Claims: W 1

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• W analizie sądu okręgowego ekspansywne uczenie się przebiegało małymi stopniowymi krokami poprzez zwiastuny reform w strefie najbliższego rozwoju - W analizie sądu okręgowego ekspansywne uczenie się przebiegało małymi stopniowymi krokami poprzez zwiastuny reform w strefie najbliższego rozwoju
• W Change Laboratory nauczycieli gimnazjum pozytywne wypowiedzi o uczniach rozszerzyły repertuar nauczycieli bez zastępowania negatywnych - W Change Laboratory nauczycieli gimnazjum pozytywne wypowiedzi o uczniach rozszerzyły repertuar nauczycieli bez zastępowania negatywnych
• Wagner and Torgesen's (1987) tripartite phonological processing model transfers to German and its transparent orthography - Wagner and Torgesen's (1987) tripartite phonological processing model transfers to German and its transparent orthography
• Waivers promoted about one-third of third graders and 40% of sixth and eighth graders who failed the 1997 promotional criteria, keeping retention rates well below failure rates - Waivers promoted about one-third of third graders and 40% of sixth and eighth graders who failed the 1997 promotional criteria, keeping retention rates well below failure rates
• Walking the body-scale number line disrupted students' prior misconceptions and erroneous rules, which resurfaced when they returned to the desk-scale number line - Walking the body-scale number line disrupted students' prior misconceptions and erroneous rules, which resurfaced when they returned to the desk-scale number line
• Warning effect size shows no significant heterogeneity across topics and studies - Warning effect size shows no significant heterogeneity across topics and studies
• Warning labels alone did not improve performance or reduce reliance on GenAI advice, and students sometimes adopted incorrect AI answers - Warning labels alone did not improve performance or reduce reliance on GenAI advice, and students sometimes adopted incorrect AI answers
• Warning-only LA feedback can increase mental load, whereas pairing warnings with encouragement leads to higher emotional and cognitive engagement - Warning-only LA feedback can increase mental load, whereas pairing warnings with encouragement leads to higher emotional and cognitive engagement
• Wartime army psychological testing of recruits stimulated popular interest in mental measurements and created a favorable opportunity to extend their use in education. - Wartime army psychological testing of recruits stimulated popular interest in mental measurements and created a favorable opportunity to extend their use in education.
• Washington charter students' overall annual reading and math gains do not differ statistically from matched TPS peers - Washington charter students' overall annual reading and math gains do not differ statistically from matched TPS peers
• Washington State's automatic-enrollment academic acceleration policy is associated with more equitable advanced course offerings, reversing the typical gap - Washington State's automatic-enrollment academic acceleration policy is associated with more equitable advanced course offerings, reversing the typical gap
• Washington's ECEAP preschool students made test score gains in reading and math that persisted through 5th grade, per a Washington Institute for Public Policy evaluation - Washington's ECEAP preschool students made test score gains in reading and math that persisted through 5th grade, per a Washington Institute for Public Policy evaluation
• Washington's insistence on the correctness of his Tuskegee method stifled the emergence of new ideas and narrowed his system's application - Washington's insistence on the correctness of his Tuskegee method stifled the emergence of new ideas and narrowed his system's application
• Washington, DC's PEF sustained a positive social return on investment of 21 percent in FY 2024, similar to 23 percent in FY 2023 - Washington, DC's PEF sustained a positive social return on investment of 21 percent in FY 2024, similar to 23 percent in FY 2023
• Watching an instructional video on sourcing before viewing had no significant effect on source recognition or convincingness judgments - Watching an instructional video on sourcing before viewing had no significant effect on source recognition or convincingness judgments
• Watching Arthur improves English narrative skill development in kindergarten English language learners more than an alternative educational program (potentially positive effects) - Watching Arthur improves English narrative skill development in kindergarten English language learners more than an alternative educational program (potentially positive effects)
• Watching the sourcing instructional video unexpectedly lowered students' trustworthiness ratings of the interviewees - Watching the sourcing instructional video unexpectedly lowered students' trustworthiness ratings of the interviewees
• Waterford Early Reading Level One™ and Let's Begin with the Letter People® produce similar outcomes in oral language and print knowledge - Waterford Early Reading Level One™ and Let's Begin with the Letter People® produce similar outcomes in oral language and print knowledge
• Waterford Early Reading Level One™ shows no discernible effects on preschool children's oral language - Waterford Early Reading Level One™ shows no discernible effects on preschool children's oral language
• Waterford Early Reading Level One™ shows no discernible effects on preschool children's print knowledge - Waterford Early Reading Level One™ shows no discernible effects on preschool children's print knowledge
• Waterford Early Reading Program™ showed no discernible effects on comprehension, with a small non-significant effect size on vocabulary - Waterford Early Reading Program™ showed no discernible effects on comprehension, with a small non-significant effect size on vocabulary
• Wave 1's greatest challenge was achieving mutual knowledge and coherence among six independently selected projects while respecting their differences - Wave 1's greatest challenge was achieving mutual knowledge and coherence among six independently selected projects while respecting their differences
• Way2Work Maryland did not affect employment or expectation outcomes as of 24 months after enrollment - Way2Work Maryland did not affect employment or expectation outcomes as of 24 months after enrollment
• Way2Work Maryland did not affect postsecondary education and training outcomes, but more treatment group members completed high school within two years of enrollment - Way2Work Maryland did not affect postsecondary education and training outcomes, but more treatment group members completed high school within two years of enrollment
• Way2Work Maryland increased vocational rehabilitation agency engagement, with almost all treatment group members using agency-provided work-based learning experiences - Way2Work Maryland increased vocational rehabilitation agency engagement, with almost all treatment group members using agency-provided work-based learning experiences
• Ways of dealing with anomalous data, and the conditions determining them, can be described during PBL problem analysis - Ways of dealing with anomalous data, and the conditions determining them, can be described during PBL problem analysis
• Weak grasp of context can make AI misdiagnoses systematically harmful when a flawed decision pattern is replicated across many students - Weak grasp of context can make AI misdiagnoses systematically harmful when a flawed decision pattern is replicated across many students
• Weak indirect effects link Grade 2 autonomy granting and help to Grade 4 performance via Grade 3 task persistence; monitoring and reverse indirect effects are not significant - Weak indirect effects link Grade 2 autonomy granting and help to Grade 4 performance via Grade 3 task persistence; monitoring and reverse indirect effects are not significant
• Weak initial organization enables experimentation with alternative graphical organizing principles - Weak initial organization enables experimentation with alternative graphical organizing principles
• Weak instructional program coherence impairs sustained school improvement even when staff share a test-score goal - Weak instructional program coherence impairs sustained school improvement even when staff share a test-score goal
• Weak privacy feedback loops reduce pressure on EdTech organizations to prioritize privacy - Weak privacy feedback loops reduce pressure on EdTech organizations to prioritize privacy
• Weakness Targeting and Maximize Usual Case Improvement yield the lowest overpractice among unconstrained strategies in the equation-solving dataset - Weakness Targeting and Maximize Usual Case Improvement yield the lowest overpractice among unconstrained strategies in the equation-solving dataset
• Wearable outcomes declined significantly across the academic year, including a 5.2% reduction in RMSSD and roughly 680 fewer steps per day by Week 33 - Wearable outcomes declined significantly across the academic year, including a 5.2% reduction in RMSSD and roughly 680 fewer steps per day by Week 33
• Weaving supports middle school students' performance of the computational concepts variables, conditionals, and functions - Weaving supports middle school students' performance of the computational concepts variables, conditionals, and functions
• Web-based collaborative inquiry produces a small but significant improvement in students' interest in science - Web-based collaborative inquiry produces a small but significant improvement in students' interest in science
• Web-based SRL training combined with a learning diary (Group TD) produced statistically significant pre-post gains in SRL knowledge, the SRL overall score and self-efficacy, but not in mathematics scores, among prospective university students in an online preparation course - Web-based SRL training combined with a learning diary (Group TD) produced statistically significant pre-post gains in SRL knowledge, the SRL overall score and self-efficacy, but not in mathematics sco
• Web-based SRL training interventions produced statistically significant group by time interactions on the SRL subscales planning, self-motivation, volition, elaboration and metacognition, but not on goal-setting or reflection - Web-based SRL training interventions produced statistically significant group by time interactions on the SRL subscales planning, self-motivation, volition, elaboration and metacognition, but not on g
• Web-SPA peer review activities showed considerable consistency between instructor and peer marks and improved quality of work - Web-SPA peer review activities showed considerable consistency between instructor and peer marks and improved quality of work
• WEC index effects on academic outcomes are more pronounced for male students, with the well-being effect on literacy absent for females - WEC index effects on academic outcomes are more pronounced for male students, with the well-being effect on literacy absent for females
• Weeding extraneous information such as music and complex backgrounds improves retention and transfer from video - Weeding extraneous information such as music and complex backgrounds improves retention and transfer from video
• Weeding seductive details fostered learning only in a mandatory (high-reward) learning situation, not a voluntary one - Weeding seductive details fostered learning only in a mandatory (high-reward) learning situation, not a voluntary one
• Week 3 performance differs by perception-transition group, with Aligned teams increasing and Multifaceted teams decreasing in scores - Week 3 performance differs by perception-transition group, with Aligned teams increasing and Multifaceted teams decreasing in scores
• Weekly AI use differs sharply across groups even though nearly all groups report similar prevalence of any AI-service use, with administrative staff highest in prevalence but lowest in weekly use - Weekly AI use differs sharply across groups even though nearly all groups report similar prevalence of any AI-service use, with administrative staff highest in prevalence but lowest in weekly use
• Weekly average sleep measures show no association with working memory performance in older adolescents - Weekly average sleep measures show no association with working memory performance in older adolescents
• Weekly ENA mean comparisons showed significant high–low performer differences in Weeks 2, 3, 6, and 7 on mr1 and in Weeks 5, 6, and 10 on svd2 - Weekly ENA mean comparisons showed significant high–low performer differences in Weeks 2, 3, 6, and 7 on mr1 and in Weeks 5, 6, and 10 on svd2
• Weekly engagement with course materials varied widely (mean 63.9 page views), and student feedback on the AI-supported format was largely positive - Weekly engagement with course materials varied widely (mean 63.9 page views), and student feedback on the AI-supported format was largely positive
