Claims: C 1

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• CA data visualization positioned LO attainment data as the central axis of curriculum decision-making in both institutions - CA data visualization positioned LO attainment data as the central axis of curriculum decision-making in both institutions
• CA dimensions add only small explained variance beyond demographics and game play factors - CA dimensions add only small explained variance beyond demographics and game play factors
• CA prototype technologies shifted from rule-based and deterministic systems toward open-source tools, pre-trained LLMs, and retrieval-augmented generation pipelines - CA prototype technologies shifted from rule-based and deterministic systems toward open-source tools, pre-trained LLMs, and retrieval-augmented generation pipelines
• CA tool-based assessment and visualization of learning outcomes enables targeted feedback and evidence-based adjustment of pedagogical practices in higher education - CA tool-based assessment and visualization of learning outcomes enables targeted feedback and evidence-based adjustment of pedagogical practices in higher education
• CACE estimation using a combined dosage-and-fidelity compliance marker increased estimated effects to medium–large for TSI domains and small–medium for emotional and behavioral engagement - CACE estimation using a combined dosage-and-fidelity compliance marker increased estimated effects to medium–large for TSI domains and small–medium for emotional and behavioral engagement
• CAI utilization in education is concentrated in pedagogical applications, with administrative, research, and healthcare-education applications least represented - CAI utilization in education is concentrated in pedagogical applications, with administrative, research, and healthcare-education applications least represented
• CAI-in-education research shows a framework gap: no end-to-end design guidance, weak CAI-specific usability methods, unclear pedagogical guidance, and limited AI literacy support - CAI-in-education research shows a framework gap: no end-to-end design guidance, weak CAI-specific usability methods, unclear pedagogical guidance, and limited AI literacy support
• Calculation complexity strongly modulates language, format and age-group effects on bilingual arithmetic - Calculation complexity strongly modulates language, format and age-group effects on bilingual arithmetic
• CALI shows some evidence of improving oral and reading comprehension skills (d = .125) without opportunity cost to reading gains. - CALI shows some evidence of improving oral and reading comprehension skills (d = .125) without opportunity cost to reading gains.
• CALI significantly improves social studies knowledge (g = 2.27) and science knowledge (g = 2.10) in K-4 students compared to business-as-usual control. - CALI significantly improves social studies knowledge (g = 2.27) and science knowledge (g = 2.10) in K-4 students compared to business-as-usual control.
• Calibrated epistemic vigilance, given adequate prior knowledge, is the binding constraint on productive augmentation with AI - Calibrated epistemic vigilance, given adequate prior knowledge, is the binding constraint on productive augmentation with AI
• Calibrated Equalized Odds Post-processing showed lower balanced accuracy and higher EOD than the preprocessing techniques DIR and RW in student performance prediction - Calibrated Equalized Odds Post-processing showed lower balanced accuracy and higher EOD than the preprocessing techniques DIR and RW in student performance prediction
• Calibrating a production LLM-as-judge suite raised per-flag precision from 0.6% to 48.9% while cutting confirmed false positives by 99% - Calibrating a production LLM-as-judge suite raised per-flag precision from 0.6% to 48.9% while cutting confirmed false positives by 99%
• Calibration (judgment accuracy) measures such as the Goodman-Kruskall gamma coefficient and signal detection theory's d' can be empirically compared, and calibration may vary across knowledge domains - Calibration (judgment accuracy) measures such as the Goodman-Kruskall gamma coefficient and signal detection theory's d' can be empirically compared, and calibration may vary across knowledge domains
• Calibration accuracy improvements on French did not transfer to German and Math courses without the intervention, arguing against a maturation explanation - Calibration accuracy improvements on French did not transfer to German and Math courses without the intervention, arguing against a maturation explanation
• Calibration is worse and resolution better for phishing emails than for legitimate emails - Calibration is worse and resolution better for phishing emails than for legitimate emails
• Calibration of JOLs shifts toward underconfidence across learning cycles for action phrases under both verbal and enactive encoding, without first-cycle overconfidence - Calibration of JOLs shifts toward underconfidence across learning cycles for action phrases under both verbal and enactive encoding, without first-cycle overconfidence
• Calibration sample size differences did not affect the size of on-grade versus all-grade item difficulty estimate differences - Calibration sample size differences did not affect the size of on-grade versus all-grade item difficulty estimate differences
• California administrator induction is rated effective by over 90% of completers, with at least 85% reporting strong preparation on every CPSEL leadership skill - California administrator induction is rated effective by over 90% of completers, with at least 85% reporting strong preparation on every CPSEL leadership skill
• California authorizes fewer than half the bilingual teachers it did at its mid-1990s peak, leaving it possibly unprepared for demand under Proposition 58 - California authorizes fewer than half the bilingual teachers it did at its mid-1990s peak, leaving it possibly unprepared for demand under Proposition 58
• California College Promise programs commonly impose full-time enrollment, GPA maintenance, and support-service participation requirements - California College Promise programs commonly impose full-time enrollment, GPA maintenance, and support-service participation requirements
• California community colleges' placement assessments converge on a few common instruments, with ACCUPLACER most common in mathematics and English - California community colleges' placement assessments converge on a few common instruments, with ACCUPLACER most common in mathematics and English
• California ECE funding suffered over $1 billion in recession-era cuts, eliminating roughly 25% of child care slots between 2008 and 2013, and funding remains below pre-recession levels - California ECE funding suffered over $1 billion in recession-era cuts, eliminating roughly 25% of child care slots between 2008 and 2013, and funding remains below pre-recession levels
• California is one of only five states that counts high-need students unduplicated, unlike 37 of 42 states that allow duplicated funding - California is one of only five states that counts high-need students unduplicated, unlike 37 of 42 states that allow duplicated funding
• California issued more than 13,000 intern credentials, permits, and waivers in 2017–18, nearly triple the 2012–13 number - California issued more than 13,000 intern credentials, permits, and waivers in 2017–18, nearly triple the 2012–13 number
• California kindergarten English learners' chronic absenteeism nearly tripled from 14.5 percent in 2018–19 to 43.1 percent in 2021–22, easing only gradually to 37.1 percent in 2022–23 - California kindergarten English learners' chronic absenteeism nearly tripled from 14.5 percent in 2018–19 to 43.1 percent in 2021–22, easing only gradually to 37.1 percent in 2022–23
• California lacks public data linking bilingual credential attainment to classroom assignments, creating a statewide blind spot on return on investment - California lacks public data linking bilingual credential attainment to classroom assignments, creating a statewide blind spot on return on investment
• California LEAs most commonly supported social-emotional learning through play-based learning and supported students with disabilities through instructional adaptations and added staff - California LEAs most commonly supported social-emotional learning through play-based learning and supported students with disabilities through instructional adaptations and added staff
• California LEAs reported sufficient classroom space for projected UPK enrollment overall, yet facilities were the most cited implementation challenge, followed by staffing and sustainable funding - California LEAs reported sufficient classroom space for projected UPK enrollment overall, yet facilities were the most cited implementation challenge, followed by staffing and sustainable funding
• California LEAs reported sufficient fully qualified TK lead teachers in 2022–23 but high second-adult vacancies, and projected needing 1,489 more TK lead teachers and 962 more aides in 2023–24 - California LEAs reported sufficient fully qualified TK lead teachers in 2022–23 but high second-adult vacancies, and projected needing 1,489 more TK lead teachers and 962 more aides in 2023–24
• California residency program completers are more likely to identify as candidates of color than completers of other preparation pathways - California residency program completers are more likely to identify as candidates of color than completers of other preparation pathways
• California saw a modest increase in newly prepared teachers beginning in 2020, though completers remain about half the 2004 peak - California saw a modest increase in newly prepared teachers beginning in 2020, though completers remain about half the 2004 peak
• California school districts with similar English Learner program settings span geographic boundaries - California school districts with similar English Learner program settings span geographic boundaries
• California school facilities are chronically underfunded, with stark facility-condition and spending disparities - California school facilities are chronically underfunded, with stark facility-condition and spending disparities
• California serves more than 725,000 K-12 students with disabilities and invests roughly $12 billion annually in special education, with LEA unrestricted funds covering the majority of spending - California serves more than 725,000 K-12 students with disabilities and invests roughly $12 billion annually in special education, with LEA unrestricted funds covering the majority of spending
• California students experiencing homelessness graduate at lower rates (69% vs. 83%) and enroll in college at lower rates (50% vs. 64%) than peers statewide - California students experiencing homelessness graduate at lower rates (69% vs.
