Claims: D 1

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• d.tech teachers used design sprints to prototype and test classroom applications of learning sciences research, and the school plans data analysis to evaluate effects - d.tech teachers used design sprints to prototype and test classroom applications of learning sciences research, and the school plans data analysis to evaluate effects
• DAC reliability varies by category: Informatives (especially negative evaluations and nonsense statements) code poorly - DAC reliability varies by category: Informatives (especially negative evaluations and nonsense statements) code poorly
• Dahmus Method students translated phrases successfully but failed to combine them into a single solution equation - Dahmus Method students translated phrases successfully but failed to combine them into a single solution equation
• Daily academic failure predicts higher performance goals but not mastery goals the next morning - Daily academic failure predicts higher performance goals but not mastery goals the next morning
• Daily academic success predicts higher achievement goals the next morning, especially mastery goals - Daily academic success predicts higher achievement goals the next morning, especially mastery goals
• Daily AI use duration shows a weak positive correlation with academic motivation among university students - Daily AI use duration shows a weak positive correlation with academic motivation among university students
• Daily diary evidence links lower daily self-concept fit to stronger same-day mental burnout and concerns about academic abilities - Daily diary evidence links lower daily self-concept fit to stronger same-day mental burnout and concerns about academic abilities
• Daily lecture time and independent study time each positively predict students' daily study satisfaction, with relations differing significantly between students - Daily lecture time and independent study time each positively predict students' daily study satisfaction, with relations differing significantly between students
• Daily mastery goals predict same-day academic success in Grade 5 students - Daily mastery goals predict same-day academic success in Grade 5 students
• Daily mathematics homework raises eighth-grade mathematics achievement by about 7.36 TIMSS units relative to homework up to one or two times per week - Daily mathematics homework raises eighth-grade mathematics achievement by about 7.36 TIMSS units relative to homework up to one or two times per week
• Daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with better executive functioning in boys with ADHD - Daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with better executive functioning in boys with ADHD
• Daily physiological changes in non-experimental situations influence measures of brain structure and function - Daily physiological changes in non-experimental situations influence measures of brain structure and function
• Daily speed drills produced an 18.7% relative gain in silent reading speed among grade 4-6 pupils without injuriously affecting quality of reproduction - Daily speed drills produced an 18.7% relative gain in silent reading speed among grade 4-6 pupils without injuriously affecting quality of reproduction
• Daily SR of students is positively associated with their perceived daily academic success at the within-person level - Daily SR of students is positively associated with their perceived daily academic success at the within-person level
• Daily teaching demands competed with and distracted from a sustained developmental focus on instructional improvement - Daily teaching demands competed with and distracted from a sustained developmental focus on instructional improvement
• DaisyQuest has positive effects on alphabetics skills in beginning readers, per WWC synthesis of four randomized controlled trials - DaisyQuest has positive effects on alphabetics skills in beginning readers, per WWC synthesis of four randomized controlled trials
• DaisyQuest has positive effects on phonological processing in preschool children, with a domain-average effect size of 0.68 across two randomized controlled trials - DaisyQuest has positive effects on phonological processing in preschool children, with a domain-average effect size of 0.68 across two randomized controlled trials
• DaisyQuest improved phonological awareness over regular kindergarten curriculum on three of four measures - DaisyQuest improved phonological awareness over regular kindergarten curriculum on three of four measures
• DaisyQuest improved phonological awareness over regular schooling in a child-care facility randomized trial - DaisyQuest improved phonological awareness over regular schooling in a child-care facility randomized trial
• DaisyQuest matched teacher-delivered phonological awareness instruction but beat other instructional software in low-progress readers - DaisyQuest matched teacher-delivered phonological awareness instruction but beat other instructional software in low-progress readers
• DaisyQuest outperformed alternative reading software on phonological awareness in at-risk first graders - DaisyQuest outperformed alternative reading software on phonological awareness in at-risk first graders
• DaisyQuest outperformed math-oriented control software on phonological awareness and phonics measures - DaisyQuest outperformed math-oriented control software on phonological awareness and phonics measures
• Dale argued learning becomes more meaningful when abstract learning and concrete experience are related, not that more realism is better - Dale argued learning becomes more meaningful when abstract learning and concrete experience are related, not that more realism is better
• Damşa's study concludes that increased discourse about textual knowledge objects leads to better learning or knowledge building - Damşa's study concludes that increased discourse about textual knowledge objects leads to better learning or knowledge building
• Danmaku hosts mass participation as a continuous collective flow while the discussion board divides learners into threaded small groups - Danmaku hosts mass participation as a continuous collective flow while the discussion board divides learners into threaded small groups
• Danmaku interaction is predominantly socio-emotional while discussion-board interaction tilts cognitive, and the tools share only four content categories - Danmaku interaction is predominantly socio-emotional while discussion-board interaction tilts cognitive, and the tools share only four content categories
• Danmaku learners engage in parasocial greetings and compliments to the instructor and seek co-learning presence, phenomena absent on the discussion board - Danmaku learners engage in parasocial greetings and compliments to the instructor and seek co-learning presence, phenomena absent on the discussion board
• Danmaku primarily carries tacit knowledge sharing via personal experience while the discussion board carries explicit mathematical knowledge - Danmaku primarily carries tacit knowledge sharing via personal experience while the discussion board carries explicit mathematical knowledge
• Danmaku questions elicit rapid co-answering and co-confusion, while discussion-board questions often go unanswered or support multi-round elaboration - Danmaku questions elicit rapid co-answering and co-confusion, while discussion-board questions often go unanswered or support multi-round elaboration
• Daoism offers a more generative framework than Confucianism for thinking about education in an AI-shaped world because it pursues understanding of reality rather than social hierarchy - Daoism offers a more generative framework than Confucianism for thinking about education in an AI-shaped world because it pursues understanding of reality rather than social hierarchy
• DAPO was selected over GRPO for the RL stage because its decoupled policy update gave more stable gradients and superior CDPK performance - DAPO was selected over GRPO for the RL stage because its decoupled policy update gave more stable gradients and superior CDPK performance
• Dashboard support type did not influence detection of CSCL events but did influence teachers' interpretation of the situation - Dashboard support type did not influence detection of CSCL events but did influence teachers' interpretation of the situation
• Dashboard-monitoring is a newly observed orchestration type in which the teacher uses real-time AI dashboards to grasp student status and adjust lesson direction and pace (14 of 46 episodes) - Dashboard-monitoring is a newly observed orchestration type in which the teacher uses real-time AI dashboards to grasp student status and adjust lesson direction and pace (14 of 46 episodes)
• Data augmentation was critical for ordinal discriminability, with QWK dropping to near-zero without it in the Focus dimension and gains up to +0.346 in severely imbalanced dimensions - Data augmentation was critical for ordinal discriminability, with QWK dropping to near-zero without it in the Focus dimension and gains up to +0.346 in severely imbalanced dimensions
• Data coding issues could account for some graduation-rate improvement between 2005 and 2008, but not for improvements in subsequent years - Data coding issues could account for some graduation-rate improvement between 2005 and 2008, but not for improvements in subsequent years
• Data collection year does not significantly predict the digital reading-comprehension association, though it becomes significant when an outlier is included - Data collection year does not significantly predict the digital reading-comprehension association, though it becomes significant when an outlier is included
• Data comics outperformed conventional visualisations on both information retrieval and comprehension tasks, with the largest gains in comprehension, particularly multiple-insight questions - Data comics outperformed conventional visualisations on both information retrieval and comprehension tasks, with the largest gains in comprehension, particularly multiple-insight questions
• Data construction can embed social values and patterns of privilege into data itself, perpetuating testimonial injustice - Data construction can embed social values and patterns of privilege into data itself, perpetuating testimonial injustice
• Data disclosure of any format does not change students' acceptance of data collection by their university - Data disclosure of any format does not change students' acceptance of data collection by their university
• Data dives with disaggregated course success data surfaced equity gaps previously invisible to faculty - Data dives with disaggregated course success data surfaced equity gaps previously invisible to faculty
• Data from any proportional relationship satisfies an equation of the form y = rx, and conversely - Data from any proportional relationship satisfies an equation of the form y = rx, and conversely
• Data infrastructure, accessible data, and a culture of data use are necessary but not sufficient for data-driven decision making in education agencies - Data infrastructure, accessible data, and a culture of data use are necessary but not sufficient for data-driven decision making in education agencies
• Data privacy mitigations centered on data governance and monitoring (68.9%), while technical reliability mitigations centered on human involvement (36.9%) - Data privacy mitigations centered on data governance and monitoring (68.9%), while technical reliability mitigations centered on human involvement (36.9%)
• Data scarcity and long-form generation remain bottlenecks: on Prompt 8 prompting outperforms SFT and GRPO - Data scarcity and long-form generation remain bottlenecks: on Prompt 8 prompting outperforms SFT and GRPO
• Data type shapes practice emphasis: first-hand data aligns with problem understanding and experiment design, second-hand data with statistical analysis and synthesis - Data type shapes practice emphasis: first-hand data aligns with problem understanding and experiment design, second-hand data with statistical analysis and synthesis
• Data-based decision making is the least-met full-implementation criterion while universal screening is the most-met - Data-based decision making is the least-met full-implementation criterion while universal screening is the most-met
• Data-based recording of educational processes risks narrowing education to quantifiable output indicators and raises data sovereignty and algorithmic ethics issues - Data-based recording of educational processes risks narrowing education to quantifiable output indicators and raises data sovereignty and algorithmic ethics issues
• Data-use capacity and activity differed between agencies with longer SDP or EP partnerships and agencies new to their partnerships - Data-use capacity and activity differed between agencies with longer SDP or EP partnerships and agencies new to their partnerships
• Day and night course grade distributions differ consistently from year to year, suggesting the two groups should be graded on different standards - Day and night course grade distributions differ consistently from year to year, suggesting the two groups should be graded on different standards
• Day-to-day, occasion-to-occasion, and moment-to-moment variability each account for roughly the same extent of observed daily WM variability, with large individual differences - Day-to-day, occasion-to-occasion, and moment-to-moment variability each account for roughly the same extent of observed daily WM variability, with large individual differences
