Claims: R 2

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• Reform-driven mathematics classrooms were more successful at narrowing the achievement gap than classrooms focused on rote memorization and recall of procedures - Reform-driven mathematics classrooms were more successful at narrowing the achievement gap than classrooms focused on rote memorization and recall of procedures
• Reformed elementary schools made significant test-score improvements versus matched comparison schools, with gains growing gradually over four years - Reformed elementary schools made significant test-score improvements versus matched comparison schools, with gains growing gradually over four years
• Refutation texts did not promote beneficial selection of multimedia material by student teachers - Refutation texts did not promote beneficial selection of multimedia material by student teachers
• Refutation texts produce greater conceptual change about multimedia-learning misconceptions than standard texts in student teachers - Refutation texts produce greater conceptual change about multimedia-learning misconceptions than standard texts in student teachers
• Regardless of dyad type, dyads' Extend/revise and Recognize/agree behaviors facilitated fluency, while child-parent dyad type showed a negative effect - Regardless of dyad type, dyads' Extend/revise and Recognize/agree behaviors facilitated fluency, while child-parent dyad type showed a negative effect
• Regardless of location, schools with high student of color enrollment have a greater percentage of inexperienced teachers than low-enrollment schools, with urban schools most affected - Regardless of location, schools with high student of color enrollment have a greater percentage of inexperienced teachers than low-enrollment schools, with urban schools most affected
• Region, study quality, and interaction domain moderate associations between factors and interactive skills - Region, study quality, and interaction domain moderate associations between factors and interactive skills
• Regional context moderates GenAI effects: positive in China and Pakistan, negative in Korea and Turkey - Regional context moderates GenAI effects: positive in China and Pakistan, negative in Korea and Turkey
• Regional differences in program effectiveness: North America led for perpetration, Scandinavia for victimization, with no clear overall pattern - Regional differences in program effectiveness: North America led for perpetration, Scandinavia for victimization, with no clear overall pattern
• Regional medians vary: Iowa scores are conspicuously above the total medians, South Atlantic states lowest, Western states among the highest. - Regional medians vary: Iowa scores are conspicuously above the total medians, South Atlantic states lowest, Western states among the highest.
• Regional pilot found some BLA-credentialed educators opt out of bilingual roles or leave them while staying in the same school or district - Regional pilot found some BLA-credentialed educators opt out of bilingual roles or leave them while staying in the same school or district
• Registered apprenticeship had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter earnings, ranging from $3,230 to $4,693 depending on the comparison group - Registered apprenticeship had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter earnings, ranging from $3,230 to $4,693 depending on the comparison group
• Registered apprenticeship had strong ninth-quarter employment and earnings impacts for IT, healthcare, and advanced manufacturing sectors - Registered apprenticeship had strong ninth-quarter employment and earnings impacts for IT, healthcare, and advanced manufacturing sectors
• Registered apprenticeship programs had large, statistically significant positive impacts on employment in the ninth quarter following enrollment relative to both community college students and Wagner-Peyser participants - Registered apprenticeship programs had large, statistically significant positive impacts on employment in the ninth quarter following enrollment relative to both community college students and Wagner-
• Registered report authors report more constructive review, greater candor about findings, and time savings - Registered report authors report more constructive review, greater candor about findings, and time savings
• Registered Reports appear to produce credible null findings more frequently than comparable studies, with no detected change in citation rates - Registered Reports appear to produce credible null findings more frequently than comparable studies, with no detected change in citation rates
• Registered reports were rated higher than typical papers on all nineteen evaluated quality criteria by 353 peer reviewers - Registered reports were rated higher than typical papers on all nineteen evaluated quality criteria by 353 peer reviewers
• Regression analyses identified oral communication, mainstream placement, younger age at implantation, and bilateral implantation as predictors of positive outcomes, with additional disabilities strongly predicting less positive outcomes - Regression analyses identified oral communication, mainstream placement, younger age at implantation, and bilateral implantation as predictors of positive outcomes, with additional disabilities strong
• Regression analysis showed creativity score was not dependent on active play - Regression analysis showed creativity score was not dependent on active play
• Regression models of PS on CRM performance could not be conducted because four regression assumptions were not met - Regression models of PS on CRM performance could not be conducted because four regression assumptions were not met
• Regular and explicit teacher addressing of metacognitive strategies is linked to students applying more metacognitive strategies over time - Regular and explicit teacher addressing of metacognitive strategies is linked to students applying more metacognitive strategies over time
• Regular and tailored support helped teachers integrate Ecree and MI Write into their teaching - Regular and tailored support helped teachers integrate Ecree and MI Write into their teaching
• Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased odds of high academic achievement in Norwegian adolescent girls and boys, most strongly in girls - Regular breakfast consumption is associated with increased odds of high academic achievement in Norwegian adolescent girls and boys, most strongly in girls
• Regular classroom formative assessment can raise student achievement by 0.4–0.7 standard deviations, per studies the chapter cites - Regular classroom formative assessment can raise student achievement by 0.4–0.7 standard deviations, per studies the chapter cites
• Regular lunch consumption is associated with increased odds of high academic achievement in both girls and boys, and regular dinner and an all-meals pattern in boys - Regular lunch consumption is associated with increased odds of high academic achievement in both girls and boys, and regular dinner and an all-meals pattern in boys
• Regular past tense accuracy is greatest in planned writing, intermediate in planned speech, and least in unplanned speech - Regular past tense accuracy is greatest in planned writing, intermediate in planned speech, and least in unplanned speech
• Regular physical measurements of two brothers were taken from birth for six years four months and three years four months - Regular physical measurements of two brothers were taken from birth for six years four months and three years four months
• Regular Upward Bound produces a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of earning a postsecondary certificate or license from a vocational school - Regular Upward Bound produces a statistically significant increase in the likelihood of earning a postsecondary certificate or license from a vocational school
• Regular Upward Bound shows no detectable effects on postsecondary enrollment, financial aid application or receipt, or bachelor's or associate's degree completion - Regular Upward Bound shows no detectable effects on postsecondary enrollment, financial aid application or receipt, or bachelor's or associate's degree completion
• Regularization-based graphical modeling has key drawbacks, including difficulty obtaining valid parameter uncertainty and inflated false positive rates - Regularization-based graphical modeling has key drawbacks, including difficulty obtaining valid parameter uncertainty and inflated false positive rates
• Regulating GA proceeds via metacognitive monitoring of adequacy and accuracy plus control through outward- and inward-oriented strategies - Regulating GA proceeds via metacognitive monitoring of adequacy and accuracy plus control through outward- and inward-oriented strategies
• Regulation at the dyadic and/or group level is positively related to group performance in CSCL - Regulation at the dyadic and/or group level is positively related to group performance in CSCL
• Regulation in collaborative learning is layered: the portfolio of regulation layers needs itself to be regulated - Regulation in collaborative learning is layered: the portfolio of regulation layers needs itself to be regulated
• Regulation of social activities positively affected group performance (Janssen et al.) - Regulation of social activities positively affected group performance (Janssen et al.)
• Regulation of social activities positively predicts group performance in CSCL inquiry tasks - Regulation of social activities positively predicts group performance in CSCL inquiry tasks
• Regulation tools for collaboration are very rare in educational VRLs, identified in only 8 laboratories, mostly supporting regulation by teachers - Regulation tools for collaboration are very rare in educational VRLs, identified in only 8 laboratories, mostly supporting regulation by teachers
• Regulation-of-learning interventions in programming education show an average effect of 0.59 on programming learning - Regulation-of-learning interventions in programming education show an average effect of 0.59 on programming learning
• Regulatory absence and digital competency gaps are the most prevalent barriers to AI adoption among Ukrainian education managers - Regulatory absence and digital competency gaps are the most prevalent barriers to AI adoption among Ukrainian education managers
• Regulatory and ethics compliance posed substantial, underestimated challenges that delayed the ITS rollout by a year - Regulatory and ethics compliance posed substantial, underestimated challenges that delayed the ITS rollout by a year
• Regulatory strategy use and classroom grades showed no subject-area differences, though females received higher grades than males - Regulatory strategy use and classroom grades showed no subject-area differences, though females received higher grades than males
• Reinforcement learning in adaptive educational systems faces sample inefficiency and reward-design instability, motivating hybrid RL-ML approaches - Reinforcement learning in adaptive educational systems faces sample inefficiency and reward-design instability, motivating hybrid RL-ML approaches
• Reinforcement learning operationalizes motivational constructs by representing motivation in the reward function - Reinforcement learning operationalizes motivational constructs by representing motivation in the reward function
• Reinforcement learning with a learned alignment reward substantially improves question-concept alignment after supervised fine-tuning, while answerability remains high throughout training - Reinforcement learning with a learned alignment reward substantially improves question-concept alignment after supervised fine-tuning, while answerability remains high throughout training
• Reinstating high-stakes testing to measure learning loss narrows the curriculum and does not benefit long-term achievement - Reinstating high-stakes testing to measure learning loss narrows the curriculum and does not benefit long-term achievement
• Rejected and disliked children communicate less responsively and less coherently than popular or liked peers - Rejected and disliked children communicate less responsively and less coherently than popular or liked peers