• Weekly spaced recall quizzes on fundamental concepts significantly improve 6-month retention of those concepts in a precalculus course - Weekly spaced recall quizzes on fundamental concepts significantly improve 6-month retention of those concepts in a precalculus course
• Weighted probabilistic scoring improves LLM-based scoring by considering a broader range of completion possibilities - Weighted probabilistic scoring improves LLM-based scoring by considering a broader range of completion possibilities
• Weinstein argues critical thinking needs a disciplinary perspective incorporating substantive methodological criteria from within disciplines - Weinstein argues critical thinking needs a disciplinary perspective incorporating substantive methodological criteria from within disciplines
• Welcoming-school students transferred out at higher-than-expected rates just before the merger, driven exclusively by the 14 welcoming schools that had to relocate into closed-school buildings - Welcoming-school students transferred out at higher-than-expected rates just before the merger, driven exclusively by the 14 welcoming schools that had to relocate into closed-school buildings
• Welcoming-school students whose schools relocated into closed-school buildings transferred out at higher rates in the merger year; closures did not affect mobility in later years - Welcoming-school students whose schools relocated into closed-school buildings transferred out at higher rates in the merger year; closures did not affect mobility in later years
• Well-being is more strongly related to verbal and particularly relational victimization than to physical victimization - Well-being is more strongly related to verbal and particularly relational victimization than to physical victimization
• Well-controlled comparison studies show clear advantages of inquiry-based instruction over direct instruction for science conceptual learning - Well-controlled comparison studies show clear advantages of inquiry-based instruction over direct instruction for science conceptual learning
• Well-defined tasks and accessible materials support shared creative influence in group work
• Well-designed courseware enhances efficiency, supports independent student navigation, and lets faculty focus on teaching rather than technical challenges - Well-designed courseware enhances efficiency, supports independent student navigation, and lets faculty focus on teaching rather than technical challenges
• Well-designed games can promote persistence in practice and high-quality engagement, and when basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met, learning becomes its own reward, reducing the temptation to outsource cognitive effort to LLMs. - Well-designed games can promote persistence in practice and high-quality engagement, and when basic needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met, learning becomes its own reward, reducing th
• Well-implemented community schools improve attendance, behavior, engagement, and academic outcomes, with longer and more sustained implementation associated with more significant outcomes - Well-implemented community schools improve attendance, behavior, engagement, and academic outcomes, with longer and more sustained implementation associated with more significant outcomes
• Well-implemented, well-attended summer programs show positive outcomes in academic, social, and behavioral areas - Well-implemented, well-attended summer programs show positive outcomes in academic, social, and behavioral areas
• Well-matched postsecondary enrollment NSI raised FAFSA completion but did not significantly affect postsecondary enrollment after year two - Well-matched postsecondary enrollment NSI raised FAFSA completion but did not significantly affect postsecondary enrollment after year two
• Well-organized texts following rhetorical schemata are better remembered than disorganized texts, and high-structure information is more likely to be recalled - Well-organized texts following rhetorical schemata are better remembered than disorganized texts, and high-structure information is more likely to be recalled
• Well-prepared and well-mentored teachers stay in teaching at more than twice the rate of unprepared entrants, and teacher residency programs typically retain more than 80% over five years - Well-prepared and well-mentored teachers stay in teaching at more than twice the rate of unprepared entrants, and teacher residency programs typically retain more than 80% over five years
• Well-structured collaborative learning is extremely effective, especially for learning concepts and complex problem solving - Well-structured collaborative learning is extremely effective, especially for learning concepts and complex problem solving
• Wells' proposed equally-difficult easy list was not fully standardized, with sick, open, and glad producing non-uniform responses - Wells' proposed equally-difficult easy list was not fully standardized, with sick, open, and glad producing non-uniform responses
• What is possible for students to perceive or discern in a laboratory depends on the measurement technology used, even when the object of learning is the same - What is possible for students to perceive or discern in a laboratory depends on the measurement technology used, even when the object of learning is the same
• When a real-life quilt problem was turned into a contextualized mathematics task, its context dropped out during solving and both designers judged it too school-like - When a real-life quilt problem was turned into a contextualized mathematics task, its context dropped out during solving and both designers judged it too school-like
• When a school gets a new principal, Insight survey domain scores change more than student proficiency rates - When a school gets a new principal, Insight survey domain scores change more than student proficiency rates
• When a strong sense of self-efficacy is accompanied by sustained student effort, better academic achievement is likely - When a strong sense of self-efficacy is accompanied by sustained student effort, better academic achievement is likely
• When activities were not controlled, the confound favored the IVR condition in 14 of 17 comparisons - When activities were not controlled, the confound favored the IVR condition in 14 of 17 comparisons
• When AI assistance is withdrawn, student performance tends to decline, revealing a lack of internalized learning strategies - When AI assistance is withdrawn, student performance tends to decline, revealing a lack of internalized learning strategies
• When AI/AN communities design their own place-, culture-, and language-based education programs, students' school engagement and learning flourish - When AI/AN communities design their own place-, culture-, and language-based education programs, students' school engagement and learning flourish
• When all of a teacher's students had access to Equatio, teachers leveraged it in more robust workflows such as assessments, digital submissions, and timely feedback - When all of a teacher's students had access to Equatio, teachers leveraged it in more robust workflows such as assessments, digital submissions, and timely feedback
• When all retrospective response types are combined, antibullying attitudes show no significant association with teachers' reported intervention use (r = 0.05) - When all retrospective response types are combined, antibullying attitudes show no significant association with teachers' reported intervention use (r = 0.05)
• When applied by human evaluators, all four AI-generated rubrics met pooled scoring equivalence with a human-created baseline within a ±5-point margin - When applied by human evaluators, all four AI-generated rubrics met pooled scoring equivalence with a human-created baseline within a ±5-point margin
• When body size at fourteen and period of rapid growth are considered, heavy or tall early developers rank better in scholarship than late developers, and light late developers rank better than light early or medium developers - When body size at fourteen and period of rapid growth are considered, heavy or tall early developers rank better in scholarship than late developers, and light late developers rank better than light e
• When classes are sorted by skill level, low-skilled students are at higher risk of being in disruptive classrooms, weakening their instructional environment - When classes are sorted by skill level, low-skilled students are at higher risk of being in disruptive classrooms, weakening their instructional environment
• When comment-based methods fail to repair misunderstanding, directly editing another user's question serves as a last resort that corrects a flawed problem formulation - When comment-based methods fail to repair misunderstanding, directly editing another user's question serves as a last resort that corrects a flawed problem formulation
• When compared within racial/ethnic groups, large CPS-versus-rest-of-state gaps disappear, and some CPS groups outperform their counterparts - When compared within racial/ethnic groups, large CPS-versus-rest-of-state gaps disappear, and some CPS groups outperform their counterparts
• When compositional effects are constrained equal across countries, the overall peer spillover effect is negative and non-significant while the BFLPE remains negative and significant - When compositional effects are constrained equal across countries, the overall peer spillover effect is negative and non-significant while the BFLPE remains negative and significant
• When connection between student and educator is minimised, as in anonymous grading, students report weaker relationships and perceive feedback as less beneficial - When connection between student and educator is minimised, as in anonymous grading, students report weaker relationships and perceive feedback as less beneficial
• When controlling for task effort, low contingent support improved multiple-choice achievement with short independent working time whereas high contingent support improved it with long independent working time - When controlling for task effort, low contingent support improved multiple-choice achievement with short independent working time whereas high contingent support improved it with long independent work
• When coping methods fail, neurodivergent students report avoiding socialization and courses requiring public presentations - When coping methods fail, neurodivergent students report avoiding socialization and courses requiring public presentations
• When correcting pupil work, the teacher revoices rather than dismisses pupils' solutions, challenging them toward more sophisticated ones - When correcting pupil work, the teacher revoices rather than dismisses pupils' solutions, challenging them toward more sophisticated ones
• When delivered by master's students, the intervention additionally improved growth mindsets and standardized math achievement - When delivered by master's students, the intervention additionally improved growth mindsets and standardized math achievement
• When demographic groups have different base rates, no method can satisfy calibration, equalized odds, and statistical parity simultaneously - When demographic groups have different base rates, no method can satisfy calibration, equalized odds, and statistical parity simultaneously
• When district administration encourages a culture of coaching, teachers feel more comfortable participating in coaching and taking ownership of change - When district administration encourages a culture of coaching, teachers feel more comfortable participating in coaching and taking ownership of change
• When educators partnered with families on attendance, chronic absenteeism rates dropped 15% - When educators partnered with families on attendance, chronic absenteeism rates dropped 15%
• When enjoyment, boredom, and anxiety are modeled simultaneously, anxiety exerts the strongest predictive power for mathematics achievement - When enjoyment, boredom, and anxiety are modeled simultaneously, anxiety exerts the strongest predictive power for mathematics achievement
• When every word was judged, words circled as to-be-remembered were recalled better and words underlined as to-be-forgotten worse than a no-instruction control group's recall - When every word was judged, words circled as to-be-remembered were recalled better and words underlined as to-be-forgotten worse than a no-instruction control group's recall
• When exemplars are already interleaved, larger temporal spacing between same-category exemplars yields better inductive learning than smaller spacing - When exemplars are already interleaved, larger temporal spacing between same-category exemplars yields better inductive learning than smaller spacing
• When experts cannot make clear sense of a passage, they shift from constructing what the poem says to how the poet is saying it, treating obscurity as deliberate. - When experts cannot make clear sense of a passage, they shift from constructing what the poem says to how the poet is saying it, treating obscurity as deliberate.