• Days in the study predict rising step counts but declining intention to follow chatbot advice regardless of empathetic condition - Days in the study predict rising step counts but declining intention to follow chatbot advice regardless of empathetic condition
• Days lost to suspension at the Kauffman School are small on average relative to instructional time added by its extended school day and year - Days lost to suspension at the Kauffman School are small on average relative to instructional time added by its extended school day and year
• Daytime sleepiness is highly prevalent among Chinese school-aged children, affecting 64.44% (sometimes 37.50%, frequently 26.94%) - Daytime sleepiness is highly prevalent among Chinese school-aged children, affecting 64.44% (sometimes 37.50%, frequently 26.94%)
• DBN analysis shows wind direction and air movement reached the highest posterior mastery probabilities while other skills stayed flat or declined - DBN analysis shows wind direction and air movement reached the highest posterior mastery probabilities while other skills stayed flat or declined
• DBT-based video tutorials significantly improve procedural knowledge for software tasks from pre-test to practice and post-tests - DBT-based video tutorials significantly improve procedural knowledge for software tasks from pre-test to practice and post-tests
• DBT-based video tutorials significantly raise both task relevance and self-efficacy from before to after training - DBT-based video tutorials significantly raise both task relevance and self-efficacy from before to after training
• DC estimates tend to be lowest when the cut score is set at the peak of the score distribution, where inconsistent decisions are most likely - DC estimates tend to be lowest when the cut score is set at the peak of the score distribution, where inconsistent decisions are most likely
• DC math impacts of about one-third of a standard deviation are similar in magnitude to New Orleans reforms and larger than some well-known interventions - DC math impacts of about one-third of a standard deviation are similar in magnitude to New Orleans reforms and larger than some well-known interventions
• DC public high schools show wide variation in promotion power for college-ready SAT scores, graduation, and college enrollment - DC public high schools show wide variation in promotion power for college-ready SAT scores, graduation, and college enrollment
• DCCS training in preschoolers transfers to false-belief understanding - DCCS training in preschoolers transfers to false-belief understanding
• DCD prevalence estimates range from 1.8% to 6.9% with a male predominance of 2:1 to 3:1, and the disorder persists into adulthood for 30–70% of those diagnosed as children - DCD prevalence estimates range from 1.8% to 6.9% with a male predominance of 2:1 to 3:1, and the disorder persists into adulthood for 30–70% of those diagnosed as children
• DCMP has positive effects on progressing in college, based on two studies meeting WWC standards - DCMP has positive effects on progressing in college, based on two studies meeting WWC standards
• DCMP has positive effects on progressing in developmental education, based on three studies meeting WWC standards - DCMP has positive effects on progressing in developmental education, based on three studies meeting WWC standards
• DCMP's effect on overall college credits earned was not statistically significant in the RCT - DCMP's effect on overall college credits earned was not statistically significant in the RCT
• DCPS students with any reported health condition generally had poorer education outcomes than students without a health condition - DCPS students with any reported health condition generally had poorer education outcomes than students without a health condition
• DCT provides a unified explanation for diverse educational topics and accommodates strategy-level theories within its mechanistic framework - DCT provides a unified explanation for diverse educational topics and accommodates strategy-level theories within its mechanistic framework
• DD children fail to disengage the default mode network during demanding arithmetic, showing aberrant coupling with task-positive IPS regions - DD children fail to disengage the default mode network during demanding arithmetic, showing aberrant coupling with task-positive IPS regions
• DD children show operation-specific hyperactivation: greater IPS, superior parietal lobule and fusiform activity during subtraction, while during addition only the right superior parietal lobule differs (lower in DD) - DD children show operation-specific hyperactivation: greater IPS, superior parietal lobule and fusiform activity during subtraction, while during addition only the right superior parietal lobule diffe
• DD children's deficit in non-symbolic number magnitude processing appears only in studies of older children (10 years and above), not younger ones - DD children's deficit in non-symbolic number magnitude processing appears only in studies of older children (10 years and above), not younger ones
• DD students were less likely to dismiss explanations while GG students were more likely to dismiss them, with no statistically significant differences in use themes - DD students were less likely to dismiss explanations while GG students were more likely to dismiss them, with no statistically significant differences in use themes
• Deaf adults in this sample read on average at a 5.8 grade level, ranging from grade 1.7 to post-college - Deaf adults in this sample read on average at a 5.8 grade level, ranging from grade 1.7 to post-college
• Deaf and hearing children do not differ in accuracy of object counting or creating sets of a given cardinality up to 14 items - Deaf and hearing children do not differ in accuracy of object counting or creating sets of a given cardinality up to 14 items
• Deaf children produce shorter conventional number strings in abstract counting than hearing children of the same school level, with a roughly 2-year delay - Deaf children produce shorter conventional number strings in abstract counting than hearing children of the same school level, with a roughly 2-year delay
• Deaf children's abstract-counting errors reflect the rule-bound base-5 structure of Belgian French Sign Language: they stop at production-rule boundaries and make fewer omission errors than hearing children - Deaf children's abstract-counting errors reflect the rule-bound base-5 structure of Belgian French Sign Language: they stop at production-rule boundaries and make fewer omission errors than hearing ch
• Deaf children's working memory disadvantage is task-dependent: no group differences on Spatial Span Forward or narrative measures - Deaf children's working memory disadvantage is task-dependent: no group differences on Spatial Span Forward or narrative measures
• Deaf non-native signers scored lower than hearing children on executive-loaded non-verbal working memory tasks, while deaf native signers did not differ from hearing children - Deaf non-native signers scored lower than hearing children on executive-loaded non-verbal working memory tasks, while deaf native signers did not differ from hearing children
• Deaf parental hearing status, sign language use at home, and attendance at a school for the deaf are each associated with more positive perceptions of deaf children's social success - Deaf parental hearing status, sign language use at home, and attendance at a school for the deaf are each associated with more positive perceptions of deaf children's social success
• Dearborn's study found university students maintain to a marked degree the same relative ranking they held in high school - Dearborn's study found university students maintain to a marked degree the same relative ranking they held in high school
• DeBERTa achieved the highest overall accuracy (86.36%) among the evaluated NLP models for classifying learner-generated questions, yet struggled with contextual nuances in complex queries - DeBERTa achieved the highest overall accuracy (86.36%) among the evaluated NLP models for classifying learner-generated questions, yet struggled with contextual nuances in complex queries
• Debiasing training helps reasoners intuit the correct solution rather than correct an erroneous intuition through deliberation - Debiasing training helps reasoners intuit the correct solution rather than correct an erroneous intuition through deliberation
• Debriefing analysis and application phases operate as distributed metacognition on the publicly shared account - Debriefing analysis and application phases operate as distributed metacognition on the publicly shared account
• Debriefing description phase enacts conversational remembering that turns private recollections into a public, shared epistemic artifact - Debriefing description phase enacts conversational remembering that turns private recollections into a public, shared epistemic artifact
• DebugTracker's automated test suite passes all 16 checks covering session, capture, mode-policy, and reporting mechanisms - DebugTracker's automated test suite passes all 16 checks covering session, capture, mode-policy, and reporting mechanisms
• Decentralization and accountability acted as sorting mechanisms stratifying schools by initial capacity to respond - Decentralization and accountability acted as sorting mechanisms stratifying schools by initial capacity to respond
• Decentralized Refinement reduces realism and readability failures faster than both Centralized strategies - Decentralized Refinement reduces realism and readability failures faster than both Centralized strategies
• Deception-cue instructions and facial-expression trainings are largely ineffective at reducing misinformation susceptibility - Deception-cue instructions and facial-expression trainings are largely ineffective at reducing misinformation susceptibility
• Decimal magnitude comparison accuracy is unrelated to direction of effect judgment accuracy, indicating the errors do not stem from poor access to decimal magnitudes - Decimal magnitude comparison accuracy is unrelated to direction of effect judgment accuracy, indicating the errors do not stem from poor access to decimal magnitudes
• Decision consistency between the ELPAC and SBAC ELA is highest at ELPAC overall PL 4 in all grades and both analysis years - Decision consistency between the ELPAC and SBAC ELA is highest at ELPAC overall PL 4 in all grades and both analysis years
• Decision quality collapses toward the majority action in severely imbalanced settings - Decision quality collapses toward the majority action in severely imbalanced settings
• Decision tree classifiers trained on slide interaction features predict end-of-module outcomes with high accuracy across four K-12 programming courses - Decision tree classifiers trained on slide interaction features predict end-of-module outcomes with high accuracy across four K-12 programming courses
• Decision trees achieve competitive accuracy with black-box models (LR, RF, SVM), which performed slightly better but lack interpretability - Decision trees achieve competitive accuracy with black-box models (LR, RF, SVM), which performed slightly better but lack interpretability
• Decisions participants volunteered were worded just as firmly as decisions the agent demanded, and revisions of earlier positions were rare - Decisions participants volunteered were worded just as firmly as decisions the agent demanded, and revisions of earlier positions were rare
• Declarative and conceptual levels of learning-skill mastery predicted biology exam performance, but application-level knowledge did not - Declarative and conceptual levels of learning-skill mastery predicted biology exam performance, but application-level knowledge did not
• Declarative knowledge of movement features was not significantly related to actual improvements in physical execution of those features - Declarative knowledge of movement features was not significantly related to actual improvements in physical execution of those features
• Declarative memory predicts immediate UGJT posttest gains for irregular past tense only under recasts - Declarative memory predicts immediate UGJT posttest gains for irregular past tense only under recasts
• Declarative memory shows no association with regular past tense learning under any CF type - Declarative memory shows no association with regular past tense learning under any CF type
• Decline in letter fluency beyond normal age expectations warrants further evaluation for neurological or mental disorder - Decline in letter fluency beyond normal age expectations warrants further evaluation for neurological or mental disorder
• Decoding (Word Attack) showed the strongest gain of the targeted skills, with a moderate effect size of d = .46 overall - Decoding (Word Attack) showed the strongest gain of the targeted skills, with a moderate effect size of d = .46 overall
• Decoding ability did not predict cognitive load directly or through interaction with modality, contradicting the hypothesis that weak decoding raises reading effort - Decoding ability did not predict cognitive load directly or through interaction with modality, contradicting the hypothesis that weak decoding raises reading effort
• Decoding ability predicted retrieval, transfer, and retention, and interacted with modality so that video retention benefits were largest for children with weaker decoding - Decoding ability predicted retrieval, transfer, and retention, and interacted with modality so that video retention benefits were largest for children with weaker decoding
• Decoding fluency did not uniquely predict reading comprehension in any grade 4–10, though it correlated moderately with comprehension (.47–.74) - Decoding fluency did not uniquely predict reading comprehension in any grade 4–10, though it correlated moderately with comprehension (.47–.74)