• Rejected and neglected children show lower oral communicative competence than average children, while popular and controversial children do not differ from average - Rejected and neglected children show lower oral communicative competence than average children, while popular and controversial children do not differ from average
• Rejecting the 40% lowest-confidence predictions with the hybrid confidence measure raises grading accuracy from 0.704 to approximately 0.900 - Rejecting the 40% lowest-confidence predictions with the hybrid confidence measure raises grading accuracy from 0.704 to approximately 0.900
• REL Mid-Atlantic identified six factors to support student engagement in remote learning, developed in partnership with the New Jersey Department of Education - REL Mid-Atlantic identified six factors to support student engagement in remote learning, developed in partnership with the New Jersey Department of Education
• Related decorative pictures do not enhance transfer performance in either experiment (null results for correctness and metacognitive monitoring) - Related decorative pictures do not enhance transfer performance in either experiment (null results for correctness and metacognitive monitoring)
• Related decorative pictures do not increase triggered or maintained situational interest; in Experiment 2 they reduced maintained interest - Related decorative pictures do not increase triggered or maintained situational interest; in Experiment 2 they reduced maintained interest
• Related decorative pictures improve metacognitive monitoring accuracy for knowledge items in eighth-graders (Experiment 2), but not for transfer items - Related decorative pictures improve metacognitive monitoring accuracy for knowledge items in eighth-graders (Experiment 2), but not for transfer items
• Related prior knowledge is the single most powerful influence mediating subsequent learning, so multimedia should layer information by complexity - Related prior knowledge is the single most powerful influence mediating subsequent learning, so multimedia should layer information by complexity
• Related word pairs were far better recalled than unrelated pairs, while younger and older adults recalled a similar overall proportion of pairs - Related word pairs were far better recalled than unrelated pairs, while younger and older adults recalled a similar overall proportion of pairs
• Related-case overlap between MedGame Bench train and test splits shows no significant performance difference - Related-case overlap between MedGame Bench train and test splits shows no significant performance difference
• Relatedness with students predicted teacher wellbeing for elementary but not middle/secondary school teachers in one study, while other studies found associations in secondary samples - Relatedness with students predicted teacher wellbeing for elementary but not middle/secondary school teachers in one study, while other studies found associations in secondary samples
• Relational elements — trust, voice and agency, and equity — are preconditions for restorative practices to work - Relational elements — trust, voice and agency, and equity — are preconditions for restorative practices to work
• Relational goals are associated with recognition, grouping, and classroom mutual respect practices - Relational goals are associated with recognition, grouping, and classroom mutual respect practices
• Relational goals are positively linked to positive affect and enjoyment - Relational goals are positively linked to positive affect and enjoyment
• Relational integration is less accurate and slower than single-relation matching regardless of audience or age - Relational integration is less accurate and slower than single-relation matching regardless of audience or age
• Relational trust and rapid-response adaptation help research-practice partnerships survive acute disruption
• Relational trust built through prior rigorous evaluation was a precondition for introducing participatory approaches - Relational trust built through prior rigorous evaluation was a precondition for introducing participatory approaches
• Relational trust functions as a moral resource enabling organizations to effect major structural change - Relational trust functions as a moral resource enabling organizations to effect major structural change
• Relational trust shapes whether SWOT functions as organisational learning or superficial compliance - Relational trust shapes whether SWOT functions as organisational learning or superficial compliance
• Relational trust varies substantially between schools, supporting its treatment as an organizational property - Relational trust varies substantially between schools, supporting its treatment as an organizational property
• Relational understandings of the equals sign are associated with middle grades mathematics success - Relational understandings of the equals sign are associated with middle grades mathematics success
• Relations between behavioral inhibition (dCPT) and expressive language and speech intelligibility were significant only at 1 year post implantation - Relations between behavioral inhibition (dCPT) and expressive language and speech intelligibility were significant only at 1 year post implantation
• Relations between epistemic belief profiles and cognitive abilities are inconsistent across profiles and samples, though results point to above-average cognitive abilities in sophisticated profiles - Relations between epistemic belief profiles and cognitive abilities are inconsistent across profiles and samples, though results point to above-average cognitive abilities in sophisticated profiles
• Relations between SRL phase frequency/diversity and illness script activation were mixed across cases: more frequent and diverse transitions were sometimes beneficial (Cases 2, 4) and sometimes detrimental (Cases 1, 3, 5) - Relations between SRL phase frequency/diversity and illness script activation were mixed across cases: more frequent and diverse transitions were sometimes beneficial (Cases 2, 4) and sometimes detrim
• Relationship-centered near-peer support from young adults (ages 18-24) creates conditions for student engagement with mental health support across YMHC sites - Relationship-centered near-peer support from young adults (ages 18-24) creates conditions for student engagement with mental health support across YMHC sites
• Relationship-focused PD shifts teacher conceptions of rigor and safety in argumentation instruction
• Relationships between individual differences and final test performance were nonsignificant in retrieval practice conditions but significant in the rereading condition - Relationships between individual differences and final test performance were nonsignificant in retrieval practice conditions but significant in the rereading condition
• Relationships between individual differences and sourcing vary with how sourcing is measured and with the domain or topic of the materials - Relationships between individual differences and sourcing vary with how sourcing is measured and with the domain or topic of the materials
• Relationships between socio-demographic and attributional variables and acceptance depend on the type of mental health problem (depression vs ADHD) - Relationships between socio-demographic and attributional variables and acceptance depend on the type of mental health problem (depression vs ADHD)
• Relative comprehension-based regulation accuracy is higher in the diagram-only condition than in the name-only condition (direct effect) - Relative comprehension-based regulation accuracy is higher in the diagram-only condition than in the name-only condition (direct effect)
• Relative to random choice, a metacognitive judgment of remembering boosted recall while a judgment of forgetting was associated with a memory cost - Relative to random choice, a metacognitive judgment of remembering boosted recall while a judgment of forgetting was associated with a memory cost
• Relative to traditional PBL, the AI-IVE-PBL model improves vocational students' design ability and creative ability - Relative to traditional PBL, the AI-IVE-PBL model improves vocational students' design ability and creative ability
• Relative weights analysis identifies behavioral engagement for achievement, agentic for social support, and emotional for motivation and well-being - Relative weights analysis identifies behavioral engagement for achievement, agentic for social support, and emotional for motivation and well-being
• Relative-Hards Solved Complex, a log measure of using complex code on personally difficult levels, predicts time spent on an unsolvable challenge task - Relative-Hards Solved Complex, a log measure of using complex code on personally difficult levels, predicts time spent on an unsolvable challenge task
• Relatively guided instructional procedures are more effective than relatively unguided procedures for novice students - Relatively guided instructional procedures are more effective than relatively unguided procedures for novice students
• Relearning dynamics depend on unlearning strength: agents with 10% unlearning recover within early interaction rounds, while 30% and 50% agents show prolonged low-accuracy plateaus and delayed improvement - Relearning dynamics depend on unlearning strength: agents with 10% unlearning recover within early interaction rounds, while 30% and 50% agents show prolonged low-accuracy plateaus and delayed improve
• Relearning-to-criterion designs confound distribution of practice with amount of second-session practice - Relearning-to-criterion designs confound distribution of practice with amount of second-session practice
• Relevance instructions and guiding questions both improve pre-service teachers' first-order knowledge integration in a reading- and writing-based learning setting with three domain-specific texts - Relevance instructions and guiding questions both improve pre-service teachers' first-order knowledge integration in a reading- and writing-based learning setting with three domain-specific texts
• Relevancy of emphasized text directs attention and influences test performance
• Reliability estimates of cognitive load questionnaires did not differ between educational settings, instructional domains, presentation modes, or number of scale points - Reliability estimates of cognitive load questionnaires did not differ between educational settings, instructional domains, presentation modes, or number of scale points
• Reliability estimates vary by region and instrument, with ARS showing α/ω = 0.90 and ABS α/ω = 0.82, and the evidence base geographically uneven - Reliability estimates vary by region and instrument, with ARS showing α/ω = 0.90 and ABS α/ω = 0.82, and the evidence base geographically uneven
• Reliability of state test scores is highest near cut-scores or the mean and much lower for very high- or low-performing students - Reliability of state test scores is highest near cut-scores or the mean and much lower for very high- or low-performing students
• Reliable Internet access was a larger barrier to remote and hybrid learning than device access, especially in urban areas - Reliable Internet access was a larger barrier to remote and hybrid learning than device access, especially in urban areas
• Reliance type membership significantly predicts all ten writing-process and outcome variables, supporting criterion validity of the typology - Reliance type membership significantly predicts all ten writing-process and outcome variables, supporting criterion validity of the typology
• Reliance, trust, and dependency are distinct constructs requiring separate measurement from AI-literacy totals - Reliance, trust, and dependency are distinct constructs requiring separate measurement from AI-literacy totals
• Religious prayer reduced pain intensity by 11% and unpleasantness by 26% relative to secular prayer through non-opioid mechanisms - Religious prayer reduced pain intensity by 11% and unpleasantness by 26% relative to secular prayer through non-opioid mechanisms
• Religious private schooling is more strongly associated with positive civic outcomes than secular private schooling, which shows no significant association. - Religious private schooling is more strongly associated with positive civic outcomes than secular private schooling, which shows no significant association.