• California substandard credentials and permits tripled between 2013 and 2023 and made up more than half of new teaching authorizations issued in 2023 - California substandard credentials and permits tripled between 2013 and 2023 and made up more than half of new teaching authorizations issued in 2023
• California TK classrooms most commonly used social-emotional and literacy-specific curricula, but about a quarter of LEAs used kindergarten curriculum in TK - California TK classrooms most commonly used social-emotional and literacy-specific curricula, but about a quarter of LEAs used kindergarten curriculum in TK
• California will need at least 16,000 to 19,700 assistant TK teachers by 2025–26 under one-lead-one-assistant staffing - California will need at least 16,000 to 19,700 assistant TK teachers by 2025–26 under one-lead-one-assistant staffing
• California's 20% supplemental grant weight falls below other states' adequacy-study recommendations for English learners and at-risk students - California's 20% supplemental grant weight falls below other states' adequacy-study recommendations for English learners and at-risk students
• California's CalSAAS dashboards exclude teacher turnover and retention data needed for workforce planning - California's CalSAAS dashboards exclude teacher turnover and retention data needed for workforce planning
• California's ECE data collection is fragmented and unaggregated, limiting its utility for improving the system - California's ECE data collection is fragmented and unaggregated, limiting its utility for improving the system
• California's ECE programs are held to very different quality standards, which can mean unequal learning opportunities for similar children - California's ECE programs are held to very different quality standards, which can mean unequal learning opportunities for similar children
• California's ECE programs vary widely in teacher qualifications, staff-to-child ratios, and curriculum requirements, creating programs of varying quality - California's ECE programs vary widely in teacher qualifications, staff-to-child ratios, and curriculum requirements, creating programs of varying quality
• California's ECE system is a fragmented patchwork of programs accountable to multiple uncoordinated agencies - California's ECE system is a fragmented patchwork of programs accountable to multiple uncoordinated agencies
• California's shift to attendance-based AB 602 funding stabilized disability identification rates for about a decade, but rates have climbed steeply since 2010, so the policy's long-term intended outcomes were not produced - California's shift to attendance-based AB 602 funding stabilized disability identification rates for about a decade, but rates have climbed steeply since 2010, so the policy's long-term intended outco
• California's shift to restorative and social-emotional approaches coincided with a 33.6% decline in suspensions and 40.4% decline in expulsions (2011-2016) while schools became safer - California's shift to restorative and social-emotional approaches coincided with a 33.6% decline in suspensions and 40.4% decline in expulsions (2011-2016) while schools became safer
• California's statewide high-cost pools are among the lowest-funded in the nation, and SELPA directors report paperwork burdens outweigh their benefit - California's statewide high-cost pools are among the lowest-funded in the nation, and SELPA directors report paperwork burdens outweigh their benefit
• California's subsidized ECE system serves only a minority of eligible children, with the lowest access among infants and toddlers - California's subsidized ECE system serves only a minority of eligible children, with the lowest access among infants and toddlers
• California's teacher workforce is aging, with about 40% age 50 or older and 14% age 60 or older - California's teacher workforce is aging, with about 40% age 50 or older and 14% age 60 or older
• California's universal TK expansion will require an additional 11,900 to 15,600 credentialed teachers with early childhood expertise by 2025–26 - California's universal TK expansion will require an additional 11,900 to 15,600 credentialed teachers with early childhood expertise by 2025–26
• CALL is at least as effective as traditional teaching: the synthesis meets the minimal d=0 (or Hattie's d=.4) expectation - CALL is at least as effective as traditional teaching: the synthesis meets the minimal d=0 (or Hattie's d=.4) expectation
• Calls to use the 16PF for selecting counselor trainees are premature because findings vary and the specification equation lacks cross-validation - Calls to use the 16PF for selecting counselor trainees are premature because findings vary and the specification equation lacks cross-validation
• Calm Tinkerers display significantly lower negative valence and arousal than Silent Wanderers, while Expressive Explorers show high arousal and negative valence similar to Silent Wanderers - Calm Tinkerers display significantly lower negative valence and arousal than Silent Wanderers, while Expressive Explorers show high arousal and negative valence similar to Silent Wanderers
• CALPADS course record availability varied by year, with 62% of 2015 graduates having records for all four school years and 20% missing only 2011-12 - CALPADS course record availability varied by year, with 62% of 2015 graduates having records for all four school years and 20% missing only 2011-12
• CALPADS course record availability was lower for students in high-FRPM, small, and nontraditional schools (56%, 36%, and 31% with all four years) - CALPADS course record availability was lower for students in high-FRPM, small, and nontraditional schools (56%, 36%, and 31% with all four years)
• CALPADS-CSU alignment was slightly lower than CALPADS-UC alignment, with about 70% of courses exactly aligned and GPAs within three tenths for close to 90% of students - CALPADS-CSU alignment was slightly lower than CALPADS-UC alignment, with about 70% of courses exactly aligned and GPAs within three tenths for close to 90% of students
• Camera movement yielded higher spatial presence ratings than no interaction in Desktop-VR - Camera movement yielded higher spatial presence ratings than no interaction in Desktop-VR
• Campus interviewees identified the one-year implementation timeline as their greatest challenge in implementing EO 1110 - Campus interviewees identified the one-year implementation timeline as their greatest challenge in implementing EO 1110
• Campus policing and surveillance disproportionately burden students of color, who mostly report police do not make them feel safer - Campus policing and surveillance disproportionately burden students of color, who mostly report police do not make them feel safer
• Campus symbols such as antebellum architecture signal belonging to White and high-SES students and unwelcomeness to marginalized students - Campus symbols such as antebellum architecture signal belonging to White and high-SES students and unwelcomeness to marginalized students
• Campuses report success with Directed Self-Placement for written communication, but face challenges with multiple measures placement, especially timely high school transcript availability - Campuses report success with Directed Self-Placement for written communication, but face challenges with multiple measures placement, especially timely high school transcript availability
• Canadian and Korean students did not differ significantly in overall opinions about GenAI's impact on academic integrity and learning quality, and academic progress did not affect scenario judgments - Canadian and Korean students did not differ significantly in overall opinions about GenAI's impact on academic integrity and learning quality, and academic progress did not affect scenario judgments
• Canadian federal and provincial digital policies reflect a laissez-faire approach with near absence of consideration of affordability and digital skills for low-income adults - Canadian federal and provincial digital policies reflect a laissez-faire approach with near absence of consideration of affordability and digital skills for low-income adults
• Canadian students were more likely than South Korean students to judge GenAI-assisted coding as against institutional rules, despite functionally identical policies - Canadian students were more likely than South Korean students to judge GenAI-assisted coding as against institutional rules, despite functionally identical policies
• Canadian students were more likely than South Korean students to judge GenAI-assisted coding scenarios as unethical - Canadian students were more likely than South Korean students to judge GenAI-assisted coding scenarios as unethical
• Cancellation test ability shows no relation, and possibly an inverse relation, to abilities shown in the other tests - Cancellation test ability shows no relation, and possibly an inverse relation, to abilities shown in the other tests
• Cancer-related fear and fatalism shape lung cancer screening decisions, and Hispanic adults preferred balanced risk communication that minimizes fear - Cancer-related fear and fatalism shape lung cancer screening decisions, and Hispanic adults preferred balanced risk communication that minimizes fear
• Candidate selection is a second bottleneck: an oracle ranker over proposed candidates substantially raises proportional match, and plausibility checks reject some valid distractors - Candidate selection is a second bottleneck: an oracle ranker over proposed candidates substantially raises proportional match, and plausibility checks reject some valid distractors
• Candidates from programs rated highest on TPA support have 1.7 times higher odds of passing than those from lowest-rated programs - Candidates from programs rated highest on TPA support have 1.7 times higher odds of passing than those from lowest-rated programs
• Canfield's learning style variables predicted academic success where cognitive style did not - Canfield's learning style variables predicted academic success where cognitive style did not
• Cannabis effects on visuospatial processing tend to be lower than on other cognitive functions - Cannabis effects on visuospatial processing tend to be lower than on other cognitive functions
• Cannabis use may moderately impair visuospatial processing and learning in nondependent high school students - Cannabis use may moderately impair visuospatial processing and learning in nondependent high school students
• Capabilities and skills are explicitly addressed in only 3 of 36 reviewed GenAI studies, marking a gap in AI-literacy and educator-capability research - Capabilities and skills are explicitly addressed in only 3 of 36 reviewed GenAI studies, marking a gap in AI-literacy and educator-capability research
• Capacity for data use was similar among SDP- and EP-partnered agencies although the two programs' approaches differ - Capacity for data use was similar among SDP- and EP-partnered agencies although the two programs' approaches differ
• Capacity, opportunity, and transition empowerment predicted students' self-reported self-determination, but degree of inclusion in general education did not - Capacity, opportunity, and transition empowerment predicted students' self-reported self-determination, but degree of inclusion in general education did not
• Capitation-based special education finance was associated with a rising share of local funding - Capitation-based special education finance was associated with a rising share of local funding
• CAPT software shows promising results for segmental pronunciation, while prosodic features and fluency still require further research and development - CAPT software shows promising results for segmental pronunciation, while prosodic features and fluency still require further research and development
• Captioning second-language videos produces large benefits for comprehension and vocabulary acquisition - Captioning second-language videos produces large benefits for comprehension and vocabulary acquisition
• Carbon per Accuracy as a sustainability metric likely rewards under-trained models because accuracy scales non-linearly with compute - Carbon per Accuracy as a sustainability metric likely rewards under-trained models because accuracy scales non-linearly with compute
• Card-slip ranking produces more careful order-of-merit ratings than writing rank numbers beside names on a list - Card-slip ranking produces more careful order-of-merit ratings than writing rank numbers beside names on a list
• Card-slip ranking yields a wider spread of ranks than list-based ranking typically produces - Card-slip ranking yields a wider spread of ranks than list-based ranking typically produces
• Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is the physical fitness measure most strongly correlated with cognitive functioning in adolescents - Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is the physical fitness measure most strongly correlated with cognitive functioning in adolescents
• Cardiorespiratory fitness is not associated with reaction times for uncued stimuli in healthy male high-school students - Cardiorespiratory fitness is not associated with reaction times for uncued stimuli in healthy male high-school students
• Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts nearly all cognitive and psychosocial measures, with anxiety/insomnia predicted by horizontal jump and life satisfaction by fat mass - Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts nearly all cognitive and psychosocial measures, with anxiety/insomnia predicted by horizontal jump and life satisfaction by fat mass
• Cardiovascular fitness is positively associated with mathematics performance in primary school children regardless of socioeconomic status - Cardiovascular fitness is positively associated with mathematics performance in primary school children regardless of socioeconomic status
• Cardiovascular fitness is positively associated with spelling but not with reading in primary school children - Cardiovascular fitness is positively associated with spelling but not with reading in primary school children
• Career Academies have potentially positive effects on completing school: about 96% of academy students earned a diploma or GED within 8 years of expected graduation versus about 94% of comparison students (effect size 0.27, not statistically significant but substantively important). - Career Academies have potentially positive effects on completing school: about 96% of academy students earned a diploma or GED within 8 years of expected graduation versus about 94% of comparison stud
