Claims: V

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Validated RCR measures omit emerging and social-safety topics including EDI, whistleblower protections, AI use in research, predatory journals and open-science practices - Validated RCR measures omit emerging and social-safety topics including EDI, whistleblower protections, AI use in research, predatory journals and open-science practices
Validating decision rules for detecting disengaged survey responses is problematic because surveys have no correct answers - Validating decision rules for detecting disengaged survey responses is problematic because surveys have no correct answers
Validation evidence across the 15 RCR measures is partial and heterogeneous, with no test–retest, criterion validity or factor-analytic evidence reported - Validation evidence across the 15 RCR measures is partial and heterogeneous, with no test–retest, criterion validity or factor-analytic evidence reported
Validation research via a common assessment supports SEDA achievement scores - Validation research via a common assessment supports SEDA achievement scores
Validation with simulated TRAIN-like data replicates the divergence: RI-CLPM positive, LCSM negative, ESDM no-direct-effects - Validation with simulated TRAIN-like data replicates the divergence: RI-CLPM positive, LCSM negative, ESDM no-direct-effects
Validator agent reliability is highest for realism and lowest for authenticity in human evaluation - Validator agent reliability is highest for realism and lowest for authenticity in human evaluation
Validator failure patterns vary by interest topic and math curriculum unit - Validator failure patterns vary by interest topic and math curriculum unit
Validator false-negative cases reveal structural reasoning weaknesses, including answer-schema misinterpretation and internal inconsistency - Validator false-negative cases reveal structural reasoning weaknesses, including answer-schema misinterpretation and internal inconsistency
Validity coefficients with external criteria provide a lower bound for a test's reliability - Validity coefficients with external criteria provide a lower bound for a test's reliability
Validity evidence for the IRLA is disaggregated across grade, program, and race/ethnicity - Validity evidence for the IRLA is disaggregated across grade, program, and race/ethnicity
Validity is the only test criterion that applies to all five administrative uses of tests - Validity is the only test criterion that applies to all five administrative uses of tests
Value-added error rates apply to measuring both teacher and school performance in the upper elementary grades using student test score gain data - Value-added error rates apply to measuring both teacher and school performance in the upper elementary grades using student test score gain data
Value-added estimates are likely to be noisy with the amount of data typically used in practice - Value-added estimates are likely to be noisy with the amount of data typically used in practice
Value-added models were developed to estimate teachers' and schools' contributions to student achievement in Pittsburgh Public Schools - Value-added models were developed to estimate teachers' and schools' contributions to student achievement in Pittsburgh Public Schools
Value-added models were used to estimate teacher and principal effectiveness measures in Charleston County School District in 2013-2014 - Value-added models were used to estimate teacher and principal effectiveness measures in Charleston County School District in 2013-2014
Value-added teacher rankings are insensitive to correcting measurement error in the pretest, with correlations of 0.91–0.99 for elementary and 0.77–0.98 for middle school teachers - Value-added teacher rankings are insensitive to correcting measurement error in the pretest, with correlations of 0.91–0.99 for elementary and 0.77–0.98 for middle school teachers
Valuing mathematics raises predicted STEM-study-intention probability by 18% per SD; valuing German shows a significant negative total effect - Valuing mathematics raises predicted STEM-study-intention probability by 18% per SD; valuing German shows a significant negative total effect
Variability of practice interacts with problem format: high variability aids learning from worked examples but harms learning from conventional problems - Variability of practice interacts with problem format: high variability aids learning from worked examples but harms learning from conventional problems
Variance in ASC change is statistically significant at individual, clique, and classroom levels, with a slight average decline in ASC across the school year - Variance in ASC change is statistically significant at individual, clique, and classroom levels, with a slight average decline in ASC across the school year
Variance terms in multi-armed RCT estimators need slight adjustment under the finite-population framework, which can reduce precision - Variance terms in multi-armed RCT estimators need slight adjustment under the finite-population framework, which can reduce precision
Variation across schools in principal-assigned professional practice ratings suggests principals' standards may not be fully consistent across schools - Variation across schools in principal-assigned professional practice ratings suggests principals' standards may not be fully consistent across schools
Variation among Engineering programs is as large as variation between Engineering and Technology programs - Variation among Engineering programs is as large as variation between Engineering and Technology programs
Variation-theory-based teaching produces significantly larger gains than control teaching in 9th-grade students' alternations of points of view on a taught societal issue - Variation-theory-based teaching produces significantly larger gains than control teaching in 9th-grade students' alternations of points of view on a taught societal issue
Variation-theory-based teaching significantly improves students' alternation of points of view on novel, untaught societal issues (transfer), with smaller effects than on the taught task - Variation-theory-based teaching significantly improves students' alternation of points of view on novel, untaught societal issues (transfer), with smaller effects than on the taught task
Variations in cognitive activation are reflected in the germane cognitive load scale: prompted imagination and disfluent text raise GCL - Variations in cognitive activation are reflected in the germane cognitive load scale: prompted imagination and disfluent text raise GCL
Variations in material design are reflected in the extraneous cognitive load scale: worked examples and integrated formats lower ECL - Variations in material design are reflected in the extraneous cognitive load scale: worked examples and integrated formats lower ECL
Variations in task difficulty are reflected in the intrinsic cognitive load scale, with boredom conditions reporting the lowest ICL - Variations in task difficulty are reflected in the intrinsic cognitive load scale, with boredom conditions reporting the lowest ICL
Vast majorities prefer tailored instruction over whole group instruction, but only a minority think schools currently do a good job supporting learner variability - Vast majorities prefer tailored instruction over whole group instruction, but only a minority think schools currently do a good job supporting learner variability
Veenman's 2007 discussion addresses assessment and instruction of self-regulation in computer-based environments with attention to metacognitive skill measurement and intelligent tutoring systems - Veenman's 2007 discussion addresses assessment and instruction of self-regulation in computer-based environments with attention to metacognitive skill measurement and intelligent tutoring systems
Ventral striatum activation to correct responses is correlated with discrimination performance in youth - Ventral striatum activation to correct responses is correlated with discrimination performance in youth
Ventral striatum activation to correct responses peaks in mid-adolescence at approximately age 16 - Ventral striatum activation to correct responses peaks in mid-adolescence at approximately age 16