• Remedial reading programs show effects around 0.49 for struggling readers and 0.54 for more severe difficulties - Remedial reading programs show effects around 0.49 for struggling readers and 0.54 for more severe difficulties
• Remediation combined with long-term reorientation of instruction to children's learning levels fully mitigates the shock and surpasses the no-shock counterfactual by more than a year of learning - Remediation combined with long-term reorientation of instruction to children's learning levels fully mitigates the shock and surpasses the no-shock counterfactual by more than a year of learning
• Remediation requirements are not a primary driver of low college degree completion rates - Remediation requirements are not a primary driver of low college degree completion rates
• REMind did not significantly change children's expectations that defending would help the victim feel better - REMind did not significantly change children's expectations that defending would help the victim feel better
• REMind did not significantly increase measured empathy, but baseline human-directed empathy correlated positively with robot-directed empathy - REMind did not significantly increase measured empathy, but baseline human-directed empathy correlated positively with robot-directed empathy
• Remote and in-person fall 2020 MAP Growth tests show comparable psychometric characteristics and indicators of test quality - Remote and in-person fall 2020 MAP Growth tests show comparable psychometric characteristics and indicators of test quality
• Remote and in-person MAP Growth test scores showed consistent trends for students in grades 3-8 in fall 2020 - Remote and in-person MAP Growth test scores showed consistent trends for students in grades 3-8 in fall 2020
• Remote interventions were being considered as a means to support equity and inclusion during COVID disruptions - Remote interventions were being considered as a means to support equity and inclusion during COVID disruptions
• Remote learning exacerbated pre-pandemic disparities in no-credit grades for low-income students and students of color in grades 4-8, but within-school differences were small - Remote learning exacerbated pre-pandemic disparities in no-credit grades for low-income students and students of color in grades 4-8, but within-school differences were small
• Remote learning implemented during the spring 2020 closures achieved effects similar to no teaching at all during summer vacation - Remote learning implemented during the spring 2020 closures achieved effects similar to no teaching at all during summer vacation
• Remote learning was not associated with increased attrition among Pennsylvania elementary school teachers - Remote learning was not associated with increased attrition among Pennsylvania elementary school teachers
• Remote proctoring is perceived as an effective deterrent against cheating in nursing assessments, with 98–100% of graduate NP students agreeing webcam proctoring and lockdown browsers deterred cheating - Remote proctoring is perceived as an effective deterrent against cheating in nursing assessments, with 98–100% of graduate NP students agreeing webcam proctoring and lockdown browsers deterred cheatin
• Remote proctoring supported assessment continuity and uninterrupted student progression during institutional closures - Remote proctoring supported assessment continuity and uninterrupted student progression during institutional closures
• Removing any ProPRL component reduces F1 on all three datasets, with multi-hop propagation having the largest overall impact - Removing any ProPRL component reduces F1 on all three datasets, with multi-hop propagation having the largest overall impact
• Removing any single modality degrades CF–KG only moderately, with text removal causing the largest drop (NDCG 0.625 to 0.593) - Removing any single modality degrades CF–KG only moderately, with text removal causing the largest drop (NDCG 0.625 to 0.593)
• Removing Criterion 4 would likely increase reclassification rates for ready students, particularly those with disabilities or from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, without harming academic performance - Removing Criterion 4 would likely increase reclassification rates for ready students, particularly those with disabilities or from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, without harming academic performance
• Removing degree requirements and centering skills-based hiring widens employers' talent pools and Black job seekers' access to technology careers - Removing degree requirements and centering skills-based hiring widens employers' talent pools and Black job seekers' access to technology careers
• Removing detailed rubric explanations from prompts improved grading accuracy across all approaches in an ablation study - Removing detailed rubric explanations from prompts improved grading accuracy across all approaches in an ablation study
• Removing disengaged examinees from the sample will likely induce bias in estimates of educational effectiveness - Removing disengaged examinees from the sample will likely induce bias in estimates of educational effectiveness
• Removing explicit mastery information from learner profiles mainly degrades Adaptivity - Removing explicit mastery information from learner profiles mainly degrades Adaptivity
• Removing grid-search initialization of IRT discrimination and difficulty parameters drops scoring performance from QWK 0.747 to 0.705 - Removing grid-search initialization of IRT discrimination and difficulty parameters drops scoring performance from QWK 0.747 to 0.705
• Removing high-scoring students lowered Test 1 and Test 3 correlations contrary to the ease hypothesis - Removing high-scoring students lowered Test 1 and Test 3 correlations contrary to the ease hypothesis
• Removing outliers does not meaningfully change cross-age tutoring meta-analysis results - Removing outliers does not meaningfully change cross-age tutoring meta-analysis results
• Removing retained students' scores raises 1998 ITBS scores in grades three, six, and eight, while adding predicted retained-student scores lowers fourth and seventh grade scores - Removing retained students' scores raises 1998 ITBS scores in grades three, six, and eight, while adding predicted retained-student scores lowers fourth and seventh grade scores
• Removing student major from the input marginally improves TRACE performance, suggesting major is recoverable from course history - Removing student major from the input marginally improves TRACE performance, suggesting major is recoverable from course history
• Removing teacher-in-the-loop review or the curriculum checker significantly lowers teacher satisfaction, and replacing ADDIE orchestration with unstructured prompting yields the lowest satisfaction and longest preparation time - Removing teacher-in-the-loop review or the curriculum checker significantly lowers teacher satisfaction, and replacing ADDIE orchestration with unstructured prompting yields the lowest satisfaction an
• Removing the cognitive load module causes the largest ablation performance drop, while state fusion has a smaller effect - Removing the cognitive load module causes the largest ablation performance drop, while state fusion has a smaller effect
• Removing the DPO objective reduces examination accuracy by 1.11 percentage points and degrades annotated pedagogical quality - Removing the DPO objective reduces examination accuracy by 1.11 percentage points and degrades annotated pedagogical quality
• Removing the engagement contract reduces judged engagement, adaptive scores, readability, and engagement-move counts in pedagogical video generation - Removing the engagement contract reduces judged engagement, adaptive scores, readability, and engagement-move counts in pedagogical video generation
• Removing the sensitive race feature caused little impact on predictive performance at Stage 1 and no significant fairness differences, with mixed fairness effects - Removing the sensitive race feature caused little impact on predictive performance at Stage 1 and no significant fairness differences, with mixed fairness effects
• Renaissance 2010 high schools showed a similar pattern of failing to meet EXPLORE-to-PLAN growth expectations - Renaissance 2010 high schools showed a similar pattern of failing to meet EXPLORE-to-PLAN growth expectations
• Renewable assignments such as student-created quiz questions transcend classroom boundaries and can ameliorate economic injustice - Renewable assignments such as student-created quiz questions transcend classroom boundaries and can ameliorate economic injustice
• Reordering the groups of facts in a lesson did not change which groups boys answered best: recall followed subject matter, not position - Reordering the groups of facts in a lesson did not change which groups boys answered best: recall followed subject matter, not position
• Repeated encouragement and praise causally increased 13- and 14-month-olds' helping of an adult who dropped an object - Repeated encouragement and praise causally increased 13- and 14-month-olds' helping of an adult who dropped an object
• Repeated EQUIP data reports across a semester appeared to change community college instructors' opinions about their instruction - Repeated EQUIP data reports across a semester appeared to change community college instructors' opinions about their instruction
• Repeated listening improves oral reading fluency in second-grade students, with Listening Only outgaining Reading While Listening and Reading Only - Repeated listening improves oral reading fluency in second-grade students, with Listening Only outgaining Reading While Listening and Reading Only
• Repeated measures ANOVA shows significant time-of-testing effect and significant time-by-group interaction on word-problem scores - Repeated measures ANOVA shows significant time-of-testing effect and significant time-by-group interaction on word-problem scores
• Repeated measures of invested mental effort, perceived task difficulty, interest, and self-assessed understanding differ significantly across measurement points within complex learning tasks and are not adequately represented by their mean - Repeated measures of invested mental effort, perceived task difficulty, interest, and self-assessed understanding differ significantly across measurement points within complex learning tasks and are n
• Repeated negative alerts for one student prompted the teacher to revisit her and shift from explanation to inquiry, and reorganization of her engagement occurred only after this second intervention - Repeated negative alerts for one student prompted the teacher to revisit her and shift from explanation to inquiry, and reorganization of her engagement occurred only after this second intervention
• Repeated opportunities to apply tutor moves did not by themselves improve execution: opportunity count, lesson completion, and their interaction showed no significant effects on successful execution - Repeated opportunities to apply tutor moves did not by themselves improve execution: opportunity count, lesson completion, and their interaction showed no significant effects on successful execution
• Repeated practice and blended learning showed no advantage in RCR course effectiveness, failing to replicate prior review findings - Repeated practice and blended learning showed no advantage in RCR course effectiveness, failing to replicate prior review findings
• Repeated rapid guessing across several tests is strongly associated with students' academic self-efficacy and self-management scores - Repeated rapid guessing across several tests is strongly associated with students' academic self-efficacy and self-management scores
• Repeated reading has potentially positive effects on reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities, with a small extent of evidence - Repeated reading has potentially positive effects on reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities, with a small extent of evidence
• Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on alphabetics for students with learning disabilities - Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on alphabetics for students with learning disabilities
• Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on general reading achievement for students with learning disabilities - Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on general reading achievement for students with learning disabilities
• Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on reading fluency for students with learning disabilities - Repeated reading shows no discernible effects on reading fluency for students with learning disabilities
• Repeated Reasoning (SMP 8) benchmark levels improved linearly across all three time points (d ≈ 0.77) with no significant quadratic trend - Repeated Reasoning (SMP 8) benchmark levels improved linearly across all three time points (d ≈ 0.77) with no significant quadratic trend
• Repeated reflective prompts may habituate, so scaffolding can replace rather than strengthen the user's own metacognitive habits - Repeated reflective prompts may habituate, so scaffolding can replace rather than strengthen the user's own metacognitive habits
• Repeated retrieval practice alters the rate at which learned items are forgotten, according to learn-to-criterion studies and forgetting-curve analyses the chapter reviews - Repeated retrieval practice alters the rate at which learned items are forgotten, according to learn-to-criterion studies and forgetting-curve analyses the chapter reviews
• Repeated study–test practice reduces the foresight bias for backward pairs, with the illusion of competence disappearing by the fourth presentation - Repeated study–test practice reduces the foresight bias for backward pairs, with the illusion of competence disappearing by the fourth presentation
• Repeated subject-level split experiments confirm that validation-level fairness improvements from MAE-gap regularization do not correspond to consistent generalization to unseen subjects - Repeated subject-level split experiments confirm that validation-level fairness improvements from MAE-gap regularization do not correspond to consistent generalization to unseen subjects
• Repeated successful retrieval during learning predicted final recall in both experiments - Repeated successful retrieval during learning predicted final recall in both experiments
• Repeated test-restudy trials produced higher final cued recall than study-only or single test-restudy controls across both experiments - Repeated test-restudy trials produced higher final cued recall than study-only or single test-restudy controls across both experiments
• Repeated training substantially reduces the proportion of biased responders and increases improved and correct responders at the individual level - Repeated training substantially reduces the proportion of biased responders and increases improved and correct responders at the individual level
• Repeatedly recalling a text without feedback or rereading produces the best one-week retention, while repeated studying leads on a final test at the end of the session - Repeatedly recalling a text without feedback or rereading produces the best one-week retention, while repeated studying leads on a final test at the end of the session
• Repeating one short lesson six times with small groups gave the mentee repeated opportunities to review and modify her classroom management strategies and build confidence - Repeating one short lesson six times with small groups gave the mentee repeated opportunities to review and modify her classroom management strategies and build confidence
• Repetitivist group included significantly more lower-grade students while Multifunctionist group included more upper-grade students - Repetitivist group included significantly more lower-grade students while Multifunctionist group included more upper-grade students
• Replacing context-specific terms with syntactic descriptors and entity categories allows NLP rules for argumentation-component segmentation that are less context dependent - Replacing context-specific terms with syntactic descriptors and entity categories allows NLP rules for argumentation-component segmentation that are less context dependent
• Replacing evolutionary experts with random-path experts collapses performance, and greedy 1-step lookahead reaches only +0.155 EP on ASSIST15 L=10 - Replacing evolutionary experts with random-path experts collapses performance, and greedy 1-step lookahead reaches only +0.155 EP on ASSIST15 L=10
• Replacing existing teaching with video produces small improvements in student learning in higher education (g = 0.28) - Replacing existing teaching with video produces small improvements in student learning in higher education (g = 0.28)
• Replacing natural books with synthetic textbooks improves the 28-benchmark mean by +1.09, with gains spanning all four categories - Replacing natural books with synthetic textbooks improves the 28-benchmark mean by +1.09, with gains spanning all four categories
• Report Out performance showed a significant instructor-by-scaffolding-level interaction, with Mrs. Lewis's students significantly outperforming Mr. Green's at Medium and Low material support but not at High - Report Out performance showed a significant instructor-by-scaffolding-level interaction, with Mrs.
