringement, and plagiarism
• The most significant reported benefit of AI in instructional design is assistance with administrative and repetitive tasks (18 of 28 studies, 64.2%) - The most significant reported benefit of AI in instructional design is assistance with administrative and repetitive tasks (18 of 28 studies, 64.2%)
• The motivation manipulation improved attention performance in children with ADHD but did not change TD children's performance - The motivation manipulation improved attention performance in children with ADHD but did not change TD children's performance
• The motivational effect of GenAI is larger in higher education than in primary and secondary education (exploratory) - The motivational effect of GenAI is larger in higher education than in primary and secondary education (exploratory)
• The MSDS curriculum showed no statistically significant effects on word recognition, spelling, fluency, or comprehension outcomes - The MSDS curriculum showed no statistically significant effects on word recognition, spelling, fluency, or comprehension outcomes
• The MSDS structured decoding curriculum produced a small but significant effect on adult learners' pseudoword decoding (WJR Word Attack) relative to control instruction - The MSDS structured decoding curriculum produced a small but significant effect on adult learners' pseudoword decoding (WJR Word Attack) relative to control instruction
• The multi-agent LLM GradeOpt achieved substantial agreement with human coders on overall PCK items (κ = .68, QWK = .79) and outperformed RoBERTa, SBERT, and naïve GPT-4o prompting - The multi-agent LLM GradeOpt achieved substantial agreement with human coders on overall PCK items (κ = .68, QWK = .79) and outperformed RoBERTa, SBERT, and naïve GPT-4o prompting
• The multi-component intervention produced statistically significant advantages over business-as-usual on one decoding measure (ES = 0.58) and one fluency measure (ES = 0.46), but not on reading comprehension - The multi-component intervention produced statistically significant advantages over business-as-usual on one decoding measure (ES = 0.58) and one fluency measure (ES = 0.46), but not on reading compre
• The multi-component measurement-focused fraction intervention outperforms part-whole-focused control on NAEP items, number line estimation, and calculations - The multi-component measurement-focused fraction intervention outperforms part-whole-focused control on NAEP items, number line estimation, and calculations
• The multi-rater growth model shows promise relative to cruder approaches like estimating growth from a single rater - The multi-rater growth model shows promise relative to cruder approaches like estimating growth from a single rater
• The multi-stage filtering pipeline reduces Beyond-K-5 retention to near zero while preserving a minority of K-5 content - The multi-stage filtering pipeline reduces Beyond-K-5 retention to near zero while preserving a minority of K-5 content
• The multi-step activity proved usable, fostered workplace connections, and engaged teacher and students - The multi-step activity proved usable, fostered workplace connections, and engaged teacher and students
• The multi-step grading recipe with calibration examples achieves the highest scoring accuracy and receives the majority of bandit arm pulls - The multi-step grading recipe with calibration examples achieves the highest scoring accuracy and receives the majority of bandit arm pulls
• The multilevel digital divide presents multiple challenges for parents in technology-integrated family–school partnerships - The multilevel digital divide presents multiple challenges for parents in technology-integrated family–school partnerships
• The Multimedia Effect in Problem Solving meta-analysis was retracted in its initial published form after an anonymous reviewer's comments, with the authors stating the coding and interpretation issues do not affect the major findings. - The Multimedia Effect in Problem Solving meta-analysis was retracted in its initial published form after an anonymous reviewer's comments, with the authors stating the coding and interpretation issues
• The multimedia learning module advantage over the textbook persists on a retention test administered two weeks after the lessons - The multimedia learning module advantage over the textbook persists on a retention test administered two weeks after the lessons
• The Multimodal Interference Effect: mapping visual representations to physical concepts degrades LLM performance even on non-visual problem aspects - The Multimodal Interference Effect: mapping visual representations to physical concepts degrades LLM performance even on non-visual problem aspects
• The multiple-choice component of the revised ELA placement test strongly measured overall ELA performance, but few items strongly measured the three specific ELA domains - The multiple-choice component of the revised ELA placement test strongly measured overall ELA performance, but few items strongly measured the three specific ELA domains