Ventral striatum response to correct responses scales with working memory load in youth - Ventral striatum response to correct responses scales with working memory load in youth
Verb trials with dynamic scenes yield longer latencies than noun trials with static images, and noun and verb latencies are moderately correlated - Verb trials with dynamic scenes yield longer latencies than noun trials with static images, and noun and verb latencies are moderately correlated
Verbal ability and Internet experience predict correct answering of comprehension questions about digital texts in e-learning - Verbal ability and Internet experience predict correct answering of comprehension questions about digital texts in e-learning
Verbal achievement mediates most relations between classroom disciplinary problems and motivation constructs - Verbal achievement mediates most relations between classroom disciplinary problems and motivation constructs
Verbal achievement, reading and language abilities correlate strongly with mathematics achievement (r = .42 to .67)
Verbal analytical ability is not a significant predictor of second language success for childhood arrivals - Verbal analytical ability is not a significant predictor of second language success for childhood arrivals
Verbal and spatial working memory, and verbal attention span, explain unique variance in Coding beyond motor speed, symptom severity, and IQ - Verbal and spatial working memory, and verbal attention span, explain unique variance in Coding beyond motor speed, symptom severity, and IQ
Verbal engagement correlated more strongly with science learning in the interactive condition (response rate r = .485) than in the pseudo-interactive condition (r = .193) - Verbal engagement correlated more strongly with science learning in the interactive condition (response rate r = .485) than in the pseudo-interactive condition (r = .193)
Verbal interaction in a PBL tutorial group shows only part of the underlying cognitive and metacognitive processes - Verbal interaction in a PBL tutorial group shows only part of the underlying cognitive and metacognitive processes
Verbal labels have a special status in influencing visual processing beyond mere association - Verbal labels have a special status in influencing visual processing beyond mere association
Verbal memory performance declines with age in the full sample, significantly at the one-week delay - Verbal memory performance declines with age in the full sample, significantly at the one-week delay
Verbal memory test scores correlate positively with intrinsic academic motivation scores in junior high but not elementary students - Verbal memory test scores correlate positively with intrinsic academic motivation scores in junior high but not elementary students
Verbal reasoning is directly related to fifth-grade fraction skills over and above arithmetic skills - Verbal reasoning is directly related to fifth-grade fraction skills over and above arithmetic skills
Verbal reasoning subtest scores of long-term CI users increased from elementary grades to high school beyond expected age-related growth - Verbal reasoning subtest scores of long-term CI users increased from elementary grades to high school beyond expected age-related growth
Verbal redundancy (spoken–written presentation) yields a small overall learning benefit with large between-study heterogeneity - Verbal redundancy (spoken–written presentation) yields a small overall learning benefit with large between-study heterogeneity
Verbal redundancy does not facilitate learning when materials include images or animation - Verbal redundancy does not facilitate learning when materials include images or animation
Verbal short-term memory and academic self-efficacy are positively associated with children's vocabulary - Verbal short-term memory and academic self-efficacy are positively associated with children's vocabulary
Verbal STM/WM and several executive and sensorimotor measures show no robust relation with math in children with normal reading skill - Verbal STM/WM and several executive and sensorimotor measures show no robust relation with math in children with normal reading skill
Verbal test segments correlate more highly with the composite intelligence criterion than non-verbal segments - Verbal test segments correlate more highly with the composite intelligence criterion than non-verbal segments
Verbal WM correlates with intelligence but visuospatial WM does not in kindergarten children - Verbal WM correlates with intelligence but visuospatial WM does not in kindergarten children
Verbal working memory directly and positively predicts math performance in grades 3 and 4 - Verbal working memory directly and positively predicts math performance in grades 3 and 4
Verbal working memory positively and inhibitory control negatively relate to accuracy in the contrasting multiple-choice task - Verbal working memory positively and inhibitory control negatively relate to accuracy in the contrasting multiple-choice task
Verbal working memory predicts oral reading fluency in children with and without ADHD - Verbal working memory predicts oral reading fluency in children with and without ADHD
Verbal working memory shows mixed associations with intertextual integration, from near zero to moderate-strong depending on study - Verbal working memory shows mixed associations with intertextual integration, from near zero to moderate-strong depending on study
Verbal working memory shows non-linear growth from ages 3–19, with the most rapid growth during childhood and a brief accelerated period during early adolescence - Verbal working memory shows non-linear growth from ages 3–19, with the most rapid growth during childhood and a brief accelerated period during early adolescence
Verbal-protocol-guided revisions of functional documents improved comprehension, with error rates falling from 50% to 22% despite longer texts - Verbal-protocol-guided revisions of functional documents improved comprehension, with error rates falling from 50% to 22% despite longer texts
Verbal-utterance-based methods leave collaboration in groups with asymmetrical interactions, such as young children, unexamined - Verbal-utterance-based methods leave collaboration in groups with asymmetrical interactions, such as young children, unexamined
Verbalized self-reported confidence is overconfident in the mid-confidence range, while consistency-based confidence shows good average calibration but localized failure regions - Verbalized self-reported confidence is overconfident in the mid-confidence range, while consistency-based confidence shows good average calibration but localized failure regions
Verbally gifted adolescents with ADHD show poor recall and recognition on online memorization despite strong verbal fluency - Verbally gifted adolescents with ADHD show poor recall and recognition on online memorization despite strong verbal fluency
Verbalness outweighs test length as a factor determining correlations with achievement - Verbalness outweighs test length as a factor determining correlations with achievement
Verbosity preference is associated with systematic variation in LLM response length - Verbosity preference is associated with systematic variation in LLM response length
Verfügungswissen and Orientierungswissen are inversely proportional in open environments - Verfügungswissen and Orientierungswissen are inversely proportional in open environments
Verification behavior lagged rising AI use: minimal or conditional verification more than doubled (5 to 12) over the semester - Verification behavior lagged rising AI use: minimal or conditional verification more than doubled (5 to 12) over the semester
Verification behaviors degrade most in team contexts, with test-based verification falling and never fully recovering - Verification behaviors degrade most in team contexts, with test-based verification falling and never fully recovering
Verification bottleneck: as reliance on AI increases, accuracy in detecting AI errors decreases while confidence does not - Verification bottleneck: as reliance on AI increases, accuracy in detecting AI errors decreases while confidence does not