• Reported benefits of AI integration were efficiency, personalization, and engagement, while challenges were equity, ethics, and academic integrity - Reported benefits of AI integration were efficiency, personalization, and engagement, while challenges were equity, ethics, and academic integrity
• Reported benefits of Pepper centre on motivation and engagement, with social-skill and academic-performance gains reported less frequently - Reported benefits of Pepper centre on motivation and engagement, with social-skill and academic-performance gains reported less frequently
• Reported benefits of physical activity programs on executive functions depend on program duration and the executive domain analyzed - Reported benefits of physical activity programs on executive functions depend on program duration and the executive domain analyzed
• Reported cognitive load was lowest in the mirroring condition (5.4), compared with no dashboard (5.6) and guiding (6.2) - Reported cognitive load was lowest in the mirroring condition (5.4), compared with no dashboard (5.6) and guiding (6.2)
• Reported limitation profiles differ by automation method, with prompt sensitivity especially frequent in LLM papers - Reported limitation profiles differ by automation method, with prompt sensitivity especially frequent in LLM papers
• Reported limitations of AR enhanced analytics include cognitive overload from immersive environments, technological constraints, usability challenges, and inconsistent measurement approaches - Reported limitations of AR enhanced analytics include cognitive overload from immersive environments, technological constraints, usability challenges, and inconsistent measurement approaches
• Reported outcomes of AI-supported university physics education are mixed and context-dependent, and the evidence does not support a conclusion that AI is uniformly effective - Reported outcomes of AI-supported university physics education are mixed and context-dependent, and the evidence does not support a conclusion that AI is uniformly effective
• Reported planner scores interact with episode: high planners plan more at the start and less at the end of task execution - Reported planner scores interact with episode: high planners plan more at the start and less at the end of task execution
• Reported prior exposure to machine-read instructional material rose from 44.5% to 69.9% between sessions, an effect of the study itself rather than a baseline difference - Reported prior exposure to machine-read instructional material rose from 44.5% to 69.9% between sessions, an effect of the study itself rather than a baseline difference
• Reported reviser scores interact with episode for reading the assignment, with the effect reversing from episode 2 onwards - Reported reviser scores interact with episode for reading the assignment, with the effect reversing from episode 2 onwards
• Reported strengths of arts-based methods include participant-driven engagement, personal, institutional and audience transformation, and richer data than traditional interviews, but few studies evaluated these outcomes - Reported strengths of arts-based methods include participant-driven engagement, personal, institutional and audience transformation, and richer data than traditional interviews, but few studies evalua
• Reported teacher self-efficacy for teaching autistic children differs across countries, with relatively high levels in Ireland and the opposite conclusion for German teachers - Reported teacher self-efficacy for teaching autistic children differs across countries, with relatively high levels in Ireland and the opposite conclusion for German teachers
• Reporting quality was highest for data collection (84.2% high ratings) and data analysis (80.7%), and lowest for mixed methods study design (47.4%), aims and purposes (52.6%), and elements of writing (54.4%) - Reporting quality was highest for data collection (84.2% high ratings) and data analysis (80.7%), and lowest for mixed methods study design (47.4%), aims and purposes (52.6%), and elements of writing
• Reporting the number of points possible for each metric led to better understanding of how the STAR score is calculated - Reporting the number of points possible for each metric led to better understanding of how the STAR score is calculated
• Reports of children's noncognitive skills from children, guardians, and teachers are correlated with each other - Reports of children's noncognitive skills from children, guardians, and teachers are correlated with each other
• Representation gaps are nontrivial for all models, and code-based interaction can amplify representational specialization rather than stabilizing performance - Representation gaps are nontrivial for all models, and code-based interaction can amplify representational specialization rather than stabilizing performance
• Representation in the sub-discipline relates to belonging: women of color in pSTEM report belonging less frequently than white men - Representation in the sub-discipline relates to belonging: women of color in pSTEM report belonging less frequently than white men
• Representation-alignment tension between expert externalization and novice comprehension - Representation-alignment tension between expert externalization and novice comprehension
• Representational format produced no significant differences in conceptual or situational knowledge - Representational format produced no significant differences in conceptual or situational knowledge
• Representational pictures enhance test-taker enjoyment, response certainty, and reduce rapid-guessing behaviour - Representational pictures enhance test-taker enjoyment, response certainty, and reduce rapid-guessing behaviour
• Representational pictures relate to better word problem-solving performance only with relatively simple tasks, with the largest effects for first-position-of-the-unknown problems - Representational pictures relate to better word problem-solving performance only with relatively simple tasks, with the largest effects for first-position-of-the-unknown problems
• Representational pictures show consistently null effects for word problems with demanding characteristics such as rational numbers, probabilistic reasoning, or realistic considerations - Representational pictures show consistently null effects for word problems with demanding characteristics such as rational numbers, probabilistic reasoning, or realistic considerations
• Representational pictures tend to increase test performance compared to text-only items - Representational pictures tend to increase test performance compared to text-only items
• Representational similarity analysis shows identity judgments are organised around subjective impressions, orthogonal to diagnostic cue structure - Representational similarity analysis shows identity judgments are organised around subjective impressions, orthogonal to diagnostic cue structure
• Representative gridworld teaching tools lack live Bellman substitution, decision-provenance logging, and full trace export - Representative gridworld teaching tools lack live Bellman substitution, decision-provenance logging, and full trace export
• Reproducibility of code in questions involves nuanced community formatting expectations, not merely technical correctness - Reproducibility of code in questions involves nuanced community formatting expectations, not merely technical correctness
• Reproductive health shows the highest coverage gap (82.1% absence) and the highest judge-rated significance among divergent pairs (86%), making it a priority content area - Reproductive health shows the highest coverage gap (82.1% absence) and the highest judge-rated significance among divergent pairs (86%), making it a priority content area
• Required CS credits and math credits do not differ significantly across women-representation groups - Required CS credits and math credits do not differ significantly across women-representation groups
• Requiring all students to take college-prep ninth-grade courses did not increase dropout or reduce graduation, including for low-ability students - Requiring all students to take college-prep ninth-grade courses did not increase dropout or reduce graduation, including for low-ability students
• Requiring an admissions portfolio coincided with a large drop in BBA applications, consistent with filtering for intentional applicants, with volumes recovering after outreach - Requiring an admissions portfolio coincided with a large drop in BBA applications, consistent with filtering for intentional applicants, with volumes recovering after outreach
• Requiring masks measurably reduces infection spread in schools, according to simulation models of school operating strategies - Requiring masks measurably reduces infection spread in schools, according to simulation models of school operating strategies
• Requiring overt retrieval eliminates the metacognitive calibration advantage of paired flashcard learning - Requiring overt retrieval eliminates the metacognitive calibration advantage of paired flashcard learning
• Requiring students to write out evaluation steps manually improved transfer to pen-and-paper exam performance between the two deployments - Requiring students to write out evaluation steps manually improved transfer to pen-and-paper exam performance between the two deployments
• Rereading Is A Low Utility Study Strategy
• Rereading is less effective than retrieval practice
• Rereading raises judgements of learning after each reading while multiple text reading raises them only after the second reading (significant interaction, ηp2 = 0.07) - Rereading raises judgements of learning after each reading while multiple text reading raises them only after the second reading (significant interaction, ηp2 = 0.07)
• Rereading significantly improves metacomprehension monitoring accuracy relative to reading once (Experiment 1) - Rereading significantly improves metacomprehension monitoring accuracy relative to reading once (Experiment 1)
• Rescoring with new item parameters changed average ability estimates negligibly, with new and original scores correlated above 0.99 - Rescoring with new item parameters changed average ability estimates negligibly, with new and original scores correlated above 0.99
• Research across many countries persistently shows that teachers, including new graduates, experience working with diverse learners as challenging and complex - Research across many countries persistently shows that teachers, including new graduates, experience working with diverse learners as challenging and complex
• Research agenda flags that practical concerns may dominate design-team discussion and hinder teacher learning, and that external priorities need further inquiry - Research agenda flags that practical concerns may dominate design-team discussion and hinder teacher learning, and that external priorities need further inquiry
• Research by others indicates pairing teachers and students of the same race significantly increases reading and math achievement of Black and White students and raises high school completion probability - Research by others indicates pairing teachers and students of the same race significantly increases reading and math achievement of Black and White students and raises high school completion probabili
• Research findings show that various types of learning benefit from spaced study, with demonstrations of these benefits in educational settings - Research findings show that various types of learning benefit from spaced study, with demonstrations of these benefits in educational settings
• Research has not yet identified blended learning implementation strategies that increase the likelihood of positive effects on students - Research has not yet identified blended learning implementation strategies that increase the likelihood of positive effects on students
• Research identifies critical components of successful place-based systems change in education - Research identifies critical components of successful place-based systems change in education
• Research in language classes suggested cooperative learning was better than whole-class instruction for language skills and produced more student turns than teacher-centered classes - Research in language classes suggested cooperative learning was better than whole-class instruction for language skills and produced more student turns than teacher-centered classes
• Research on AI support for EL literacy remains limited, narrow in scope, and lacking for diverse EL subgroups - Research on AI support for EL literacy remains limited, narrow in scope, and lacking for diverse EL subgroups