• Decorative pictures in test items show no meaningful effect on performance, time on task, or metacognition compared to text-only items - Decorative pictures in test items show no meaningful effect on performance, time on task, or metacognition compared to text-only items
• Decorative pictures show consistently null effects on elementary schoolers' word problem-solving performance regardless of task characteristics - Decorative pictures show consistently null effects on elementary schoolers' word problem-solving performance regardless of task characteristics
• Deductive reasoning develops in stages: explicit inference around ages 5-6, modus tollens around 9-10, and explicit metalogic in adolescence - Deductive reasoning develops in stages: explicit inference around ages 5-6, modus tollens around 9-10, and explicit metalogic in adolescence
• Deep approaches to learning correlate positively and surface approaches negatively with academic achievement - Deep approaches to learning correlate positively and surface approaches negatively with academic achievement
• Deep learning models (LSTM, GRU, transformer) achieve high and comparable accuracy (0.90–0.93) on physiological exam-outcome prediction - Deep learning models (LSTM, GRU, transformer) achieve high and comparable accuracy (0.90–0.93) on physiological exam-outcome prediction
• Deep learning techniques such as CNNs and RNNs better detect cheating from visual cues than traditional techniques, but each carries stated trade-offs - Deep learning techniques such as CNNs and RNNs better detect cheating from visual cues than traditional techniques, but each carries stated trade-offs
• Deep Support schools showed significantly larger test-score improvements but smaller improvements in academic demand, teacher support, and elementary grades than non-Deep-Support schools - Deep Support schools showed significantly larger test-score improvements but smaller improvements in academic demand, teacher support, and elementary grades than non-Deep-Support schools
• Deep understanding is characterized by coherent, interconnected mental schemas that make knowledge transferable - Deep understanding is characterized by coherent, interconnected mental schemas that make knowledge transferable
• Deeper co-leadership emerges when staff support lets partners progressively take on responsibility, but recedes when staff carry the process - Deeper co-leadership emerges when staff support lets partners progressively take on responsibility, but recedes when staff carry the process
• Deeper processing of target language improves lexical retention and long-term learning - Deeper processing of target language improves lexical retention and long-term learning
• Deeper-learning inquiry strategies in low-income mathematics classes reduced linguistic, ethnic, and class outcome disparities - Deeper-learning inquiry strategies in low-income mathematics classes reduced linguistic, ethnic, and class outcome disparities
• Deepfake behaviours show gender patterns: males more likely to have shared deepfakes, females more likely to have reported them - Deepfake behaviours show gender patterns: males more likely to have shared deepfakes, females more likely to have reported them
• Deepseek's justification scores vary by student socio-economic profile, with Top Tier students averaging 9.60 versus 6.90 for Low Tier students - Deepseek's justification scores vary by student socio-economic profile, with Top Tier students averaging 9.60 versus 6.90 for Low Tier students
• DeepSeek-MoE (Ours) achieves the strongest overall balance of accuracy among tested configurations, reaching 78.6% overall and 81.2% multi-hop reasoning accuracy on a 300-query OER evaluation set - DeepSeek-MoE (Ours) achieves the strongest overall balance of accuracy among tested configurations, reaching 78.6% overall and 81.2% multi-hop reasoning accuracy on a 300-query OER evaluation set
• DeepTutor improves overall first-person interactive tutoring quality by 10.76% over a Naive Tutor baseline on TutorBench - DeepTutor improves overall first-person interactive tutoring quality by 10.76% over a Naive Tutor baseline on TutorBench
• DeepTutor's interactive tutoring gains are stable across five university-level domains, varying only 0.16 points in overall quality - DeepTutor's interactive tutoring gains are stable across five university-level domains, varying only 0.16 points in overall quality
• Default personas show a self-report–behavior gap: they endorse moderate-range ADHD characteristics on self-report while displaying only weakly elevated ADHD-like behavior to observers - Default personas show a self-report–behavior gap: they endorse moderate-range ADHD characteristics on self-report while displaying only weakly elevated ADHD-like behavior to observers
• Deficit narratives are co-constructed in teacher collegial talk in response to teacher vulnerability under emotional regimes that disallow strong negative emotions - Deficit narratives are co-constructed in teacher collegial talk in response to teacher vulnerability under emotional regimes that disallow strong negative emotions
• Deficits in executive function and letter recognition predict delayed cardinal principle knower status - Deficits in executive function and letter recognition predict delayed cardinal principle knower status
• Defining and quantifying reliability and measurement error is particularly challenging in epistemic games for three principal reasons - Defining and quantifying reliability and measurement error is particularly challenging in epistemic games for three principal reasons
• Defining dropout cohorts by age 13 rather than by ninth-grade entry avoids composition bias from the CPS promotion policy's grade retentions - Defining dropout cohorts by age 13 rather than by ninth-grade entry avoids composition bias from the CPS promotion policy's grade retentions
• Defining facilitation as speech produced by facilitators imposes a low performance ceiling on predictive facilitative models - Defining facilitation as speech produced by facilitators imposes a low performance ceiling on predictive facilitative models
• Definitions and measures of early childhood exclusion vary widely across studies, including soft-expulsion practices that only one study captured. - Definitions and measures of early childhood exclusion vary widely across studies, including soft-expulsion practices that only one study captured.
• Definitions of developmental dyscalculia vary widely across studies, with diagnostic cutoffs ranging from below the 3rd to below the 25th percentile - Definitions of developmental dyscalculia vary widely across studies, with diagnostic cutoffs ranging from below the 3rd to below the 25th percentile
• Definitions of sexuality education vary widely but most mention relationships and values - Definitions of sexuality education vary widely but most mention relationships and values
• Definitions, checkpoints, and staged pacing improved conceptual clarity for novice programmers - Definitions, checkpoints, and staged pacing improved conceptual clarity for novice programmers
• Degree of adaptivity moderates the adaptive teaching effect: only highly adaptive units outperform control, and boost self-efficacy - Degree of adaptivity moderates the adaptive teaching effect: only highly adaptive units outperform control, and boost self-efficacy
• Degree of anthropomorphism attributed to the agent was shaped by both interaction modality and, within audio conditions, voice accent - Degree of anthropomorphism attributed to the agent was shaped by both interaction modality and, within audio conditions, voice accent
• Degree of unaided hearing loss (normal-to-mild vs normal-to-moderate) does not moderate the cognition–SiN association - Degree of unaided hearing loss (normal-to-mild vs normal-to-moderate) does not moderate the cognition–SiN association
• Delayed cognitive load assessments after learning exceed the average of during-learning assessments only when complexity decreases across the learning material - Delayed cognitive load assessments after learning exceed the average of during-learning assessments only when complexity decreases across the learning material
• Delayed cognitive load ratings appear to be based more on the more complex problems in the series than on a recency effect - Delayed cognitive load ratings appear to be based more on the more complex problems in the series than on a recency effect
• Delayed diagram completion improves students' relative monitoring accuracy of text comprehension compared with no diagramming - Delayed diagram completion improves students' relative monitoring accuracy of text comprehension compared with no diagramming
• Delayed effort ratings are higher than the average of immediate ratings, suggesting itemized appraisals are more sensitive to effort fluctuations - Delayed effort ratings are higher than the average of immediate ratings, suggesting itemized appraisals are more sensitive to effort fluctuations
• Delayed JOL bias: multiple text readers are underconfident, rereaders overconfident at one day, and single readers overconfident at one week - Delayed JOL bias: multiple text readers are underconfident, rereaders overconfident at one day, and single readers overconfident at one week
• Delayed perceived task difficulty ratings relate more strongly to the relative difficulty of the more demanding items within a task set, consistent with delayed ratings being affected by the most demanding item - Delayed perceived task difficulty ratings relate more strongly to the relative difficulty of the more demanding items within a task set, consistent with delayed ratings being affected by the most dema
• Delayed post-learning assessments of ICL, ECL, and GCL do not differ between increasing and decreasing complexity sequences - Delayed post-learning assessments of ICL, ECL, and GCL do not differ between increasing and decreasing complexity sequences
• Delayed posttest performance under the best instructional conditions would mostly correspond to a failing or barely passing grade - Delayed posttest performance under the best instructional conditions would mostly correspond to a failing or barely passing grade
• Delayed ratings of affective variables (interest and motivation) do not differ from the average of immediate ratings, unlike cognitive load ratings - Delayed ratings of affective variables (interest and motivation) do not differ from the average of immediate ratings, unlike cognitive load ratings
• Delayed start during math practice predicts standardized ELA test performance (β=.10 SD, p<.001) - Delayed start during math practice predicts standardized ELA test performance (β=.10 SD, p<.001)
• Delayed start during math practice predicts standardized math test performance (β=-.07 SD, p=.02) - Delayed start during math practice predicts standardized math test performance (β=-.07 SD, p=.02)
• Delayed Treatment teachers more frequently simplified GC/CoV-lean lessons in ways that removed opportunities for figuring out, while Treatment teachers added graphing-skill opportunities - Delayed Treatment teachers more frequently simplified GC/CoV-lean lessons in ways that removed opportunities for figuring out, while Treatment teachers added graphing-skill opportunities
• Delayed-recall errors greatly exceeded immediate-recall errors, more so under the orderly procedure (4.33 times) than the random procedure (2.6 times) - Delayed-recall errors greatly exceeded immediate-recall errors, more so under the orderly procedure (4.33 times) than the random procedure (2.6 times)
• Delaying college enrollment was associated with low completion: only 8 percent of CPS students who delayed completed a degree or credential within six years - Delaying college enrollment was associated with low completion: only 8 percent of CPS students who delayed completed a degree or credential within six years
• Delaying judgments of learning after study markedly reduces, but does not eliminate, the foresight bias - Delaying judgments of learning after study markedly reduces, but does not eliminate, the foresight bias
• Delaying school start time by 30 or 60 minutes increased children's sleep duration and reduced daytime sleepiness over two years - Delaying school start time by 30 or 60 minutes increased children's sleep duration and reduced daytime sleepiness over two years
• Delegating intellectual work to generative AI risks eroding epistemic agency through reduced critical effort and cognitive offloading - Delegating intellectual work to generative AI risks eroding epistemic agency through reduced critical effort and cognitive offloading
• Delegating the terminal evaluation to AI is self-defeating: each hand-off returns one more output someone must accept or not - Delegating the terminal evaluation to AI is self-defeating: each hand-off returns one more output someone must accept or not
• Deletion tests show SHAP sentence rankings are more faithful than LLM-generated rationales for PLM scorers - Deletion tests show SHAP sentence rankings are more faithful than LLM-generated rationales for PLM scorers
• Deliberate practice can expand short-term memory capacity beyond the conventional seven-item limit - Deliberate practice can expand short-term memory capacity beyond the conventional seven-item limit
• Deliberate practice interventions produce higher real estate licensing exam pass rates than traditional study methods - Deliberate practice interventions produce higher real estate licensing exam pass rates than traditional study methods