• Career Academies show no discernible effects on progressing in school: academy students accrued no more course credits than comparison students by the end of twelfth grade (effect size 0.09, not statistically significant or substantively important). - Career Academies show no discernible effects on progressing in school: academy students accrued no more course credits than comparison students by the end of twelfth grade (effect size 0.09, not stati
• Career Academies show no discernible effects on staying in school: about 10% of academy students dropped out before the end of grade 12 versus about 12% of comparison students (effect size 0.14, not statistically significant or substantively important). - Career Academies show no discernible effects on staying in school: about 10% of academy students dropped out before the end of grade 12 versus about 12% of comparison students (effect size 0.14, not s
• Career adapt-abilities significantly and negatively predict AI anxiety among English majors - Career adapt-abilities significantly and negatively predict AI anxiety among English majors
• Career adaptability partially mediates the negative effect of AI anxiety on career decisions, accounting for 63.35% of the total effect - Career adaptability partially mediates the negative effect of AI anxiety on career decisions, accounting for 63.35% of the total effect
• Career adaptability positively predicts college students' career decisions - Career adaptability positively predicts college students' career decisions
• Career coaches strengthened collaboration between colleges and the workforce development system, but sustaining these connections requires additional resources after the grant period - Career coaches strengthened collaboration between colleges and the workforce development system, but sustaining these connections requires additional resources after the grant period
• Career coaching participants showed increased employment rates and earnings after participating in coaching activities - Career coaching participants showed increased employment rates and earnings after participating in coaching activities
• Career development courses were the single largest category of Nebraska middle school CTE enrollments in AY 2023/24, at about 23 percent of 192,661 total enrollments - Career development courses were the single largest category of Nebraska middle school CTE enrollments in AY 2023/24, at about 23 percent of 192,661 total enrollments
• Caregiver mentalizing abilities and mental well-being are positively associated with interactive skills, with mentalizing sensitive to estimation method - Caregiver mentalizing abilities and mental well-being are positively associated with interactive skills, with mentalizing sensitive to estimation method
• Caregiver uptake of the Family MUAC two-way SMS intervention was high - Caregiver uptake of the Family MUAC two-way SMS intervention was high
• Caregiver-directed shared book-reading interventions have a small positive effect on child receptive language (d=0.26) - Caregiver-directed shared book-reading interventions have a small positive effect on child receptive language (d=0.26)
• Caregiver-reported bullying victimization is associated with higher odds of NSSI/passive suicidality and active suicidality in preadolescent children - Caregiver-reported bullying victimization is associated with higher odds of NSSI/passive suicidality and active suicidality in preadolescent children
• Caregivers and healthcare workers perceived Family MUAC with two-way SMS as acceptable, cost-saving, appropriate, and feasible - Caregivers and healthcare workers perceived Family MUAC with two-way SMS as acceptable, cost-saving, appropriate, and feasible
• Carelessness accounts for 23 per cent of spelling errors in college students' written themes - Carelessness accounts for 23 per cent of spelling errors in college students' written themes
• Carnegie Learning attributes positive practitioner feedback to connecting research to participants' needs, lowering effort barriers, and compensating participation - Carnegie Learning attributes positive practitioner feedback to connecting research to participants' needs, lowering effort barriers, and compensating participation
• Carnegie Math Pathways students earned college-level math credits at three to four times the rate of peers in traditional sequences and graduated at double the rate - Carnegie Math Pathways students earned college-level math credits at three to four times the rate of peers in traditional sequences and graduated at double the rate
• Carrying on class work and seat work as rapidly as is consistent with getting the meaning may quadruple learning ability over a few months - Carrying on class work and seat work as rapidly as is consistent with getting the meaning may quadruple learning ability over a few months
• Carryover of user errors into AI advice reduces both advice quality and final ranking accuracy - Carryover of user errors into AI advice reduces both advice quality and final ranking accuracy
• Cascade models in which IQ mediates the WM-to-achievement path fit comparably to, but not significantly better than, the original correlated models - Cascade models in which IQ mediates the WM-to-achievement path fit comparably to, but not significantly better than, the original correlated models
• Case analysis shows regulation strategies did not always align with the challenges faced, leading to recurring difficulties within the group - Case analysis shows regulation strategies did not always align with the challenges faced, leading to recurring difficulties within the group
• Case comparison shifts student teachers' beliefs about operant conditioning toward more positive, regardless of experimental condition - Case comparison shifts student teachers' beliefs about operant conditioning toward more positive, regardless of experimental condition
• Case evidence suggests the Thorndike-McCall diagnoses comprehension power unaffected by reading mechanics, as in a slow reader of above-125 IQ scoring at grade level - Case evidence suggests the Thorndike-McCall diagnoses comprehension power unaffected by reading mechanics, as in a slow reader of above-125 IQ scoring at grade level
• Case records show a school's efficiency percentage depends heavily on the teacher's rating, dropping to 68⅔ per cent when the teacher rated below her predecessor - Case records show a school's efficiency percentage depends heavily on the teacher's rating, dropping to 68⅔ per cent when the teacher rated below her predecessor
• Case studies of five Promise Neighborhoods sites documented program design, services, and early implementation successes and challenges - Case studies of five Promise Neighborhoods sites documented program design, services, and early implementation successes and challenges
• Case studies of sharp test disagreements suggest the better the criterion of achievement, the greater the predictive value of true-false compared with essay examinations - Case studies of sharp test disagreements suggest the better the criterion of achievement, the greater the predictive value of true-false compared with essay examinations
• Case study districts show potential underinvestment in family support and engagement, with most reporting no English Learner family/community liaisons - Case study districts show potential underinvestment in family support and engagement, with most reporting no English Learner family/community liaisons
• Case study districts' staffing for English Learners falls well below Ohio cost-study recommendations for instructors and bilingual paraprofessionals - Case study districts' staffing for English Learners falls well below Ohio cost-study recommendations for instructors and bilingual paraprofessionals
• Case study participants report three primary induction impacts: improved leadership knowledge and skills, resilience from personal support, and professional advancement - Case study participants report three primary induction impacts: improved leadership knowledge and skills, resilience from personal support, and professional advancement
• Case study shows tutor scaffolding lowers estimated task difficulty after errors while student ability rises steadily - Case study shows tutor scaffolding lowers estimated task difficulty after errors while student ability rises steadily
• Case-based learning benefits were reported particularly when GenAI was embedded in faculty-guided teaching, while complex cases and team workflows showed null or unfavorable effects - Case-based learning benefits were reported particularly when GenAI was embedded in faculty-guided teaching, while complex cases and team workflows showed null or unfavorable effects
• Case-based learning does not produce a larger increase in self-reported theory-based knowledge usage than studying with theoretical models - Case-based learning does not produce a larger increase in self-reported theory-based knowledge usage than studying with theoretical models
• Case-based learning improves exam performance
• Case-study community schools reported classroom practice shifts—including space arrangement, inclusive curricula, and restorative practices—that they attributed to CSI professional learning - Case-study community schools reported classroom practice shifts—including space arrangement, inclusive curricula, and restorative practices—that they attributed to CSI professional learning
• Case-study states rely on locally developed performance assessments created and piloted by teachers, with collaborative scoring - Case-study states rely on locally developed performance assessments created and piloted by teachers, with collaborative scoring
• Case-study states use performance-based assessments to provide more opportunities for students to demonstrate mastery of skills and content - Case-study states use performance-based assessments to provide more opportunities for students to demonstrate mastery of skills and content
• Cases with Differences of minus 9 or below — 21.5 per cent of the standardization sample — are described as marked cases of wasted intelligence whose ability is not being utilized - Cases with Differences of minus 9 or below — 21.5 per cent of the standardization sample — are described as marked cases of wasted intelligence whose ability is not being utilized
• CASTLE's activation hypothesis states that social cues activate social schemata and trigger social processes - CASTLE's activation hypothesis states that social cues activate social schemata and trigger social processes
• CASTLE's cognitive influence hypothesis states that (para-)social processes influence selection, organization, integration, and retrieval of information - CASTLE's cognitive influence hypothesis states that (para-)social processes influence selection, organization, integration, and retrieval of information
• CASTLE's interaction hypothesis states that social processes influence and are influenced by motivational, emotional, and metacognitive processes - CASTLE's interaction hypothesis states that social processes influence and are influenced by motivational, emotional, and metacognitive processes
• Casual games show promise for mitigating anxiety, depression, stress, and low mood across the range of mental health issues examined - Casual games show promise for mitigating anxiety, depression, stress, and low mood across the range of mental health issues examined
• Casual games show weak to no cognitive benefits compared to other interventions, except for elderly adults and people with specific cognitive impairments - Casual games show weak to no cognitive benefits compared to other interventions, except for elderly adults and people with specific cognitive impairments
• Casual games yield social and emotional benefits when sought for those purposes, played mindfully, and used within robust social contexts, but negative effects in other contexts - Casual games yield social and emotional benefits when sought for those purposes, played mindfully, and used within robust social contexts, but negative effects in other contexts
• CAT adjusts test questions as the testing goes along - CAT adjusts test questions as the testing goes along
• CAT concentration is item-driven, not category-driven: removing the two vulnerable items collapses the procedural/conceptual odds ratio from 5.6 to 1.0 - CAT concentration is item-driven, not category-driven: removing the two vulnerable items collapses the procedural/conceptual odds ratio from 5.6 to 1.0
• CAT data cannot be fit into factor models at the item level, making item-level construct validity investigation meaningless for CAT - CAT data cannot be fit into factor models at the item level, making item-level construct validity investigation meaningless for CAT
• CAT has the potential to be more valid and reliable than non-adaptive tests - CAT has the potential to be more valid and reliable than non-adaptive tests
• Catapult Learning Wraparound SES significantly improves middle school math achievement (ES +0.21) - Catapult Learning Wraparound SES significantly improves middle school math achievement (ES +0.21)
• CatBoost achieved the best classification performance among tested algorithms for predicting course completion risk (F-measure .77, accuracy 78%, AUC .87) - CatBoost achieved the best classification performance among tested algorithms for predicting course completion risk (F-measure .77, accuracy 78%, AUC .87)
• Categorical and binary frameworks inscribed in the mathematics curriculum served as a context for reproducing existing categories through student surveys and graphs - Categorical and binary frameworks inscribed in the mathematics curriculum served as a context for reproducing existing categories through student surveys and graphs
• Categorization accuracy was significantly higher for infrequently alternated categories than for frequently alternated categories - Categorization accuracy was significantly higher for infrequently alternated categories than for frequently alternated categories
• Categorizing claims on a website required students to read and interpret content beyond what the visualization tool provides, including evaluating trustworthiness - Categorizing claims on a website required students to read and interpret content beyond what the visualization tool provides, including evaluating trustworthiness