• Research on clinical supervision's effectiveness is inconclusive, partly because practice is diluted and tied to evaluation - Research on clinical supervision's effectiveness is inconclusive, partly because practice is diluted and tied to evaluation
• Research on collaboration scripts should treat learners' internal collaboration scripts as a determinant of collaboration behavior - Research on collaboration scripts should treat learners' internal collaboration scripts as a determinant of collaboration behavior
• Research on family-implemented literacy interventions for school-aged children is sparse and concentrated in early elementary grades, with no studies of older children meeting inclusion criteria - Research on family-implemented literacy interventions for school-aged children is sparse and concentrated in early elementary grades, with no studies of older children meeting inclusion criteria
• Research on five of six teacher-identified concerns increased between AERA's 2005–2014 and 2022–2025 conference eras, led by mental health (+670%) and technology/AI (+145%) - Research on five of six teacher-identified concerns increased between AERA's 2005–2014 and 2022–2025 conference eras, led by mental health (+670%) and technology/AI (+145%)
• Research on generative AI in secondary STEM education is concentrated in the Global North, with 73% of affiliations and the United States accounting for 30% of publications - Research on generative AI in secondary STEM education is concentrated in the Global North, with 73% of affiliations and the United States accounting for 30% of publications
• Research on gifted underachievement focuses mainly on individual factors, with structural school-related factors under-researched - Research on gifted underachievement focuses mainly on individual factors, with structural school-related factors under-researched
• Research on K-12 intertextual integration is dominated by secondary-level samples, essay tasks, and informational socioscientific document sets - Research on K-12 intertextual integration is dominated by secondary-level samples, essay tasks, and informational socioscientific document sets
• Research on learners' proactive recipience of feedback is concentrated in Higher Education and relies mainly on self-report surveys rather than behavioral measures - Research on learners' proactive recipience of feedback is concentrated in Higher Education and relies mainly on self-report surveys rather than behavioral measures
• Research on minority group testing has focused on test bias, linguistic minorities, and culture-fair tests, rarely on alternative symbolic forms - Research on minority group testing has focused on test bias, linguistic minorities, and culture-fair tests, rarely on alternative symbolic forms
• Research on PBL covers flexible knowledge, problem-solving, and SDL skills but little on collaboration and motivation - Research on PBL covers flexible knowledge, problem-solving, and SDL skills but little on collaboration and motivation
• Research on school finance reforms finds increased spending improves educational and life outcomes, with larger effects for students from low-income backgrounds, including causal evidence from California's Local Control Funding Formula - Research on school finance reforms finds increased spending improves educational and life outcomes, with larger effects for students from low-income backgrounds, including causal evidence from Califor
• Research on seasonal learning and summer learning loss offers insights into the potential achievement impacts of COVID-19 school closures - Research on seasonal learning and summer learning loss offers insights into the potential achievement impacts of COVID-19 school closures
• Research on SECs and engagement is unevenly distributed across the five CASEL domains, concentrating on self-management, self-awareness and relationship skills - Research on SECs and engagement is unevenly distributed across the five CASEL domains, concentrating on self-management, self-awareness and relationship skills
• Research on SRO effectiveness does not address whether their presence deters mass shootings, though schools with police are more likely to have emergency plans and regular safety checks - Research on SRO effectiveness does not address whether their presence deters mass shootings, though schools with police are more likely to have emergency plans and regular safety checks
• Research on summer programs addresses their implementation, design, and efficacy for literacy, math, and social-emotional learning outcomes - Research on summer programs addresses their implementation, design, and efficacy for literacy, math, and social-emotional learning outcomes
• Research on supports teachers need to teach about complex systems has been sparse despite 15 years of tools-and-theories work - Research on supports teachers need to teach about complex systems has been sparse despite 15 years of tools-and-theories work
• Research on teachers' SRL knowledge is methodologically dominated by cross-sectional quantitative designs with non-standardized measures - Research on teachers' SRL knowledge is methodologically dominated by cross-sectional quantitative designs with non-standardized measures
• Research on transdisciplinary sustainability learning disproportionately examines students, with educational staff and societal partners underrepresented - Research on transdisciplinary sustainability learning disproportionately examines students, with educational staff and societal partners underrepresented
• Research on value education in India reports that lecturing on values does not transact values effectively to children - Research on value education in India reports that lecturing on values does not transact values effectively to children
• Research project supervision styles can be differentiated by degree of supervisory control and degree of support, yielding five distinct styles - Research project supervision styles can be differentiated by degree of supervisory control and degree of support, yielding five distinct styles
• Research quality and outcome durability were highest when coaching targeted fidelity of specific academic tasks rather than teacher-specific behaviors - Research quality and outcome durability were highest when coaching targeted fidelity of specific academic tasks rather than teacher-specific behaviors
• Research questions are rarely conceived in partnership with practitioners, which undermines research impact on educational decision making - Research questions are rarely conceived in partnership with practitioners, which undermines research impact on educational decision making
• Research specialisation relates positively to female academics' productivity, but productivity growth favours male academics by mid-career - Research specialisation relates positively to female academics' productivity, but productivity growth favours male academics by mid-career
• Research suggests that using culturally responsive and sustaining education practices in mathematics can enhance learning and academic success - Research suggests that using culturally responsive and sustaining education practices in mathematics can enhance learning and academic success
• Research-driven guidelines exist for promoting student responsibility for learning in PBL - Research-driven guidelines exist for promoting student responsibility for learning in PBL
• Research-led creativity training for teachers enhances children's divergent thinking and moves teachers' conceptions closer to researchers' definitions - Research-led creativity training for teachers enhances children's divergent thinking and moves teachers' conceptions closer to researchers' definitions
• Research-question responses score higher Answer Relevancy (0.87) than follow-ups (0.72), while Faithfulness, Context Relevance and Response Groundedness are lower - Research-question responses score higher Answer Relevancy (0.87) than follow-ups (0.72), while Faithfulness, Context Relevance and Response Groundedness are lower
• Researcher-designed decoding tests yielded larger effect sizes than standardized tests in studies of phonics instruction for students with intellectual disability - Researcher-designed decoding tests yielded larger effect sizes than standardized tests in studies of phonics instruction for students with intellectual disability
• Researchers adopt arts-based methods in community-based inquiry to challenge language-oriented methods, reduce power imbalances, give voice to vulnerable participants, engage hard-to-verbalize issues, motivate participation, and reach wider audiences - Researchers adopt arts-based methods in community-based inquiry to challenge language-oriented methods, reduce power imbalances, give voice to vulnerable participants, engage hard-to-verbalize issues,
• Researchers argue that the teacher shortage in poor school districts may stem more from retaining teachers than from attracting them - Researchers argue that the teacher shortage in poor school districts may stem more from retaining teachers than from attracting them
• Researchers disagree substantially in their recall of previous collaborations with workshop peers - Researchers disagree substantially in their recall of previous collaborations with workshop peers
• Researchers overwhelmingly endorse Mertonian norms for science but perceive that other researchers act on counternorms - Researchers overwhelmingly endorse Mertonian norms for science but perceive that other researchers act on counternorms
• Residencies prepare teachers for high-need subjects and schools, with most NCTR-network graduates hired in shortage fields and Title I schools - Residencies prepare teachers for high-need subjects and schools, with most NCTR-network graduates hired in shortage fields and Title I schools
• Residencies recruit a more diverse teacher workforce than typical entry pathways - Residencies recruit a more diverse teacher workforce than typical entry pathways
• Residency completers report more intensive clinical experiences with higher support and are more likely to pass teaching performance assessments on their first attempt - Residency completers report more intensive clinical experiences with higher support and are more likely to pass teaching performance assessments on their first attempt
• Residency graduates report strongly positive perceptions of their preparation, and principals tend to perceive them as more effective than other novice teachers - Residency graduates report strongly positive perceptions of their preparation, and principals tend to perceive them as more effective than other novice teachers
• Residency graduates show high retention rates of roughly 80-90% after three years and 70-80% after five years - Residency graduates show high retention rates of roughly 80-90% after three years and 70-80% after five years
• Residency-completer principals remained in CPS at similar rates as other principals, with no evidence of differential exit or transfer - Residency-completer principals remained in CPS at similar rates as other principals, with no evidence of differential exit or transfer
• Residency-prepared teachers remain in teaching and in their districts at higher rates than other novice teachers, typically 80–95% after 3 years - Residency-prepared teachers remain in teaching and in their districts at higher rates than other novice teachers, typically 80–95% after 3 years
• Residency-trained principals raised math and reading test scores more than non-residency new principals in their first two years - Residency-trained principals raised math and reading test scores more than non-residency new principals in their first two years
• Residential mobility explains 55-61 percent of the school-year race gap in mobility, school average achievement an additional 16 percent, and access to school choice options increasingly explains the summer gap - Residential mobility explains 55-61 percent of the school-year race gap in mobility, school average achievement an additional 16 percent, and access to school choice options increasingly explains the
• Residents pass TPAs on their first attempt at higher rates than student teachers or interns in the linked subsample - Residents pass TPAs on their first attempt at higher rates than student teachers or interns in the linked subsample
• Residents reported more intensive clinical experiences than other pathways, with 66% completing at least 600 hours of student teaching versus 51% of traditional student teachers - Residents reported more intensive clinical experiences than other pathways, with 66% completing at least 600 hours of student teaching versus 51% of traditional student teachers