• Deliberate practice research is largely correlational with large unexplained variability in accumulated practice hours - Deliberate practice research is largely correlational with large unexplained variability in accumulated practice hours
• Deliberately designing and correcting one's own invalid experiments improves far transfer to a structurally more complex factorial design, whereas spotting and correcting others' errors does not outperform errorless practice on far transfer - Deliberately designing and correcting one's own invalid experiments improves far transfer to a structurally more complex factorial design, whereas spotting and correcting others' errors does not outpe
• Deliberation in the Danish Deliberative Poll produced considerable opinion change, increased knowledge and improved ability to form reasoned opinions among participants - Deliberation in the Danish Deliberative Poll produced considerable opinion change, increased knowledge and improved ability to form reasoned opinions among participants
• Deliberation produces a substantial gender gap in voice and authority - Deliberation produces a substantial gender gap in voice and authority
• Deliberative discourse promotes pedagogies of public deliberation, which are critiqued for exclusion and consensus bias - Deliberative discourse promotes pedagogies of public deliberation, which are critiqued for exclusion and consensus bias
• Deliberative policy proposals center on inclusive decision making governed by nonrepression and nondiscrimination principles - Deliberative policy proposals center on inclusive decision making governed by nonrepression and nondiscrimination principles
• Delimiting Untrusted Learner Text Largely Blocked Authority-Claim Injection on One Model
• Delphi and wider-review feedback led Level 4 to be repositioned as beyond AI literacy, clarifying the boundary of AI literacy - Delphi and wider-review feedback led Level 4 to be repositioned as beyond AI literacy, clarifying the boundary of AI literacy
• Delphi experts reached 80% or higher consensus on all major CSM-SU components - Delphi experts reached 80% or higher consensus on all major CSM-SU components
• Demand for Rhode Island charter seats surged, with 30,000 applications submitted for 2,500 available seats in 2024–2025 - Demand for Rhode Island charter seats surged, with 30,000 applications submitted for 2,500 available seats in 2024–2025
• Demand for RSF-supported schools was generally strong, with most Cohort 1 and 2 schools oversubscribed by 2007-08 - Demand for RSF-supported schools was generally strong, with most Cohort 1 and 2 schools oversubscribed by 2007-08
• Demanding anti-correlation is argued to be didactically superior to employing the CHSH inequality in the QRC - Demanding anti-correlation is argued to be didactically superior to employing the CHSH inequality in the QRC
• Demanding excellence for the many rather than the few is questionable, and academic excellence defined as test success is too narrow - Demanding excellence for the many rather than the few is questionable, and academic excellence defined as test success is too narrow
• Demanding maximal speed in fatigue tests obscures each individual's normal work rhythm, testing an abnormal psychophysical condition (Yoakum) - Demanding maximal speed in fatigue tests obscures each individual's normal work rhythm, testing an abnormal psychophysical condition (Yoakum)
• Democracy Prep charter schools boost student voting, according to the article's headline finding - Democracy Prep charter schools boost student voting, according to the article's headline finding
• Democracy Prep charter schools increase students' voter-registration rates by about 16 percentage points - Democracy Prep charter schools increase students' voter-registration rates by about 16 percentage points
• Democracy Prep charter schools increase students' voting rates by about 12 percentage points in the 2016 election - Democracy Prep charter schools increase students' voting rates by about 12 percentage points in the 2016 election
• Demographic and audiologic factors (age, duration of hearing loss, age at onset, residual hearing) were not significantly correlated with speech recognition in CI users - Demographic and audiologic factors (age, duration of hearing loss, age at onset, residual hearing) were not significantly correlated with speech recognition in CI users
• Demographic and contextual variables meaningfully differentiate the four GenAI adoption personas - Demographic and contextual variables meaningfully differentiate the four GenAI adoption personas
• Demographic and experience-related learner factors show no or only weak relationships with SRL strategies in continuing education - Demographic and experience-related learner factors show no or only weak relationships with SRL strategies in continuing education
• Demographic and psychiatric-history variables are largely unrelated to treatment acceptability, with counseling history the exception - Demographic and psychiatric-history variables are largely unrelated to treatment acceptability, with counseling history the exception
• Demographic and psychometric response prompting produces higher-variance, heavier-tailed originality distributions than a no-context baseline, though still less variable than humans - Demographic and psychometric response prompting produces higher-variance, heavier-tailed originality distributions than a no-context baseline, though still less variable than humans
• Demographic characteristics (gender, age, race, major) showed no significant association with lower digital distraction in the rule-mining profiles - Demographic characteristics (gender, age, race, major) showed no significant association with lower digital distraction in the rule-mining profiles
• Demographic characteristics (gender, age, SES, school type, race/ethnicity) were only small correlates of high school students' school feelings, explaining less than 9% of variance in positive and less than 6% in negative feelings - Demographic characteristics (gender, age, SES, school type, race/ethnicity) were only small correlates of high school students' school feelings, explaining less than 9% of variance in positive and les
• Demographic covariates were significantly associated with latent class membership - Demographic covariates were significantly associated with latent class membership
• Demographic differences in AI anxiety are small, with only grade showing a significant but modest effect - Demographic differences in AI anxiety are small, with only grade showing a significant but modest effect
• Demographic MAE-gap regularization reduces targeted subgroup gaps on validation data, but these fairness gains do not consistently transfer to held-out test subjects - Demographic MAE-gap regularization reduces targeted subgroup gaps on validation data, but these fairness gains do not consistently transfer to held-out test subjects
• Demographic moderators (child gender, parent gender, ethnicity, sample type, socio-economic status) show limited moderating effects on the self-efficacy–partnership association - Demographic moderators (child gender, parent gender, ethnicity, sample type, socio-economic status) show limited moderating effects on the self-efficacy–partnership association
• Demographic predictors of engagement profile membership differed across language groups, with employment the only significant predictor for English-speaking parents - Demographic predictors of engagement profile membership differed across language groups, with employment the only significant predictor for English-speaking parents
• Demographic variables (gender, year of study, fields of study, age) have trivial effects on prospective teachers' conception values and practices - Demographic variables (gender, year of study, fields of study, age) have trivial effects on prospective teachers' conception values and practices
• Demographics predict school belonging: girls, urban youth, immigrants, and high-SES youth report higher belonging, while achievement is trivially related - Demographics predict school belonging: girls, urban youth, immigrants, and high-SES youth report higher belonging, while achievement is trivially related
• Demopolis High School's Google Sheets-based student tracker was followed by a 7% drop in chronic absenteeism and over 3% change in graduation rate - Demopolis High School's Google Sheets-based student tracker was followed by a 7% drop in chronic absenteeism and over 3% change in graduation rate
• Denial of LLM access increases attrition and LLMs are the most preferred study resource, acting as revealed preference - Denial of LLM access increases attrition and LLMs are the most preferred study resource, acting as revealed preference
• Densely sampled visual frames and sensor representations offered no reliable predictive advantage over the 1 FPS setting in the higher-frequency experiment - Densely sampled visual frames and sensor representations offered no reliable predictive advantage over the 1 FPS setting in the higher-frequency experiment
• Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format rated its effectiveness for learning more positively than medical students rated the original format, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts - Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format rated its effectiveness for learning more positively than medical students rated the original format, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts
• Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format reported lower stress and frustration than medical students in the original format, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts - Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format reported lower stress and frustration than medical students in the original format, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts
• Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format scored higher on the individual summative assessment (iSAT) than medical students in the original high-stakes format, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts - Dental students in a revised low-stress TBL format scored higher on the individual summative assessment (iSAT) than medical students in the original high-stakes format, in a non-randomised comparison
• Dental students in a revised TBL format and medical students in the original format performed similarly on iRAT and tRAT sessions, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts - Dental students in a revised TBL format and medical students in the original format performed similarly on iRAT and tRAT sessions, in a non-randomised comparison of two cohorts
• Denver Public Schools' cross-functional AI-edtech review cut its edtech portfolio from over 1,000 tools to fewer than 350 while saving millions of dollars - Denver Public Schools' cross-functional AI-edtech review cut its edtech portfolio from over 1,000 tools to fewer than 350 while saving millions of dollars
• Denver Public Schools' restorative justice reforms coincided with falling suspension rates and a narrowed Black-White suspension gap - Denver Public Schools' restorative justice reforms coincided with falling suspension rates and a narrowed Black-White suspension gap
• Departmentalized elementary teachers' experiences matched some, but not all, hypothesized benefits and challenges of departmentalized instruction - Departmentalized elementary teachers' experiences matched some, but not all, hypothesized benefits and challenges of departmentalized instruction
• Dependent measure moderates discovery effects: acquisition scores amplify the explicit-instruction advantage, and reaction-time measures reverse the enhanced-discovery advantage - Dependent measure moderates discovery effects: acquisition scores amplify the explicit-instruction advantage, and reaction-time measures reverse the enhanced-discovery advantage
• Dependent versus autonomous cognitive offloading to GenAI shows opposite motivational and cognitive outcome patterns - Dependent versus autonomous cognitive offloading to GenAI shows opposite motivational and cognitive outcome patterns
• Deploying a trace-capturing Parsons tool in two university courses surfaced recurring difficulty patterns including exception-type misidentification, return-for-throw confusion, and incorrect control-flow ordering - Deploying a trace-capturing Parsons tool in two university courses surfaced recurring difficulty patterns including exception-type misidentification, return-for-throw confusion, and incorrect control-
• Depression and insomnia mediate a substantial proportion of the association between racism exposure and poor subjective cognitive function - Depression and insomnia mediate a substantial proportion of the association between racism exposure and poor subjective cognitive function
• Depressive symptoms are detected in 26.35% of secondary vocational students - Depressive symptoms are detected in 26.35% of secondary vocational students
• Depth accuracy rose progressively during the intervention, with the experimental group improving roughly three percentage points per minute faster than the control group - Depth accuracy rose progressively during the intervention, with the experimental group improving roughly three percentage points per minute faster than the control group
• Descoeudres' Geneva study of 24 pupils finds the Binet scale too easy at the bottom and too hard at the top, with bright pupils passing 57% versus dull pupils' 43% - Descoeudres' Geneva study of 24 pupils finds the Binet scale too easy at the bottom and too hard at the top, with bright pupils passing 57% versus dull pupils' 43%