• Category fluency declines with age and remains significantly impaired after controlling for processing speed and IQ - Category fluency declines with age and remains significantly impaired after controlling for processing speed and IQ
• Catholic school students in earlier grades show less academic-year growth than public school peers in both reading and math - Catholic school students in earlier grades show less academic-year growth than public school peers in both reading and math
• Catholic school students score higher in math and reading than public school students on average, but enter each school year at a higher level - Catholic school students score higher in math and reading than public school students on average, but enter each school year at a higher level
• CATs can effectively address the validity threat posed by unmotivated examinees in low-stakes testing - CATs can effectively address the validity threat posed by unmotivated examinees in low-stakes testing
• CATs can have important advantages over conventional tests in identifying instances when examinees exhibit low effort - CATs can have important advantages over conventional tests in identifying instances when examinees exhibit low effort
• Causal discovery analysis finds four of five LLMs prioritize lexical features in scoring, while DeepSeek R1 uniquely prioritizes syntactic complexity - Causal discovery analysis finds four of five LLMs prioritize lexical features in scoring, while DeepSeek R1 uniquely prioritizes syntactic complexity
• Causal inference always goes beyond the data, even in randomized experiments, because experimental manipulations may affect other variables that caused the effect - Causal inference always goes beyond the data, even in randomized experiments, because experimental manipulations may affect other variables that caused the effect
• CB-PA interventions show no significant improvement in attention or on-task behavior in two of the twenty reviewed studies - CB-PA interventions show no significant improvement in attention or on-task behavior in two of the twenty reviewed studies
• CBE participants completed programs quickly, averaging less than two terms to a first industry certification course and about four terms to certificates and degrees - CBE participants completed programs quickly, averaging less than two terms to a first industry certification course and about four terms to certificates and degrees
• CBE practices at the consortium colleges were identified through document review, site visits, and stakeholder interviews - CBE practices at the consortium colleges were identified through document review, site visits, and stakeholder interviews
• CBE shows better engine adaptivity than COLO, especially for extremely low or high achievement students - CBE shows better engine adaptivity than COLO, especially for extremely low or high achievement students
• CBI subjects outperform print subjects on the delayed posttest only - CBI subjects outperform print subjects on the delayed posttest only
• CBO leaders cautioned that assessing WSS outcomes without accounting for district inputs obscures how resource allocation determines policy success - CBO leaders cautioned that assessing WSS outcomes without accounting for district inputs obscures how resource allocation determines policy success
• CBO leaders characterized the collaborative WSS development process as healing and restorative, applying restorative justice principles to policymaking - CBO leaders characterized the collaborative WSS development process as healing and restorative, applying restorative justice principles to policymaking
• CCCT participation improved prospective teachers' attitudes towards cooperativeness (g = 0.751) - CCCT participation improved prospective teachers' attitudes towards cooperativeness (g = 0.751)
• CCCT participation improved prospective teachers' co-regulation situations (g = 0.512) - CCCT participation improved prospective teachers' co-regulation situations (g = 0.512)
• CCM showed adequate model-data fit for game log data, except for infrequent tasks 7 and 9 - CCM showed adequate model-data fit for game log data, except for infrequent tasks 7 and 9
• CCM-estimated skill profiles showed minor positive correlations with external pre- and post-test scores, ranging from .018 to .495 - CCM-estimated skill profiles showed minor positive correlations with external pre- and post-test scores, ranging from .018 to .495
• CCSPP community schools improved math achievement by 0.06 standard deviations, roughly 43 additional days of learning - CCSPP community schools improved math achievement by 0.06 standard deviations, roughly 43 additional days of learning
• CCSPP community schools reduced chronic absence at least 30% more than matched comparison schools in the first implementation year - CCSPP community schools reduced chronic absence at least 30% more than matched comparison schools in the first implementation year
• CCSPP community schools reduced suspension rates by roughly 15% (0.5 percentage point) relative to matched comparison schools - CCSPP community schools reduced suspension rates by roughly 15% (0.5 percentage point) relative to matched comparison schools
• CCT improves processing speed with a moderate effect, the largest domain effect, though with large heterogeneity - CCT improves processing speed with a moderate effect, the largest domain effect, though with large heterogeneity
• CCT shows no significant effects on executive functions or attention in healthy older adults - CCT shows no significant effects on executive functions or attention in healthy older adults
• CCT yields small significant gains in nonverbal memory, working memory, and visuospatial skills, but only weak evidence for verbal memory - CCT yields small significant gains in nonverbal memory, working memory, and visuospatial skills, but only weak evidence for verbal memory
• CDM study of emergency responders (31 participants, over 51 hours of interviews) generated a theoretical model of command-level indecision - CDM study of emergency responders (31 participants, over 51 hours of interviews) generated a theoretical model of command-level indecision
• CDM-AIR declares four falsification conditions, including moderation nullity and context redundancy - CDM-AIR declares four falsification conditions, including moderation nullity and context redundancy
• CDM-estimated attainment of professional teaching standards varies non-uniformly across standards, with Standard 1 highest (0.86) and Standard 4 lowest (0.50) - CDM-estimated attainment of professional teaching standards varies non-uniformly across standards, with Standard 1 highest (0.86) and Standard 4 lowest (0.50)
• CDPK performance scales with model size, with a sharp Pareto-frontier drop-off below around 8B parameters - CDPK performance scales with model size, with a sharp Pareto-frontier drop-off below around 8B parameters
• Cell affordances determine agent movement: ramps trigger automatic diagonal transitions during path traversal - Cell affordances determine agent movement: ramps trigger automatic diagonal transitions during path traversal
• Censoring appears to affect negative-valence ratings of mathematics-related cues between model variants - Censoring appears to affect negative-valence ratings of mathematics-related cues between model variants
• Census funding has raised concerns about funding equity - Census funding has raised concerns about funding equity
• Census funding is viewed as a cost-containment approach for special education finance - Census funding is viewed as a cost-containment approach for special education finance
• Census-based neighborhood poverty is positively associated with school attachment after controls - Census-based neighborhood poverty is positively associated with school attachment after controls
• Centering teachers of color as leaders, designers, and implementers throughout design is the most broadly appreciated aspect of the Design Team process - Centering teachers of color as leaders, designers, and implementers throughout design is the most broadly appreciated aspect of the Design Team process
• Central Wikipedia articles are primarily edited by domain specialists while boundary-spanning articles are authored by generalists - Central Wikipedia articles are primarily edited by domain specialists while boundary-spanning articles are authored by generalists
• Centralized district management of partnerships enabled community schools to deliver programs and services without the burden of managing partnerships - Centralized district management of partnerships enabled community schools to deliver programs and services without the burden of managing partnerships
• Centralized enrollment systems with a universal application, combined with community partnerships, build families' awareness of preschool programs - Centralized enrollment systems with a universal application, combined with community partnerships, build families' awareness of preschool programs
• Centralized Refinement with Planning converges fastest and to the lowest failure count on authenticity - Centralized Refinement with Planning converges fastest and to the lowest failure count on authenticity
• Cephalic index computed from calliper head measurements shows fluctuations in both children, with parental indices of 78.8 and 81.8 - Cephalic index computed from calliper head measurements shows fluctuations in both children, with parental indices of 78.8 and 81.8
• Certain aspects of AI literacy play a role in higher-quality prompt engineering by non-expert students - Certain aspects of AI literacy play a role in higher-quality prompt engineering by non-expert students
• Certain conditions of complex emergence can be deliberately tinkered with in educational settings - Certain conditions of complex emergence can be deliberately tinkered with in educational settings
• Certain multimodal data combinations improve predictive model performance, with audio plus eye-tracking data most effective in one K–8 study - Certain multimodal data combinations improve predictive model performance, with audio plus eye-tracking data most effective in one K–8 study
• Certainty predicts diagnostic performance; mental effort adds no predictive value beyond certainty - Certainty predicts diagnostic performance; mental effort adds no predictive value beyond certainty
• Certified edtech developers report that learning sciences research helps them name and evaluate their product's expected impact on learning - Certified edtech developers report that learning sciences research helps them name and evaluate their product's expected impact on learning
• CF effectiveness is mediated by multiple variables, including linguistic targets and learners' age - CF effectiveness is mediated by multiple variables, including linguistic targets and learners' age
• CF treatment improved regular past tense performance on both GJT and EIT with large effects - CF treatment improved regular past tense performance on both GJT and EIT with large effects
• CFS and GR feature selection shrink decision trees to 3.2-4.7 leaf nodes without degrading predictive performance - CFS and GR feature selection shrink decision trees to 3.2-4.7 leaf nodes without degrading predictive performance
• CF–KG achieves the best NDCG and hit rate on text, video, and interactive resource subsets, with modest but consistent gains over KGAT - CF–KG achieves the best NDCG and hit rate on text, video, and interactive resource subsets, with modest but consistent gains over KGAT
• CGT delay aversion shows a bell-shaped age pattern but no statistically significant age difference in adolescence - CGT delay aversion shows a bell-shaped age pattern but no statistically significant age difference in adolescence
• Chain-of-thought and reasoning prompting significantly improve LLM proportional match with human-authored distractors over direct prompting on both math and science MCQs - Chain-of-thought and reasoning prompting significantly improve LLM proportional match with human-authored distractors over direct prompting on both math and science MCQs
• Chain-of-Thought prompting improves KC planning for Qwen models but its effect varies by model and educational stage - Chain-of-Thought prompting improves KC planning for Qwen models but its effect varies by model and educational stage
• Chain-of-thought prompting yields higher-quality GenAI feedback on argumentative essays than Zero-shot prompting and teacher feedback - Chain-of-thought prompting yields higher-quality GenAI feedback on argumentative essays than Zero-shot prompting and teacher feedback
• Chain-of-Thought rationale quality shows no direct correlation with the accuracy of simulated student responses - Chain-of-Thought rationale quality shows no direct correlation with the accuracy of simulated student responses
• Challenge based lessons scored significantly higher than NGSS practices-aligned lessons on three of six deeper learning dimensions and equivalent on the other three - Challenge based lessons scored significantly higher than NGSS practices-aligned lessons on three of six deeper learning dimensions and equivalent on the other three
• Challenge based science lessons provided substantially more deeper learning opportunities than typical lessons across six dimensions - Challenge based science lessons provided substantially more deeper learning opportunities than typical lessons across six dimensions
• Challenge emotions mediate the association between GenAI literacy and GenAI-assisted self-regulated learning behaviors, with a relatively small indirect effect - Challenge emotions mediate the association between GenAI literacy and GenAI-assisted self-regulated learning behaviors, with a relatively small indirect effect
• Challenges of blended delivery catalyse opportunities for teacher agency growth - Challenges of blended delivery catalyse opportunities for teacher agency growth
• Challenging study demands combined with resources boost emotional engagement, though interaction effects on cognitive and behavioral engagement were mainly nonsignificant - Challenging study demands combined with resources boost emotional engagement, though interaction effects on cognitive and behavioral engagement were mainly nonsignificant
• Chambers et al. report a statistically significant expressive language effect for 3-year-olds but not 4-year-olds, which WWC recalculation does not confirm - Chambers et al.