• Residual (non-shared) student-level perceptions of instructional quality are positively related to individual student self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation - Residual (non-shared) student-level perceptions of instructional quality are positively related to individual student self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation
• Residual analysis of perception themes showed DD students more likely to report Engaged Understanding and less likely to report Overload/Frustration, though chi-square tests were not significant - Residual analysis of perception themes showed DD students more likely to report Engaged Understanding and less likely to report Overload/Frustration, though chi-square tests were not significant
• Residual correction is essential: removing it while retaining LDP yields MAE worse than the single-LLM baseline across all datasets - Residual correction is essential: removing it while retaining LDP yields MAE worse than the single-LLM baseline across all datasets
• Residual covariances were specified between specific item pairs in the Study 1 measurement-invariance test of the TBS-S across difficult and easy test parts - Residual covariances were specified between specific item pairs in the Study 1 measurement-invariance test of the TBS-S across difficult and easy test parts
• Resilience should be conceptualized as a process rather than an outcome of development, with environmental factors playing an essential role alongside individual risk and resilience factors (Parrila's discussion, as reported by the editors) - Resilience should be conceptualized as a process rather than an outcome of development, with environmental factors playing an essential role alongside individual risk and resilience factors (Parrila's
• Resistance messages in asynchronous discussions elicit most messages with perspectival understanding - Resistance messages in asynchronous discussions elicit most messages with perspectival understanding
• Resolution metrics are smaller in 2AFC than in free-response testing despite presumably equal knowledge - Resolution metrics are smaller in 2AFC than in free-response testing despite presumably equal knowledge
• Resolution of JOLs increases across study–test cycles, improving between Cycles 1 and 2 but not from Cycle 2 to Cycle 3 - Resolution of JOLs increases across study–test cycles, improving between Cycles 1 and 2 but not from Cycle 2 to Cycle 3
• Resource constraints can sharpen scientific thinking, and evaluating achievement without accounting for available resources risks undervaluing under-resourced researchers - Resource constraints can sharpen scientific thinking, and evaluating achievement without accounting for available resources risks undervaluing under-resourced researchers
• Resource limitations from the redesigned policy are felt at the program, district, and principal candidate levels - Resource limitations from the redesigned policy are felt at the program, district, and principal candidate levels
• Resource mismatch, missing incentives, and discontinuous post-training support constrain the sustainability of training transfer - Resource mismatch, missing incentives, and discontinuous post-training support constrain the sustainability of training transfer
• Resource scarcity and large class sizes limit individualized pronunciation feedback in Bangladeshi classrooms - Resource scarcity and large class sizes limit individualized pronunciation feedback in Bangladeshi classrooms
• Respect for diversity perceptions also varied by staff role, with prevention staff polarized and resource officers and counselors lower - Respect for diversity perceptions also varied by staff role, with prevention staff polarized and resource officers and counselors lower
• Respondent feedback prompted a revised ten-level LoA scale splitting non-use and adding a replacement level, plus a more cyclic adoption model - Respondent feedback prompted a revised ten-level LoA scale splitting non-use and adding a replacement level, plus a more cyclic adoption model
• Respondents anticipated using LLMs most often (23%), followed by NLP (17%), predictive AI (14%), chatbots (13%), and ASR (10%) - Respondents anticipated using LLMs most often (23%), followed by NLP (17%), predictive AI (14%), chatbots (13%), and ASR (10%)
• Respondents from eligible-but-unfunded LEAs often held misconceptions about Title VII, particularly its eligibility requirements - Respondents from eligible-but-unfunded LEAs often held misconceptions about Title VII, particularly its eligibility requirements
• Respondents identified algorithmic bias (31.9%), data privacy (27.5%), and technical reliability (27.5%) as the primary risks of AI in education - Respondents identified algorithmic bias (31.9%), data privacy (27.5%), and technical reliability (27.5%) as the primary risks of AI in education
• Respondents identified five main areas of benefit from the redesigned principal preparation policy, including more rigorous selection and a more extensive competency-based internship - Respondents identified five main areas of benefit from the redesigned principal preparation policy, including more rigorous selection and a more extensive competency-based internship
• Respondents in two of nine rural SIG schools saw transportation costs and catchment size as making it best to increase learning time within the existing schedule rather than extend the school day - Respondents in two of nine rural SIG schools saw transportation costs and catchment size as making it best to increase learning time within the existing schedule rather than extend the school day
• Respondents overestimate apathy in their field: for most ethical issues, students' own concern exceeds the concern they perceive among CS peers - Respondents overestimate apathy in their field: for most ethical issues, students' own concern exceeds the concern they perceive among CS peers
• Respondents proposed testing and monitoring (61.9%) and human involvement (22.7%) as leading mitigations for algorithmic bias - Respondents proposed testing and monitoring (61.9%) and human involvement (22.7%) as leading mitigations for algorithmic bias
• Respondents viewed local foundations, businesses, and community groups as promoting cross-sector collaboration, while competition, political divisions, and teachers' unions may hinder it - Respondents viewed local foundations, businesses, and community groups as promoting cross-sector collaboration, while competition, political divisions, and teachers' unions may hinder it
• Response acceleration is heterogeneous by ability: lower ability estimates are associated with larger increases in acceleration - Response acceleration is heterogeneous by ability: lower ability estimates are associated with larger increases in acceleration
• Response acceleration occurs in adaptive testing: response time is reduced for responses occurring later in the assessment - Response acceleration occurs in adaptive testing: response time is reduced for responses occurring later in the assessment
• Response congruency, elaborated retrieval practice, and initial test performance strongly influence the likelihood of positive transfer - Response congruency, elaborated retrieval practice, and initial test performance strongly influence the likelihood of positive transfer
• Response format (overt vs. covert retrieval) did not affect final cued recall in spaced retrieval practice, and list structure (blocked vs. random; proportion of overt trials) did not moderate the effect. - Response format (overt vs.
• Response inhibition shows a small negative association with reading fluency (r = −.15) in a single study - Response inhibition shows a small negative association with reading fluency (r = −.15) in a single study
• Response inhibition shows small to moderate associations with listening comprehension (r = .16 to .42), based on only two studies - Response inhibition shows small to moderate associations with listening comprehension (r = .16 to .42), based on only two studies
• Response length is only weakly correlated with originality for most LLMs, suggesting CPIG's originality gains are not purely elaboration - Response length is only weakly correlated with originality for most LLMs, suggesting CPIG's originality gains are not purely elaboration
• Response time declined across dashboard trials in all conditions, with no statistically significant difference between mirroring, alerting, and advising conditions - Response time declined across dashboard trials in all conditions, with no statistically significant difference between mirroring, alerting, and advising conditions
• Response times in number comparison show group, notation, and ratio main effects, with a larger ratio effect for dot arrays than Arabic numerals - Response times in number comparison show group, notation, and ratio main effects, with a larger ratio effect for dot arrays than Arabic numerals
• Response-format reliability is a distinct evaluation concern, with invalid response rates varying independently of model scale - Response-format reliability is a distinct evaluation concern, with invalid response rates varying independently of model scale
• Response-incompatible flanking noise letters impair target reaction time significantly more than response-compatible noise in a nonsearch task - Response-incompatible flanking noise letters impair target reaction time significantly more than response-compatible noise in a nonsearch task
• Response-time effects are limited to slower responding in the JOL condition during the first two training blocks - Response-time effects are limited to slower responding in the JOL condition during the first two training blocks
• Response-time propensities show moderate to strong within-student stability across practice session slices - Response-time propensities show moderate to strong within-student stability across practice session slices
• Response-time reductions lead to lower accuracy relative to expectation for lower ability students - Response-time reductions lead to lower accuracy relative to expectation for lower ability students
• Response-time threshold-setting methods for detecting noneffortful item responses were compared using reading scores from over 728,923 US students in 2,056 schools - Response-time threshold-setting methods for detecting noneffortful item responses were compared using reading scores from over 728,923 US students in 2,056 schools
• Responses classified as sound understanding on open-ended condensation items rose after the intervention and were still above pre-test levels at delayed post-test - Responses classified as sound understanding on open-ended condensation items rose after the intervention and were still above pre-test levels at delayed post-test
• Responses used in effort-moderated scoring can sometimes reflect less-than-full, or partial, engagement, making E-M scores less trustworthy - Responses used in effort-moderated scoring can sometimes reflect less-than-full, or partial, engagement, making E-M scores less trustworthy
• Responsible AI use and student agency are mutually reinforcing capacities - Responsible AI use and student agency are mutually reinforcing capacities
• Responsible-DKT outperforms a neural-symbolic baseline without knowledge injection and a fully data-driven PyTorch DKT in predictive accuracy across training ratios and sequence lengths - Responsible-DKT outperforms a neural-symbolic baseline without knowledge injection and a fully data-driven PyTorch DKT in predictive accuracy across training ratios and sequence lengths
• Responsiveness and helpfulness trade off: always-answer adapters score lowest on helpfulness while withholding adapters score highest - Responsiveness and helpfulness trade off: always-answer adapters score lowest on helpfulness while withholding adapters score highest
• Restorative practices outcomes follow a slow trajectory: quick low-level successes after training, high-level success in three to five years or more - Restorative practices outcomes follow a slow trajectory: quick low-level successes after training, high-level success in three to five years or more
• Restorative practices reduce exclusionary discipline and misbehavior and improve school climate, safety, and achievement, though implementation requires sustained investment - Restorative practices reduce exclusionary discipline and misbehavior and improve school climate, safety, and achievement, though implementation requires sustained investment