• Descriptive analyses suggest game-based learning may be less beneficial for cognitive outcomes in low-SES students than high-SES students, but this is preliminary - Descriptive analyses suggest game-based learning may be less beneficial for cognitive outcomes in low-SES students than high-SES students, but this is preliminary
• Descriptive and predictive findings can inform recommendations for practice by identifying targets for intervention, even without causal information - Descriptive and predictive findings can inform recommendations for practice by identifying targets for intervention, even without causal information
• Descriptive habit-strength ratings rank highlighting highest, followed by rereading, self-testing, and concept mapping - Descriptive habit-strength ratings rank highlighting highest, followed by rereading, self-testing, and concept mapping
• Descriptive patterns link infrequently reported experiences to initial self-efficacy: teaching others and no impact were reported by higher self-efficacy students, consulting a teacher by lower - Descriptive patterns link infrequently reported experiences to initial self-efficacy: teaching others and no impact were reported by higher self-efficacy students, consulting a teacher by lower
• Descriptive time-to-fix patterns favored pragmatic messages, but statistical tests found no significant effects - Descriptive time-to-fix patterns favored pragmatic messages, but statistical tests found no significant effects
• Descriptive user-study patterns that the authors read as GPT output possibly scaffolding IVDA students and reducing CV students' performance, an interpretation by prior knowledge that the study did not measure - Descriptive user-study patterns that the authors read as GPT output possibly scaffolding IVDA students and reducing CV students' performance, an interpretation by prior knowledge that the study did no
• Descriptively, larger effects were associated with control groups, secondary-level teachers, indicated samples, cognitive-behavioural content, teacher-specific adaptation, group format, school delivery, and programs over one week - Descriptively, larger effects were associated with control groups, secondary-level teachers, indicated samples, cognitive-behavioural content, teacher-specific adaptation, group format, school deliver
• Descriptively, monitoring interventions with teacher feedback on entries and direct revision opportunities showed higher effects - Descriptively, monitoring interventions with teacher feedback on entries and direct revision opportunities showed higher effects
• Descriptively, prior-year chronically absent students achieved over half a standard deviation below their peers at the start of the following year - Descriptively, prior-year chronically absent students achieved over half a standard deviation below their peers at the start of the following year
• Descriptively, the experimental group's strongest word problem solving gains from pretest to follow-up appeared for compare problems - Descriptively, the experimental group's strongest word problem solving gains from pretest to follow-up appeared for compare problems
• Design effects from aggregation are tolerable with moderate numbers of groups and few covariates - Design effects from aggregation are tolerable with moderate numbers of groups and few covariates
• Design factors moderating AI's effect on learning matter only through whether they engage the learner's evaluation - Design factors moderating AI's effect on learning matter only through whether they engage the learner's evaluation
• Design features of the CSCL environment — procedural-only educational inscriptions on the website and the storyline of the 3D model — pulled interactions toward procedural problem solving - Design features of the CSCL environment — procedural-only educational inscriptions on the website and the storyline of the 3D model — pulled interactions toward procedural problem solving
• Design guidelines beneficial for novice learners can be ineffective or even detrimental when applied to experts (expertise reversal) - Design guidelines beneficial for novice learners can be ineffective or even detrimental when applied to experts (expertise reversal)
• Design has not caught up with technology; creating for diverse audiences must be deliberate - Design has not caught up with technology; creating for diverse audiences must be deliberate
• Design of learning activities and measurement/evaluation load highest among knowledge and ability components; systematic thinking highest among personal attributes - Design of learning activities and measurement/evaluation load highest among knowledge and ability components; systematic thinking highest among personal attributes
• Design parameters for preschool outcomes show substantial heterogeneity across populations, as reflected in wide 95% prediction intervals - Design parameters for preschool outcomes show substantial heterogeneity across populations, as reflected in wide 95% prediction intervals
• Design principle effects are larger in system-paced and in complex media, and learner prior knowledge was not a significant moderator (p = 0.14) - Design principle effects are larger in system-paced and in complex media, and learner prior knowledge was not a significant moderator (p = 0.14)
• Design students report low trust in GenAI outputs and systematically modify and verify them, with inaccuracy the main deterrent - Design students report low trust in GenAI outputs and systematically modify and verify them, with inaccuracy the main deterrent
• Design students' GenAI use concentrates on research, writing and brainstorming tasks, with low use for image, media and code generation - Design students' GenAI use concentrates on research, writing and brainstorming tasks, with low use for image, media and code generation
• Design studies found that timing adults' oral reading led them to sacrifice accuracy for speed, motivating untimed repeated reading practice in the curriculum - Design studies found that timing adults' oral reading led them to sacrifice accuracy for speed, motivating untimed repeated reading practice in the curriculum
• Design studies indicated metalinguistic information about how English spelling and pronunciation work helped adult learners remember and apply what they learned - Design studies indicated metalinguistic information about how English spelling and pronunciation work helped adult learners remember and apply what they learned
• Design thesis: AI in socio-emotional teacher development is acceptable and potentially valuable when it functions as relational infrastructure rather than a substitutive emotional agent, evaluated through relational densification - Design thesis: AI in socio-emotional teacher development is acceptable and potentially valuable when it functions as relational infrastructure rather than a substitutive emotional agent, evaluated thr
• Design-based research is important for the development of technology-enhanced learning environments - Design-based research is important for the development of technology-enhanced learning environments
• Design-based research with 114 participants across two macro cycles produced and refined the faculty technology standards - Design-based research with 114 participants across two macro cycles produced and refined the faculty technology standards
• Designed patterns can rest on very small supporting subgroups: only three orders meet the Price-Rating Sensitivity conditions, with a mean rating of 2.0 - Designed patterns can rest on very small supporting subgroups: only three orders meet the Price-Rating Sensitivity conditions, with a mean rating of 2.0
• Designers and providers assess recipient engagement in training and TA through attendance, active participation, progress between check-ins, and satisfaction survey data and response rates - Designers and providers assess recipient engagement in training and TA through attendance, active participation, progress between check-ins, and satisfaction survey data and response rates
• Designers develop cultural awareness through both informal exposure and formal intentional means - Designers develop cultural awareness through both informal exposure and formal intentional means
• Designing and building robot costumes supported students' learning about robot structure and factors affecting precise motion - Designing and building robot costumes supported students' learning about robot structure and factors affecting precise motion
• Designing fun explains additional variance in peer interactions and popularity beyond core self-evaluations and PsyCap, whereas designing competition does not - Designing fun explains additional variance in peer interactions and popularity beyond core self-evaluations and PsyCap, whereas designing competition does not
• Designing learning activities corresponding to germane load has always required methods and techniques external to cognitive load theory - Designing learning activities corresponding to germane load has always required methods and techniques external to cognitive load theory
• Desirable difficulty: harder-to-learn conditions yield enhanced long-term retention - Desirable difficulty: harder-to-learn conditions yield enhanced long-term retention
• Desired outcomes show markedly larger benchmarks than undesired outcomes, the strongest contrast in the study - Desired outcomes show markedly larger benchmarks than undesired outcomes, the strongest contrast in the study
• Despite a student's claims of purely human authorial agency, posthumanist analysis of his AI-mediated revision shows meaning co-produced through human-AI entanglement - Despite a student's claims of purely human authorial agency, posthumanist analysis of his AI-mediated revision shows meaning co-produced through human-AI entanglement
• Despite apparent strong implementation, Way2Work Maryland did not generate its intended effects; the report lists five possible reasons - Despite apparent strong implementation, Way2Work Maryland did not generate its intended effects; the report lists five possible reasons
• Despite calls to connect professional development to the curriculum, there is limited guidance on how to do so - Despite calls to connect professional development to the curriculum, there is limited guidance on how to do so
• Despite extensive research on PBL, there is heated debate about its effectiveness - Despite extensive research on PBL, there is heated debate about its effectiveness
• Despite faster early math growth, dual language students did not learn more than their peers in the long run and the gap to the national average was not closing - Despite faster early math growth, dual language students did not learn more than their peers in the long run and the gap to the national average was not closing
• Despite gains in credits and B4 completion, retention declines under EO 1110 were similar to baseline: 2018 Category III/IV students retained at the same rates as 2017 'not college ready' students - Despite gains in credits and B4 completion, retention declines under EO 1110 were similar to baseline: 2018 Category III/IV students retained at the same rates as 2017 'not college ready' students
• Despite generally accurate feedback, the LLM's scoring explanations could be unpredictable and prone to logical inconsistency, failing to award points even when citing the correct rubric directive - Despite generally accurate feedback, the LLM's scoring explanations could be unpredictable and prone to logical inconsistency, failing to award points even when citing the correct rubric directive
• Despite higher passing rates, retention rates did not fall because fewer students who failed the cutoff were promoted with waivers - Despite higher passing rates, retention rates did not fall because fewer students who failed the cutoff were promoted with waivers
• Despite ignorance of CLT, surveyed teachers report using some of its principles when designing instructions - Despite ignorance of CLT, surveyed teachers report using some of its principles when designing instructions
• Despite large increases in course-taking, the science requirement produced little evidence of additional science learning, as most graduates earned Cs or lower - Despite large increases in course-taking, the science requirement produced little evidence of additional science learning, as most graduates earned Cs or lower
• Despite longer AI-led sessions, the proportion of student-generated dialogue was markedly and significantly lower with the AI than with the teacher in both grades - Despite longer AI-led sessions, the proportion of student-generated dialogue was markedly and significantly lower with the AI than with the teacher in both grades
• Despite more challenges, minoritized, female, and lower-income students were more likely to rate their online STEM experience as good as or better than in person - Despite more challenges, minoritized, female, and lower-income students were more likely to rate their online STEM experience as good as or better than in person
• Despite rapid expansion of alternative routes into teaching, little research exists to guide judgments about the effectiveness of different teacher training strategies - Despite rapid expansion of alternative routes into teaching, little research exists to guide judgments about the effectiveness of different teacher training strategies
• Despite skepticism about learning benefits, physics students report using LLMs regularly, motivated primarily by convenience and deadline pressure - Despite skepticism about learning benefits, physics students report using LLMs regularly, motivated primarily by convenience and deadline pressure