• Chance-level identity discrimination is uniform across participants and not associated with AI literacy, personality, or demographics - Chance-level identity discrimination is uniform across participants and not associated with AI literacy, personality, or demographics
• Change in the most-focused central object was detected at a low rate (41.66%) unless it was signalled and cued - Change in the most-focused central object was detected at a low rate (41.66%) unless it was signalled and cued
• Change is a specialized instance of the general communication model - Change is a specialized instance of the general communication model
• Changes in cortisol did not predict perseverative errors in any sex - Changes in cortisol did not predict perseverative errors in any sex
• Changes in CPS bilingual education testing policy drove drops in test-score inclusion, especially the fourth-grade inclusion drop in 1999 and the third-grade drop in 1997 - Changes in CPS bilingual education testing policy drove drops in test-score inclusion, especially the fourth-grade inclusion drop in 1999 and the third-grade drop in 1997
• Changes in family income and household structure predict higher odds of two or more school moves in elementary school, while family factors are not linked to a recent or single move - Changes in family income and household structure predict higher odds of two or more school moves in elementary school, while family factors are not linked to a recent or single move
• Changes in ICT career aspirations are not systematically linked to contemporaneous changes in other occupational domains - Changes in ICT career aspirations are not systematically linked to contemporaneous changes in other occupational domains
• Changes in math self-concept correlate positively with changes in both comparison-related beliefs after the COMPASS intervention - Changes in math self-concept correlate positively with changes in both comparison-related beliefs after the COMPASS intervention
• Changes in mathematics self-concept and interest are independent of prior achievement and do not predict later achievement - Changes in mathematics self-concept and interest are independent of prior achievement and do not predict later achievement
• Changes in school composition over time during the COVID-19 pandemic may contaminate school-aggregate test scores and produce faulty comparisons with historical and proximal aggregate scores - Changes in school composition over time during the COVID-19 pandemic may contaminate school-aggregate test scores and produce faulty comparisons with historical and proximal aggregate scores
• Changes in school organizational health may be a contextual mediator of PBIS effects on student performance - Changes in school organizational health may be a contextual mediator of PBIS effects on student performance
• Changes in self-efficacy correlate with changes in visual discrimination sensitivity after regressing out objective ability and baseline self-efficacy - Changes in self-efficacy correlate with changes in visual discrimination sensitivity after regressing out objective ability and baseline self-efficacy
• Changes in the credentialing market have produced demand for shorter credentials focused around job market competencies - Changes in the credentialing market have produced demand for shorter credentials focused around job market competencies
• Changes in the N2 ERP component predict intelligence gains in the metacognitive scaffolding group - Changes in the N2 ERP component predict intelligence gains in the metacognitive scaffolding group
• Changes were detected more easily on screens presenting fewer objects (66.66%) - Changes were detected more easily on screens presenting fewer objects (66.66%)
• Changing activities during lessons improves student attention during the activity and subsequent lecture segments - Changing activities during lessons improves student attention during the activity and subsequent lecture segments
• Changing job requirements mean students must be prepared to change throughout their entire work lives - Changing job requirements mean students must be prepared to change throughout their entire work lives
• Changing the audio default from opt-in to opt-out raised audio availability from 72% to 99% of assignments and student audio use from 68% to 84% - Changing the audio default from opt-in to opt-out raised audio availability from 72% to 99% of assignments and student audio use from 68% to 84%
• Changing the default order in which schools are presented induces meaningful changes in the types of schools low-income parents choose - Changing the default order in which schools are presented induces meaningful changes in the types of schools low-income parents choose
• Character education is criticized for didacticism and de-emphasizing reflection and moral judgment, and Dewey's deliberation is proposed as a bridge between it and Kohlberg's approach - Character education is criticized for didacticism and de-emphasizing reflection and moral judgment, and Dewey's deliberation is proposed as a bridge between it and Kohlberg's approach
• Characteristic distance effects occur in both nonsymbolic and symbolic single-digit approximate addition - Characteristic distance effects occur in both nonsymbolic and symbolic single-digit approximate addition
• Charter administrators reported greater difficulty recruiting and hiring teachers and much higher teacher turnover, but far less difficulty removing poor teachers, than non-charter administrators in 2017 - Charter administrators reported greater difficulty recruiting and hiring teachers and much higher teacher turnover, but far less difficulty removing poor teachers, than non-charter administrators in 2
• Charter elementary schools show stronger reading growth while multi-level charter schools show significantly weaker growth in both subjects - Charter elementary schools show stronger reading growth while multi-level charter schools show significantly weaker growth in both subjects
• Charter enrollment duration matters: first-year students lag in both subjects, while fourth-year students outperform in reading but still lag in math - Charter enrollment duration matters: first-year students lag in both subjects, while fourth-year students outperform in reading but still lag in math
• Charter high school attendees experience higher earnings in their mid-20s - Charter high school attendees experience higher earnings in their mid-20s
• Charter high school effects on attainment hold in both Chicago and Florida after controlling for prior charter middle school enrollment - Charter high school effects on attainment hold in both Chicago and Florida after controlling for prior charter middle school enrollment
• Charter high school students had better attendance and test scores than comparable non-charter students, controlling for incoming characteristics - Charter high school students had better attendance and test scores than comparable non-charter students, controlling for incoming characteristics
• Charter high school students had comparable high school graduation but much higher four-year college enrollment, selective-college enrollment, and four-semester college completion than comparable non-charter students - Charter high school students had comparable high school graduation but much higher four-year college enrollment, selective-college enrollment, and four-semester college completion than comparable non-
• Charter high school students were more likely to transfer to another CPS high school than comparable non-charter students, and transfer rates were highest in low-performing or newly established charter schools - Charter high school students were more likely to transfer to another CPS high school than comparable non-charter students, and transfer rates were highest in low-performing or newly established charte
• Charter high schools are associated with increased postsecondary educational attainment and may boost students' long-run earnings, based on data from Florida and Chicago - Charter high schools are associated with increased postsecondary educational attainment and may boost students' long-run earnings, based on data from Florida and Chicago
• Charter high schools have positive effects on educational attainment in Florida and Chicago - Charter high schools have positive effects on educational attainment in Florida and Chicago
• Charter high schools in Florida and Chicago showed substantial positive effects on both high school completion and college attendance - Charter high schools in Florida and Chicago showed substantial positive effects on both high school completion and college attendance
• Charter high schools with strong academic reputations and safety records attracted students with higher eighth-grade test scores, attendance, and grades relative to their feeder pools - Charter high schools with strong academic reputations and safety records attracted students with higher eighth-grade test scores, attendance, and grades relative to their feeder pools
• Charter learning gains in each of the three growth periods do not differ statistically from TPS peers - Charter learning gains in each of the three growth periods do not differ statistically from TPS peers
• Charter LEAs enroll a lower proportion of students with disabilities than traditional LEAs and serve smaller proportions in higher-cost disability categories - Charter LEAs enroll a lower proportion of students with disabilities than traditional LEAs and serve smaller proportions in higher-cost disability categories
• Charter math disadvantage varies across growth periods and narrows over time, with no significant math difference in 2017-18 - Charter math disadvantage varies across growth periods and narrows over time, with no significant math difference in 2017-18
• Charter middle school admission did not affect college degree attainment or students' chances of remaining enrolled in college - Charter middle school admission did not affect college degree attainment or students' chances of remaining enrolled in college
• Charter middle school impacts were more positive for more disadvantaged schools and students and more negative for the more advantaged - Charter middle school impacts were more positive for more disadvantaged schools and students and more negative for the more advantaged
• Charter middle school students gain in math while multi-level charter students lag in both subjects relative to TPS peers - Charter middle school students gain in math while multi-level charter students lag in both subjects relative to TPS peers
• Charter middle school students who attend a charter high school are 7 to 15 percentage points more likely to earn a standard diploma than those who transition to a traditional public high school - Charter middle school students who attend a charter high school are 7 to 15 percentage points more likely to earn a standard diploma than those who transition to a traditional public high school
• Charter middle school students who attend a charter high school are 8 to 10 percentage points more likely to attend college than those who transition to a traditional public high school - Charter middle school students who attend a charter high school are 8 to 10 percentage points more likely to attend college than those who transition to a traditional public high school
• Charter middle schools' success in improving college outcomes was not related to their success in improving middle school achievement - Charter middle schools' success in improving college outcomes was not related to their success in improving middle school achievement
• Charter school entrants have similar or lower achievement than incumbents in all studied cities, suggesting no cream skimming - Charter school entrants have similar or lower achievement than incumbents in all studied cities, suggesting no cream skimming
• Charter school impacts differ sharply by locale: urban charters show stronger reading growth while suburban and town charters show weaker growth in both subjects - Charter school impacts differ sharply by locale: urban charters show stronger reading growth while suburban and town charters show weaker growth in both subjects
• Charter school learning gains have risen across CREDO's three national studies - Charter school learning gains have risen across CREDO's three national studies
• Charter school outcomes are mixed as a group, with 17% of charters producing greater academic gains and 37% performing worse than traditional public schools serving similar students - Charter school outcomes are mixed as a group, with 17% of charters producing greater academic gains and 37% performing worse than traditional public schools serving similar students