Verification is nearly universal among LLM users, and most students combine multiple verification strategies rather than relying on a single one - Verification is nearly universal among LLM users, and most students combine multiple verification strategies rather than relying on a single one
Verification strategy type varies by assignment context: testing is more common in structured tasks (Algorithms 87.8%) while web search is more common in open-ended tasks (HCI 56.0%) - Verification strategy type varies by assignment context: testing is more common in structured tasks (Algorithms 87.8%) while web search is more common in open-ended tasks (HCI 56.0%)
Verified hallucinated references at SIGCSE TS increased from 3 in the 2025 proceedings to 17 in the 2026 proceedings, appearing in 2.3% of 2026 papers - Verified hallucinated references at SIGCSE TS increased from 3 in the 2025 proceedings to 17 in the 2026 proceedings, appearing in 2.3% of 2026 papers
VeriForge raises perceived creativity support and lowers workload relative to a same-retrieval baseline, with mixed survival after correction - VeriForge raises perceived creativity support and lowers workload relative to a same-retrieval baseline, with mixed survival after correction
VeriForge's integrated workflow is associated with higher one-week delayed recall of domain terms and a higher retention rate (exploratory) - VeriForge's integrated workflow is associated with higher one-week delayed recall of domain terms and a higher retention rate (exploratory)
Vertical off-centring below the gantry isocentre is the most frequently reported CT positioning error among radiographers - Vertical off-centring below the gantry isocentre is the most frequently reported CT positioning error among radiographers
Very few adult immigrants score within the range of child arrivals on a grammaticality judgment test, and those who do have high verbal analytical ability - Very few adult immigrants score within the range of child arrivals on a grammaticality judgment test, and those who do have high verbal analytical ability
Very few studies (18 of 127) provide validity data for screening tools used in tier assignment, and none test whether screening itself improves achievement - Very few studies (18 of 127) provide validity data for screening tools used in tier assignment, and none test whether screening itself improves achievement
Very few whole-school interventions in secondary schools solicit active student participation: only 22 reports, 16 studies and 13 programs met the review's inclusion criteria - Very few whole-school interventions in secondary schools solicit active student participation: only 22 reports, 16 studies and 13 programs met the review's inclusion criteria
Very general skills may be biologically primary and therefore unteachable; claimed general-skills training should be tested with far transfer - Very general skills may be biologically primary and therefore unteachable; claimed general-skills training should be tested with far transfer
Very little empirical work exists on the effectiveness of strategies for developing students' evaluative judgement - Very little empirical work exists on the effectiveness of strategies for developing students' evaluative judgement
Very short response times (rapid guessing) indicate disengaged test taking in both high-stakes and low-stakes testing contexts - Very short response times (rapid guessing) indicate disengaged test taking in both high-stakes and low-stakes testing contexts
VET teachers use body gestures and pointing to recreate the three-dimensional machine space represented two-dimensionally on the simulator screen. - VET teachers use body gestures and pointing to recreate the three-dimensional machine space represented two-dimensionally on the simulator screen.
VET teachers use the real machine as the benchmark of legitimacy for simulator instruction and shift between teacher and future-colleague positions. - VET teachers use the real machine as the benchmark of legitimacy for simulator instruction and shift between teacher and future-colleague positions.
Veterans and clinicians rate the CIMI-M as feasible, acceptable, and clinically useful in a preliminary evaluation - Veterans and clinicians rate the CIMI-M as feasible, acceptable, and clinically useful in a preliminary evaluation
VGPs respond faster than NVGPs with equivalent accuracy, and the RT advantage is larger at low motion coherence - VGPs respond faster than NVGPs with equivalent accuracy, and the RT advantage is larger at low motion coherence
Vibe-coded websites built for 73 distinct businesses converge into roughly a dozen recurring visual designs despite an explicit originality incentive - Vibe-coded websites built for 73 distinct businesses converge into roughly a dozen recurring visual designs despite an explicit originality incentive
Vicarious experiences are positively related to agriculture teachers' general teaching efficacy, with observing a first year teacher explaining 11% of variance - Vicarious experiences are positively related to agriculture teachers' general teaching efficacy, with observing a first year teacher explaining 11% of variance
Vicarious failure with high solution diversity is as effective as engaging in Productive Failure oneself for conceptual knowledge acquisition - Vicarious failure with high solution diversity is as effective as engaging in Productive Failure oneself for conceptual knowledge acquisition
Victim age (adult vs. child) did not significantly affect public perceptions in this vignette experiment, contrary to prior findings - Victim age (adult vs.
Victim group children score higher than bullies on the SDQ prosocial behavior subscale - Victim group children score higher than bullies on the SDQ prosocial behavior subscale
Victim group children take longer on Trail Making Test Part B than bullies, indicating lower cognitive flexibility in victims - Victim group children take longer on Trail Making Test Part B than bullies, indicating lower cognitive flexibility in victims
Video analysis showed teachers enacted the same MDP in different ways and situations, while perceiving barriers to consistent implementation - Video analysis showed teachers enacted the same MDP in different ways and situations, while perceiving barriers to consistent implementation
Video benefits learning only when its interactivity matches or exceeds the comparison condition - Video benefits learning only when its interactivity matches or exceeds the comparison condition
Video evidence in VAD increased participants' acceptance of feedback and its credibility, reducing disputes over whether critical observations were correct - Video evidence in VAD increased participants' acceptance of feedback and its credibility, reducing disputes over whether critical observations were correct
Video game engagement is predicted by hours of play, playing with others, gender, and task orientation, with hours of play the strongest predictor - Video game engagement is predicted by hours of play, playing with others, gender, and task orientation, with hours of play the strongest predictor
Video game skill and time spent playing are associated with gaming motivations - Video game skill and time spent playing are associated with gaming motivations
Video is more effective for teaching skills than for transmitting knowledge - Video is more effective for teaching skills than for transmitting knowledge
Video modeling and prompts do not improve scientific reasoning ability as measured by a multiple-choice posttest - Video modeling and prompts do not improve scientific reasoning ability as measured by a multiple-choice posttest
Video modeling conditions show stronger co-occurrence of self-regulation with scientific reasoning processes than unguided inquiry (ENA) - Video modeling conditions show stronger co-occurrence of self-regulation with scientific reasoning processes than unguided inquiry (ENA)
Video modeling examples improve hypothesis and argumentation quality in an inquiry training task compared to unguided inquiry - Video modeling examples improve hypothesis and argumentation quality in an inquiry training task compared to unguided inquiry