• When explicitly required by direct questions, less skilled comprehenders' inference performance improves greatly while skilled comprehenders perform at ceiling - When explicitly required by direct questions, less skilled comprehenders' inference performance improves greatly while skilled comprehenders perform at ceiling
• When facing higher demands regarding retrieval processes, mnemonic experience (age) seems to play the more important role in metacognitive performance - When facing higher demands regarding retrieval processes, mnemonic experience (age) seems to play the more important role in metacognitive performance
• When facing students' major conceptual challenges, the teacher shifted from prompting cued questions to providing explanations himself - When facing students' major conceptual challenges, the teacher shifted from prompting cued questions to providing explanations himself
• When four-place by four-place mental multiplication came to a standstill under extreme fatigue, ability to multiply any numbers was also lost - When four-place by four-place mental multiplication came to a standstill under extreme fatigue, ability to multiply any numbers was also lost
• When generate and read items are tested in separate paragraphs, the generation advantage is maintained across tests - When generate and read items are tested in separate paragraphs, the generation advantage is maintained across tests
• When groups are physically far apart, mutual gaze forms the dominant pathway into monitoring, and behavioral challenges dominate - When groups are physically far apart, mutual gaze forms the dominant pathway into monitoring, and behavioral challenges dominate
• When guidance was presented in a unitary (integrated) format, worked examples were superior to conventional problems (Experiments 4 and 5) - When guidance was presented in a unitary (integrated) format, worked examples were superior to conventional problems (Experiments 4 and 5)
• When hunter-gatherer languages are not used in schools, children often drop out because they do not understand the language of instruction - When hunter-gatherer languages are not used in schools, children often drop out because they do not understand the language of instruction
• When implemented alone, neither Literature Logs nor Instructional Conversations produced statistically significant comprehension effects, in contrast to the combined intervention - When implemented alone, neither Literature Logs nor Instructional Conversations produced statistically significant comprehension effects, in contrast to the combined intervention
• When individual growth-increment curves are correlated with scholarship without reference to body size or stage of development, no decided relation between scholarship and physical growth appears - When individual growth-increment curves are correlated with scholarship without reference to body size or stage of development, no decided relation between scholarship and physical growth appears
• When item difficulty and simulee ability ranges align (minimum -10, maximum 8), Pychometrik recovery is accurate, with correlations above 0.99 across all three sample sizes; recovery degrades above the simulee ability maximum of 7.94 - When item difficulty and simulee ability ranges align (minimum -10, maximum 8), Pychometrik recovery is accurate, with correlations above 0.99 across all three sample sizes; recovery degrades above th
• When learners receive initial instruction, retrieval practice yields better generalization than worked examples regardless of item variability - When learners receive initial instruction, retrieval practice yields better generalization than worked examples regardless of item variability
• When making accurate judgments, teachers used diagnostic cues to a greater extent, but also used non-diagnostic cues (IQ and reading self-concept) - When making accurate judgments, teachers used diagnostic cues to a greater extent, but also used non-diagnostic cues (IQ and reading self-concept)
• When only RCTs with active control groups are analysed, MBI benefits are restricted to Mindfulness (d = .42), Depression (d = .47) and Anxiety/Stress (d = .18) - When only RCTs with active control groups are analysed, MBI benefits are restricted to Mindfulness (d = .42), Depression (d = .47) and Anxiety/Stress (d = .18)
• When participants declined to decide and the agent asked again, the resulting commitments were the weakest in the corpus - When participants declined to decide and the agent asked again, the resulting commitments were the weakest in the corpus
• When previous academic achievement is controlled, intelligence predicts only later reading comprehension and age-10 mathematics, and WMC predicts nothing additionally - When previous academic achievement is controlled, intelligence predicts only later reading comprehension and age-10 mathematics, and WMC predicts nothing additionally
• When prompts failed, students most commonly reported clarifying intent or specifying more detail, and reflecting on the problem depiction, rather than tracing code or examining test cases - When prompts failed, students most commonly reported clarifying intent or specifying more detail, and reflecting on the problem depiction, rather than tracing code or examining test cases
• When PSID-CDS data are restricted to ages 6–11, backward digit span growth is best characterized by a quadratic (not cubic) function - When PSID-CDS data are restricted to ages 6–11, backward digit span growth is best characterized by a quadratic (not cubic) function
• When recalling their own experiences, 5- and 6-year-olds use metacognitive strategies more to alleviate sadness and fear than anger - When recalling their own experiences, 5- and 6-year-olds use metacognitive strategies more to alleviate sadness and fear than anger
• When refined prompts failed, novices overgeneralized and concluded LLMs could not detect anaphors, attributing failure to the model rather than to their prompting - When refined prompts failed, novices overgeneralized and concluded LLMs could not detect anaphors, attributing failure to the model rather than to their prompting
• When relevant knowledge can be drawn upon, age trends in performance can reverse, with older adults outperforming younger adults on crossword puzzles - When relevant knowledge can be drawn upon, age trends in performance can reverse, with older adults outperforming younger adults on crossword puzzles
• When restricted to three knowledge-of-results requests per 10-trial block, all three self-controlled groups requested KR mostly on early trials of a block, a massed schedule. - When restricted to three knowledge-of-results requests per 10-trial block, all three self-controlled groups requested KR mostly on early trials of a block, a massed schedule.
• When retained students are compared with non-retained students in the same year in school (offset comparisons), retention effects on math test scores are positive - When retained students are compared with non-retained students in the same year in school (offset comparisons), retention effects on math test scores are positive
• When scale scores are used, prediction accuracy of grade 8 algebra I proficiency does not vary substantially across grade 6 CST, grade 7 CST, and MDTP assessments (75–78 percent) - When scale scores are used, prediction accuracy of grade 8 algebra I proficiency does not vary substantially across grade 6 CST, grade 7 CST, and MDTP assessments (75–78 percent)
• When spacing is embedded into a course, spaced practice retains a robust but numerically smaller effect (g = 0.24) than for isolated material. - When spacing is embedded into a course, spaced practice retains a robust but numerically smaller effect (g = 0.24) than for isolated material.
• When SRL is measured at a coarse grain size (global self-regulation), students are relatively well able to report on their strategy use - When SRL is measured at a coarse grain size (global self-regulation), students are relatively well able to report on their strategy use
• When SRL is measured at a fine grain size (specific strategies), self-reports show low calibration with behavioral measures - When SRL is measured at a fine grain size (specific strategies), self-reports show low calibration with behavioral measures
• When students argue to reach consensus rather than to convince or persuade, they commit to understanding and integrating others' ideas - When students argue to reach consensus rather than to convince or persuade, they commit to understanding and integrating others' ideas
• When students raised ethics in essays, concerns concerned authorship and integrity rather than privacy or data - When students raised ethics in essays, concerns concerned authorship and integrity rather than privacy or data
• When Supportive Environment improves, the other 5Essentials essential supports often improve - When Supportive Environment improves, the other 5Essentials essential supports often improve
• When the memory rating was removed entirely, retrieval practice was superior to restudying regardless of whether items were restudied or retrieved once, twice, or thrice. - When the memory rating was removed entirely, retrieval practice was superior to restudying regardless of whether items were restudied or retrieved once, twice, or thrice.
• When the number of remember, forget, and unselected words was equated, words predicted to be forgotten were recalled similarly to unselected words - When the number of remember, forget, and unselected words was equated, words predicted to be forgotten were recalled similarly to unselected words
• When the orienting task prevented interitem associations, the within-list lag effect was attenuated after long retention intervals and this attenuation was not a floor effect - When the orienting task prevented interitem associations, the within-list lag effect was attenuated after long retention intervals and this attenuation was not a floor effect
• When the γ-process (associative interaction of correct and incorrect knowledge) is considered, the normalized gain correlates positively with pretest score - When the γ-process (associative interaction of correct and incorrect knowledge) is considered, the normalized gain correlates positively with pretest score
• When threatening conditions converge, low-SES students' performance is at its worst level - When threatening conditions converge, low-SES students' performance is at its worst level
• When total learning time is fixed, permitting learners to skip feedback after retrieval improves delayed final recall compared with mandatory feedback - When total learning time is fixed, permitting learners to skip feedback after retrieval improves delayed final recall compared with mandatory feedback
• When trivia questions space out exemplars, spacing and interleaving are subadditive: interleaving beats blocking only with contiguous presentation, and spacing helps blocked but not interleaved study - When spacing is created by inserting trivia questions between exemplars, spacing and interleaving are subadditive in inductive category learning; spacing that keeps categories juxtaposed can still hel
• When well implemented, RD and experimental estimators produce impact estimates that are not significantly different and similar in magnitude on average - When well implemented, RD and experimental estimators produce impact estimates that are not significantly different and similar in magnitude on average
• Where a test requires breaking previously formed bonds and forming new ones, training produces interference rather than transfer - Where a test requires breaking previously formed bonds and forming new ones, training produces interference rather than transfer
• Where identical elements exist in two situations, training in one produces positive transfer to the other - Where identical elements exist in two situations, training in one produces positive transfer to the other
• Where there are no identical bonds between stimulus and response in two processes, training in one produces neither transfer nor interference in the other - Where there are no identical bonds between stimulus and response in two processes, training in one produces neither transfer nor interference in the other
• Whether a CSCL script prompts transactive activities does not significantly moderate its effects on domain-specific knowledge, and for collaboration skills the difference runs opposite to the expected direction - Whether a CSCL script prompts transactive activities does not significantly moderate its effects on domain-specific knowledge, and for collaboration skills the difference runs opposite to the expected
• Whether a difficulty benefits memory depends on whether it exercises processes not already supported by the material (material-appropriate processing) - Whether a difficulty benefits memory depends on whether it exercises processes not already supported by the material (material-appropriate processing)
• Whether a prototype or caricature is categorized more easily is predicted to depend on concept interrelatedness: prototype advantage for isolated, caricature advantage for interrelated concepts - Whether a prototype or caricature is categorized more easily is predicted to depend on concept interrelatedness: prototype advantage for isolated, caricature advantage for interrelated concepts
• Whether a skill is open or closed does not have an established effect on mental simulation effectiveness - Whether a skill is open or closed does not have an established effect on mental simulation effectiveness
• Whether an SRL component correlates with GPA depends on how it is assessed: cognition via a strategy knowledge test, motivation via questionnaire, metacognition via an open-ended microanalytic question - Whether an SRL component correlates with GPA depends on how it is assessed: cognition via a strategy knowledge test, motivation via questionnaire, metacognition via an open-ended microanalytic questio
• Whether anxiety explains the income inequality × social class interaction remains inconclusive - Whether anxiety explains the income inequality × social class interaction remains inconclusive
• Whether conceptual discrepancies are noticed (or not) and how they are resolved can be traced through concurrent think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews - Whether conceptual discrepancies are noticed (or not) and how they are resolved can be traced through concurrent think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews
• Whether EF gains are produced depends on how an activity is done: traditional tae kwon do reduced aggression while modern competitive martial arts worsened outcomes in juvenile delinquents - Whether EF gains are produced depends on how an activity is done: traditional tae kwon do reduced aggression while modern competitive martial arts worsened outcomes in juvenile delinquents
• Whether EF gains are seen depends on the amount of time children spend doggedly practicing and pushing themselves to improve - Whether EF gains are seen depends on the amount of time children spend doggedly practicing and pushing themselves to improve
• Whether individual or peer practice works better with ASR-based pronunciation training is unsettled: one study found individual work best, a meta-analysis found peer practice gave larger effects - Individual work with an ASR-based CAPT program yielded the best pronunciation training results among individual, pair and group work conditions