• Charter school quality varies greatly, and virtual charters perform significantly worse, while charters often increase segregation and underrepresent students with disabilities - Charter school quality varies greatly, and virtual charters perform significantly worse, while charters often increase segregation and underrepresent students with disabilities
• Charter school students perform consistently better on standardized mathematics achievement measures than traditional public school peers, with modest differences - Charter school students perform consistently better on standardized mathematics achievement measures than traditional public school peers, with modest differences
• Charter school students show more annual learning growth in reading and math than matched traditional public school peers - Charter school students show more annual learning growth in reading and math than matched traditional public school peers
• Charter schools in many of the 10 studied cities make overall positive contributions to students' learning growth relative to state averages - Charter schools in many of the 10 studied cities make overall positive contributions to students' learning growth relative to state averages
• Charter schools show favorable high school graduation and college-entry results suggesting possible long-term benefits - Charter schools show favorable high school graduation and college-entry results suggesting possible long-term benefits
• Charter schools, on average, show test-score impacts that are not substantially better or worse than conventional public schools - Charter schools, on average, show test-score impacts that are not substantially better or worse than conventional public schools
• Charter sector improvement stems mainly from existing schools improving, and gains appear at elementary, middle, and high school levels but not multi-level schools - Charter sector improvement stems mainly from existing schools improving, and gains appear at elementary, middle, and high school levels but not multi-level schools
• Charter students in poverty show similar reading growth but significantly weaker math growth (about 18 fewer days) than their TPS peers in poverty - Charter students in poverty show similar reading growth but significantly weaker math growth (about 18 fewer days) than their TPS peers in poverty
• Charter students receiving special education services show smaller learning gains than matched traditional public school peers - Charter students receiving special education services show smaller learning gains than matched traditional public school peers
• Charter students' learning growth in the first, second, and third year of enrollment is not statistically different from TPS peers - Charter students' learning growth in the first, second, and third year of enrollment is not statistically different from TPS peers
• Charter students' math disadvantage is concentrated in the first two growth periods, with performance similar to VCR peers by 2016-2017 - Charter students' math disadvantage is concentrated in the first two growth periods, with performance similar to VCR peers by 2016-2017
• CHAT analysis identified three Type 2 secondary contradictions whose operation through psychological need frustration explained motivational decline despite growing competence - CHAT analysis identified three Type 2 secondary contradictions whose operation through psychological need frustration explained motivational decline despite growing competence
• Chat-driven vibe-coding builders converge on a single generate-and-check script whose dominant time cost is dead waiting for the tool - Chat-driven vibe-coding builders converge on a single generate-and-check script whose dominant time cost is dead waiting for the tool
• Chat-log analysis indicates lower-education participants obtain substantial assistance from AI while higher-education participants use the tool somewhat more effectively across several margins, explaining why the gap narrows but does not disappear - Chat-log analysis indicates lower-education participants obtain substantial assistance from AI while higher-education participants use the tool somewhat more effectively across several margins, explai
• Chatbot access during mathematics practice improved practice performance but lowered subsequent unaided exam performance, and a hint-giving interface eliminated the penalty - Chatbot access during mathematics practice improved practice performance but lowered subsequent unaided exam performance, and a hint-giving interface eliminated the penalty
• Chatbot and search engine classes showed no significant baseline differences in science learning ability and knowledge before the intervention - Chatbot and search engine classes showed no significant baseline differences in science learning ability and knowledge before the intervention
• Chatbot design carries a documented female-by-default gender bias - Chatbot design carries a documented female-by-default gender bias
• Chatbot engagement was highly uneven: 8 of 15 voluntary users interacted continuously while 7 interacted superficially - Chatbot engagement was highly uneven: 8 of 15 voluntary users interacted continuously while 7 interacted superficially
• Chatbot integration in a smart classroom is expected by the authors to increase learner engagement and academic achievement - Chatbot integration in a smart classroom is expected by the authors to increase learner engagement and academic achievement
• Chatbot interaction depth varied by condition and subject: longer entries in physics than English and shorter entries in the cognitive learning condition than the utility value condition - Chatbot interaction depth varied by condition and subject: longer entries in physics than English and shorter entries in the cognitive learning condition than the utility value condition
• Chatbot outreach increased supplemental instruction tutoring attendance by about two percentage points, mediating a small share of the grade effect - Chatbot outreach increased supplemental instruction tutoring attendance by about two percentage points, mediating a small share of the grade effect
• Chatbot outreach produced no spillover effects on other-course performance or medium-term effects on subsequent enrollment - Chatbot outreach produced no spillover effects on other-course performance or medium-term effects on subsequent enrollment
• Chatbot outreach showed suggestive effects on assignment completion in Microeconomics but no effects on assignments in Government - Chatbot outreach showed suggestive effects on assignment completion in Microeconomics but no effects on assignments in Government
• Chatbot preference groups differed in total EBAPS and Axis 4/5 scores at the nominal level, with small effect sizes, but not after Bonferroni adjustment - Chatbot preference groups differed in total EBAPS and Axis 4/5 scores at the nominal level, with small effect sizes, but not after Bonferroni adjustment
• Chatbot support for goal setting and social presence in fully online activities was evaluated through behavioral engagement from conversation records plus perceptions and interviews - Chatbot support for goal setting and social presence in fully online activities was evaluated through behavioral engagement from conversation records plus perceptions and interviews
• Chatbot support systems in online learning are associated with higher learner satisfaction and engagement when perceived as useful - Chatbot support systems in online learning are associated with higher learner satisfaction and engagement when perceived as useful
• Chatbot treatment effects on final grades were statistically significant between the 35th and 75th quantiles of the course grade distribution and at the 95th - Chatbot treatment effects on final grades were statistically significant between the 35th and 75th quantiles of the course grade distribution and at the 95th
• Chatbot usage analytics show substantial after-hours demand, with 36.8% of interactions occurring outside standard working hours - Chatbot usage analytics show substantial after-hours demand, with 36.8% of interactions occurring outside standard working hours
• Chatbot users held more positive attitudes and reported greater perceived knowledge gains than non-users - Chatbot users held more positive attitudes and reported greater perceived knowledge gains than non-users
• Chatbot-based instruction enhanced secondary students' learning experience by enabling self-paced study with less stress, time savings, and maintained motivation - Chatbot-based instruction enhanced secondary students' learning experience by enabling self-paced study with less stress, time savings, and maintained motivation
• ChatGPT 3.5 produced low-quality hints for 32% of problems, reducible to near 0% for algebra and 13% for statistics via the self-consistency technique - ChatGPT 3.5 produced low-quality hints for 32% of problems, reducible to near 0% for algebra and 13% for statistics via the self-consistency technique
• ChatGPT and DeepSeek feedback differed from student to student in technical content, repertoire and address style, providing an individualized approach - ChatGPT and DeepSeek feedback differed from student to student in technical content, repertoire and address style, providing an individualized approach
• ChatGPT answered unsupervised web-based MCQ assessments with a mean accuracy of 70% (range 35–100%) - ChatGPT answered unsupervised web-based MCQ assessments with a mean accuracy of 70% (range 35–100%)
• ChatGPT applications in STEAM IBL cluster in the investigation, conceptualization and discussion phases, leaving orientation and conclusion largely unexplored - ChatGPT applications in STEAM IBL cluster in the investigation, conceptualization and discussion phases, leaving orientation and conclusion largely unexplored
• ChatGPT biased information access toward solution-oriented artifacts over principle-oriented information - ChatGPT biased information access toward solution-oriented artifacts over principle-oriented information
• ChatGPT could not execute R code for statistics MCQs, achieving 60% accuracy when its code was run with corrected dataset naming - ChatGPT could not execute R code for statistics MCQs, achieving 60% accuracy when its code was run with corrected dataset naming
• ChatGPT exposure effects vary across the school performance distribution, with positive estimates for lower-performing schools and negative for top-performing schools, but this pattern is not robust - ChatGPT exposure effects vary across the school performance distribution, with positive estimates for lower-performing schools and negative for top-performing schools, but this pattern is not robust
• ChatGPT fabricates references: the authors caught it inventing a non-existent 'Ribeiro and Vala, 2020' article with full bibliographic details - ChatGPT fabricates references: the authors caught it inventing a non-existent 'Ribeiro and Vala, 2020' article with full bibliographic details
• ChatGPT feedback quality varied by essay quality: accuracy declined as essay quality rose, prioritization was best for average essays, and supportive tone was lowest for low-quality essays - ChatGPT feedback quality varied by essay quality: accuracy declined as essay quality rose, prioritization was best for average essays, and supportive tone was lowest for low-quality essays
• ChatGPT feedback required doctoral students to validate the procedural accuracy of algorithm-generated outputs, with judgement shaped by prompt quality - ChatGPT feedback required doctoral students to validate the procedural accuracy of algorithm-generated outputs, with judgement shaped by prompt quality
• ChatGPT in thinking mode shows the strongest agreement with human examiners on essay-style exam grading (weighted kappa 0.718) - ChatGPT in thinking mode shows the strongest agreement with human examiners on essay-style exam grading (weighted kappa 0.718)
• ChatGPT is the most frequently used AI tool among Ghanaian pre-service science teachers, with 69% reporting frequent use - ChatGPT is the most frequently used AI tool among Ghanaian pre-service science teachers, with 69% reporting frequent use
• ChatGPT is the most widely used AI tool among Ukrainian education managers (69.4% adoption) - ChatGPT is the most widely used AI tool among Ukrainian education managers (69.4% adoption)
• ChatGPT participants experienced meta-cognitive load and frictions, with slightly more unsatisfied endings than Google participants - ChatGPT participants experienced meta-cognitive load and frictions, with slightly more unsatisfied endings than Google participants
• ChatGPT performed at or near the passing threshold on the United States Medical Licensing Exam without domain fine-tuning (reported from Kung et al.) - ChatGPT performed at or near the passing threshold on the United States Medical Licensing Exam without domain fine-tuning (reported from Kung et al.)