Video modeling examples improve hypothesis quality but not argumentation quality in a transfer task - Video modeling examples improve hypothesis quality but not argumentation quality in a transfer task
Video modeling training of self-assessment and task-selection skills improves secondary students' problem-solving performance after a self-regulated learning phase - Video modeling training of self-assessment and task-selection skills improves secondary students' problem-solving performance after a self-regulated learning phase
Video models do not increase trainee teachers’ self-efficacy for questioning for retrieval relative to restudy - Video models do not increase trainee teachers’ self-efficacy for questioning for retrieval relative to restudy
Video models with integrated theory do not improve trainee teachers’ knowledge of questioning for retrieval relative to restudy - Video models with integrated theory do not improve trainee teachers’ knowledge of questioning for retrieval relative to restudy
Video replacing static media (e.g., text) benefits learning more than video replacing a teacher - Video replacing static media (e.g., text) benefits learning more than video replacing a teacher
Video review enhances practical skill performance in both modalities and eliminates the hands-on versus virtual simulation difference - Video review enhances practical skill performance in both modalities and eliminates the hands-on versus virtual simulation difference
Video review produces more structured reflective behavior patterns, with modality-specific video interaction sequences - Video review produces more structured reflective behavior patterns, with modality-specific video interaction sequences
Video review raises learning interest under virtual simulation but not under hands-on activity - Video review raises learning interest under virtual simulation but not under hands-on activity
Video review scaffolds self-regulated learning, and hands-on activity groups show greater self-regulation than virtual simulation groups - Video review scaffolds self-regulated learning, and hands-on activity groups show greater self-regulation than virtual simulation groups
Video with concurrent narration and on-screen text yields higher immediate macrostructure comprehension than text alone or narration with text - Video with concurrent narration and on-screen text yields higher immediate macrostructure comprehension than text alone or narration with text
Video with concurrent narration and on-screen text yields higher immediate microstructure comprehension than text alone or narration with text - Video with concurrent narration and on-screen text yields higher immediate microstructure comprehension than text alone or narration with text
Video-assisted debriefing enhances precision but risks psychological safety and narrows reflection to individual performance - Video-assisted debriefing enhances precision but risks psychological safety and narrows reflection to individual performance
Video-based analysis of teacher-student interactions mediates positive coaching outcomes, and challenging teachers supports reflection but is uncommon - Video-based analysis of teacher-student interactions mediates positive coaching outcomes, and challenging teachers supports reflection but is uncommon
Video-based self-observation of teaching was among the most powerful parts of the coaching process for teachers - Video-based self-observation of teaching was among the most powerful parts of the coaching process for teachers
Video-based treatment produces significant macrostructure gains over five weeks, with a significant Group x Test interaction - Video-based treatment produces significant macrostructure gains over five weeks, with a significant Group x Test interaction
Video-game play and mind-brain training literatures suggest the possibility of training selective attention - Video-game play and mind-brain training literatures suggest the possibility of training selective attention
Video-graph analysis shows scaffolded tasks produced more diverse process episodes, more fluent transitions between processes, and more P3–P4 oscillation than non-scaffolded tasks - Video-graph analysis shows scaffolded tasks produced more diverse process episodes, more fluent transitions between processes, and more P3–P4 oscillation than non-scaffolded tasks
Video-modeling of collaboration, especially with prompted reflection, produced more lasting learning about collaboration than scripted practice once script supports were withdrawn - Video-modeling of collaboration, especially with prompted reflection, produced more lasting learning about collaboration than scripted practice once script supports were withdrawn
Video-only documentation created a pause-act-rewind cycle, with orientation and navigation-continuity clarity scoring lowest and wiring identification the primary difficulty for first-time builders - Video-only documentation created a pause-act-rewind cycle, with orientation and navigation-continuity clarity scoring lowest and wiring identification the primary difficulty for first-time builders
Video-watching sequences involving pausing and rewinding are negatively correlated with math task performance in a flipped precalculus lesson - Video-watching sequences involving pausing and rewinding are negatively correlated with math task performance in a flipped precalculus lesson
Videoconferencing was conducive to more negotiation of meaning than text chat and discussion board, measured as proportion of negotiated turns - Videoconferencing was conducive to more negotiation of meaning than text chat and discussion board, measured as proportion of negotiated turns
Videos and illustrated texts showed no significant difference in retrieval from materials or transfer among fifth and sixth graders - Videos and illustrated texts showed no significant difference in retrieval from materials or transfer among fifth and sixth graders
Videos experienced as higher attention difficulty were associated with lower normalized quiz learning gains, providing convergent evidence that the probe captures an educationally meaningful aspect of momentary engagement - Videos experienced as higher attention difficulty were associated with lower normalized quiz learning gains, providing convergent evidence that the probe captures an educationally meaningful aspect of
Videos were especially beneficial for slower readers, with the largest studying-rate advantages at the lowest percentiles - Videos were especially beneficial for slower readers, with the largest studying-rate advantages at the lowest percentiles
VietEduQwen achieves 87.02% accuracy on the 2025 Vietnamese National High School Examination, a 6.10-percentage-point gain over the base Qwen3-8B model - VietEduQwen achieves 87.02% accuracy on the 2025 Vietnamese National High School Examination, a 6.10-percentage-point gain over the base Qwen3-8B model
VietEduQwen improves over its base model across all eight exam subjects, with the largest gains in STEM disciplines, and its residual errors concentrate in multi-step computation and cross-concept integration - VietEduQwen improves over its base model across all eight exam subjects, with the largest gains in STEM disciplines, and its residual errors concentrate in multi-step computation and cross-concept int
Vietnamese EFL grade-11 learners report above-average overall metacognitive strategy use in reading - Vietnamese EFL grade-11 learners report above-average overall metacognitive strategy use in reading
Viewers of learning-oriented content describe ChatGPT as a tutor or thinking partner, while viewers of output-oriented content raise over-reliance and cognitive-offloading concerns - Viewers of learning-oriented content describe ChatGPT as a tutor or thinking partner, while viewers of output-oriented content raise over-reliance and cognitive-offloading concerns
Viewing a single full-length L2 TV program results in incidental vocabulary learning at the level of meaning recall and meaning recognition - Viewing a single full-length L2 TV program results in incidental vocabulary learning at the level of meaning recall and meaning recognition