• Whether initial retrieval practice enhances semantic organization in final free recall is unclear, with results that may depend on how retrieval practice is implemented - Whether initial retrieval practice enhances semantic organization in final free recall is unclear, with results that may depend on how retrieval practice is implemented
• Whether metacognition is domain-general or domain-specific remains a major unresolved issue with implications for instruction and transfer - Whether metacognition is domain-general or domain-specific remains a major unresolved issue with implications for instruction and transfer
• Whether prompting students to construct explanations during retrieval adds benefit beyond initial free recall is mixed across studies - Whether prompting students to construct explanations during retrieval adds benefit beyond initial free recall is mixed across studies
• Whether results represent causal effects requires knowledge and assumptions about data, design, and methods in both experimental and non-experimental work - Whether results represent causal effects requires knowledge and assumptions about data, design, and methods in both experimental and non-experimental work
• Whether strategy instruction works better in authentic content-area tasks is untested, and the one meta-analytic comparison recorded found larger gains in strategic ability in language-arts than in content-area classes
• Whether student GenAI use constitutes academic misconduct depends fundamentally on the prior question of the university's purpose - Whether student GenAI use constitutes academic misconduct depends fundamentally on the prior question of the university's purpose
• Whether students' SEL skills are stable over time, and whether initial level or change better flags later academic risk, was largely unknown before this study - Whether students' SEL skills are stable over time, and whether initial level or change better flags later academic risk, was largely unknown before this study
• Whether teachers knew their students before Summer Bridge predicted test-score increases and teacher practice, most strongly for older students - Whether teachers knew their students before Summer Bridge predicted test-score increases and teacher practice, most strongly for older students
• Whether the learner is a friend or a relative shows no significant main effect on estimated success at helping them learn Facebook - Whether the learner is a friend or a relative shows no significant main effect on estimated success at helping them learn Facebook
• Whether timing, intensity, and duration of class size reduction moderate its effect remains an open question in the literature the review synthesises - Whether timing, intensity, and duration of class size reduction moderate its effect remains an open question in the literature the review synthesises
• Whether working memory has a single capacity limit or multiple capacity limits from functional specialization is highly relevant for the design of multimedia materials - Whether working memory has a single capacity limit or multiple capacity limits from functional specialization is highly relevant for the design of multimedia materials
• While discussing a problem, learners actively construct situation-specific explanatory models from prior knowledge rather than merely reproducing what they know - While discussing a problem, learners actively construct situation-specific explanatory models from prior knowledge rather than merely reproducing what they know
• While producing L2 paragraphs, an EFL learner's self-noticed problems were overwhelmingly lexical (about 79%) rather than grammatical (about 21%) - While producing L2 paragraphs, an EFL learner's self-noticed problems were overwhelmingly lexical (about 79%) rather than grammatical (about 21%)
• Whipple's Group Test for Grammar Grades is only tentatively standardized and its administration difficulties make its use somewhat unsatisfactory - Whipple's Group Test for Grammar Grades is only tentatively standardized and its administration difficulties make its use somewhat unsatisfactory
• White and Asian staff report more positive school climates than African American and Hispanic staff, irrespective of their school's student racial composition - White and Asian staff report more positive school climates than African American and Hispanic staff, irrespective of their school's student racial composition
• White men performed measurably worse on tests of innate athletic ability when under stereotype threat - White men performed measurably worse on tests of innate athletic ability when under stereotype threat
• White teachers' deficit thinking about Black students produces a negative campus racial climate and unfriendly teacher-student relationships - White teachers' deficit thinking about Black students produces a negative campus racial climate and unfriendly teacher-student relationships
• Whole language and phonics approaches each have limits, and the teacher should observe the individual pupil to balance whole-word and phonics instruction - Whole language and phonics approaches each have limits, and the teacher should observe the individual pupil to balance whole-word and phonics instruction
• Whole school magnets and magnets without selective admissions policies have generally been found more effective at integration that supports achievement gains - Whole school magnets and magnets without selective admissions policies have generally been found more effective at integration that supports achievement gains
• Whole-body movement teaching improves 5–6-year-olds' letter-sound naming more than non-motor teaching, immediately and at 17–22-week retention - Whole-body movement teaching improves 5–6-year-olds' letter-sound naming more than non-motor teaching, immediately and at 17–22-week retention
• Whole-body movement teaching improves matching of conditional letter-sounds to letters at retention compared with non-motor teaching - Whole-body movement teaching improves matching of conditional letter-sounds to letters at retention compared with non-motor teaching
• Whole-class inclusive strategies were recommended and common, but some differentiation and extra-support practices created unhelpful divisions - Whole-class inclusive strategies were recommended and common, but some differentiation and extra-support practices created unhelpful divisions
• Whole-group instruction was the most common grouping structure in elementary resource-room reading instruction despite small class sizes - Whole-group instruction was the most common grouping structure in elementary resource-room reading instruction despite small class sizes
• Whole-person initiatives often fail to achieve desired outcomes because they operate in fragmented, uncoordinated siloes - Whole-person initiatives often fail to achieve desired outcomes because they operate in fragmented, uncoordinated siloes
• Whole-task, metacognitive knowledge, and external standard interventions significantly improve monitoring accuracy in problem solving - Whole-task, metacognitive knowledge, and external standard interventions significantly improve monitoring accuracy in problem solving
• Widely implemented staff development (Madeline Hunter's ITIP) lacks empirical evidence of improved student achievement - Widely implemented staff development (Madeline Hunter's ITIP) lacks empirical evidence of improved student achievement
• Wijekumar et al. (2009) finds no statistically significant difference between Odyssey® Math and comparison classrooms on grade 4 TerraNova math scores - Wijekumar et al.
• Wiki negotiation unfolds in four episodes with distinct intersubjective orientations, beginning with an exploratory orientation during content generation - Wiki negotiation unfolds in four episodes with distinct intersubjective orientations, beginning with an exploratory orientation during content generation
• Wiki pages produced by many anonymous edits exhibit group-generated meaning not attributable to any individual contributor - Wiki pages produced by many anonymous edits exhibit group-generated meaning not attributable to any individual contributor
• Wikipedia contributors show confirmation bias by preferentially editing articles consistent with their own views - Wikipedia contributors show confirmation bias by preferentially editing articles consistent with their own views
• Wikipedia editing reproduces inequalities in editors, topics and credible knowledge, but feminist edit-a-thons can redress cultural injustice - Wikipedia editing reproduces inequalities in editors, topics and credible knowledge, but feminist edit-a-thons can redress cultural injustice
• Wikipedia history analysis shows external accommodation: the AIDS origin article progressively weakened and integrated the contentious polio vaccine theory - Wikipedia history analysis shows external accommodation: the AIDS origin article progressively weakened and integrated the contentious polio vaccine theory
• Wikipedia history analysis shows external assimilation: a user added only the CSILE/Knowledge Forum link without further changes - Wikipedia history analysis shows external assimilation: a user added only the CSILE/Knowledge Forum link without further changes
• Wikipedia's bold-edit collaboration script led to lower article quality than a discussion-first alternative script - Wikipedia's bold-edit collaboration script led to lower article quality than a discussion-first alternative script
• Wilderness immersion experiences improve convergent creative thinking, with reported gains including a 50% increase on the RAT after four days in nature - Wilderness immersion experiences improve convergent creative thinking, with reported gains including a 50% increase on the RAT after four days in nature
• Wilson's application of the Thorndike scale across a school system finds writing quality nearly the same in all grades while speed rises steeply - Wilson's application of the Thorndike scale across a school system finds writing quality nearly the same in all grades while speed rises steeply
• Winch's age-weighted method of measuring school progress cannot test the value of preliminary kindergarten teaching in large American cities - Winch's age-weighted method of measuring school progress cannot test the value of preliminary kindergarten teaching in large American cities
• Window 1 profiles complicate the assumption that greater pre-query effort signals better progress: Cold Start learners completed at 97% while Struggling learners completed at 67% - Window 1 profiles complicate the assumption that greater pre-query effort signals better progress: Cold Start learners completed at 97% while Struggling learners completed at 67%
• Wireless keypads with immediate-response questions convert a passive lecture audience into active learners by providing rapid feedback - Wireless keypads with immediate-response questions convert a passive lecture audience into active learners by providing rapid feedback
• WISE Agent feedback significantly increased Truth-seeking and CT Self-confidence disposition scores - WISE Agent feedback significantly increased Truth-seeking and CT Self-confidence disposition scores
• Wise's simulation under continuous learning recommended projection-based weighted averages for aggregating interim scores - Wise's simulation under continuous learning recommended projection-based weighted averages for aggregating interim scores
• With a scripted collaboration designed to elicit metacognition, deep-level metacognitive regulation stays rare and students mostly accept rather than co-construct or share regulation - With a scripted collaboration designed to elicit metacognition, deep-level metacognitive regulation stays rare and students mostly accept rather than co-construct or share regulation
• With academic integrity reminders present, the exam-format effect on cheating rate disappears (Study 3 null) - With academic integrity reminders present, the exam-format effect on cheating rate disappears (Study 3 null)
• With constant judgment standards, the same-different orienting task at repetitions did not affect the within-list lag effect, arguing against inattention and encoding-variability explanations - With constant judgment standards, the same-different orienting task at repetitions did not affect the within-list lag effect, arguing against inattention and encoding-variability explanations
• With covariates, early and intermediate EF groups become indistinguishable in math level and growth, but the later EF group's disadvantage remains - With covariates, early and intermediate EF groups become indistinguishable in math level and growth, but the later EF group's disadvantage remains
• With explicit competence feedback, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals predict competitive and protective regulation respectively when partner competence is higher or unspecified, but not equal (Study 3) - With explicit competence feedback, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals predict competitive and protective regulation respectively when partner competence is higher or unspecified, but
• With growing job experience, teachers may shift toward different, more adaptive emotion regulation strategies - With growing job experience, teachers may shift toward different, more adaptive emotion regulation strategies
• With identical architectures and budgets, a PINN more closely reproduced swing-equation rotor angle and speed trajectories than an ordinary neural network - With identical architectures and budgets, a PINN more closely reproduced swing-equation rotor angle and speed trajectories than an ordinary neural network
• With incidental orienting tasks that focus processing on individual words and give no incentive to form associations, distributed presentations produce better free recall than massed presentations - With incidental orienting tasks that focus processing on individual words and give no incentive to form associations, distributed presentations produce better free recall than massed presentations
• With increasing n-back task difficulty, reaction times increase and accuracy decreases - With increasing n-back task difficulty, reaction times increase and accuracy decreases
• With peer feedback groups added to web-based SRL training (Group TDP), students showed statistically significant gains in self-motivation, volition and reflection, beyond the planning and metacognition gains also seen in Group TD; goal-setting and elaboration gains stayed non-significant - With peer feedback groups added to web-based SRL training (Group TDP), students showed statistically significant gains in self-motivation, volition and reflection, beyond the planning and metacognitio
• With reduced construct overlap and a no-feedback control, feedback did not significantly affect challenge (Experiments 3 and 4), and negative feedback raised expected effort required only in Experiment 3 - With reduced construct overlap and a no-feedback control, feedback did not significantly affect challenge (Experiments 3 and 4), and negative feedback raised expected effort required only in Experimen
• With the alerting & guiding dashboard, teachers' workload dropped most on the performance and frustration subscales, while cognitive load, temporal demand and effort differences were non-significant - With the alerting & guiding dashboard, teachers' workload dropped most on the performance and frustration subscales, while cognitive load, temporal demand and effort differences were non-significant
• With the original word order, several Terman vocabulary words were unknown to all examined kindergarten and Grade I children and were needlessly asked. - With the original word order, several Terman vocabulary words were unknown to all examined kindergarten and Grade I children and were needlessly asked.