• Despite strong academic qualifications, IB DP students often have limited access to the social capital needed to navigate college course selection and access faculty support - Despite strong academic qualifications, IB DP students often have limited access to the social capital needed to navigate college course selection and access faculty support
• Despite the shift toward indirect and integrated leadership perspectives, the principal retains a central role as the leader of leaders in the PIL knowledge base - Despite the shift toward indirect and integrated leadership perspectives, the principal retains a central role as the leader of leaders in the PIL knowledge base
• Despite very different district implementation strategies for ELA and math, 2016 survey responses showed few differences between teachers responsible for each set of standards - Despite very different district implementation strategies for ELA and math, 2016 survey responses showed few differences between teachers responsible for each set of standards
• DESR overlaps with ODD but is not identified by ODD diagnosis alone in adults with ADHD - DESR overlaps with ODD but is not identified by ODD diagnosis alone in adults with ADHD
• DESR severity correlates strongly with current ADHD symptom severity in adults with ADHD - DESR severity correlates strongly with current ADHD symptom severity in adults with ADHD
• Detailed case study shows a spell checker's affordances are enacted in rich, creative ways beyond designers' intentions - Detailed case study shows a spell checker's affordances are enacted in rich, creative ways beyond designers' intentions
• Detailed data disclosure statements, in either text or nutrition-label format, increase university students' confidence that specific data points are collected compared to a generic disclosure - Detailed data disclosure statements, in either text or nutrition-label format, increase university students' confidence that specific data points are collected compared to a generic disclosure
• Detailed disclosure does not make students more conservative about who should have access to their educational data - Detailed disclosure does not make students more conservative about who should have access to their educational data
• Detailed written answer keys at checkpoints significantly improved momentum post-test scores over brief answers, but not kinetic energy scores - Detailed written answer keys at checkpoints significantly improved momentum post-test scores over brief answers, but not kinetic energy scores
• Detecting noneffortful responses requires setting response time thresholds that separate effortful from noneffortful responses - Detecting noneffortful responses requires setting response time thresholds that separate effortful from noneffortful responses
• Detecting that students are tracked to teachers does not necessarily imply bias in teacher effectiveness estimates - Detecting that students are tracked to teachers does not necessarily imply bias in teacher effectiveness estimates
• Detection accuracy is more internally consistent within phishing and within legitimate emails (α = 0.77 each) than across all emails (α = 0.59) - Detection accuracy is more internally consistent within phishing and within legitimate emails (α = 0.77 each) than across all emails (α = 0.59)
• Detection is slower for targets within the foveola than in the parafovea despite equal detectability - Detection is slower for targets within the foveola than in the parafovea despite equal detectability
• Detection-centered academic integrity regimes are unreliable and potentially biased, making sole reliance on AI detectors unsuitable for high-stakes decisions - Detection-centered academic integrity regimes are unreliable and potentially biased, making sole reliance on AI detectors unsuitable for high-stakes decisions
• Detection-led responses to AI in assessment face validity, fairness and trust limits - Detection-led responses to AI in assessment face validity, fairness and trust limits
• Detection-oriented emotion AI faces contextual under-interpretation: emotional signals lack stable meanings independent of person, task, culture, and situation - Detection-oriented emotion AI faces contextual under-interpretation: emotional signals lack stable meanings independent of person, task, culture, and situation
• Detection-oriented integrity approaches are increasingly misaligned with GenAI-augmented assessment (theoretical argument) - Detection-oriented integrity approaches are increasingly misaligned with GenAI-augmented assessment (theoretical argument)
• Detector accuracy declined significantly as text length increased, with both detectors performing best on short texts - Detector accuracy declined significantly as text length increased, with both detectors performing best on short texts
• Detector flag rates on 2023–2025 original abstracts vary sharply by domain, with non-STEM rates far above STEM - Detector flag rates on 2023–2025 original abstracts vary sharply by domain, with non-STEM rates far above STEM
• Determining the right M&E activities for a new or evolving solution is challenging, and more complex when investing in multiple solutions at once - Determining the right M&E activities for a new or evolving solution is challenging, and more complex when investing in multiple solutions at once
• Deterministic interaction patterns relate to delayed retention self-explanation quality but not posttest performance - Deterministic interaction patterns relate to delayed retention self-explanation quality but not posttest performance
• Deterrence layers failed because seeds changed parameters rather than task structure, scaffolding exposed solution steps, and hidden grading verified output consistency rather than authorship or understanding - Deterrence layers failed because seeds changed parameters rather than task structure, scaffolding exposed solution steps, and hidden grading verified output consistency rather than authorship or under
• Detrimental effects of cannabis on cognitive, academic, and professional performance tend to be larger in younger users - Detrimental effects of cannabis on cognitive, academic, and professional performance tend to be larger in younger users
• Developers of the principal practice instruments provided only partial information about the instruments' reliability and validity - Developers of the principal practice instruments provided only partial information about the instruments' reliability and validity
• Developers unanimously agreed Prompt Coach improved their prompt-writing skills and reported strong trust, personalization, and adoption readiness - Developers unanimously agreed Prompt Coach improved their prompt-writing skills and reported strong trust, personalization, and adoption readiness
• Developers who used AI assistance scored 17% lower on a subsequent comprehension assessment than developers who completed the same tasks without AI, per the cited controlled study - Developers who used AI assistance scored 17% lower on a subsequent comprehension assessment than developers who completed the same tasks without AI, per the cited controlled study
• Developing a common understanding of expected learning helps all students succeed, not only those with school-aligned prior knowledge - Developing a common understanding of expected learning helps all students succeed, not only those with school-aligned prior knowledge
• Developing a multi-dimensional coding procedure for small group chat communication raises three methodological issues: unit of analysis and fragmentation, response-structure reconstruction, and reliability without overestimation - Developing a multi-dimensional coding procedure for small group chat communication raises three methodological issues: unit of analysis and fragmentation, response-structure reconstruction, and reliab
• Developing and delivering an integrated CBL/CEL/COIL planetary health course yielded three key lessons on flexibility, structural reform, and equitable partnerships - Developing and delivering an integrated CBL/CEL/COIL planetary health course yielded three key lessons on flexibility, structural reform, and equitable partnerships
• Developing curricular design knowledge enables small-scale responsive adaptations within a structured curriculum
• Developing outcomes-based contracts enabled districts to engage in collaborative, data-driven decision-making processes to select populations, outcomes, and pricing. - Developing outcomes-based contracts enabled districts to engage in collaborative, data-driven decision-making processes to select populations, outcomes, and pricing.
• Developing professional learning communities appears to hold considerable promise for capacity building for sustainable improvement - Developing professional learning communities appears to hold considerable promise for capacity building for sustainable improvement
• Development of biologically secondary abilities promotes the emergence of academic self-concepts supported by evolved self-awareness systems - Development of biologically secondary abilities promotes the emergence of academic self-concepts supported by evolved self-awareness systems
• Development of collaborative classrooms and effective CSCL curriculum is a multi-year, multi-iteration process requiring sustained institutional commitment - Development of collaborative classrooms and effective CSCL curriculum is a multi-year, multi-iteration process requiring sustained institutional commitment
• Developmental change in offloading reflects metacognitive control, not knowledge - Developmental change in offloading reflects metacognitive control, not knowledge
• Developmental differences in selective attention are related to neural systems for deploying attention and managing response conflict, while deployed selective attention acts through similar neural mechanisms across ages - Developmental differences in selective attention are related to neural systems for deploying attention and managing response conflict, while deployed selective attention acts through similar neural me
• Developmental dyscalculia persists into adulthood when untreated, affecting 5–7% of the general population - Developmental dyscalculia persists into adulthood when untreated, affecting 5–7% of the general population
• Developmental dyscalculia prevalence was 5.6% in this UK sample, with no significant gender difference - Developmental dyscalculia prevalence was 5.6% in this UK sample, with no significant gender difference
• Developmental education is a major loss point: 60 percent of community college students are referred to developmental education but only 30 percent ever take subsequent college-level courses - Developmental education is a major loss point: 60 percent of community college students are referred to developmental education but only 30 percent ever take subsequent college-level courses
• Developmental patterns are less pronounced for the originality subdimension of creativity in open-ended fragmenting tasks - Developmental patterns are less pronounced for the originality subdimension of creativity in open-ended fragmenting tasks
• Developmental patterns for general creativity and some subdimensions are less pronounced when tasks combine figural and verbal responses - Developmental patterns for general creativity and some subdimensions are less pronounced when tasks combine figural and verbal responses
• Developmental representations remain relatively stable across translated bilingual narratives - Developmental representations remain relatively stable across translated bilingual narratives
• Developmental stage moderates the mind-set–achievement correlation, which is nonsignificant for adults - Developmental stage moderates the mind-set–achievement correlation, which is nonsignificant for adults
• Developmental writing disorders affect about 7–15% of school-aged children, with boys more affected than girls - Developmental writing disorders affect about 7–15% of school-aged children, with boys more affected than girls
• Dewey argues that science has not justified its early promises as part of the educational curriculum - Dewey argues that science has not justified its early promises as part of the educational curriculum
• Dewey argues the scientific attitude is achieved by pupils taking a hand in the making of knowledge through inquiry - Dewey argues the scientific attitude is achieved by pupils taking a hand in the making of knowledge through inquiry
• Dewey grounds morality in everyday problems, making administrative practice chiefly an ethical undertaking resolved by reflective appraisal of competing values - Dewey grounds morality in everyday problems, making administrative practice chiefly an ethical undertaking resolved by reflective appraisal of competing values
• Dewey holds that virtues cannot be given fixed meanings because they express interests in changing objects and institutions, so virtues should be taught in relation to specific situations - Dewey holds that virtues cannot be given fixed meanings because they express interests in changing objects and institutions, so virtues should be taught in relation to specific situations
• Dewey holds the aim of science teaching should be to give pupils the scientific attitude and habit of mind - Dewey holds the aim of science teaching should be to give pupils the scientific attitude and habit of mind
• Dewey rejects Kohlberg's fixed stage hierarchy: moral inquiry happens only in problematic situations where no single action seems morally justified, and must be repeated as concrete situations arise - Dewey rejects Kohlberg's fixed stage hierarchy: moral inquiry happens only in problematic situations where no single action seems morally justified, and must be repeated as concrete situations arise