• The multiple-choice placement test component and high school GPA similarly predicted passing credit-bearing ELA courses, while the writing component did not predict any outcomes - The multiple-choice placement test component and high school GPA similarly predicted passing credit-bearing ELA courses, while the writing component did not predict any outcomes
• The multivariate effect of stimulus condition and selective attention on the combined creativity measures showed a significant condition × selective attention interaction - The multivariate effect of stimulus condition and selective attention on the combined creativity measures showed a significant condition × selective attention interaction
• The multivariate normality assumption of the norming model was judged met for all domains and grades, despite some tail deviations in Q-Q plots - The multivariate normality assumption of the norming model was judged met for all domains and grades, despite some tail deviations in Q-Q plots
• The multivariate normality assumption of the true score model was judged reasonable for all domains and grades - The multivariate normality assumption of the true score model was judged reasonable for all domains and grades
• The multivariate omnibus test shows significant cognitive profile differences across the four reader groups - The multivariate omnibus test shows significant cognitive profile differences across the four reader groups
• The mutualism model provides the best account of longitudinal changes in vocabulary and matrix reasoning, with by far the highest normalized model-selection probability - The mutualism model provides the best account of longitudinal changes in vocabulary and matrix reasoning, with by far the highest normalized model-selection probability
• The mutualism model's coupling structure held equally across sexes and age did not directly predict change scores - The mutualism model's coupling structure held equally across sexes and age did not directly predict change scores
• The Myers Mental Measure requires only 20 minutes and is said to correlate .80 with the Standard Revision of the Binet Scale - The Myers Mental Measure requires only 20 minutes and is said to correlate .80 with the Standard Revision of the Binet Scale
• The naive Bayes model achieved the highest precision (0.75) for ethnic bias detection on the test set - The naive Bayes model achieved the highest precision (0.75) for ethnic bias detection on the test set
• The naive realism perspective cannot fully explain conflicting realism effects; vague definitions of realism are a root problem - The naive realism perspective cannot fully explain conflicting realism effects; vague definitions of realism are a root problem
• The NAMI On Campus initiative in Stanislaus County grew from a couple of campuses to 20 high schools, 6 middle schools, and 1 university club with more than 500 mental health champions - The NAMI On Campus initiative in Stanislaus County grew from a couple of campuses to 20 high schools, 6 middle schools, and 1 university club with more than 500 mental health champions
• The national Cybersecurity Pathways Initiative enrolled more than 700 students across 10 districts in its first pathway year - The national Cybersecurity Pathways Initiative enrolled more than 700 students across 10 districts in its first pathway year
• The national evaluation of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program found no average improvement in academic achievement for participating students - The national evaluation of the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program found no average improvement in academic achievement for participating students
• The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program has potentially positive effects on completing school for at-risk youth, with 61% of the program group reporting a diploma or GED versus 36% of controls 21 months after random assignment - The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Program has potentially positive effects on completing school for at-risk youth, with 61% of the program group reporting a diploma or GED versus 36% of controls 21 m
• The National Intelligence Tests, prepared by a committee under National Research Council auspices with $25,000 from the General Education Board, are probably the most reliable group tests - The National Intelligence Tests, prepared by a committee under National Research Council auspices with $25,000 from the General Education Board, are probably the most reliable group tests
• The national KIPP evaluation uses experimental and quasi-experimental methods to estimate effects of KIPP middle schools across the country - The national KIPP evaluation uses experimental and quasi-experimental methods to estimate effects of KIPP middle schools across the country
• The National Reading Panel provided no evidence that phonics helps the majority of struggling readers above grade 1 - The National Reading Panel provided no evidence that phonics helps the majority of struggling readers above grade 1