• With verbalness equal, longer tests correlate more highly with achievement, with a partial correlation of 0.21 for time - With verbalness equal, longer tests correlate more highly with achievement, with a partial correlation of 0.21 for time
• With young primary-school readers, REM support appeared in CLPMs but not RI-CLPMs, motivating tests with older students - With young primary-school readers, REM support appeared in CLPMs but not RI-CLPMs, motivating tests with older students
• Withholding or delaying an MRE is treated as a breach of foundational local norms, normally triggering escalated norm enforcement and undermining problem-solving - Withholding or delaying an MRE is treated as a breach of foundational local norms, normally triggering escalated norm enforcement and undermining problem-solving
• Within a grade, younger pupils score higher on the Alertness Quotient than older pupils - Within a grade, younger pupils score higher on the Alertness Quotient than older pupils
• Within a single administration, COLO administered more items and overexposed fewer items than the CBE, likely due to its randomesque exposure-control procedure - Within a single administration, COLO administered more items and overexposed fewer items than the CBE, likely due to its randomesque exposure-control procedure
• Within a single LLM session, students' help-seeking shifts toward answer- and verification-seeking while explicit self-regulation modestly increases - Within a single LLM session, students' help-seeking shifts toward answer- and verification-seeking while explicit self-regulation modestly increases
• Within every CPS race/ethnicity group, young men graduated from high school at a lower rate than young women of the same race/ethnicity - Within every CPS race/ethnicity group, young men graduated from high school at a lower rate than young women of the same race/ethnicity
• Within every student category, freshman GPA, course failures, and absences are strongly related to five-year graduation rates, with large drops per half grade point, per additional course failure, and per absence band - Within every student category, freshman GPA, course failures, and absences are strongly related to five-year graduation rates, with large drops per half grade point, per additional course failure, and
• Within fight pairs, Black and poor students are punished more harshly than the opponents they fight - Within fight pairs, Black and poor students are punished more harshly than the opponents they fight
• Within General Capability, model spread concentrates in competition mathematics (AIME), which dominates the aggregate score - Within General Capability, model spread concentrates in competition mathematics (AIME), which dominates the aggregate score
• Within low-SES samples, quality of mother–child communication predicts children's later expressive language more strongly than input quantity - Within low-SES samples, quality of mother–child communication predicts children's later expressive language more strongly than input quantity
• Within persons, better-than-usual math grades positively predict subsequent enjoyment and pride, and enjoyment and pride positively predict subsequent grades - Within persons, better-than-usual math grades positively predict subsequent enjoyment and pride, and enjoyment and pride positively predict subsequent grades
• Within persons, grades negatively predict subsequent anger and hopelessness, and anger, anxiety, boredom, and hopelessness negatively predict subsequent grades - Within persons, grades negatively predict subsequent anger and hopelessness, and anger, anxiety, boredom, and hopelessness negatively predict subsequent grades
• Within persons, state mastery goals positively predict enjoyment and negatively predict boredom and anger in the classroom - Within persons, state mastery goals positively predict enjoyment and negatively predict boredom and anger in the classroom
• Within persons, state performance-approach goals predict pride and state performance-avoidance goals predict anxiety and shame - Within persons, state performance-approach goals predict pride and state performance-avoidance goals predict anxiety and shame
• Within prompt–response AI interfaces, students without guidance rarely move beyond prompt tuning, yielding interactions of limited educational value and increased reliance on outputs - Within prompt–response AI interfaces, students without guidance rarely move beyond prompt tuning, yielding interactions of limited educational value and increased reliance on outputs
• Within QR placement categories, White and Asian students earned significantly more first-year units than Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students, with gaps most pronounced in Category IV - Within QR placement categories, White and Asian students earned significantly more first-year units than Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino students, with gaps most pronounced in Category IV
• Within schools, higher-achieving students are more likely to take the ACT - Within schools, higher-achieving students are more likely to take the ACT
• Within schools, principal leadership relates to individual teachers' instruction through multiple pathways, with the strongest via program quality (professional development and coherence) - Within schools, principal leadership relates to individual teachers' instruction through multiple pathways, with the strongest via program quality (professional development and coherence)
• Within schools, principal leadership shows a negative direct relationship with classroom academic demands net of mediating factors - Within schools, principal leadership shows a negative direct relationship with classroom academic demands net of mediating factors
• Within SDT, intrinsic motivation predicts intended effort most strongly, followed by identified regulation, with introjected regulation much weaker - Within SDT, intrinsic motivation predicts intended effort most strongly, followed by identified regulation, with introjected regulation much weaker
• Within sociocultural theory, teacher feedback and AI-assisted peer feedback function as heterogeneous scaffolds with distinct natures and complementary advantages - Within sociocultural theory, teacher feedback and AI-assisted peer feedback function as heterogeneous scaffolds with distinct natures and complementary advantages
• Within STEM, only Asian and multi-racial faculty identities were significantly associated with greater self-reported culturally inclusive teaching - Within STEM, only Asian and multi-racial faculty identities were significantly associated with greater self-reported culturally inclusive teaching
• Within the AI-assisted group, the frequency of checking the AI's claims against sources predicted decision-making gains, with no students flagged for over-reliance - Within the AI-assisted group, the frequency of checking the AI's claims against sources predicted decision-making gains, with no students flagged for over-reliance
• Within the bounded condition, stronger coded reflective engagement predicted higher Week 8 independent higher-order thinking - Within the bounded condition, stronger coded reflective engagement predicted higher Week 8 independent higher-order thinking
• Within the CoP model, learners who do not progress toward the centre through nonparticipation are relegated to the fringes with invalidated identities - Within the CoP model, learners who do not progress toward the centre through nonparticipation are relegated to the fringes with invalidated identities
• Within the experimental group, AI-supported instruction produced statistically significant pre-to-post gains on media reading, media writing, and total media literacy - Within the experimental group, AI-supported instruction produced statistically significant pre-to-post gains on media reading, media writing, and total media literacy
• Within the explicit morphology instruction group, the pre-to-post gain ratio was above Blake's 1.2 minimum for morphological awareness (1.28) and below it for reading comprehension (1.06) - Within the explicit morphology instruction group, the pre-to-post gain ratio was above Blake's 1.2 minimum for morphological awareness (1.28) and below it for reading comprehension (1.06)
• Within the feedback condition, students rated test taking and receiving feedback as equally useful for monitoring their performance - Within the feedback condition, students rated test taking and receiving feedback as equally useful for monitoring their performance
• Within the same neighborhoods and schools, boys and Black students are more likely to be overage for grade, a proxy for prior retention - Within the same neighborhoods and schools, boys and Black students are more likely to be overage for grade, a proxy for prior retention
• Within their jurisdiction, teachers describe a four-step escalation ladder: teach the whole class, watch and take note, talk one-on-one, and refer - Within their jurisdiction, teachers describe a four-step escalation ladder: teach the whole class, watch and take note, talk one-on-one, and refer
• Within-class heterogeneity in achievement or interest did not directly predict outcomes, but differentiated instruction was particularly advantageous in more heterogeneous German classes - Within-class heterogeneity in achievement or interest did not directly predict outcomes, but differentiated instruction was particularly advantageous in more heterogeneous German classes
• Within-domain effects in the classic I/E model increase after controlling for between-domain effects when the latter are negative, consistent with them reflecting between-domain achievement effects - Within-domain effects in the classic I/E model increase after controlling for between-domain effects when the latter are negative, consistent with them reflecting between-domain achievement effects
• Within-domain effects in the difference I/E model decrease after controlling for between-domain effects when classic I/E between-domain effects are negative - Within-domain effects in the difference I/E model decrease after controlling for between-domain effects when classic I/E between-domain effects are negative
• Within-family fixed-effects analysis estimates the learning-loss gap between educational backgrounds at 60% - Within-family fixed-effects analysis estimates the learning-loss gap between educational backgrounds at 60%
• Within-grade differences in primary school children's multiplication ability are very large. - Within-grade differences in primary school children's multiplication ability are very large.
• Within-group achievement gains were significant for the CCCT group but not for the control group - Within-group achievement gains were significant for the CCCT group but not for the control group
• Within-group analyses show significant increases on several affective and metacognitive dimensions in Scrum classes, while the comparison group showed no significant increases or decreases. - Within-group analyses show significant increases on several affective and metacognitive dimensions in Scrum classes, while the comparison group showed no significant increases or decreases.