• ChatGPT produced executed, grader-accepted submissions for all three fixed personalized Qiskit assignment instances in 150 of 150 sessions - ChatGPT produced executed, grader-accepted submissions for all three fixed personalized Qiskit assignment instances in 150 of 150 sessions
• ChatGPT produced more descriptive feedback than peers on argumentative essays - ChatGPT produced more descriptive feedback than peers on argumentative essays
• ChatGPT produced submissions judged of passing quality for 36 of 40 undergraduate psychology assessments (90%) - ChatGPT produced submissions judged of passing quality for 36 of 40 undergraduate psychology assessments (90%)
• ChatGPT recommendation accuracy was comparable between the open-support and reflection conditions, ruling out unequal exposure to erroneous advice - ChatGPT recommendation accuracy was comparable between the open-support and reflection conditions, ruling out unequal exposure to erroneous advice
• ChatGPT search activity is higher while local K-12 schools are in session, tracking local school calendars - ChatGPT search activity is higher while local K-12 schools are in session, tracking local school calendars
• ChatGPT served as an emotional support agent during practicum, offering a nonjudgmental, constantly available interlocutor - ChatGPT served as an emotional support agent during practicum, offering a nonjudgmental, constantly available interlocutor
• ChatGPT shows high success on open-ended general chemistry exam questions but lower accuracy at the university level, and unverified copying of its answers is a reported risk - ChatGPT shows high success on open-ended general chemistry exam questions but lower accuracy at the university level, and unverified copying of its answers is a reported risk
• ChatGPT sustains coherent, human-like multi-topic conversation and produces convincing creative content, as shown by the authors' own prompting test - ChatGPT sustains coherent, human-like multi-topic conversation and produces convincing creative content, as shown by the authors' own prompting test
• ChatGPT use boosts university students' self-efficacy for task resolution, but self-efficacy barely tracks actual performance - ChatGPT use boosts university students' self-efficacy for task resolution, but self-efficacy barely tracks actual performance
• ChatGPT use does not change absolute self-evaluation accuracy, but self-evaluation judgments fail to correlate with performance under ChatGPT assistance - ChatGPT use does not change absolute self-evaluation accuracy, but self-evaluation judgments fail to correlate with performance under ChatGPT assistance
• ChatGPT use frequency and intention to use are strongly positively correlated - ChatGPT use frequency and intention to use are strongly positively correlated
• ChatGPT use improves the quality, elaboration, and originality of university students' solutions to a complex ill-defined problem-solving task - ChatGPT use improves the quality, elaboration, and originality of university students' solutions to a complex ill-defined problem-solving task
• ChatGPT use in STEAM IBL is reported to enhance learner outcomes including motivation, critical thinking, engagement, and problem-solving - ChatGPT use in STEAM IBL is reported to enhance learner outcomes including motivation, critical thinking, engagement, and problem-solving
• ChatGPT use in STEAM IBL is reported to improve teaching efficiency, student engagement, and flexible instructional design - ChatGPT use in STEAM IBL is reported to improve teaching efficiency, student engagement, and flexible instructional design
• ChatGPT users began information seeking with narrow, specified queries far more often than Google users - ChatGPT users began information seeking with narrow, specified queries far more often than Google users
• ChatGPT users differentiated information less (never by credibility) and rarely verified information compared to Google users - ChatGPT users differentiated information less (never by credibility) and rarely verified information compared to Google users
• ChatGPT users showed a non-significant trend toward worse overall informal learning outcomes than Google Search users over 8 days - ChatGPT users showed a non-significant trend toward worse overall informal learning outcomes than Google Search users over 8 days
• ChatGPT users were significantly less likely to correctly answer a critical-learning question requiring interpretation of a nutrition label - ChatGPT users were significantly less likely to correctly answer a critical-learning question requiring interpretation of a nutrition label
• ChatGPT users were significantly less likely to correctly compare and evaluate animal and plant protein sources - ChatGPT users were significantly less likely to correctly compare and evaluate animal and plant protein sources
• ChatGPT was the most used GenAI tool across all three physics assessments, with Copilot a distant second - ChatGPT was the most used GenAI tool across all three physics assessments, with Copilot a distant second
• ChatGPT was the most widely adopted AI platform in undergraduate higher education studies, with applications clustering around assessment automation and personalized learning support - ChatGPT was the most widely adopted AI platform in undergraduate higher education studies, with applications clustering around assessment automation and personalized learning support
• ChatGPT zero-shot relevance extraction for instruction-quality assessment retrieves mostly irrelevant utterances and overestimates instruction quality - ChatGPT zero-shot relevance extraction for instruction-quality assessment retrieves mostly irrelevant utterances and overestimates instruction quality
• ChatGPT's biggest predicted disruption is its effect on knowledge work productivity, chiefly by providing a competent first draft - ChatGPT's biggest predicted disruption is its effect on knowledge work productivity, chiefly by providing a competent first draft
• ChatGPT's exam scores were within 10% of human grades 70% of the time in a study of AI-based grading - ChatGPT's exam scores were within 10% of human grades 70% of the time in a study of AI-based grading
• ChatGPT's intuitive interface and instant feedback can either support learning or enable superficial task completion depending on integration - ChatGPT's intuitive interface and instant feedback can either support learning or enable superficial task completion depending on integration
• ChatGPT-3.5 feedback on EAP argumentative essays aligns closely with human instructor scoring and identifies surface-level issues, but is less effective on rhetorical structure and contextual nuance - ChatGPT-3.5 feedback on EAP argumentative essays aligns closely with human instructor scoring and identifies surface-level issues, but is less effective on rhetorical structure and contextual nuance
• ChatGPT-assisted lesson plans for children's STEAM art education received higher blind expert quality ratings than traditional teacher-generated plans (average 21.0 vs 17.0) - ChatGPT-assisted lesson plans for children's STEAM art education received higher blind expert quality ratings than traditional teacher-generated plans (average 21.0 vs 17.0)
• ChatGPT-assisted students reported substantially lower ownership of their submitted code across self-attributed ownership, psychological ownership, and authorship attribution - ChatGPT-assisted students reported substantially lower ownership of their submitted code across self-attributed ownership, psychological ownership, and authorship attribution
• ChatGPT-assisted students scored substantially higher on the coding assessment than No AI students (89% vs 69%) - ChatGPT-assisted students scored substantially higher on the coding assessment than No AI students (89% vs 69%)
• ChatGPT-enhanced instruction improved Knowing, Applying and Reasoning sub-skills significantly, each with a large printed effect size - ChatGPT-enhanced instruction improved Knowing, Applying and Reasoning sub-skills significantly, each with a large printed effect size
• ChatGPT-enhanced instruction produced significantly higher overall post-test achievement in Grade 12 Quantum Theory than traditional teaching, with a large effect size (η² > 0.14) - ChatGPT-enhanced instruction produced significantly higher overall post-test achievement in Grade 12 Quantum Theory than traditional teaching, with a large effect size (η² > 0.14)
• ChatGPT-generated art lesson plans pose challenges of impracticality, overlooked safety issues, and required teacher revision time - ChatGPT-generated art lesson plans pose challenges of impracticality, overlooked safety issues, and required teacher revision time
• ChatGPT-generated HDR problems measure the same ability as human-created problems, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.78) and no significant difficulty difference - ChatGPT-generated HDR problems measure the same ability as human-created problems, with high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.78) and no significant difficulty difference
• ChatGPT-generated synthesis claims benefits for personalized tutoring, automated essay grading, language translation, interactive learning, and adaptive learning, citing supporting studies - ChatGPT-generated synthesis claims benefits for personalized tutoring, automated essay grading, language translation, interactive learning, and adaptive learning, citing supporting studies
• ChatGPT-generated text shows inaccuracy, weak logical flow, lack of critical elaboration and non-originality in an author's first-hand test - ChatGPT-generated text shows inaccuracy, weak logical flow, lack of critical elaboration and non-originality in an author's first-hand test
• ChatGPT-integrated instruction produced significantly higher post-test writing motivation scores than conventional instruction among EFL learners, with a medium effect size - ChatGPT-integrated instruction produced significantly higher post-test writing motivation scores than conventional instruction among EFL learners, with a medium effect size
• ChatGPT-supported STEAM IBL research is split evenly between K-12 and higher education, but undergraduates dominate and no study examined elementary learners - ChatGPT-supported STEAM IBL research is split evenly between K-12 and higher education, but undergraduates dominate and no study examined elementary learners
• Cheat sheet type was not significantly associated with exam performance on either exam, though a moderate non-significant trend favoured self-created sheets on the final - Cheat sheet type was not significantly associated with exam performance on either exam, though a moderate non-significant trend favoured self-created sheets on the final
• Cheating tendency mediates the effects of procrastination, learned helplessness, and self-efficacy on AI-assisted dishonesty, with indirect effects stronger at higher AI use - Cheating tendency mediates the effects of procrastination, learned helplessness, and self-efficacy on AI-assisted dishonesty, with indirect effects stronger at higher AI use
• Cheating tendency significantly predicts AI-assisted academic dishonesty, and the association is stronger at higher levels of AI use - Cheating tendency significantly predicts AI-assisted academic dishonesty, and the association is stronger at higher levels of AI use
• Check & Connect has statistically significant positive effects on staying in school for high school students with disabilities - Check & Connect has statistically significant positive effects on staying in school for high school students with disabilities
• Check & Connect increases credits accrued (progressing in school) in one RCT - Check & Connect increases credits accrued (progressing in school) in one RCT
• Check & Connect increases the percentage still enrolled at end of fourth year (supplemental finding) - Check & Connect increases the percentage still enrolled at end of fourth year (supplemental finding)
• Check & Connect shows no discernible effect on on-time high school completion - Check & Connect shows no discernible effect on on-time high school completion
• Check & Connect shows no significant effect on completion by one year after expected graduation (supplemental fifth-year finding) - Check & Connect shows no significant effect on completion by one year after expected graduation (supplemental fifth-year finding)
• Checking can coexist with unresolved errors: 7 of 15 students failed a task containing plausible LLM falsehoods despite self-checking - Checking can coexist with unresolved errors: 7 of 15 students failed a task containing plausible LLM falsehoods despite self-checking
• Checklist tool use significantly increases Evaluation processes, an effect not observed in the ChatGPT and human-expert groups - Checklist tool use significantly increases Evaluation processes, an effect not observed in the ChatGPT and human-expert groups
• Checkpoint artifacts prompted Master-level student groups to revise initial AI overestimates after baseline simulation evidence accumulated - Checkpoint artifacts prompted Master-level student groups to revise initial AI overestimates after baseline simulation evidence accumulated
• Chen et al. (2018): spaced practice superiority was associated with increased availability of working memory resources - Chen et al.