• Restorying supports Black girls' identification of and resistance to dominant narratives in computing
• Restricted item pools show higher item use rates than all-grade pools, and use rates drop sharply for off-grade simulees - Restricted item pools show higher item use rates than all-grade pools, and use rates drop sharply for off-grade simulees
• Restrictive digital-use policies may reduce short-term exposure while doing less to build long-term self-regulatory capacity - Restrictive digital-use policies may reduce short-term exposure while doing less to build long-term self-regulatory capacity
• Restudy of an evidence summary alone produces no measurable skill improvement between simulator attempts - Restudy of an evidence summary alone produces no measurable skill improvement between simulator attempts
• Restudy of worked examples invested much less mental effort than testing after four examples, but this difference was not replicated with vocational students - Restudy of worked examples invested much less mental effort than testing after four examples, but this difference was not replicated with vocational students
• Results are not fully in line with current theories on the representation of orthographic knowledge - Results are not fully in line with current theories on the representation of orthographic knowledge
• Results provide no support for the IQ-achievement discrepancy model of dyslexia; non-verbal IQ correlated with all Year-1 language measures - Results provide no support for the IQ-achievement discrepancy model of dyslexia; non-verbal IQ correlated with all Year-1 language measures
• Retained monitoring units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in think-aloud speech than in interaction logs (66.7% vs 41.3%) - Retained monitoring units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in think-aloud speech than in interaction logs (66.7% vs 41.3%)
• Retained planning units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in think-aloud speech than in interaction logs (59.4% vs 49.5%) - Retained planning units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in think-aloud speech than in interaction logs (59.4% vs 49.5%)
• Retained regulation units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in interaction logs than in think-aloud speech (69.3% vs 55.3%) - Retained regulation units showed a higher combined strategic-plus-reflective share in interaction logs than in think-aloud speech (69.3% vs 55.3%)
• Retained sixth graders had lower achievement growth than promoted low-achieving counterparts - Retained sixth graders had lower achievement growth than promoted low-achieving counterparts
• Retained students made up 15 percent of tested third graders, 10 percent of sixth graders, and 4.6 percent of eighth graders in 1998 - Retained students made up 15 percent of tested third graders, 10 percent of sixth graders, and 4.6 percent of eighth graders in 1998
• Retained students showed smaller three-year achievement gains than previously socially promoted students, though Rasch adjustment erased the gap for once-retained third graders - Retained students showed smaller three-year achievement gains than previously socially promoted students, though Rasch adjustment erased the gap for once-retained third graders
• Retained students struggled in their second time through the promotional policy, with only about half meeting cutoffs and eighth graders doing worst - Retained students struggled in their second time through the promotional policy, with only about half meeting cutoffs and eighth graders doing worst
• Retained third and sixth graders were placed in special education at about three times the rate of comparable low-achieving students - Retained third and sixth graders were placed in special education at about three times the rate of comparable low-achieving students
• Retention and delivered instructional minutes did not differ significantly between experimental and control conditions, and completers received well under planned dosage - Retention and delivered instructional minutes did not differ significantly between experimental and control conditions, and completers received well under planned dosage
• Retention at the promotion gate increased the likelihood of dropping out by about 8 percentage points by age 17 and 13 points by age 19 - Retention at the promotion gate increased the likelihood of dropping out by about 8 percentage points by age 17 and 13 points by age 19
• Retention effects are developmentally invariant across students retained in Years 5, 6, 7, and 8, and mostly positive overall - Retention effects are developmentally invariant across students retained in Years 5, 6, 7, and 8, and mostly positive overall
• Retention improves math self-efficacy and reduces math anxiety in the first year, with effects maintained (anxiety showing a positive sleeper effect at Lag 4) - Retention improves math self-efficacy and reduces math anxiety in the first year, with effects maintained (anxiety showing a positive sleeper effect at Lag 4)
• Retention improves perceived positive teacher support, but not perceived parental assistance or peer appreciation of math - Retention improves perceived positive teacher support, but not perceived parental assistance or peer appreciation of math
• Retention in grades 1-5 increases the odds of dropping out of high school rather than graduating, above propensity to be retained - Retention in grades 1-5 increases the odds of dropping out of high school rather than graduating, above propensity to be retained
• Retention interval moderates the testing effect: effects are larger after a day or more than at shorter intervals, where individual studies vary from reliable to null or reversed - Retention interval moderates the testing effect: effects are larger after a day or more than at shorter intervals, where individual studies vary from reliable to null or reversed
• Retention programs interpreted as meeting all three SDT needs show higher persistence and standing - Retention programs interpreted as meeting all three SDT needs show higher persistence and standing
• Retention rates for Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students dropped more steeply between the second and third semesters than for White and Asian students in both cohorts - Retention rates for Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students dropped more steeply between the second and third semesters than for White and Asian students in both cohorts
• Retention substantially improves school grades in the first year (math grades ES = 1.010), with gains maintained in subsequent years - Retention substantially improves school grades in the first year (math grades ES = 1.010), with gains maintained in subsequent years
• Retention trajectories diverged by centre: Centre 1 retained gains at 30 days while Centre 2 showed significant post-to-delayed decay - Retention trajectories diverged by centre: Centre 1 retained gains at 30 days while Centre 2 showed significant post-to-delayed decay
• Retention under Mississippi's test-based promotion policy led to substantial and sustained 6th-grade ELA gains for retained students - Retention under Mississippi's test-based promotion policy led to substantial and sustained 6th-grade ELA gains for retained students
• Retest reliability may be more appropriate than alpha for knowledge tests, but requires a testing interval without learning - Retest reliability may be more appropriate than alpha for knowledge tests, but requires a testing interval without learning
• Retirement accounts for only a small portion of total teacher turnover - Retirement accounts for only a small portion of total teacher turnover
• Retirements and resignations rose in some districts during the pandemic and leaders expect higher retirement rates next year - Retirements and resignations rose in some districts during the pandemic and leaders expect higher retirement rates next year
• Retrained BERT relies on high-impact nouns, verbs, and adjectives for correct predictions, but this reliance is muted on the AF dataset - Retrained BERT relies on high-impact nouns, verbs, and adjectives for correct predictions, but this reliance is muted on the AF dataset
• Retrieval augmentation is essential for on-premise educational QA: a local LLM without retrieval scores below even a TF-IDF baseline - Retrieval augmentation is essential for on-premise educational QA: a local LLM without retrieval scores below even a TF-IDF baseline
• Retrieval augmentation raises path Validity but not the joint Final Pass rate - Retrieval augmentation raises path Validity but not the joint Final Pass rate
• Retrieval before re-presentation (TTST) improves final cued recall of nonsense-syllable/number pairs relative to pure study (Experiment 1) - Retrieval before re-presentation (TTST) improves final cued recall of nonsense-syllable/number pairs relative to pure study (Experiment 1)
• Retrieval context has a sweet spot at Top-K = 10: raising it to 15 did not improve recall but significantly worsened context precision via the distraction issue - Retrieval context has a sweet spot at Top-K = 10: raising it to 15 did not improve recall but significantly worsened context precision via the distraction issue
• Retrieval failure explained only 2 of vector RAG's 11 ungrounded answers; 9 answers retrieved the correct material and were still ungrounded, suggesting chunked context invites fabrication - Retrieval failure explained only 2 of vector RAG's 11 ungrounded answers; 9 answers retrieved the correct material and were still ungrounded, suggesting chunked context invites fabrication
• Retrieval Failure Reduces Benefit
• Retrieval interval length may moderate the testing effect in mathematics: restricting to intervals over one day raises the effect to g = 0.378 (exploratory). - Retrieval interval length may moderate the testing effect in mathematics: restricting to intervals over one day raises the effect to g = 0.378 (exploratory).
• Retrieval is faster and procedural execution more efficient on addition than on multiplication problems, and these operation effects persist across the primary school years - Retrieval is faster and procedural execution more efficient on addition than on multiplication problems, and these operation effects persist across the primary school years
• Retrieval P3 discriminates Same from Different trials only in non-ADHD adolescents, indicating a failure of post-selection prioritization in ADHD - Retrieval P3 discriminates Same from Different trials only in non-ADHD adolescents, indicating a failure of post-selection prioritization in ADHD
• Retrieval practice and spaced retrieval improve achievement and retention by medium amounts, while interleaving helps category learning only for some materials and blocking beats it for words
• Retrieval practice benefits extend to nonverbal visual materials, spatial map learning, and educational texts with different structures - Retrieval practice benefits extend to nonverbal visual materials, spatial map learning, and educational texts with different structures
• Retrieval practice benefits have been observed in children, healthy older adults, and memory-impaired patient groups, not only college students - Retrieval practice benefits have been observed in children, healthy older adults, and memory-impaired patient groups, not only college students
• Retrieval practice benefits learners regardless of trait anxiety level, but higher trait or induced anxiety is associated with smaller testing effects - Retrieval practice benefits learners regardless of trait anxiety level, but higher trait or induced anxiety is associated with smaller testing effects
• Retrieval practice conditions produced significantly higher cognitive load than rereading - Retrieval practice conditions produced significantly higher cognitive load than rereading
• Retrieval practice disrupted within-list order reconstruction of eight-item word lists, just as generation did - Retrieval practice disrupted within-list order reconstruction of eight-item word lists, just as generation did
• Retrieval practice effects are larger at retention intervals greater than 1 day (g = 0.69) than at intervals less than 1 day (g = 0.41) in Rowland's (2014) meta-analysis - Retrieval practice effects are larger at retention intervals greater than 1 day (g = 0.69) than at intervals less than 1 day (g = 0.41) in Rowland's (2014) meta-analysis
• Retrieval practice effects on mediator-cued final tests have been positive, but Coppens et al. (2016) concluded the true effect may be only about 0.10 to 0.20 - Retrieval practice effects on mediator-cued final tests have been positive, but Coppens et al.