• Within-judge variance of the repeated LLM-judge rubric is negligible, but cross-model-family agreement remains untested - Within-judge variance of the repeated LLM-judge rubric is negligible, but cross-model-family agreement remains untested
• Within-language strategy profiles differ: other-repetition prevails in the L2 while clarification requests prevail in the L1, with negative feedback least used - Within-language strategy profiles differ: other-repetition prevails in the L2 while clarification requests prevail in the L1, with negative feedback least used
• Within-lesson sequencing in the PATHS Feelings and Relationships Unit proceeds from cognitive to behavioral to affective and from external to internal - Within-lesson sequencing in the PATHS Feelings and Relationships Unit proceeds from cognitive to behavioral to affective and from external to internal
• Within-person change in perceived fairness mediates the longitudinal association between trust and learning motivation - Within-person change in perceived fairness mediates the longitudinal association between trust and learning motivation
• Within-person changes in response time have inconsistent implications for accuracy, predicting higher accuracy in some cases and declines in others - Within-person changes in response time have inconsistent implications for accuracy, predicting higher accuracy in some cases and declines in others
• Within-person deviations from math and self-efficacy growth trajectories at a given time point are not related across constructs - Within-person deviations from math and self-efficacy growth trajectories at a given time point are not related across constructs
• Within-person deviations of enjoyment and pride correlate positively with grade deviations (r = .12 to .55), and negative-emotion deviations correlate negatively (r = −.17 to −.44) - Within-person deviations of enjoyment and pride correlate positively with grade deviations (r = .12 to .55), and negative-emotion deviations correlate negatively (r = −.17 to −.44)
• Within-person increases in student trust in AI teaching assistants predict subsequent within-person increases in perceived fairness, with ability trust the strongest antecedent - Within-person increases in student trust in AI teaching assistants predict subsequent within-person increases in perceived fairness, with ability trust the strongest antecedent
• Within-person reciprocal effects from fairness back to trust are weaker than trust-to-fairness effects, indicating an asymmetric rather than strictly unidirectional pattern - Within-person reciprocal effects from fairness back to trust are weaker than trust-to-fairness effects, indicating an asymmetric rather than strictly unidirectional pattern
• Within-person reminders of implementation intentions improve students' short-term study behaviour - Within-person reminders of implementation intentions improve students' short-term study behaviour
• Within-person variance in cognitive inhibition tasks is heterogeneous, with person-specific reliability differing up to tenfold - Within-person variance in cognitive inhibition tasks is heterogeneous, with person-specific reliability differing up to tenfold
• Within-school variation in baseline achievement is greater in middle school grades, but upper elementary grades show an offsetting amount of between-school variation - Within-school variation in baseline achievement is greater in middle school grades, but upper elementary grades show an offsetting amount of between-school variation
• Within-session help-seeking development predicts unaided post-test performance beyond pre-test performance and static AI-use features - Within-session help-seeking development predicts unaided post-test performance beyond pre-test performance and static AI-use features
• Within-session SRL change shows no detectable association with unaided post-test performance - Within-session SRL change shows no detectable association with unaided post-test performance
• Within-student differences in noncognitive factors are associated with differences in course grades across the same student's classes - Within-student differences in noncognitive factors are associated with differences in course grades across the same student's classes
• Within-student transitions are asymmetric: 18.9% of consistent individual users stop using LLMs in teams while only 3.2% start, with framing shifts concentrated in movement to non-use - Within-student transitions are asymmetric: 18.9% of consistent individual users stop using LLMs in teams while only 3.2% start, with framing shifts concentrated in movement to non-use
• Within-subject achievement effects in the classic I/E model confound social and dimensional comparisons; using the math–verbal achievement difference as predictor isolates each comparison type - Within-subject achievement effects in the classic I/E model confound social and dimensional comparisons; using the math–verbal achievement difference as predictor isolates each comparison type
• Within-subjects designs also show a moderate-to-large modality effect (d = 0.73) - Within-subjects designs also show a moderate-to-large modality effect (d = 0.73)
• Within-user exercise accuracy does not differ significantly between high- and low-score sessions - Within-user exercise accuracy does not differ significantly between high- and low-score sessions
• Within-year (fall-to-spring) achievement gains decelerate linearly as students move through school, at roughly 1.4 to 4 RIT per year depending on subject and centering grade - Within-year (fall-to-spring) achievement gains decelerate linearly as students move through school, at roughly 1.4 to 4 RIT per year depending on subject and centering grade
• Within-year fall-to-spring gains are largest in second grade (about 13.4 RIT in math) and slow by roughly 1.4 RIT per year as students progress through elementary school - Within-year fall-to-spring gains are largest in second grade (about 13.4 RIT in math) and slow by roughly 1.4 RIT per year as students progress through elementary school
• Within-year improvements in overall learning conditions predict large gains in students' I am Valued beliefs - Within-year improvements in overall learning conditions predict large gains in students' I am Valued beliefs
• Without a competing language, bilingual preschoolers show no preference between English-only and Mandarin-only books during silent reading - Without a competing language, bilingual preschoolers show no preference between English-only and Mandarin-only books during silent reading
• Without alignment training, generated questions collapse to similar content regardless of the intended knowledge concept, whereas KT4EQG questions spread across many verified KCs - Without alignment training, generated questions collapse to similar content regardless of the intended knowledge concept, whereas KT4EQG questions spread across many verified KCs
• Without assigned roles, all group members generally participate in many core dimensions of group leadership, which emerges as an interactive group phenomenon - Without assigned roles, all group members generally participate in many core dimensions of group leadership, which emerges as an interactive group phenomenon
• Without attention, educational innovations tend to exacerbate rather than reduce learning gaps between well-off and lower-resourced individuals - Without attention, educational innovations tend to exacerbate rather than reduce learning gaps between well-off and lower-resourced individuals
• Without clear expectations and support from district leaders, coaches might not devote sufficient time to the full range of coaching activities needed to improve teachers' instruction - Without clear expectations and support from district leaders, coaches might not devote sufficient time to the full range of coaching activities needed to improve teachers' instruction
• Without clear quality signals, district boards default to the lowest bid when comparing edtech products - Without clear quality signals, district boards default to the lowest bid when comparing edtech products
• Without covariates, the rate of math growth and the shape of growth did not differ across the three EF trajectory groups - Without covariates, the rate of math growth and the shape of growth did not differ across the three EF trajectory groups
• Without dashboard support, teachers could not make announcements about time, phase transitions, or participation and relied on perception and surveying to diagnose collaboration - Without dashboard support, teachers could not make announcements about time, phase transitions, or participation and relied on perception and surveying to diagnose collaboration
• Without explicit guidance and scaffolding, unguided GenAI use may disproportionately benefit already advantaged students and widen performance gaps - Without explicit guidance and scaffolding, unguided GenAI use may disproportionately benefit already advantaged students and widen performance gaps
• Without explicit scaffolding, the two lower-agency paths (Passive Review and Direct Question) accounted for 64% of student-AI interactions in the primary sample - Without explicit scaffolding, the two lower-agency paths (Passive Review and Direct Question) accounted for 64% of student-AI interactions in the primary sample
• Without feedback, more practice-test participation predicts lower specificity (worse detection of incorrect answers); with corrective feedback this negative relation disappears - Without feedback, more practice-test participation predicts lower specificity (worse detection of incorrect answers); with corrective feedback this negative relation disappears
• Without feedback, people are more curious about high-confidence errors than about equally high-confidence correct answers, replicated across experiments - Without feedback, people are more curious about high-confidence errors than about equally high-confidence correct answers, replicated across experiments
• Without fine-tuning, commercial frontier models outperform open-source LLMs on MedGame Bench structural validity and content metrics - Without fine-tuning, commercial frontier models outperform open-source LLMs on MedGame Bench structural validity and content metrics
• Without initial instruction, repeated worked examples produce better generalization than repeated retrieval practice - Without initial instruction, repeated worked examples produce better generalization than repeated retrieval practice
• Without initial instruction, varied retrieval practice matches varied worked examples and beats repeated retrieval practice for generalization - Without initial instruction, varied retrieval practice matches varied worked examples and beats repeated retrieval practice for generalization
• Without instructional support, learners show low cognitive strategy use and almost absent metacognitive strategies in journal writing, and realized strategy use correlates with learning outcomes - Without instructional support, learners show low cognitive strategy use and almost absent metacognitive strategies in journal writing, and realized strategy use correlates with learning outcomes
• Without step-level supervision, neither the student model nor the tutor model can acquire misconceptions regardless of training data size - Without step-level supervision, neither the student model nor the tutor model can acquire misconceptions regardless of training data size
• Without video review, hands-on activities enhance vocational students' practical skill performance more effectively than virtual simulations - Without video review, hands-on activities enhance vocational students' practical skill performance more effectively than virtual simulations
• Witkin's orientation tests showed marked individual differences and self-consistency in perceiving the upright, with only a tendency toward two distinguishable groups - Witkin's orientation tests showed marked individual differences and self-consistency in perceiving the upright, with only a tendency toward two distinguishable groups
• Witnessing mentor teachers model advocacy actions shaped novice ESL teachers' advocacy beliefs and practices - Witnessing mentor teachers model advocacy actions shaped novice ESL teachers' advocacy beliefs and practices
• WM capacity is significantly and negatively correlated with age in Korean adults - WM capacity is significantly and negatively correlated with age in Korean adults
• WMC shows a main effect on inference verification but not on essay recall - WMC shows a main effect on inference verification but not on essay recall
• WMPT accuracy is positively correlated with reading, numeracy, spelling and composite achievement scores - WMPT accuracy is positively correlated with reading, numeracy, spelling and composite achievement scores
• WMPT accuracy, confidence, Bias Index and Absolute Accuracy Index all change significantly with task difficulty - WMPT accuracy, confidence, Bias Index and Absolute Accuracy Index all change significantly with task difficulty
• Women admitted to MIT with lower SAT math scores perform as well as men in freshman math classes - Women admitted to MIT with lower SAT math scores perform as well as men in freshman math classes