• Chest-worn ECG provides the strongest cardiac-sensing performance for attention-difficulty prediction, and fusing all cardiac streams does not improve upon chest ECG alone - Chest-worn ECG provides the strongest cardiac-sensing performance for attention-difficulty prediction, and fusing all cardiac streams does not improve upon chest ECG alone
• Chi-square analysis shows the distribution of learning theories in Iranian ELT textbooks differs significantly from chance - Chi-square analysis shows the distribution of learning theories in Iranian ELT textbooks differs significantly from chance
• Chi-square difference tests show significant loading invariance constraints for Kansas Reading but all constraints significant for Michigan Mathematics - Chi-square difference tests show significant loading invariance constraints for Kansas Reading but all constraints significant for Michigan Mathematics
• Chicago charter high school teachers report leadership perceptions similar to non-charter peers but higher trust and collective responsibility among colleagues, and their schools differ most in future preparation: more promotion/graduation requirements, innovative instruction, and college-going emphasis - Chicago charter high school teachers report leadership perceptions similar to non-charter peers but higher trust and collective responsibility among colleagues, and their schools differ most in future
• Chicago charter high schools have large positive effects on earnings in adulthood - Chicago charter high schools have large positive effects on earnings in adulthood
• Chicago classrooms with high-quality authentic intellectual assignments showed greater one-year ITBS gains than classrooms with low-quality assignments - Chicago classrooms with high-quality authentic intellectual assignments showed greater one-year ITBS gains than classrooms with low-quality assignments
• Chicago Connected eligibility was associated with a slightly lower fall 2020 GPA in the full analytic sample, with no variation by pre-pandemic academic performance - Chicago Connected eligibility was associated with a slightly lower fall 2020 GPA in the full analytic sample, with no variation by pre-pandemic academic performance
• Chicago Connected eligibility was associated with higher fall 2020 engagement for high pre-pandemic GPA students but lower engagement for low pre-pandemic GPA students - Chicago Connected eligibility was associated with higher fall 2020 engagement for high pre-pandemic GPA students but lower engagement for low pre-pandemic GPA students
• Chicago Connected participation was associated with higher fall 2020 and spring 2021 GPAs for high pre-pandemic GPA students and lower GPAs for low pre-pandemic GPA students - Chicago Connected participation was associated with higher fall 2020 and spring 2021 GPAs for high pre-pandemic GPA students and lower GPAs for low pre-pandemic GPA students
• Chicago elementary principals are overwhelmingly positive about Grow, with higher endorsement rates than teachers on shared items - Chicago elementary principals are overwhelmingly positive about Grow, with higher endorsement rates than teachers on shared items
• Chicago elementary student achievement improved steadily from 1990 to 1999 under local control, with the share of students reaching national norms growing to 35 percent in reading and 43 percent in math - Chicago elementary student achievement improved steadily from 1990 to 1999 under local control, with the share of students reaching national norms growing to 35 percent in reading and 43 percent in ma
• Chicago elementary students experience roughly 500 hours of annual instruction rather than the intended 900 hours - Chicago elementary students experience roughly 500 hours of annual instruction rather than the intended 900 hours
• Chicago elementary teachers are moderately positive about school reform, with about 60 percent agreeing their school is getting better since reform began - Chicago elementary teachers are moderately positive about school reform, with about 60 percent agreeing their school is getting better since reform began
• Chicago elementary teachers spent an estimated 155,464 hours preparing students for standardized tests in 1990-1991 - Chicago elementary teachers spent an estimated 155,464 hours preparing students for standardized tests in 1990-1991
• Chicago graduates who enrolled in the most popular colleges had lower adjusted graduation rates than similar Chicago students who enrolled elsewhere - Chicago graduates who enrolled in the most popular colleges had lower adjusted graduation rates than similar Chicago students who enrolled elsewhere
• Chicago graduation rates improved 17 percentage points (57 to 74 percent) between 2006 and 2015 while the ACT average rose from 17.6 to 18.5 - Chicago graduation rates improved 17 percentage points (57 to 74 percent) between 2006 and 2015 while the ACT average rose from 17.6 to 18.5
• Chicago graduation rates improved steadily since the early 1990s except for the first two cohorts subject to the eighth-grade promotion standard, and age-16 dropout rates declined for the last five years - Chicago graduation rates improved steadily since the early 1990s except for the first two cohorts subject to the eighth-grade promotion standard, and age-16 dropout rates declined for the last five ye
• Chicago high school graduation rates improved dramatically over 20 years without a decline in average high school academic performance - Chicago high school graduation rates improved dramatically over 20 years without a decline in average high school academic performance
• Chicago high school reform efforts of the late 1990s were studied at the district, school, and departmental levels in a 2001 conference volume - Chicago high school reform efforts of the late 1990s were studied at the district, school, and departmental levels in a 2001 conference volume
• Chicago high school teachers reported better communication and more positive relationships with parents in 1997 than in 1994 - Chicago high school teachers reported better communication and more positive relationships with parents in 1997 than in 1994
• Chicago Latino students underperform rest-of-state Latino counterparts slightly in third grade but outperform them in eighth-grade reading - Chicago Latino students underperform rest-of-state Latino counterparts slightly in third grade but outperform them in eighth-grade reading
• Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to increase the probability of enrolling in college - Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to increase the probability of enrolling in college
• Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to increase the probability of graduating high school - Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to increase the probability of graduating high school
• Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to produce substantial positive effects on ACT scores - Chicago multi-grade charter high schools appear to produce substantial positive effects on ACT scores
• Chicago pre-k policy changes expanding full-day pre-k access were related to more favorable second-grade math test scores and academic grades for most student groups - Chicago pre-k policy changes expanding full-day pre-k access were related to more favorable second-grade math test scores and academic grades for most student groups
• Chicago public high school seniors do considerably less homework than high school seniors nationally - Chicago public high school seniors do considerably less homework than high school seniors nationally
• Chicago Public Schools dropout rates remained high, with over 40 percent of students dropping out by age 19 - Chicago Public Schools dropout rates remained high, with over 40 percent of students dropping out by age 19
• Chicago Public Schools improved dramatically between 1987 and 2017, with the biggest gains among students of color and low-income students - Chicago Public Schools improved dramatically between 1987 and 2017, with the biggest gains among students of color and low-income students
• Chicago school organizational supports (leadership, professional capacity, parent involvement) improved across eras, but instructional quality did not, and student-reported teacher support declined after 2005 - Chicago school organizational supports (leadership, professional capacity, parent involvement) improved across eras, but instructional quality did not, and student-reported teacher support declined af
• Chicago students gain most in achievement when strong academic press and strong social support occur together, and learn less when either is strong and the other weak - Chicago students gain most in achievement when strong academic press and strong social support occur together, and learn less when either is strong and the other weak
• Chicago TAP did not fully implement its performance-based pay or value-added components as intended - Chicago TAP did not fully implement its performance-based pay or value-added components as intended
• Chicago TAP did not raise student math or reading scores overall during the four-year rollout in Chicago Public Schools - Chicago TAP did not raise student math or reading scores overall during the four-year rollout in Chicago Public Schools
• Chicago TAP increased the amount of mentoring, promotion opportunities, and compensation in participating schools relative to non-TAP schools - Chicago TAP increased the amount of mentoring, promotion opportunities, and compensation in participating schools relative to non-TAP schools
• Chicago teachers did not use the readers' suggested study helps, and pupils did not refer to them - Chicago teachers did not use the readers' suggested study helps, and pupils did not refer to them
• Chicago White students score as well as or better than rest-of-state White peers in reading, and about the same in math - Chicago White students score as well as or better than rest-of-state White peers in reading, and about the same in math
• Chicago's 1997 three-year college-preparatory science graduation requirement more than doubled the percentage of graduates completing three or more years of science - Chicago's 1997 three-year college-preparatory science graduation requirement more than doubled the percentage of graduates completing three or more years of science
• Chicago's Algebra Initiative raised the 8th-grade algebra pass rate from 4% in 2002 to about 20% by 2017 and closed two-thirds of the NAEP gap - Chicago's Algebra Initiative raised the 8th-grade algebra pass rate from 4% in 2002 to about 20% by 2017 and closed two-thirds of the NAEP gap
• Chicago's College-Prep-for-All policy nearly universalized ninth-grade Algebra I and English I enrollment and closed course-taking gaps by race, ability, and special education status - Chicago's College-Prep-for-All policy nearly universalized ninth-grade Algebra I and English I enrollment and closed course-taking gaps by race, ability, and special education status
• Chicago's district-wide Freshman On-Track rate improved from 61 percent in 2006 to 85 percent in 2015 - Chicago's district-wide Freshman On-Track rate improved from 61 percent in 2006 to 85 percent in 2015
• Chicago's double-dose algebra policy raised algebra test scores for both low-skill and high-skill students - Chicago's double-dose algebra policy raised algebra test scores for both low-skill and high-skill students
• Chicago's graduation-rate improvements have been credited to changed ninth-grade dropout-prevention practices triggered by on-track accountability and real-time data reports, and the review states accountability by itself was not sufficient - Chicago's graduation-rate improvements have been credited to changed ninth-grade dropout-prevention practices triggered by on-track accountability and real-time data reports, and the review states acc
• Chicago's professional development spending was not integrated into a comprehensive strategy for improving instruction - Chicago's professional development spending was not integrated into a comprehensive strategy for improving instruction
• Child age, caregiver education and country income level do not moderate book-sharing intervention effects on child language - Child age, caregiver education and country income level do not moderate book-sharing intervention effects on child language
• Child and guardian reports add minimal predictive power beyond teacher reports of noncognitive skills - Child and guardian reports add minimal predictive power beyond teacher reports of noncognitive skills
• Child Characteristic X Instruction (CXI) interactions in content learning were reduced through iterative design: leveled readers, explicit vocabulary instruction, and passage-comprehension-based flexible grouping eliminated significant CXI effects by the fourth iteration. - Child Characteristic X Instruction (CXI) interactions in content learning were reduced through iterative design: leveled readers, explicit vocabulary instruction, and passage-comprehension-based flexi
• Child cognitive skills other than initial word reading (phonemic decoding, working memory, phonological awareness, rapid letter naming) did not significantly predict exposures to mastery - Child cognitive skills other than initial word reading (phonemic decoding, working memory, phonological awareness, rapid letter naming) did not significantly predict exposures to mastery
• Child EFL learners receiving recasts in task-based lessons improve their production of third person singular -s from pretest to posttest, in a study with no no-recast comparison group - Child EFL learners receiving recasts in task-based lessons improve their production of third person singular -s from pretest to posttest, in a study with no no-recast comparison group
• Child gender at kindergarten entry predicts initial functioning: boys show more conflict and inattention/impulsivity, girls more closeness and school engagement - Child gender at kindergarten entry predicts initial functioning: boys show more conflict and inattention/impulsivity, girls more closeness and school engagement
• Child gender predicts self-regulation trajectory membership, with girls more likely to be earlier developers - Child gender predicts self-regulation trajectory membership, with girls more likely to be earlier developers
• Child IQ, sex, and parental income do not predict initial levels or growth of task-based inhibitory control - Child IQ, sex, and parental income do not predict initial levels or growth of task-based inhibitory control
• Child maltreatment has a documented independent negative impact on children's language development - Child maltreatment has a documented independent negative impact on children's language development
• Child self-control at baseline is negatively associated with parents' work-family conflict at baseline and fathers' conflict at wave two - Child self-control at baseline is negatively associated with parents' work-family conflict at baseline and fathers' conflict at wave two
• Child-by-school deprivation interaction: high-deprivation schools are a risk factor for bullying only for non-deprived children - Child-by-school deprivation interaction: high-deprivation schools are a risk factor for bullying only for non-deprived children
• Child-centered instruction is associated with students' SRL monitoring accuracy - Child-centered instruction is associated with students' SRL monitoring accuracy
• Child-centered instruction positively predicts children's self-monitoring accuracy and, for second graders, restudy effectiveness - Child-centered instruction positively predicts children's self-monitoring accuracy and, for second graders, restudy effectiveness
• Child-directed speech predicts real-time language-processing efficiency at 19 and 24 months and explains gains in efficiency - Child-directed speech predicts real-time language-processing efficiency at 19 and 24 months and explains gains in efficiency
• Child-directed speech varies dramatically among low-SES families, up to an 18-fold difference, largely independent of maternal education and overall talkativeness - Child-directed speech varies dramatically among low-SES families, up to an 18-fold difference, largely independent of maternal education and overall talkativeness
• Child-initiated questions increased in ParaTutor modes compared to baseline tutoring conditions - Child-initiated questions increased in ParaTutor modes compared to baseline tutoring conditions
• Child-level demographic factors (male gender, deprivation, Black ethnicity, SEN status) predict self-reported bullying behaviour in primary school - Child-level demographic factors (male gender, deprivation, Black ethnicity, SEN status) predict self-reported bullying behaviour in primary school
• Child-level PD effects are significantly related to in-service effects on quality ratings, with 53% explained variance - Child-level PD effects are significantly related to in-service effects on quality ratings, with 53% explained variance
• Child-parent communication frequency is not associated with CMS scores - Child-parent communication frequency is not associated with CMS scores
• Child-parent concordance is no greater for hearing families than for families with deaf children - Child-parent concordance is no greater for hearing families than for families with deaf children