Viewing Instagram pictures with many Likes recruits the reward network and reduces cognitive-control activation in adolescents - Viewing Instagram pictures with many Likes recruits the reward network and reduces cognitive-control activation in adolescents
Viewing of the personalized AI videos declined sharply across the quarter, with views of the first week-9 video set suggesting fewer than 10% of the course population was watching voluntarily by the end of the course - Viewing of the personalized AI videos declined sharply across the quarter, with views of the first week-9 video set suggesting fewer than 10% of the course population was watching voluntarily by the e
Viewing STEM courses as competitive was associated with impostorship and, in turn, lower engagement and grades, especially for first-generation students - Viewing STEM courses as competitive was associated with impostorship and, in turn, lower engagement and grades, especially for first-generation students
Viewpoint-aware spatial reasoning is a persistent bottleneck with poor calibration of spatial uncertainty - Viewpoint-aware spatial reasoning is a persistent bottleneck with poor calibration of spatial uncertainty
Vigorous physical activity is positively and significantly correlated with fluency, originality, flexibility and overall creativity in 10–11-year-old children - Vigorous physical activity is positively and significantly correlated with fluency, originality, flexibility and overall creativity in 10–11-year-old children
Vigorous physical activity significantly predicts originality, fluency and flexibility in regression models, but not elaboration - Vigorous physical activity significantly predicts originality, fluency and flexibility in regression models, but not elaboration
VIP effects did not differ between English language learners and fluent English speakers in the study authors' analyses - VIP effects did not differ between English language learners and fluent English speakers in the study authors' analyses
VIP produces a statistically significant effect on Word Mastery (taught-word definition selection) for English language learners, effect size 1.03 - VIP produces a statistically significant effect on Word Mastery (taught-word definition selection) for English language learners, effect size 1.03
VIP shows no statistically significant or substantively important impacts on PPVT-R and Morphology outcomes for English language learners - VIP shows no statistically significant or substantively important impacts on PPVT-R and Morphology outcomes for English language learners
VIP shows potentially positive effects on reading achievement for fifth-grade English language learners (effect size 0.50, not statistically significant) - VIP shows potentially positive effects on reading achievement for fifth-grade English language learners (effect size 0.50, not statistically significant)
Virtual and in-person parent-to-parent forums deepened caregivers' sense of community and support - Virtual and in-person parent-to-parent forums deepened caregivers' sense of community and support
Virtual charter schools show far lower achievement, with students losing the equivalent of half a year of learning in reading and a full year in mathematics - Virtual charter schools show far lower achievement, with students losing the equivalent of half a year of learning in reading and a full year in mathematics
Virtual group tutoring with Cignition improved 5th-grade students' fractions knowledge by 9 percentage points (ES = 0.44 SD) in an RCT - Virtual group tutoring with Cignition improved 5th-grade students' fractions knowledge by 9 percentage points (ES = 0.44 SD) in an RCT
Virtual labs showed a limitation in helping students transfer what they learned from teacher demonstration to new inquiry contexts - Virtual labs showed a limitation in helping students transfer what they learned from teacher demonstration to new inquiry contexts
Virtual meeting options gave parents more flexible scheduling opportunities to communicate with educators during remote schooling - Virtual meeting options gave parents more flexible scheduling opportunities to communicate with educators during remote schooling
Virtual objects in shared VR environments can serve as effective media for collaborative knowledge building among in-service teachers manipulating geometric shapes - Virtual objects in shared VR environments can serve as effective media for collaborative knowledge building among in-service teachers manipulating geometric shapes
Virtual objects serve as effective media for collaborative knowledge building in shared VR environments - Virtual objects serve as effective media for collaborative knowledge building in shared VR environments
Virtual patient design-variant comparisons rarely show significant differences, with feedback and scaffolding exceptions - Virtual patient design-variant comparisons rarely show significant differences, with feedback and scaffolding exceptions
Virtual patient effectiveness evidence comes from both high-income and low- and middle-income countries - Virtual patient effectiveness evidence comes from both high-income and low- and middle-income countries
Virtual patients are as effective as traditional education for knowledge outcomes (pooled SMD=0.11) - Virtual patients are as effective as traditional education for knowledge outcomes (pooled SMD=0.11)
Virtual patients blended with traditional education improve knowledge more than traditional education alone (pooled SMD=0.73) - Virtual patients blended with traditional education improve knowledge more than traditional education alone (pooled SMD=0.73)
Virtual patients blended with traditional education show moderate positive skills effects, but the pooled interval crosses zero - Virtual patients blended with traditional education show moderate positive skills effects, but the pooled interval crosses zero
Virtual patients more effectively improve skills than traditional education (pooled SMD=0.90) - Virtual patients more effectively improve skills than traditional education (pooled SMD=0.90)
Virtual patients show larger advantages over passive traditional learning (lectures, reading) than over active learning - Virtual patients show larger advantages over passive traditional learning (lectures, reading) than over active learning
Virtual Pre-K CLASS observations were practical in both centers and family child care homes in an Oregon pilot study - Virtual Pre-K CLASS observations were practical in both centers and family child care homes in an Oregon pilot study
Virtual pre-K observations posed substantial logistical challenges despite being practical - Virtual pre-K observations posed substantial logistical challenges despite being practical
Virtual simulation stimulated higher self-reported purposefulness (active reflection) than authentic video - Virtual simulation stimulated higher self-reported purposefulness (active reflection) than authentic video
Virtually no learning-styles studies used designs capable of testing the required style-by-method crossover interaction - Virtually no learning-styles studies used designs capable of testing the required style-by-method crossover interaction
Visible real-time gaze feedback improves collaborative-process coordination, especially information pooling, in dyadic knowledge integration tasks - Visible real-time gaze feedback improves collaborative-process coordination, especially information pooling, in dyadic knowledge integration tasks
Vision is not required for developing number sense and math skills in BVI learners - Vision is not required for developing number sense and math skills in BVI learners
Vision-assisted extraction identified chart type in all sampled images but showed ±5–10% numeric estimation error and two failure modes correctable via mandatory review - Vision-assisted extraction identified chart type in all sampled images but showed ±5–10% numeric estimation error and two failure modes correctable via mandatory review