• Women assigned to the chatbot in Microeconomics earned final grades seven points higher than control women, with no treatment effects for men - Women assigned to the chatbot in Microeconomics earned final grades seven points higher than control women, with no treatment effects for men
• Women delinquents scored somewhat below an army comparison group on the Stanford-Binet, but overlap was so great that other causes of delinquency must be sought - Women delinquents scored somewhat below an army comparison group on the Stanford-Binet, but overlap was so great that other causes of delinquency must be sought
• Women delinquents studied in New York State showed very low educational attainment, with a mean grade reached of 4.5 - Women delinquents studied in New York State showed very low educational attainment, with a mean grade reached of 4.5
• Women earn substantial shares of bachelor's degrees in most math and science fields but remain underrepresented in computer sciences, physics, and engineering - Women earn substantial shares of bachelor's degrees in most math and science fields but remain underrepresented in computer sciences, physics, and engineering
• Women of color are the least likely, and white men the most likely, to report a sense of belonging in STEM majors - Women of color are the least likely, and white men the most likely, to report a sense of belonging in STEM majors
• Women score lower than men in high-stakes final exams across advanced undergraduate STEM courses, with mean differences of 2.5 to ~7 points on a 100-point scale - Women score lower than men in high-stakes final exams across advanced undergraduate STEM courses, with mean differences of 2.5 to ~7 points on a 100-point scale
• Women scored about 33 SAT-M points lower than men who took the same math course and received the same grade - Women scored about 33 SAT-M points lower than men who took the same math course and received the same grade
• Women tend to shy away from competition, contributing to gender gaps in math-related educational choices - Women tend to shy away from competition, contributing to gender gaps in math-related educational choices
• Women were less accurate than men on the opposites tests but were less mature and less advanced in scholarship - Women were less accurate than men on the opposites tests but were less mature and less advanced in scholarship
• Women's descriptive representation in deliberation interacts with decision rule rather than uniformly increasing voice and authority - Women's descriptive representation in deliberation interacts with decision rule rather than uniformly increasing voice and authority
• Woolley found 25.5% of 18-year-old industrial workers feeble-minded on the point scale and advised changing the definition of feeble-mindedness so tested deficiency better matched common-sense opinion. - Woolley found 25.5% of 18-year-old industrial workers feeble-minded on the point scale and advised changing the definition of feeble-mindedness so tested deficiency better matched common-sense opinion
• Word attack and the word attack × max P→O surprisal interaction add variance beyond phonology, indicating phonology-to-orthography knowledge contributes to SfV performance - Word attack and the word attack × max P→O surprisal interaction add variance beyond phonology, indicating phonology-to-orthography knowledge contributes to SfV performance
• Word attack gains from the Wilson Reading System were concentrated among students with high initial word attack or vocabulary scores and students not eligible for free/reduced lunch - Word attack gains from the Wilson Reading System were concentrated among students with high initial word attack or vocabulary scores and students not eligible for free/reduced lunch
• Word count correlates with suggested final grade, with the ordering Gemini Pro > humans > ChatGPT > Gemini among statistically significant correlations (human Spearman's rho = 0.603) - Word count correlates with suggested final grade, with the ordering Gemini Pro > humans > ChatGPT > Gemini among statistically significant correlations (human Spearman's rho = 0.603)
• Word frequency does not modulate the transposed-character effect in either experiment - Word frequency does not modulate the transposed-character effect in either experiment
• Word identification adds unique variance and moderates SfV performance, with a three-way word attack × word identification × max P→O surprisal interaction - Word identification adds unique variance and moderates SfV performance, with a three-way word attack × word identification × max P→O surprisal interaction
• Word length, vocabulary grade, and imageability significantly predicted the number of exposures required for sight word mastery - Word length, vocabulary grade, and imageability significantly predicted the number of exposures required for sight word mastery
• Word reading efficiency and sentence comprehension show distinct behavioral subcomponent profiles: word reading correlates with phonological subcomponents, comprehension with morphological awareness and orthography-semantic mapping - Word reading efficiency and sentence comprehension show distinct behavioral subcomponent profiles: word reading correlates with phonological subcomponents, comprehension with morphological awareness a
• Word reading improved in all three training groups among children without reading difficulties, with no group-by-time interaction - Word reading improved in all three training groups among children without reading difficulties, with no group-by-time interaction
• Word reading task measures of O-P and imageability reliance predict intervention gains beyond vocabulary, phonological awareness, rapid naming, and auditory attention - Word reading task measures of O-P and imageability reliance predict intervention gains beyond vocabulary, phonological awareness, rapid naming, and auditory attention
• Word recognition fluency significantly predicted reading comprehension in grades 1-3, with rate becoming the stronger predictor by third grade - Word recognition fluency significantly predicted reading comprehension in grades 1-3, with rate becoming the stronger predictor by third grade
• Word stress errors discriminate between L2 learners of all comprehensibility levels - Word stress errors discriminate between L2 learners of all comprehensibility levels
• Word study intervention shows a moderate overall effect on word reading and comprehension for older struggling readers - Word study intervention shows a moderate overall effect on word reading and comprehension for older struggling readers
• Word-learning performance correlates with later vocabulary size in children with cochlear implants - Word-learning performance correlates with later vocabulary size in children with cochlear implants
• Word-learning performance correlates with vocabulary production in normal-hearing children but not with sentence length - Word-learning performance correlates with vocabulary production in normal-hearing children but not with sentence length
• Word-level features predict SfV item difficulty: significant associations with length, order, and number of competitors, but not frequency, concreteness, or surprisal - Word-level features predict SfV item difficulty: significant associations with length, order, and number of competitors, but not frequency, concreteness, or surprisal
• Word-level reading fluency is positively associated with intertextual integration among K-12 students, including readers with developmental dyslexia - Word-level reading fluency is positively associated with intertextual integration among K-12 students, including readers with developmental dyslexia
• Word-reading interventions significantly improve decoding, nonword decoding, reading comprehension, and spelling (g = 0.29-0.45) but not reading fluency - Word-reading interventions significantly improve decoding, nonword decoding, reading comprehension, and spelling (g = 0.29-0.45) but not reading fluency
• Word-reading interventions yield significant positive effects on adolescent literacy outcomes overall (g = 0.30) - Word-reading interventions yield significant positive effects on adolescent literacy outcomes overall (g = 0.30)
• Wording of test directions changed children's performance, with 'largest' failing and 'biggest' succeeding for primary-grade children - Wording of test directions changed children's performance, with 'largest' failing and 'biggest' succeeding for primary-grade children
• Words encountered in diverse contexts are identified faster, with a mean 26-ms advantage - Words encountered in diverse contexts are identified faster, with a mean 26-ms advantage
• Words encountered in diverse contexts are recognized more accurately in a pseudolexical decision task - Words encountered in diverse contexts are recognized more accurately in a pseudolexical decision task
• Words higher in contextual diversity and semantic richness are processed more accurately and efficiently in lexical tasks - Words higher in contextual diversity and semantic richness are processed more accurately and efficiently in lexical tasks
• Words participants said they would remember were recalled earlier in output than words predicted to be forgotten or words not given a prediction - Words participants said they would remember were recalled earlier in output than words predicted to be forgotten or words not given a prediction
• Work alienation mediates a negative pathway from teacher–AI collaboration to work engagement - Work alienation mediates a negative pathway from teacher–AI collaboration to work engagement
• Work avoidance and relational goals form goal classes distinct from all other achievement goal classes of university instructors. - Work avoidance and relational goals form goal classes distinct from all other achievement goal classes of university instructors.
• Work experience, tenure, perceived support, caregiver age, stability, child sex, and center size show no significant association with interactive skills - Work experience, tenure, perceived support, caregiver age, stability, child sex, and center size show no significant association with interactive skills
• Work with peers in anti-bullying programs is associated with an increase in victimization - Work with peers in anti-bullying programs is associated with an increase in victimization
• Work-avoidance goals are particularly related to negative activity emotions - Work-avoidance goals are particularly related to negative activity emotions
• Work-avoidance goals show a small positive association with academic dishonesty - Work-avoidance goals show a small positive association with academic dishonesty
• Work-related factors (organizational learning culture, job control, job demands) are significantly positively related to SRL strategies in continuing education - Work-related factors (organizational learning culture, job control, job demands) are significantly positively related to SRL strategies in continuing education
• Worked examples are studied for their effects on cognitive load in older learners (per Van Gerven, Paas, & Schmidt) - Worked examples are studied for their effects on cognitive load in older learners (per Van Gerven, Paas, & Schmidt)
• Worked examples benefit learning even compared to tutored problem solving with on-demand guidance, indicating the effect is not an artefact of weak control conditions - Worked examples benefit learning even compared to tutored problem solving with on-demand guidance, indicating the effect is not an artefact of weak control conditions
• Worked examples confer a larger advantage over unassisted discovery than direct teaching does - Worked examples confer a larger advantage over unassisted discovery than direct teaching does
• Worked examples did not improve application of CDR strategy knowledge relative to problem-solving - Worked examples did not improve application of CDR strategy knowledge relative to problem-solving
• Worked examples did not significantly increase self-explanation quality compared to problem-solving; both groups generated self-explanations of similar quality - Worked examples did not significantly increase self-explanation quality compared to problem-solving; both groups generated self-explanations of similar quality
• Worked examples improved the exchange of relevant information in the CDR process, driven by the initial-situation step - Worked examples improved the exchange of relevant information in the CDR process, driven by the initial-situation step
• Worked examples reduce unnecessary search for novices.
• Worked examples result in better performance than conventional problem solving with no guidance, per prior work cited in the thesis - Worked examples result in better performance than conventional problem solving with no guidance, per prior work cited in the thesis
• Worked-example gains in a puzzle game remained small relative to expert performance, with the worked example group learning only 2.7% of experts' knowledge-map knowledge - Worked-example gains in a puzzle game remained small relative to expert performance, with the worked example group learning only 2.7% of experts' knowledge-map knowledge
• Worked-example guidance becomes less effective as learner expertise increases.