• The National Society for the Study of Education's 1911 year books summarized experiments in using city and rural schools as community centers - The National Society for the Study of Education's 1911 year books summarized experiments in using city and rural schools as community centers
• The National Study of Online Charter Schools provides the first nationwide data and analysis of online charter schools' operations and instructional approaches, based on a survey of 127 principals - The National Study of Online Charter Schools provides the first nationwide data and analysis of online charter schools' operations and instructional approaches, based on a survey of 127 principals
• The NAZ Zone was selected because it encompasses the area's highest concentration of negative poverty, violence, and low-education indicators - The NAZ Zone was selected because it encompasses the area's highest concentration of negative poverty, violence, and low-education indicators
• The NCLB era's focus on targets and sanctions without educator capacity-building or component alignment was a key barrier to implementing new standards - The NCLB era's focus on targets and sanctions without educator capacity-building or component alignment was a key barrier to implementing new standards
• The need to belong is relevant to all academic disciplines that study human behavior, with immense importance to educational psychology - The need to belong is relevant to all academic disciplines that study human behavior, with immense importance to educational psychology
• The negative AI-difficulty–performance correlation is stable across exposure-discount values 0 to 0.40, and is strongest with no adjustment - The negative AI-difficulty–performance correlation is stable across exposure-discount values 0 to 0.40, and is strongest with no adjustment
• The negative association between AI-assisted writing and team age is strongest among the youngest teams - The negative association between AI-assisted writing and team age is strongest among the youngest teams
• The negative association between teacher justice and dropout-intention growth holds after controlling for gender, nationality, motivation and perceived learning difficulty - The negative association between teacher justice and dropout-intention growth holds after controlling for gender, nationality, motivation and perceived learning difficulty
• The negative contextual-mean effect persists for the top-ranked student in each class, constraining rank-sufficiency accounts - The negative contextual-mean effect persists for the top-ranked student in each class, constraining rank-sufficiency accounts
• The negative contrast effect of high school-average achievement outweighs a weaker positive assimilation (reflected glory) effect - The negative contrast effect of high school-average achievement outweighs a weaker positive assimilation (reflected glory) effect
• The negative correlation between non-traditional textbook practice and equivalence understanding disappears in non-mandatory textbook countries - The negative correlation between non-traditional textbook practice and equivalence understanding disappears in non-mandatory textbook countries
• The negative effect of COVID remote learning was largest among lower primary low-SES students, reaching 25, 20 and 33 points (d = 0.25, 0.20, 0.33) in mathematics, reading and science by autumn 2021 - The negative effect of COVID remote learning was largest among lower primary low-SES students, reaching 25, 20 and 33 points (d = 0.25, 0.20, 0.33) in mathematics, reading and science by autumn 2021
• The negative effect of retention on dropping out versus graduating is larger for Black students than White students - The negative effect of retention on dropping out versus graduating is larger for Black students than White students
• The negative priming effect on probe RTs was statistically significant in both adolescents (Cohen's d = 1.07) and adults (Cohen's d = 0.73) - The negative priming effect on probe RTs was statistically significant in both adolescents (Cohen's d = 1.07) and adults (Cohen's d = 0.73)
• The negative working memory span–listening connection may reflect common-effect structure and overload of listening input rather than a direct detrimental role - The negative working memory span–listening connection may reflect common-effect structure and overload of listening input rather than a direct detrimental role
• The net effect of dimensional comparisons is contested: early evidence suggested a positive net effect, but later experiments found downward and upward effects cancel out - The net effect of dimensional comparisons is contested: early evidence suggested a positive net effect, but later experiments found downward and upward effects cancel out
• The neural-symbolic architecture enables empirical evaluation of embedded pedagogical rules, showing that repeated-incorrect (non-mastery) patterns play a stronger role in prediction updates - The neural-symbolic architecture enables empirical evaluation of embedded pedagogical rules, showing that repeated-incorrect (non-mastery) patterns play a stronger role in prediction updates