• DfA/DfD-informed mechanical redesign of the RSC chassis raised developers' perceived usability from Poor (SUS 59.4) to Excellent (SUS 89.4) - DfA/DfD-informed mechanical redesign of the RSC chassis raised developers' perceived usability from Poor (SUS 59.4) to Excellent (SUS 89.4)
• DHH students in grades 2–8 continue to build reading and mathematics skills and do not necessarily plateau in the elementary grades - DHH students in grades 2–8 continue to build reading and mathematics skills and do not necessarily plateau in the elementary grades
• DHH students often experience systemic barriers to academic success, especially low expectations of what they know and can do - DHH students often experience systemic barriers to academic success, especially low expectations of what they know and can do
• DI students relied on notes rather than exploring the agent-based models, while PF classes showed lively collaborative exploration and questioning - DI students relied on notes rather than exploring the agent-based models, while PF classes showed lively collaborative exploration and questioning
• DI-PS significantly outperformed PS-DI on the two supplier-reasoning problem-solving criteria (d = .60 and d = .64) - DI-PS significantly outperformed PS-DI on the two supplier-reasoning problem-solving criteria (d = .60 and d = .64)
• Diagnostic labels cause a moderately negative overall effect on how adults evaluate children (g = −0.42) - Diagnostic labels cause a moderately negative overall effect on how adults evaluate children (g = −0.42)
• Diagnostic model performance remains relatively stable across moderate hyperparameter ranges, with 8 attention heads and a 512 hidden dimension yielding optimal results - Diagnostic model performance remains relatively stable across moderate hyperparameter ranges, with 8 attention heads and a 512 hidden dimension yielding optimal results
• Diagnostic Review reflection records contained fewer misunderstanding codes and higher reflection quality than Control follow-up records - Diagnostic Review reflection records contained fewer misunderstanding codes and higher reflection quality than Control follow-up records
• Diagnostic Review revisions contained larger shares of meaning-change, organization, and content/argument work, while Control revisions remained more dependent on surface-level editing - Diagnostic Review revisions contained larger shares of meaning-change, organization, and content/argument work, while Control revisions remained more dependent on surface-level editing
• Diagnostic validity analyses yield results similar to the prevalence findings for WM, STM, and motivational impairments - Diagnostic validity analyses yield results similar to the prevalence findings for WM, STM, and motivational impairments
• Diagram-comprehension scores were already high before the treatment and showed no significant pre-to-post increase - Diagram-comprehension scores were already high before the treatment and showed no significant pre-to-post increase
• Diagramming conditions show no significant differences from control in regulation measures or reading comprehension test scores for causal relations - Diagramming conditions show no significant differences from control in regulation measures or reading comprehension test scores for causal relations
• Diagramming scaffold also improves absolute metacomprehension accuracy for causal relations, extending the effect beyond relative accuracy - Diagramming scaffold also improves absolute metacomprehension accuracy for causal relations, extending the effect beyond relative accuracy
• Diagramming scaffold improves relative metacomprehension accuracy for causal relations in expository texts - Diagramming scaffold improves relative metacomprehension accuracy for causal relations in expository texts
• Diagrams improved posttest accuracy only in the read-twice condition, not in the questioning conditions - Diagrams improved posttest accuracy only in the read-twice condition, not in the questioning conditions
• Dialectical thinking support is positively associated with teachers' emotional scaffolding, reported for the first time - Dialectical thinking support is positively associated with teachers' emotional scaffolding, reported for the first time
• Dialogic competence is a prerequisite for meaningful engagement with LLM-based chatbots - Dialogic competence is a prerequisite for meaningful engagement with LLM-based chatbots
• Dialogic leadership is associated with increased social cohesion, including social unity, lasting friendships and greater community involvement - Dialogic leadership is associated with increased social cohesion, including social unity, lasting friendships and greater community involvement
• Dialogic leadership is characterized by egalitarianism, signifying the absence of hierarchical levels of leaders and followers - Dialogic leadership is characterized by egalitarianism, signifying the absence of hierarchical levels of leaders and followers
• Dialogic leadership is democratic: every participating individual has agency and power in decision-making - Dialogic leadership is democratic: every participating individual has agency and power in decision-making
• Dialogic leadership values diversity as an asset and fosters inclusion of marginalized groups - Dialogic leadership values diversity as an asset and fosters inclusion of marginalized groups
• Dialogic learning produces a more positive effect on value-loaded critical-thinking competences than non-dialogic learning in pre-vocational secondary Biology - Dialogic learning produces a more positive effect on value-loaded critical-thinking competences than non-dialogic learning in pre-vocational secondary Biology
• Dialogic networks in classroom talk can dissolve into non-dialogic ones when task instructions and artifacts regain power over students - Dialogic networks in classroom talk can dissolve into non-dialogic ones when task instructions and artifacts regain power over students
• Dialogic noticing gains occurred in nearly all episodes — with significant increases in episodes 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 — except episode 6, which did not change - Dialogic noticing gains occurred in nearly all episodes — with significant increases in episodes 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 — except episode 6, which did not change
• Dialogic Reading combined with Sound Foundations shows potentially positive effects on print knowledge and early reading/writing but not oral language - Dialogic Reading combined with Sound Foundations shows potentially positive effects on print knowledge and early reading/writing but not oral language
• Dialogic reading favored significant gains on lexical diversity during play and total utterances during book reading, but not on four other measures (Dale et al., 1996) - Dialogic reading favored significant gains on lexical diversity during play and total utterances during book reading, but not on four other measures (Dale et al., 1996)
• Dialogic Reading has positive effects on preschool children's oral language, per WWC synthesis of five studies - Dialogic Reading has positive effects on preschool children's oral language, per WWC synthesis of five studies
• Dialogic reading has potentially positive effects on communication and language competencies for children with disabilities - Dialogic reading has potentially positive effects on communication and language competencies for children with disabilities
• Dialogic Reading Improves Language Outcomes
• Dialogic Reading shows no discernible effects on phonological processing - Dialogic Reading shows no discernible effects on phonological processing
• Dialogic Reading's average oral-language improvement index is +19 percentile points, ranging from –6 to +48 across findings - Dialogic Reading's average oral-language improvement index is +19 percentile points, ranging from –6 to +48 across findings
• Dialogic teacher support cultivates all four aspects of statistical modeling practice over a multi-week unit
• Dialogue act features raise regression R² but do not significantly improve outcome prediction over a prior-performance baseline - Dialogue act features raise regression R² but do not significantly improve outcome prediction over a prior-performance baseline
• Dialogue approach and dialogue task are significantly associated, yielding four LTA study patterns - Dialogue approach and dialogue task are significantly associated, yielding four LTA study patterns
• Dialogue evidence shows coach feedback induces genuine conceptual change, shifting the agent from misconception to conceptually correct explanation rather than superficial answer alignment - Dialogue evidence shows coach feedback induces genuine conceptual change, shifting the agent from misconception to conceptually correct explanation rather than superficial answer alignment
• Dialogue journals inherently meet conditions deemed necessary for second language acquisition - Dialogue journals inherently meet conditions deemed necessary for second language acquisition
• Dialogue underpins networked learning: thinking in networks means thinking through collaborative dialogue - Dialogue underpins networked learning: thinking in networks means thinking through collaborative dialogue
• Dialogue-derived interactional cues robustly encode ground-truth identity, achieving near-ceiling AI identification under cross-validation - Dialogue-derived interactional cues robustly encode ground-truth identity, achieving near-ceiling AI identification under cross-validation
• Dialogue-shuffling augmentation improves evaluator performance while downsampling reduces it - Dialogue-shuffling augmentation improves evaluator performance while downsampling reduces it
• DIBELS is the most frequently used screening tool for tier assignment, and literacy is the most assessed domain - DIBELS is the most frequently used screening tool for tier assignment, and literacy is the most assessed domain
• DIBELS subtests form a significant multivariate pair with peer-play and learning-behavior dimensions (Engaged Literacy Learning variate) - DIBELS subtests form a significant multivariate pair with peer-play and learning-behavior dimensions (Engaged Literacy Learning variate)
• DIBELS subtests share a significant multivariate relationship with TERA early reading dimensions (Early Literacy Competence variate) - DIBELS subtests share a significant multivariate relationship with TERA early reading dimensions (Early Literacy Competence variate)
• DIBELS subtests show significant negative relationships with peer-play difficulties and weaker links to social-behavioral than cognitive measures - DIBELS subtests show significant negative relationships with peer-play difficulties and weaker links to social-behavioral than cognitive measures
• Dichotic listening subtests were the most challenging PSP-1 tasks, especially for children with auditory processing difficulties - Dichotic listening subtests were the most challenging PSP-1 tasks, especially for children with auditory processing difficulties
• Dictionary-based SEANCE features yielded 21 nominally significant within-person associations with wearable outcomes, but none survived Bonferroni or FDR correction - Dictionary-based SEANCE features yielded 21 nominally significant within-person associations with wearable outcomes, but none survived Bonferroni or FDR correction
• Didactic instruction is negatively associated with one-year achievement gains in reading and mathematics - Didactic instruction is negatively associated with one-year achievement gains in reading and mathematics
• Dietitians' barriers and enablers to pro-environmental action fall into three themes: personal, social and professional, and contextual and environmental factors - Dietitians' barriers and enablers to pro-environmental action fall into three themes: personal, social and professional, and contextual and environmental factors
• DIF analyses indicate the vast majority of MAP Growth items show negligible differential item functioning across gender and racial/ethnic groups - DIF analyses indicate the vast majority of MAP Growth items show negligible differential item functioning across gender and racial/ethnic groups
• DIF analysis finds mostly negligible or slight-to-moderate differential item functioning, with only one item showing moderate-to-large DIF favoring Asian over White participants - DIF analysis finds mostly negligible or slight-to-moderate differential item functioning, with only one item showing moderate-to-large DIF favoring Asian over White participants
• DIF study finds most items in category A, with C DIF rare (~1%) except for the Native English/Bilingual group (6.66%) - DIF study finds most items in category A, with C DIF rare (~1%) except for the Native English/Bilingual group (6.66%)
• DIF was found for four items but could not be anticipated from differential response times between boys and girls alone - DIF was found for four items but could not be anticipated from differential response times between boys and girls alone
• Differences among individual charter authorizers are likely greater than differences across authorizer types - Differences among individual charter authorizers are likely greater than differences across authorizer types
• Differences between AI-generated and teacher assessments of laboratory reports may stem from difficulties retrieving and interpreting equations, graphs, tables, and units, not only from model reasoning capabilities. - Differences between AI-generated and teacher assessments of laboratory reports may stem from difficulties retrieving and interpreting equations, graphs, tables, and units, not only from model reasonin