• Worked-example preparation deepens subsequent learning via more elaboration during the future-learning phase - Worked-example preparation deepens subsequent learning via more elaboration during the future-learning phase
• Worked-example preparation leads to more application of canonical criteria during future learning, which mediates higher transfer - Worked-example preparation leads to more application of canonical criteria during future learning, which mediates higher transfer
• Worker and jobseeker input on skills-first pathway design and implementation is far too often limited or missing - Worker and jobseeker input on skills-first pathway design and implementation is far too often limited or missing
• Workers ages 22 to 25 in the most AI-exposed US occupations experienced a 16% relative employment decline following widespread generative AI adoption - Workers ages 22 to 25 in the most AI-exposed US occupations experienced a 16% relative employment decline following widespread generative AI adoption
• Workers and administrators who were presented with the CMR model viewed it as a comfortable transition into residential treatment - Workers and administrators who were presented with the CMR model viewed it as a comfortable transition into residential treatment
• Workers closest to the diversity frontier show the strongest adaptive outcomes, while frontier position is not associated with stronger wage sorting - Workers closest to the diversity frontier show the strongest adaptive outcomes, while frontier position is not associated with stronger wage sorting
• Workers in the studied workgroups tended to manage their learning needs to minimise their supervisors' involvement, with supervisors not the contacts of first resort for learning - Workers in the studied workgroups tended to manage their learning needs to minimise their supervisors' involvement, with supervisors not the contacts of first resort for learning
• Workflow condition is associated with students' self-assessment confidence - Workflow condition is associated with students' self-assessment confidence
• Workforce readiness for AI is widely acknowledged as a priority but implemented in concentrated pockets rather than coordinated across disciplines - Workforce readiness for AI is widely acknowledged as a priority but implemented in concentrated pockets rather than coordinated across disciplines
• Workforce-context micro-credential success depends on sustained partnerships, employer recognition, higher-education credit linkage, and time-cost flexibility - Workforce-context micro-credential success depends on sustained partnerships, employer recognition, higher-education credit linkage, and time-cost flexibility
• Workgroups in the study could generally not be regarded as communities of practice, though subsets operated as communities of practice for specific issues - Workgroups in the study could generally not be regarded as communities of practice, though subsets operated as communities of practice for specific issues
• Working a research scenario against a DLP surfaced concrete platform needs: adding measures, linking observational data, and enabling districtwide studies - Working a research scenario against a DLP surfaced concrete platform needs: adding measures, linking observational data, and enabling districtwide studies
• Working conditions shape educator retention and also influence recruitment decisions and the effectiveness of collaborative evaluation and induction - Working conditions shape educator retention and also influence recruitment decisions and the effectiveness of collaborative evaluation and induction
• Working conditions, especially accountability pressures and administrative support, shape teachers' decisions to leave or stay - Working conditions, especially accountability pressures and administrative support, shape teachers' decisions to leave or stay
• Working in culturally diverse groups on a cooperative task increases schoolchildren's creativity (originality) compared with homogeneous groups - Working in culturally diverse groups on a cooperative task increases schoolchildren's creativity (originality) compared with homogeneous groups
• Working memory accounts for the relation between ADHD traits and communicative perspective-taking - Working memory accounts for the relation between ADHD traits and communicative perspective-taking
• Working memory and inhibition both contribute to spontaneous flexibility, whereas only inhibition contributes to reactive flexibility - Working memory and inhibition both contribute to spontaneous flexibility, whereas only inhibition contributes to reactive flexibility
• Working memory and processing speed, but not inhibition or non-alphanumeric naming speed, uniquely predict both word reading and reading comprehension in children ages 8 to 16 - Working memory and processing speed, but not inhibition or non-alphanumeric naming speed, uniquely predict both word reading and reading comprehension in children ages 8 to 16
• Working memory and shifting in kindergarten were not significant predictors of later metacognitive monitoring - Working memory and shifting in kindergarten were not significant predictors of later metacognitive monitoring
• Working memory and symbolic number processing are both linked to adult arithmetic and numeracy, replicating prior research - Working memory and symbolic number processing are both linked to adult arithmetic and numeracy, replicating prior research
• Working memory capacity did not moderate learning gains in PS-I and I-PS, but digit recall correlated with declarative knowledge of the features - Working memory capacity did not moderate learning gains in PS-I and I-PS, but digit recall correlated with declarative knowledge of the features
• Working memory capacity increases with age independently of knowledge, encoding speed, and articulation - Working memory capacity increases with age independently of knowledge, encoding speed, and articulation
• Working memory capacity interacts with illustration type: seductive illustrations impair comprehension only for low-WMC readers - Working memory capacity interacts with illustration type: seductive illustrations impair comprehension only for low-WMC readers
• Working memory capacity is a robust indicator of success or failure in language learning - Working memory capacity is a robust indicator of success or failure in language learning
• Working memory capacity is significantly smaller in lower-SES than higher-SES adolescents - Working memory capacity is significantly smaller in lower-SES than higher-SES adolescents
• Working memory capacity moderated disfluency effects in one study but not another - Working memory capacity moderated disfluency effects in one study but not another
• Working memory capacity predicts comprehension performance only in the disfluency condition, with higher WMC yielding better comprehension - Working memory capacity predicts comprehension performance only in the disfluency condition, with higher WMC yielding better comprehension
• Working memory capacity predicts monitoring accuracy after a single reading but not after rereading, independently of comprehension ability (Experiment 2) - Working memory capacity predicts monitoring accuracy after a single reading but not after rereading, independently of comprehension ability (Experiment 2)
• Working memory capacity predicts retention performance only in the disfluency condition, with higher WMC yielding better retention - Working memory capacity predicts retention performance only in the disfluency condition, with higher WMC yielding better retention
• Working memory compensatorily moderates the explaining intervention's advantage: supported self-explaining benefits students with weaker working memory most - Working memory compensatorily moderates the explaining intervention's advantage: supported self-explaining benefits students with weaker working memory most
• Working memory demand increases with the complexity of arithmetic and math problems, including operand size and number of solution steps - Working memory demand increases with the complexity of arithmetic and math problems, including operand size and number of solution steps
• Working memory effectiveness mediates the relation between chronic stereotype threat and mathematical achievement only for highly gender-identified girls - Working memory effectiveness mediates the relation between chronic stereotype threat and mathematical achievement only for highly gender-identified girls
• Working memory fully mediates the effects of math anxiety and attention on children's non-verbal Numerical Operations - Working memory fully mediates the effects of math anxiety and attention on children's non-verbal Numerical Operations
• Working memory includes partially independent subcomponents for auditory/verbal and visual/2- or 3-dimensional information - Working memory includes partially independent subcomponents for auditory/verbal and visual/2- or 3-dimensional information
• Working memory is a foundational cognitive skill for language and transcription skills, but its relation to writing is primarily mediated by other component skills - Working memory is a foundational cognitive skill for language and transcription skills, but its relation to writing is primarily mediated by other component skills
• Working memory is distinct from short-term memory in subsystem count and functional role in higher cognition - Working memory is distinct from short-term memory in subsystem count and functional role in higher cognition
• Working memory is the strongest predictor of adolescents' communicative perspective-taking - Working memory is the strongest predictor of adolescents' communicative perspective-taking
• Working memory load degrades discrimination accuracy and slows responses in youth - Working memory load degrades discrimination accuracy and slows responses in youth
• Working memory mediates the indirect effects of anxiety on math performance - Working memory mediates the indirect effects of anxiety on math performance
• Working memory performance increases from baseline to the first post-induction trial across all age groups and conditions, consistent with practice effects - Working memory performance increases from baseline to the first post-induction trial across all age groups and conditions, consistent with practice effects
• Working memory relates to sourcing in a minority of studies, while psychophysiological self-regulation shows a positive relationship - Working memory relates to sourcing in a minority of studies, while psychophysiological self-regulation shows a positive relationship
• Working memory shows a moderate average correlation with mathematics (r = 0.35), stronger for calculation and problem solving than geometry, per a meta-analysis of 110 studies cited in the article - Working memory shows a moderate average correlation with mathematics (r = 0.35), stronger for calculation and problem solving than geometry, per a meta-analysis of 110 studies cited in the article
• Working memory span, updating, and cognitive flexibility positively predict English writing, response inhibition positively predicts reading, and working memory span negatively predicts listening - Working memory span, updating, and cognitive flexibility positively predict English writing, response inhibition positively predicts reading, and working memory span negatively predicts listening
• Working memory training shows short-term near-transfer gains but no compelling evidence of consistent long-term academic achievement gains - Working memory training shows short-term near-transfer gains but no compelling evidence of consistent long-term academic achievement gains
• Working memory, but not short-term memory, predicts word decoding skill in children - Working memory, but not short-term memory, predicts word decoding skill in children
• Working memory, orthographic, phonological, and morphological training each show significant medium effects on Chinese children's literacy - Working memory, orthographic, phonological, and morphological training each show significant medium effects on Chinese children's literacy
• Working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension weaknesses are shared across reading and math deficits - Working memory, processing speed, and verbal comprehension weaknesses are shared across reading and math deficits
• Working with a high-competency pedagogical agent improves novice learners' application of learning (d = 0.46) - Working with a high-competency pedagogical agent improves novice learners' application of learning (d = 0.46)
• Working with a low-competency pedagogical agent raises learners' self-efficacy in the task (d = 0.49) - Working with a low-competency pedagogical agent raises learners' self-efficacy in the task (d = 0.49)
• Working with imperfect AI outputs under mentor supervision was followed by students developing skepticism and independent debugging skills - Working with imperfect AI outputs under mentor supervision was followed by students developing skepticism and independent debugging skills
• Working with statistically messy authentic data in citizen science gave middle school students a window into scientists' world and intense experience with scientific reasoning - Working with statistically messy authentic data in citizen science gave middle school students a window into scientists' world and intense experience with scientific reasoning
• Working-group synthesis identified four crosscutting research themes for OpenSciEd - Working-group synthesis identified four crosscutting research themes for OpenSciEd
• Working-memory associations with SiN perception appear strongest under informational masking and sentence targets (r up to .43) - Working-memory associations with SiN perception appear strongest under informational masking and sentence targets (r up to .43)
• Working-memory capacity correlates positively with accuracy on all four sentence-production conditions - Working-memory capacity correlates positively with accuracy on all four sentence-production conditions
• Working-memory limitations can be circumvented by schema construction, automation, and multiple presentation modalities - Working-memory limitations can be circumvented by schema construction, automation, and multiple presentation modalities
• Working-memory task type moderates MLD deficits: processing speed and updating yield larger effects than inhibition, independent of numerical content - Working-memory task type moderates MLD deficits: processing speed and updating yield larger effects than inhibition, independent of numerical content
• Working-memory-only training shows no positive evidence of efficacy in healthy older adults - Working-memory-only training shows no positive evidence of efficacy in healthy older adults
• Workload peaks and slope variability correlate with perceived learning attainment, with LMS dynamics showing no significant correlations - Workload peaks and slope variability correlate with perceived learning attainment, with LMS dynamics showing no significant correlations
• Workload variability and slope metrics correlate strongly with perceived course difficulty - Workload variability and slope metrics correlate strongly with perceived course difficulty
• Workplace harassment did not significantly degrade teacher self-efficacy, plausibly due to a ceiling effect - Workplace harassment did not significantly degrade teacher self-efficacy, plausibly due to a ceiling effect
• Workshop engagement reaches an inflection point at the first shareback of newly generated text, after which participant questions about LLMs become more incisive - Workshop engagement reaches an inflection point at the first shareback of newly generated text, after which participant questions about LLMs become more incisive
• Workshop participants converge on the claim that generative AI benefits accrue fastest to students who already understand the material - Workshop participants converge on the claim that generative AI benefits accrue fastest to students who already understand the material
• Workshop participants reported that the ESSA four-tier model under-delivers evidence about for whom and under what conditions technologies work - Workshop participants reported that the ESSA four-tier model under-delivers evidence about for whom and under what conditions technologies work
• Workspaces became apparently disorganized, with incomplete and obsolete content, yet participants reported no difficulty using them to collaborate - Workspaces became apparently disorganized, with incomplete and obsolete content, yet participants reported no difficulty using them to collaborate
• World History Project adoption increases learning opportunities for historical thinking in summative activities relative to business-as-usual curricula - World History Project adoption increases learning opportunities for historical thinking in summative activities relative to business-as-usual curricula
• World History Project assignments scored higher on most learning opportunity rubric dimensions than other assignments - World History Project assignments scored higher on most learning opportunity rubric dimensions than other assignments
• World History Project does not engage students more than business-as-usual curricula on first implementation, with somewhat negative perception trends - World History Project does not engage students more than business-as-usual curricula on first implementation, with somewhat negative perception trends
• World knowledge-based audience design improves between ages 11–12 and 15–16 during online referential production - World knowledge-based audience design improves between ages 11–12 and 15–16 during online referential production
• World of Words has positive effects on the language outcome domain for prekindergarten children, with an average effect size of 0.43 across four studies - World of Words has positive effects on the language outcome domain for prekindergarten children, with an average effect size of 0.43 across four studies