Visits to urban parks and woodlands were associated with higher self-reported creativity than visits to a built-up city centre, though park-versus-woodland differences were not significant - Visits to urban parks and woodlands were associated with higher self-reported creativity than visits to a built-up city centre, though park-versus-woodland differences were not significant
Vista students using Mathspace showed statistically significant math gains over the summer, while benchmark scores were not significantly different in the other two districts - Vista students using Mathspace showed statistically significant math gains over the summer, while benchmark scores were not significantly different in the other two districts
Visual attention to the highest performance level (PL4) predicts task performance, whereas verbal references to performance levels do not - Visual attention to the highest performance level (PL4) predicts task performance, whereas verbal references to performance levels do not
Visual distraction disrupts functional connectivity in a left hippocampus-VLPFC-LOC network that supports episodic retrieval via visual imagery - Visual distraction disrupts functional connectivity in a left hippocampus-VLPFC-LOC network that supports episodic retrieval via visual imagery
Visual distraction impairs categorization in older adults but not younger adults, who perform equivalently without distraction - Visual distraction impairs categorization in older adults but not younger adults, who perform equivalently without distraction
Visual fraction models yield more accurate magnitude comparisons than Arabic numeral fractions for all ability groups, but the visual model advantage persists through Grade 8 only for children with MLD - Visual fraction models yield more accurate magnitude comparisons than Arabic numeral fractions for all ability groups, but the visual model advantage persists through Grade 8 only for children with ML
Visual grounding in ParaTutor increased children's reasoning turns during math word problem tutoring compared to conventional and general LLM conditions - Visual grounding in ParaTutor increased children's reasoning turns during math word problem tutoring compared to conventional and general LLM conditions
Visual media assessments (posters, presentations) were not passable because ChatGPT could not produce complete slides or poster content - Visual media assessments (posters, presentations) were not passable because ChatGPT could not produce complete slides or poster content
Visual presentation, especially motion pictures, dispenses largely with the teacher's personal influence and the group's social interaction - Visual presentation, especially motion pictures, dispenses largely with the teacher's personal influence and the group's social interaction
Visual processing correlates concurrently with character reading and mathematics at both kindergarten and grade one - Visual processing correlates concurrently with character reading and mathematics at both kindergarten and grade one
Visual processing showed no correlation with reading or writing in third-grade students - Visual processing showed no correlation with reading or writing in third-grade students
Visual sophistication of emotional design materials varies substantially and may act as a boundary condition for emotional design effects - Visual sophistication of emotional design materials varies substantially and may act as a boundary condition for emotional design effects
Visual support reduces global sentence reading times and regressions in adult readers - Visual support reduces global sentence reading times and regressions in adult readers
Visual WM binding of color and shape is intact in ADHD: no group differences behaviorally or electrophysiologically, with Bayesian support for null Group x Condition interactions - Visual WM binding of color and shape is intact in ADHD: no group differences behaviorally or electrophysiologically, with Bayesian support for null Group x Condition interactions
Visual-motor integration is a predictor of orthographic skills in children - Visual-motor integration is a predictor of orthographic skills in children
Visual-motor integration was the lowest-scoring ability and motor coordination the best-performing ability in every grade group - Visual-motor integration was the lowest-scoring ability and motor coordination the best-performing ability in every grade group
Visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination each independently predict math achievement in school-aged children with and without ADHD - Visual-motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination each independently predict math achievement in school-aged children with and without ADHD
Visual-only text also yields higher comprehension than audio-visual text in immersive VR - Visual-only text also yields higher comprehension than audio-visual text in immersive VR
Visual-only text produces higher germane cognitive load than audio-visual text in VR - Visual-only text produces higher germane cognitive load than audio-visual text in VR
Visual-only text yields higher transfer than audio-visual text in immersive VR - Visual-only text yields higher transfer than audio-visual text in immersive VR
Visual-spatial working memory predicts higher-order QNC (Level II/III) but not basic numerical skills, and is linked to Grade 3 math only indirectly - Visual-spatial working memory predicts higher-order QNC (Level II/III) but not basic numerical skills, and is linked to Grade 3 math only indirectly
Visualisation literacy positively predicts task accuracy in both conditions, and data comics show no equalising effect for lower-literacy students - Visualisation literacy positively predicts task accuracy in both conditions, and data comics show no equalising effect for lower-literacy students
Visualization analysis indicates the learned graph topology recovers interpretable relational structures such as modular node clusters and directed dependency hierarchies - Visualization analysis indicates the learned graph topology recovers interpretable relational structures such as modular node clusters and directed dependency hierarchies
Visualization format has a large multivariate and univariate effect on identifying motions and spatial arrangements - Visualization format has a large multivariate and univariate effect on identifying motions and spatial arrangements
Visualization support at the planning phase helped collaborating groups report more effective planning and teamwork strategies than groups without it - Visualization support at the planning phase helped collaborating groups report more effective planning and teamwork strategies than groups without it
Visualizer–Verbalizer Questionnaire scores did not predict modality-specific free recall; visual presentation aided recall overall - Visualizer–Verbalizer Questionnaire scores did not predict modality-specific free recall; visual presentation aided recall overall
Visualizing group awareness information strongly impacts dyads' joint regulation of the collaborative process - Visualizing group awareness information strongly impacts dyads' joint regulation of the collaborative process
Visualizing support—provided diagrams or learner-generated drawings—facilitates higher-quality explanations and better comprehension than explaining text alone - Visualizing support—provided diagrams or learner-generated drawings—facilitates higher-quality explanations and better comprehension than explaining text alone
Visuo-motor integration and Arabic-numeral knowledge also longitudinally predict kindergarten arithmetic - Visuo-motor integration and Arabic-numeral knowledge also longitudinally predict kindergarten arithmetic
Visuo-motor synchrony manipulation produced the largest effects on body ownership, while visual asynchrony was the most influential negative manipulation on agency - Visuo-motor synchrony manipulation produced the largest effects on body ownership, while visual asynchrony was the most influential negative manipulation on agency
Visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition jointly predict mathematics performance in 9–10-year-old children - Visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition jointly predict mathematics performance in 9–10-year-old children