• The New Heights program was found to be effective at improving educational outcomes for expectant and parenting students - The New Heights program was found to be effective at improving educational outcomes for expectant and parenting students
• The New Math movement failed because its foundational concepts were designed to highlight the domain's organization with little regard to how it was to be learned or taught - The New Math movement failed because its foundational concepts were designed to highlight the domain's organization with little regard to how it was to be learned or taught
• The new policy strengthened university-district partnerships so principal preparation reflects local school needs - The new policy strengthened university-district partnerships so principal preparation reflects local school needs
• The new silent-reading test combines rate and comprehension scores into a single score via partial regression equations on teacher-rated reading ability - The new silent-reading test combines rate and comprehension scores into a single score via partial regression equations on teacher-rated reading ability
• The New Teacher Support Program reaches fewer than 10 percent of beginning teachers, far below the statewide mentoring program that reached all beginning teachers in the 1990s - The New Teacher Support Program reaches fewer than 10 percent of beginning teachers, far below the statewide mentoring program that reached all beginning teachers in the 1990s
• The NIH Undergraduate Scholarship Program appears to be operating as intended, with scholars achieving career milestones at high rates - The NIH Undergraduate Scholarship Program appears to be operating as intended, with scholars achieving career milestones at high rates
• The nine AI demonstrations drew high attendance but modest engagement, with student feedback sharply split on course utility - The nine AI demonstrations drew high attendance but modest engagement, with student feedback sharply split on course utility
• The nine new tool innovation tasks showed varied difficulty levels, with task success rates ranging from 33% to 94% and ideal manipulation rates from 24% to 91% - The nine new tool innovation tasks showed varied difficulty levels, with task success rates ranging from 33% to 94% and ideal manipulation rates from 24% to 91%
• The NLC with the experienced teacher showed higher and more stable network density than the beginner's NLC, whose density dropped from 36% to 26% in the end phase - The NLC with the experienced teacher showed higher and more stable network density than the beginner's NLC, whose density dropped from 36% to 26% in the end phase
• The no-thin-pillar rule was diagnostically informative in three of four cases and the binding constraint in one - The no-thin-pillar rule was diagnostically informative in three of four cases and the binding constraint in one
• The non-expert-trained classifier also distinguishes expert definitions of curiosity and interest above chance - The non-expert-trained classifier also distinguishes expert definitions of curiosity and interest above chance
• The Not Sure state of Knowledge Confidence predicts better recall of object names, consistent with the region of proximal learning framework - The Not Sure state of Knowledge Confidence predicts better recall of object names, consistent with the region of proximal learning framework
• The now-self functions as an anchor in HPT: participants began in now-self and frequently returned to it - The now-self functions as an anchor in HPT: participants began in now-self and frequently returned to it
• The NRC committee trialed some twenty tests on five thousand children and produced two series of group intelligence tests of high reliability - The NRC committee trialed some twenty tests on five thousand children and produced two series of group intelligence tests of high reliability
• The NSF advantage over FCFS appears only above an arrival-rate threshold (λ > 0.06); under relaxed queues no strategy makes a difference - The NSF advantage over FCFS appears only above an arrival-rate threshold (λ > 0.06); under relaxed queues no strategy makes a difference
• The NSF EXP collaboration network connected 238 researchers across 87 projects and 116 expertise areas - The NSF EXP collaboration network connected 238 researchers across 87 projects and 116 expertise areas
• The NSF REU program was created in 1987 to strengthen the STEM workforce - The NSF REU program was created in 1987 to strengthen the STEM workforce
• The null acceleration–well-being relationship in Study 1 holds when SES is controlled in a latent structural equation model - The null acceleration–well-being relationship in Study 1 holds when SES is controlled in a latent structural equation model
• The null achievement difference may stem from the two math programs being implemented more similarly in practice than they differ in theory - The null achievement difference may stem from the two math programs being implemented more similarly in practice than they differ in theory