• Differences between human and ChatGPT feedback quality were small, with means within one point and partial eta-squared ranging from .01 to .12 - Differences between human and ChatGPT feedback quality were small, with means within one point and partial eta-squared ranging from .01 to .12
• Differences between principal and observer ratings at the high end of the scale were explained largely by teachers' previous evaluation ratings - Differences between principal and observer ratings at the high end of the scale were explained largely by teachers' previous evaluation ratings
• Differences between the facilitated complex problem solving and lecture-practice conditions did not reach significance on post-test outcomes - Differences between the facilitated complex problem solving and lecture-practice conditions did not reach significance on post-test outcomes
• Differences favoring CHSRI teachers on facilitators of instructional improvement were small and mostly not statistically significant - Differences favoring CHSRI teachers on facilitators of instructional improvement were small and mostly not statistically significant
• Differences in AI-supported instruction effects across STEM disciplines are not statistically significant - Differences in AI-supported instruction effects across STEM disciplines are not statistically significant
• Differences in children's social skills account for roughly 10–20% of the convergence in academic test scores - Differences in children's social skills account for roughly 10–20% of the convergence in academic test scores
• Differences in engagement and achievement between high- and low-GPA students grew more sharply during the pandemic among Chicago Connected participants than among eligible non-participants - Differences in engagement and achievement between high- and low-GPA students grew more sharply during the pandemic among Chicago Connected participants than among eligible non-participants
• Differences in evaluation scores between high- and low-poverty schools persist after controlling for teacher experience and credentials - Differences in evaluation scores between high- and low-poverty schools persist after controlling for teacher experience and credentials
• Differences in grading practices across teachers and schools are small relative to students' actual academic preparation, and GPAs average out those differences - Differences in grading practices across teachers and schools are small relative to students' actual academic preparation, and GPAs average out those differences
• Differences in moment-to-moment comprehension do not correlate with gains in vocabulary recognition or acquisition of Japanese locative structures - Differences in moment-to-moment comprehension do not correlate with gains in vocabulary recognition or acquisition of Japanese locative structures
• Differences in rapid guessing between subgroups generally do not impact substantive interpretations of achievement gaps - Differences in rapid guessing between subgroups generally do not impact substantive interpretations of achievement gaps
• Differences in self-concept and value partly, but not fully, explain gender differences in STEM study intentions - Differences in self-concept and value partly, but not fully, explain gender differences in STEM study intentions
• Differences in shared epistemic agency between design teams change across prototyping phases - Differences in shared epistemic agency between design teams change across prototyping phases
• Differences in student pass-rate distributions between test splits explain the smaller INSIDE-over-SFT improvement on test_NP - Differences in student pass-rate distributions between test splits explain the smaller INSIDE-over-SFT improvement on test_NP
• Differences in test-taking engagement across content categories were primarily due to differences in the reading load of items - Differences in test-taking engagement across content categories were primarily due to differences in the reading load of items
• Different domain-general factors uniquely account for variation in different arithmetic skills - Different domain-general factors uniquely account for variation in different arithmetic skills
• Different engagement dimensions defined the high engagement profiles across language groups: school participation for Spanish-speaking parents, foundational education for English-speaking parents - Different engagement dimensions defined the high engagement profiles across language groups: school participation for Spanish-speaking parents, foundational education for English-speaking parents
• Different evidence types differ in how strongly they can support claims about effectiveness - Different evidence types differ in how strongly they can support claims about effectiveness
• Different forms of feedback within a single ALT play distinct, phase-specific roles in SRL, with directive feedback appearing helpful before but not after task engagement - Different forms of feedback within a single ALT play distinct, phase-specific roles in SRL, with directive feedback appearing helpful before but not after task engagement
• Different group compositions adopted different collaboration strategies: homogeneous groups split interface and programming work, while the heterogeneous CS/non-CS pair showed the most divergent behavior patterns - Different group compositions adopted different collaboration strategies: homogeneous groups split interface and programming work, while the heterogeneous CS/non-CS pair showed the most divergent behav
• Different humanlike design dimensions cue distinct classes of anthropomorphism inferences - Different humanlike design dimensions cue distinct classes of anthropomorphism inferences
• Different learner contexts supplied to an AI tutor produce qualitatively different, persona-aligned explanations of the same problem - Different learner contexts supplied to an AI tutor produce qualitatively different, persona-aligned explanations of the same problem
• Different limbs and limb sections show alternating periods of acceleration and retardation in individual growth curves - Different limbs and limb sections show alternating periods of acceleration and retardation in individual growth curves
• Different LLMs rely on different subsets of rubric traits when assigning essay scores - Different LLMs rely on different subsets of rubric traits when assigning essay scores
• Different organisational structures may foster different dimensions of social capital (bonding, bridging and linking) - Different organisational structures may foster different dimensions of social capital (bonding, bridging and linking)
• Different responsiveness-determination approaches (status vs. slope, criteria, domains, cut points) identify different students as adequate and inadequate responders, with little or no overlap - Different responsiveness-determination approaches (status vs.
• Different types of handwriting interventions produce equivalent gains in handwriting legibility and fluency
• Different value components differentially predict outcomes: low cost for achievement, attainment value for effort, and utility value uniquely predicting none - Different value components differentially predict outcomes: low cost for achievement, attainment value for effort, and utility value uniquely predicting none
• Differential attrition may explain the reported reduction in achievement gaps under daily online testing - Differential attrition may explain the reported reduction in achievement gaps under daily online testing
• Differential coaching effects across academic tracks were examined by sampling German Hauptschule and Gymnasium students - Differential coaching effects across academic tracks were examined by sampling German Hauptschule and Gymnasium students
• Differential course placement gave young men and women different grading category weights, with young women more often in honors and geometry - Differential course placement gave young men and women different grading category weights, with young women more often in honors and geometry
• Differential rapid guessing often resulted in test events with meaningfully distorted item content representation - Differential rapid guessing often resulted in test events with meaningfully distorted item content representation
• Differential scaffold benefits were more salient for the more difficult learning concept - Differential scaffold benefits were more salient for the more difficult learning concept
• Differential student test effort may bias achievement gap estimates - Differential student test effort may bias achievement gap estimates
• Differentiated and nondifferentiated interest structures were examined for associations with educational track choices and career image specificity - Differentiated and nondifferentiated interest structures were examined for associations with educational track choices and career image specificity
• Differentiated instruction by learning strategies shows no significant effect on any student motivation scale - Differentiated instruction by learning strategies shows no significant effect on any student motivation scale
• Differentiated-AI EAP versions showed limited passage-level structural separation, with automated complexity metrics failing to classify intended proficiency labels - Differentiated-AI EAP versions showed limited passage-level structural separation, with automated complexity metrics failing to classify intended proficiency labels
• Differentiated-AI materials exceeded unified-AI materials on reading comprehension within each proficiency stratum, most strongly for high-proficiency learners (d = 1.40) - Differentiated-AI materials exceeded unified-AI materials on reading comprehension within each proficiency stratum, most strongly for high-proficiency learners (d = 1.40)
• Differentiating curriculum for students above grade level is associated with higher math achievement in 2nd grade only - Differentiating curriculum for students above grade level is associated with higher math achievement in 2nd grade only
• Differentiating special education funding by disability, disability category, or student need can lead to improved outcomes for students with disabilities, and IEP-progress metrics offer a new adequacy-study measure - Differentiating special education funding by disability, disability category, or student need can lead to improved outcomes for students with disabilities, and IEP-progress metrics offer a new adequac
• Differentiation embedded in a broader program or reform has small to moderate positive effects on primary students' performance - Differentiation embedded in a broader program or reform has small to moderate positive effects on primary students' performance
• Differing response styles create a construct-irrelevant source of bias that distorts fundamental inferences made from survey data - Differing response styles create a construct-irrelevant source of bias that distorts fundamental inferences made from survey data
• Difficulty adjusting to kindergarten and first grade can put young children at academic risk - Difficulty adjusting to kindergarten and first grade can put young children at academic risk
• Difficulty and value of to-be-learned items determine which items children offload - Difficulty and value of to-be-learned items determine which items children offload
• Difficulty maintaining a 90° phase-shifted bimanual circling pattern reflects an unsuitable strategy rather than neuromuscular constraint, and spatial or imagined marks render the task easy - Difficulty maintaining a 90° phase-shifted bimanual circling pattern reflects an unsuitable strategy rather than neuromuscular constraint, and spatial or imagined marks render the task easy
• Diffusion-based centralities elucidate information exchange and uptake in large-scale collaboration, validated against achievement and qualitative analysis, according to the editors' account of Saqr and López-Pernas's study - Diffusion-based centralities elucidate information exchange and uptake in large-scale collaboration, validated against achievement and qualitative analysis, according to the editors' account of Saqr a
• Diffusion-based centralities show moderate-to-strong statistically significant positive correlations with the frequency of information sharing and argumentation utterances in CSCL - Diffusion-based centralities show moderate-to-strong statistically significant positive correlations with the frequency of information sharing and argumentation utterances in CSCL
• DigComp 2.2 added 73 novel AI examples, concentrated in communication and collaboration, problem solving, and information and data literacy - DigComp 2.2 added 73 novel AI examples, concentrated in communication and collaboration, problem solving, and information and data literacy
• Digit span correlates with phonemic fluency in the congenitally blind but not the sighted - Digit span correlates with phonemic fluency in the congenitally blind but not the sighted
• Digit span running loaded on the focus of attention factor rather than the phonological factor, supporting Cowan's claim that running span performance reflects attentional capacity - Digit span running loaded on the focus of attention factor rather than the phonological factor, supporting Cowan's claim that running span performance reflects attentional capacity
• Digital access among adults on the margins is not a one-time event but an ongoing, contingent accomplishment requiring an assemblage of resources - Digital access among adults on the margins is not a one-time event but an ongoing, contingent accomplishment requiring an assemblage of resources