• Retrieval practice enhances final-test recollection of contextual details and speeds final retrieval, as shown by list discrimination, response time, and cumulative recall measures - Retrieval practice enhances final-test recollection of contextual details and speeds final retrieval, as shown by list discrimination, response time, and cumulative recall measures
• Retrieval practice enhances learning across domains and the lifespan in applied educational settings - Retrieval practice enhances learning across domains and the lifespan in applied educational settings
• Retrieval practice enhances performance on final inference and transfer questions relative to restudying, although a single-word fill-in-the-blank task did not - Retrieval practice enhances performance on final inference and transfer questions relative to restudying, although a single-word fill-in-the-blank task did not
• Retrieval practice format, levels of thinking and retention interval show no significant three-way interaction on undergraduates' reading comprehension - Retrieval practice format, levels of thinking and retention interval show no significant three-way interaction on undergraduates' reading comprehension
• Retrieval practice has been implemented and studied in authentic middle school classrooms, with general recommendations for applied research - Retrieval practice has been implemented and studied in authentic middle school classrooms, with general recommendations for applied research
• Retrieval practice improved literal premise recall but did not improve deductive inference transfer compared to restudy - Retrieval practice improved literal premise recall but did not improve deductive inference transfer compared to restudy
• Retrieval practice improves delayed but not immediate performance, consistent with a desirable-difficulties explanation - Retrieval practice improves delayed but not immediate performance, consistent with a desirable-difficulties explanation
• Retrieval practice improves long-term retention
• Retrieval Practice Improves Transfer
• Retrieval practice instructions improved final recall of translations in Experiment 1 - Retrieval practice instructions improved final recall of translations in Experiment 1
• Retrieval practice instructions led students to recall items to a criterion of about three correct retrievals before dropping them - Retrieval practice instructions led students to recall items to a criterion of about three correct retrievals before dropping them
• Retrieval practice mainly improves metamemory whereas generative activities mainly improve metacomprehension - Retrieval practice mainly improves metamemory whereas generative activities mainly improve metacomprehension
• Retrieval practice mostly increases susceptibility to misinformation (retrieval-enhanced suggestibility) - Retrieval practice mostly increases susceptibility to misinformation (retrieval-enhanced suggestibility)
• Retrieval practice produces better retention than restudying, with meta-analytic reviews reporting people 2.5 times as likely to remember tested information and medium-to-large classroom effects - Retrieval practice produces better retention than restudying, with meta-analytic reviews reporting people 2.5 times as likely to remember tested information and medium-to-large classroom effects
• Retrieval practice produces reliable positive effects at short delays, although some forgetting must set in so that the final test is not at ceiling - Retrieval practice produces reliable positive effects at short delays, although some forgetting must set in so that the final test is not at ceiling
• Retrieval practice research extends to determining the optimal amount of practice testing for individual students - Retrieval practice research extends to determining the optimal amount of practice testing for individual students
• Retrieval practice takes more learning time than worked examples, and variability slows improvement during practice - Retrieval practice takes more learning time than worked examples, and variability slows improvement during practice
• Retrieval practice yields better delayed test performance than restudy (the testing effect) in both experiments - Retrieval practice yields better delayed test performance than restudy (the testing effect) in both experiments
• Retrieval use increases with grade, and the small-versus-large difference in retrieval use decreases significantly between fourth and sixth grade only - Retrieval use increases with grade, and the small-versus-large difference in retrieval use decreases significantly between fourth and sixth grade only
• Retrieval-augmented generation reduces but does not eliminate hallucinations in AI-assisted verification - Retrieval-augmented generation reduces but does not eliminate hallucinations in AI-assisted verification
• Retrieval-based learning research emphasizes both direct and indirect effects of retrieval on learning - Retrieval-based learning research emphasizes both direct and indirect effects of retrieval on learning
• Retrieval-practice-first sequences show small advantages over generative-first in some conditions - Retrieval-practice-first sequences show small advantages over generative-first in some conditions
• Retrieved knowledge-graph subgraphs suggest dyslexic learners perceive existing AI tools as useful but still limited - Retrieved knowledge-graph subgraphs suggest dyslexic learners perceive existing AI tools as useful but still limited
• Retro-cues during maintenance dynamically modulate working memory representations and confer large performance benefits - Retro-cues during maintenance dynamically modulate working memory representations and confer large performance benefits
• Retrofitting an AIAS level to an unchanged assessment task creates a validity risk in which the assessment measures use of the scale rather than intended learning outcomes - Retrofitting an AIAS level to an unchanged assessment task creates a validity risk in which the assessment measures use of the scale rather than intended learning outcomes
• Retrospective metacognitive accuracy for strategy selection is higher in the selection-only task than the selection-execution task and on homogeneous than heterogeneous unit-digit problems - Retrospective metacognitive accuracy for strategy selection is higher in the selection-only task than the selection-execution task and on homogeneous than heterogeneous unit-digit problems
• Retrospective pre/post confidence rose on all four course learning objectives with large rank-biserial effects (N=159) - Retrospective pre/post confidence rose on all four course learning objectives with large rank-biserial effects (N=159)
• Returning to direct somatic experience can re-vision thinking and change perception (attributed to Reason) - Returning to direct somatic experience can re-vision thinking and change perception (attributed to Reason)
• Reverse-correlation decision weights are positive for the chosen stimulus dimension and weaker on low-confidence trials across confidence-assessment methods - Reverse-correlation decision weights are positive for the chosen stimulus dimension and weaker on low-confidence trials across confidence-assessment methods
• Review analysis uncovered eight mediating factors for students' understanding of graphing motion, mentioned in 127 instances across the 62 learning environments - Review analysis uncovered eight mediating factors for students' understanding of graphing motion, mentioned in 127 instances across the 62 learning environments
• Review evidence: students' SRL improves from cognitive-approach PD interventions only when students themselves participate, not when only their teachers are trained - Review evidence: students' SRL improves from cognitive-approach PD interventions only when students themselves participate, not when only their teachers are trained
• Review findings are consistent across study design features; no moderator showed meaningful relationships - Review findings are consistent across study design features; no moderator showed meaningful relationships
• Review findings on college strategic processing: development under-studied, quality of strategy use matters more than frequency, and learner and environmental conditions determine effectiveness - Review findings on college strategic processing: development under-studied, quality of strategy use matters more than frequency, and learner and environmental conditions determine effectiveness
• Review identifies a sub-theme on educational providers expanding collaboration with other organisations amid digitalisation - Review identifies a sub-theme on educational providers expanding collaboration with other organisations amid digitalisation
• Review of 23 ILS studies since 2004 finds more dimensionality in learning patterns than previously considered - Review of 23 ILS studies since 2004 finds more dimensionality in learning patterns than previously considered
• Review reports a developmental shift in cognitive offloading: children under-use external aids while adolescents over-rely on them - Review reports a developmental shift in cognitive offloading: children under-use external aids while adolescents over-rely on them
• Review reports a game-based learning course increased adolescents' empathy and compassion in migration/refugee context - Review reports a game-based learning course increased adolescents' empathy and compassion in migration/refugee context
• Review reports a multicultural collaborative competence model offering a more vivid image of online intergroup discussion quality than a general model - Review reports a multicultural collaborative competence model offering a more vivid image of online intergroup discussion quality than a general model
• Review reports a randomized trial in which unrestricted ChatGPT study produced lower delayed retention than traditional methods - Review reports a randomized trial in which unrestricted ChatGPT study produced lower delayed retention than traditional methods
• Review reports AI may automate teachers' administrative chores while direct instruction and coaching are less susceptible to automation - Review reports AI may automate teachers' administrative chores while direct instruction and coaching are less susceptible to automation
• Review reports Bolashak scholarship alumni had above-95% employment but very few became entrepreneurs despite desire to start businesses - Review reports Bolashak scholarship alumni had above-95% employment but very few became entrepreneurs despite desire to start businesses
• Review reports ethical concerns of educational AI including algorithmic bias and exploitation of personal data - Review reports ethical concerns of educational AI including algorithmic bias and exploitation of personal data
• Review reports exposure abroad alone does not guarantee gains in social-change competencies, calling the learning mechanism a black box - Review reports exposure abroad alone does not guarantee gains in social-change competencies, calling the learning mechanism a black box
• Review reports lecturers' discourse contains endorsed and enacted meta-rules about doing mathematics that can model mathematical behavior - Review reports lecturers' discourse contains endorsed and enacted meta-rules about doing mathematics that can model mathematical behavior
• Review reports lecturers' discourses vary: distinct teaching styles and routine profiles despite superficially similar lectures - Review reports lecturers' discourses vary: distinct teaching styles and routine profiles despite superficially similar lectures
• Review reports SEC literature emphasises nurturing strong teacher-student and student-student relationships - Review reports SEC literature emphasises nurturing strong teacher-student and student-student relationships
• Review reports statistically significant growth effects over time in a semester-long graduate humanistic knowledge building community - Review reports statistically significant growth effects over time in a semester-long graduate humanistic knowledge building community
• Review reports students did not recognize the key points an exemplary lecturer presented in a proof - Review reports students did not recognize the key points an exemplary lecturer presented in a proof
• Review reports TAs sharing the same agenda provided different meta-level learning opportunities through object-level adaptations - Review reports TAs sharing the same agenda provided different meta-level learning opportunities through object-level adaptations
• Review reports that advanced emotional design with endogenous visual characteristics promoted learning while simple format and basic emotional design did not (Bülbül & Kuzu, 2021) - Review reports that advanced emotional design with endogenous visual characteristics promoted learning while simple format and basic emotional design did not (Bülbül & Kuzu, 2021)
• Review reports that asking students to notice particular errors decreased errors in a subsequent draft without reducing overall writing quality (Chandler) - Review reports that asking students to notice particular errors decreased errors in a subsequent draft without reducing overall writing quality (Chandler)
• Review reports that reticent non-local students who resisted local classroom norms were academically superior on other performance kinds (Duff, 2002) - Review reports that reticent non-local students who resisted local classroom norms were academically superior on other performance kinds (Duff, 2002)
• Review reports that teachers' beliefs, attitudes and TPACK—not AI knowledge alone—mediate AI integration - Review reports that teachers' beliefs, attitudes and TPACK—not AI knowledge alone—mediate AI integration
• Review reports the Wikiglass learning analytics tool study shows interplay between teacher and student use of the tool - Review reports the Wikiglass learning analytics tool study shows interplay between teacher and student use of the tool
• Review syntheses: VR/AR most often improved academic achievement and motivation, but sometimes performed no better than conventional technologies - Review syntheses: VR/AR most often improved academic achievement and motivation, but sometimes performed no better than conventional technologies
• Review synthesis: explicit teaching matters, but its advantage over other approaches varies by context and structure - Review synthesis: explicit teaching matters, but its advantage over other approaches varies by context and structure
• Review-attributed evidence: fabricated model-generated references clustered in disciplinary journals in a student verification exercise - Review-attributed evidence: fabricated model-generated references clustered in disciplinary journals in a student verification exercise
• Review-attributed evidence: user confidence in model answers exceeds model internal confidence, and explanation design narrows the gap - Review-attributed evidence: user confidence in model answers exceeds model internal confidence, and explanation design narrows the gap
• Review-based AI overall difficulty correlates strongly with problem-level student pass rate across 79 parallel-class exam problems - Review-based AI overall difficulty correlates strongly with problem-level student pass rate across 79 parallel-class exam problems
• Review-reported experiment found output performed noticing and hypothesis-testing functions but no apparent metalinguistic function in L2 writing - Review-reported experiment found output performed noticing and hypothesis-testing functions but no apparent metalinguistic function in L2 writing
• Review-revise iterations improve synthesized problem quality, with gains largely stabilizing by the third iteration - Review-revise iterations improve synthesized problem quality, with gains largely stabilizing by the third iteration
• Reviewed AI literature portrays AI as having transformative capacity to reshape educational methodologies, with a need for balancing guidelines - Reviewed AI literature portrays AI as having transformative capacity to reshape educational methodologies, with a need for balancing guidelines
• Reviewed articles identify tokenism, resource limitations, loss of Elders, and emotional-political challenges as risks in using TES - Reviewed articles identify tokenism, resource limitations, loss of Elders, and emotional-political challenges as risks in using TES
• Reviewed authentic settings typically implemented more than four design elements (never all eight), relied most on inquiry/investigation, and were usually compared to conventional teacher-led instruction - Reviewed authentic settings typically implemented more than four design elements (never all eight), relied most on inquiry/investigation, and were usually compared to conventional teacher-led instruct
• Reviewed GenAI literacy literature concentrates on knowledge and skills while equity and agency receive thin treatment - Reviewed GenAI literacy literature concentrates on knowledge and skills while equity and agency receive thin treatment
• Reviewed literature identifies personalisation, adaptive support, rapid feedback, and teacher-facing automation as recurring pedagogical opportunities of AI in mathematics education - Reviewed literature identifies personalisation, adaptive support, rapid feedback, and teacher-facing automation as recurring pedagogical opportunities of AI in mathematics education