Visuospatial ability moderated the effect of interaction format on difficult recognition in Desktop-VR, with camera movement benefiting higher-ability learners - Visuospatial ability moderated the effect of interaction format on difficult recognition in Desktop-VR, with camera movement benefiting higher-ability learners
Visuospatial inferencing relates to hypothesis validation and experimentation but not to generating conclusions when linguistic abilities are controlled - Visuospatial inferencing relates to hypothesis validation and experimentation but not to generating conclusions when linguistic abilities are controlled
Visuospatial memory did not predict word reading achievement in any grade, providing a discriminative contrast with mathematics - Visuospatial memory did not predict word reading achievement in any grade, providing a discriminative contrast with mathematics
Visuospatial processing effects of cannabis could disappear under abstinence in nondependent high school students - Visuospatial processing effects of cannabis could disappear under abstinence in nondependent high school students
Visuospatial processing plays a pivotal role for learning - Visuospatial processing plays a pivotal role for learning
Visuospatial working memory and short-term memory impairments are most prevalent in children with ADHD-C relative to ADHD-I and typically developing controls - Visuospatial working memory and short-term memory impairments are most prevalent in children with ADHD-C relative to ADHD-I and typically developing controls
Vivaldi first-year on-track counts fluctuated between 24 and 31 across the classes of 1997–2001 - Vivaldi first-year on-track counts fluctuated between 24 and 31 across the classes of 1997–2001
Vivaldi students' first-year on-track rates differed across destination high schools for the 1997 cohort - Vivaldi students' first-year on-track rates differed across destination high schools for the 1997 cohort
Vivaldi students' first-year on-track rates differed across destination high schools for the 2001 cohort - Vivaldi students' first-year on-track rates differed across destination high schools for the 2001 cohort
VLM performance on artistic educational imagery is highly task-dependent, with no model dominating across capabilities - VLM performance on artistic educational imagery is highly task-dependent, with no model dominating across capabilities
VLMs achieve higher accuracy on non-erroneous than erroneous student math responses even when controlling for the math problem - VLMs achieve higher accuracy on non-erroneous than erroneous student math responses even when controlling for the math problem
VLMs show a common grounding failure: coarse semantic relevance without precise region-activity binding and entity-evidence alignment - VLMs show a common grounding failure: coarse semantic relevance without precise region-activity binding and entity-evidence alignment
VMI-3R scores decline significantly with age in Korean adults, dropping significantly from the 50s compared to the 20s - VMI-3R scores decline significantly with age in Korean adults, dropping significantly from the 50s compared to the 20s
VMSR occurred at low levels across all groups and contexts - VMSR occurred at low levels across all groups and contexts
VO2max is the main linear-regression predictor of attention and concentration, with strength also predictive in boys - VO2max is the main linear-regression predictor of attention and concentration, with strength also predictive in boys
Vocabulary (PPVT) is not a significant unique predictor of preschool mathematics once EF and spatial skills are in the model, despite alone accounting for 41% of variance - Vocabulary (PPVT) is not a significant unique predictor of preschool mathematics once EF and spatial skills are in the model, despite alone accounting for 41% of variance
Vocabulary adds significantly to predicting knower-level after age, but age does not add after vocabulary, suggesting age does not mediate the vocabulary–number-knowledge link. - Vocabulary adds significantly to predicting knower-level after age, but age does not add after vocabulary, suggesting age does not mediate the vocabulary–number-knowledge link.
Vocabulary fully mediates the effect of working memory on both local and global coherence inference making in 6- to 10-year-olds - Vocabulary fully mediates the effect of working memory on both local and global coherence inference making in 6- to 10-year-olds
Vocabulary instruction effects on taught words do not generalize to untaught words; wide reading is the most reliable gateway - Vocabulary instruction effects on taught words do not generalize to untaught words; wide reading is the most reliable gateway
Vocabulary Instruction Improves Comprehension
Vocabulary instruction should focus on procedures of meaning negotiation as much as on declarative word meanings - Vocabulary instruction should focus on procedures of meaning negotiation as much as on declarative word meanings
Vocabulary is poorer in the weaker language, with roughly one-third the word types of the stronger language - Vocabulary is poorer in the weaker language, with roughly one-third the word types of the stronger language
Vocabulary is positively associated with listening comprehension in upper elementary children (9-12 years) - Vocabulary is positively associated with listening comprehension in upper elementary children (9-12 years)
Vocabulary is the only unique predictor of global coherence inference making at all three ages, 6 through 10 years - Vocabulary is the only unique predictor of global coherence inference making at all three ages, 6 through 10 years
Vocabulary is uniquely and positively related to word reading and spelling in kindergartners after accounting for phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge fluency, and letter writing automaticity - Vocabulary is uniquely and positively related to word reading and spelling in kindergartners after accounting for phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge fluency, and letter writing automaticity
Vocabulary knowledge at Age 4 does not predict serial order STM development at Age 5 once initial age, nonverbal reasoning and serial order STM are controlled - Vocabulary knowledge at Age 4 does not predict serial order STM development at Age 5 once initial age, nonverbal reasoning and serial order STM are controlled
Vocabulary knowledge gained from eight encounters persisted over two weeks, with no significant immediate-to-delayed test differences - Vocabulary knowledge gained from eight encounters persisted over two weeks, with no significant immediate-to-delayed test differences
Vocabulary knowledge gained through extensive reading showed little decay on a three-month delayed posttest, with relative gains ranging from 21.05% (low-level) to 59.01% (high-level) - Vocabulary knowledge gained through extensive reading showed little decay on a three-month delayed posttest, with relative gains ranging from 21.05% (low-level) to 59.01% (high-level)
Vocabulary Knowledge Grows Incrementally With Repeated Encounters In Varied Contexts
Vocabulary learning gains in Term 2 of the extensive reading program were consistent with those from Term 1 - Vocabulary learning gains in Term 2 of the extensive reading program were consistent with those from Term 1
Vocabulary mediates the association between academic self-efficacy and listening comprehension - Vocabulary mediates the association between academic self-efficacy and listening comprehension
Vocabulary performance shifted from B1–B2 CEFR levels at pre-test to B2–C1 at post-test after four weeks of Mangomon play - Vocabulary performance shifted from B1–B2 CEFR levels at pre-test to B2–C1 at post-test after four weeks of Mangomon play
Vocabulary retention declines between immediate and first delayed recall, then rises slightly between the first and second delayed tests - Vocabulary retention declines between immediate and first delayed recall, then rises slightly between the first and second delayed tests