• The null effect of the disfluency × WMC interaction on transfer replicated the primary study's null finding, with both studies showing negative coefficients - The null effect of the disfluency × WMC interaction on transfer replicated the primary study's null finding, with both studies showing negative coefficients
• The number of California students in foster care declined by over 13,000 on Census Day between 2014–15 and 2022–23, with enrollment concentrated in a small number of districts - The number of California students in foster care declined by over 13,000 on Census Day between 2014–15 and 2022–23, with enrollment concentrated in a small number of districts
• The number of challenges a student experienced was strongly associated with post-COVID course satisfaction: 81 percent satisfaction with no challenges versus 32 percent with four or more - The number of challenges a student experienced was strongly associated with post-COVID course satisfaction: 81 percent satisfaction with no challenges versus 32 percent with four or more
• The number of conflicting labels before discussion shows no relationship with accuracy gains from AI agent discussions, while post-discussion conflict frequency negatively predicts gains - The number of conflicting labels before discussion shows no relationship with accuracy gains from AI agent discussions, while post-discussion conflict frequency negatively predicts gains
• The number of conversational turns is more closely associated with children's language skills and language-related brain function than the raw number of words heard, regardless of family income or education.
• The number of evidence-based teaching practices enacted in courseware-using statistics classes is strongly associated with class-level affective engagement (r = 0.61). - The number of evidence-based teaching practices enacted in courseware-using statistics classes is strongly associated with class-level affective engagement (r = 0.61).
• The number of far failures — cycles ended by incorrect collection and/or time running out — was negatively correlated with pre-post learning gains in Progenitor X - The number of far failures — cycles ended by incorrect collection and/or time running out — was negatively correlated with pre-post learning gains in Progenitor X
• The number of flagged items was unrelated to equating order, and flagged items showed no meaningful content-property pattern - The number of flagged items was unrelated to equating order, and flagged items showed no meaningful content-property pattern
• The number of items groups placed in their representations was negatively correlated with the average quality of those items. - The number of items groups placed in their representations was negatively correlated with the average quality of those items.
• The number of manipulation trials showed little variation across participants and was deliberately not statistically controlled - The number of manipulation trials showed little variation across participants and was deliberately not statistically controlled
• The number of pre-k classrooms near a student's home was positively related to enrollment, more strongly for full-day classrooms - The number of pre-k classrooms near a student's home was positively related to enrollment, more strongly for full-day classrooms
• The number of research-recommended online instructional practices used predicted student satisfaction, rising from 43 percent net satisfaction with 0–2 practices to 74 percent with 6–8 - The number of research-recommended online instructional practices used predicted student satisfaction, rising from 43 percent net satisfaction with 0–2 practices to 74 percent with 6–8
• The number of search blocks impacts search quality: fewer blocks yield higher sensitivity and lower precision - The number of search blocks impacts search quality: fewer blocks yield higher sensitivity and lower precision
• The number of students classified as LTEL in California dropped from almost 380,000 (18% of ever-ELs) in 2021–22 to just over 226,500 (about 11%) in 2022–23 - The number of students classified as LTEL in California dropped from almost 380,000 (18% of ever-ELs) in 2021–22 to just over 226,500 (about 11%) in 2022–23
• The number of students reporting deep engagement in algebra grew yearly, reaching 2,074 by 2019 and exceeding the network's aim of 2,019 - The number of students reporting deep engagement in algebra grew yearly, reaching 2,074 by 2019 and exceeding the network's aim of 2,019
• The number of substantive comments during discussion mediated the effect of preparatory condition on immediate learning, but not on long-term learning - The number of substantive comments during discussion mediated the effect of preparatory condition on immediate learning, but not on long-term learning
• The number talk × inhibitory control interaction is domain-specific: it did not hold for parents' overall talk or for children's vocabulary as the outcome - The number talk × inhibitory control interaction is domain-specific: it did not hold for parents' overall talk or for children's vocabulary as the outcome