Vocabulary scores predicted executive-loaded non-verbal working memory scores beyond age and non-verbal reasoning - Vocabulary scores predicted executive-loaded non-verbal working memory scores beyond age and non-verbal reasoning
Vocabulary showed accelerating linear growth and social communication skills showed decelerating linear growth from preschool to kindergarten, with substantial individual variation - Vocabulary showed accelerating linear growth and social communication skills showed decelerating linear growth from preschool to kindergarten, with substantial individual variation
Vocabulary size at 19 months is a strong predictor of later syntactic growth between 19 and 30 months - Vocabulary size at 19 months is a strong predictor of later syntactic growth between 19 and 30 months
Vocabulary test scores correlate about 0.6 with reading comprehension but are not an adequate measure of it - Vocabulary test scores correlate about 0.6 with reading comprehension but are not an adequate measure of it
Vocabulary uniquely predicts local coherence inference making for 6- and 8-year-olds, but neither vocabulary nor working memory predicts it for 10-year-olds - Vocabulary uniquely predicts local coherence inference making for 6- and 8-year-olds, but neither vocabulary nor working memory predicts it for 10-year-olds
Vocabulary was a promotive but not protective factor for word reading: its interaction with phonological awareness was skill-enhancing, benefiting the lower-risk group - Vocabulary was a promotive but not protective factor for word reading: its interaction with phonological awareness was skill-enhancing, benefiting the lower-risk group
Vocabulary was largely unrelated to growth in phonological awareness, with significance only for blending - Vocabulary was largely unrelated to growth in phonological awareness, with significance only for blending
Vocabulary-focused programs are probably insufficient to accelerate vocabulary development and close the vocabulary gap - Vocabulary-focused programs are probably insufficient to accelerate vocabulary development and close the vocabulary gap
Vocational students who received collaboration instruction plus an online joint-reflection tool showed significantly higher domain-knowledge learning gains than control students, while instruction alone did not differ from control - Vocational students who received collaboration instruction plus an online joint-reflection tool showed significantly higher domain-knowledge learning gains than control students, while instruction alo
Voice and text tutoring produced statistically equivalent weekly mastery within students, while voice transformed the interaction at a 2.8× cost premium - Voice and text tutoring produced statistically equivalent weekly mastery within students, while voice transformed the interaction at a 2.8× cost premium
Voice modality roughly doubled dialogue turns and question-asking on equal engaged time within the same students - Voice modality roughly doubled dialogue turns and question-asking on equal engaged time within the same students
Voice-based multimedia settings (animation+voice and picture+voice) produce better learning performance than picture+text - Voice-based multimedia settings (animation+voice and picture+voice) produce better learning performance than picture+text
Volume of offloading masks differences between offloading processes that become visible when profiling what is offloaded - Volume of offloading masks differences between offloading processes that become visible when profiling what is offloaded
Volume-based offloading profiles differentiate learners primarily by prior knowledge, and offloading volume is negatively associated with essay authorship - Volume-based offloading profiles differentiate learners primarily by prior knowledge, and offloading volume is negatively associated with essay authorship
Voluntary classroom uptake of teacher-assigned AI discussions was high on average (85.0% classroom participation) but heterogeneous across teachers and discussions - Voluntary classroom uptake of teacher-assigned AI discussions was high on average (85.0% classroom participation) but heterogeneous across teachers and discussions
Voluntary StatBot use was highly uneven and deadline-driven, with about 27% of students never using the chatbot - Voluntary StatBot use was highly uneven and deadline-driven, with about 27% of students never using the chatbot
Vowels were easier for 3- and 4-year-olds to write than CV letters - Vowels were easier for 3- and 4-year-olds to write than CV letters
vPLC-augmented ASSISTments did not significantly improve overall middle school math achievement relative to a virtual comparison group - vPLC-augmented ASSISTments did not significantly improve overall middle school math achievement relative to a virtual comparison group
VR (non-guided exploration) did not differ significantly from Non VR for either assimilator or accommodator learners - VR (non-guided exploration) did not differ significantly from Non VR for either assimilator or accommodator learners
VR improved movement-based transfer test performance versus reading in security training, while learning in VR without the possibility to act was detrimental - VR improved movement-based transfer test performance versus reading in security training, while learning in VR without the possibility to act was detrimental
VR participants lacked mutual engagement in collaborative role-playing during the teaching simulation - VR participants lacked mutual engagement in collaborative role-playing during the teaching simulation
VR sickness in the system is minimal overall (SSQ total 12.88), with nausea lowest and oculomotor symptoms most significant - VR sickness in the system is minimal overall (SSQ total 12.88), with nausea lowest and oculomotor symptoms most significant
VR simulation better promoted lab-teaching knowledge development than live classroom simulation, while live simulation better fostered class-teaching knowledge development among university teaching assistants - VR simulation better promoted lab-teaching knowledge development than live classroom simulation, while live simulation better fostered class-teaching knowledge development among university teaching as
VR-based training received significantly higher ratings for learning satisfaction and self-evaluation than conventional training - VR-based training received significantly higher ratings for learning satisfaction and self-evaluation than conventional training
VR-based training received significantly higher ratings for medical safety awareness and radiation protection than conventional training (r=0.856) - VR-based training received significantly higher ratings for medical safety awareness and radiation protection than conventional training (r=0.856)
VR-based training with radiation field visualization received significantly higher ratings for radiation understanding and visualization than conventional training (r=0.878) - VR-based training with radiation field visualization received significantly higher ratings for radiation understanding and visualization than conventional training (r=0.878)
VR/AR implementation challenges fall on three fronts: learner distraction and discomfort, teacher classroom-management and design burdens, and school cost and infrastructure limits - VR/AR implementation challenges fall on three fronts: learner distraction and discomfort, teacher classroom-management and design burdens, and school cost and infrastructure limits
VSDR helped students reflect on and adopt alternative problem-solving approaches to tasks - VSDR helped students reflect on and adopt alternative problem-solving approaches to tasks
VSTM performance declines with advancing adult age in raw error, item capacity, precision, and misbinding, even after adjusting for sensorimotor performance - VSTM performance declines with advancing adult age in raw error, item capacity, precision, and misbinding, even after adjusting for sensorimotor performance
VSWM shows an overall positive relationship with mathematics performance in school-aged children - VSWM shows an overall positive relationship with mathematics performance in school-aged children