Claims: E 2

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Effort regulation negatively predicts, and general academic help seeking positively predicts, reported AI dependency; time management is non-significant - Effort regulation negatively predicts, and general academic help seeking positively predicts, reported AI dependency; time management is non-significant
• Effort was consistently described as willful, motivation-dependent investment, whereas load was described as imposed and difficult to control - Effort was consistently described as willful, motivation-dependent investment, whereas load was described as imposed and difficult to control
• Effort's relation to achievement differs by operationalization: quality-of-learning effort shows a positive link, quantity-of-learning effort is weak, conditional, or negative - Effort's relation to achievement differs by operationalization: quality-of-learning effort shows a positive link, quantity-of-learning effort is weak, conditional, or negative
• Effort-moderated scoring estimates disengaged test takers' performance by excluding disengaged responses and scoring the remaining responses - Effort-moderated scoring estimates disengaged test takers' performance by excluding disengaged responses and scoring the remaining responses
• Effort-moderated scoring exhibits improved person fit statistics compared with traditional scoring - Effort-moderated scoring exhibits improved person fit statistics compared with traditional scoring
• Effort-moderated scoring yields more accurate scores than traditional scoring on an adaptive achievement test - Effort-moderated scoring yields more accurate scores than traditional scoring on an adaptive achievement test
• Effort-rating item wording changes what learners reflect on: requirement wording correlates negatively and engagement wording positively with judgments of learning - Effort-rating item wording changes what learners reflect on: requirement wording correlates negatively and engagement wording positively with judgments of learning
• Effortful control positively predicts academic achievement and schooling skills in twelve-year-old children - Effortful control positively predicts academic achievement and schooling skills in twelve-year-old children
• Effortful control predicts social functioning, which predicts achievement, controlling for SES, age, and sex - Effortful control predicts social functioning, which predicts achievement, controlling for SES, age, and sex
• Effortful generative learning activities during problem-solving example study provide cues that improve students' item-level self-monitoring accuracy - Effortful generative learning activities during problem-solving example study provide cues that improve students' item-level self-monitoring accuracy
• Effortful regulation is maximized at moderate levels of emotional and physiological reactivity and declines at very low or very high levels - Effortful regulation is maximized at moderate levels of emotional and physiological reactivity and declines at very low or very high levels
• Effortful, fluent-feeling experiences can create an illusion of learning: felt sense of learning is a poor gauge of actual learning - Effortful, fluent-feeling experiences can create an illusion of learning: felt sense of learning is a poor gauge of actual learning
• EFL instructors were unaware of most OCF strategy types and did not consider students' cognition when deciding on corrective feedback - EFL instructors were unaware of most OCF strategy types and did not consider students' cognition when deciding on corrective feedback
• EFL learners perceive AI-mediated instruction as engaging, personalized, anxiety-reducing, and empowering for autonomous learning - EFL learners perceive AI-mediated instruction as engaging, personalized, anxiety-reducing, and empowering for autonomous learning
• EFL primary children's meaning negotiation during a spot-the-differences task is low in amount but significantly higher in the L2 than in the L1 - EFL primary children's meaning negotiation during a spot-the-differences task is low in amount but significantly higher in the L2 than in the L1
• EFL proficiency significantly shapes chatbot interaction: high-proficiency learners over-engage in dialogue while low-proficiency learners over-rely on feedback requests - EFL proficiency significantly shapes chatbot interaction: high-proficiency learners over-engage in dialogue while low-proficiency learners over-rely on feedback requests
• EFL students across all years of study prefer having grammar included as part of their lessons and course books - EFL students across all years of study prefer having grammar included as part of their lessons and course books
• EFL students report that games reduce speaking stress and improve speaking skills - EFL students report that games reduce speaking stress and improve speaking skills
• EFL university students report varied preferences for music, drawing, photography, acting, internet use, mobile-phone use, cooking and travelling while studying English - EFL university students report varied preferences for music, drawing, photography, acting, internet use, mobile-phone use, cooking and travelling while studying English
• Egger's test suggests publication bias may be present, with the selection-model adjusted mean effect falling to 0.36 - Egger's test suggests publication bias may be present, with the selection-model adjusted mean effect falling to 0.36
• Ego orientation and need for cognition did not significantly contribute to predicting gaming engagement - Ego orientation and need for cognition did not significantly contribute to predicting gaming engagement
• EI service intensity was low in the safety-net cohort, with a median of 2.7 hours per month across all services - EI service intensity was low in the safety-net cohort, with a median of 2.7 hours per month across all services
• Eight AI-driven factors positively influence learner satisfaction and engagement in online higher education - Eight AI-driven factors positively influence learner satisfaction and engagement in online higher education
• Eight commonly cited determinant frameworks converge on five general types of implementation determinants - Eight commonly cited determinant frameworks converge on five general types of implementation determinants
• Eight early-adopting districts use alternative measures of teacher effectiveness in evaluation or performance-related compensation systems - Eight early-adopting districts use alternative measures of teacher effectiveness in evaluation or performance-related compensation systems
• Eight enabling factors support relationship-centered school transformation in comprehensive high school settings - Eight enabling factors support relationship-centered school transformation in comprehensive high school settings
• Eight of 10 districts planned to continue refining and using classroom observation tools after finding them a firm priority for understanding implementation - Eight of 10 districts planned to continue refining and using classroom observation tools after finding them a firm priority for understanding implementation
• Eight of ten dimensions of instructional practice are common across all five examined teacher observation instruments - Eight of ten dimensions of instructional practice are common across all five examined teacher observation instruments
• Eight weeks of embodied letter-sound teaching produced no transfer effect on word reading in 5–6-year-olds - Eight weeks of embodied letter-sound teaching produced no transfer effect on word reading in 5–6-year-olds
• Eight weeks of mindfulness-based stress reduction increases gray matter density in left hippocampus, PCC, left temporo-parietal junction, and cerebellum versus waitlist - Eight weeks of mindfulness-based stress reduction increases gray matter density in left hippocampus, PCC, left temporo-parietal junction, and cerebellum versus waitlist
• Eight-day review improved a five-week science test versus one-day review in a simulated university classroom - In one simulated undergraduate science lecture, reviewing after eight days rather than one day improved delayed factual scores; the higher-level result depended on analysis choice.
• Eighteen-month-olds help on about half of laboratory trials, often opting to play or observe instead of helping - Eighteen-month-olds help on about half of laboratory trials, often opting to play or observe instead of helping
• Eighth grade EL reclassification has statistically insignificant effects on 9th–11th grade ELA test scores, with effects bounded between −0.17 and 0.09 SDs - Eighth grade EL reclassification has statistically insignificant effects on 9th–11th grade ELA test scores, with effects bounded between −0.17 and 0.09 SDs
• Eighth grade EL reclassification shows a fairly large negative effect on SAT reading, with a confidence interval of −0.27 to 0.05 SDs - Eighth grade EL reclassification shows a fairly large negative effect on SAT reading, with a confidence interval of −0.27 to 0.05 SDs
• Eighth grade EL reclassification shows positive but imprecise estimates for on-track-to-graduate status in 10th and 11th grades - Eighth grade EL reclassification shows positive but imprecise estimates for on-track-to-graduate status in 10th and 11th grades
• Eighth graders experiencing ADI instruction scored significantly higher on the post-test of demonstrated scientific literacy (SLA-D) than students experiencing structured inquiry - Eighth graders experiencing ADI instruction scored significantly higher on the post-test of demonstrated scientific literacy (SLA-D) than students experiencing structured inquiry
• Eighth graders in a CPS group outperformed those in an IPS group on physics problem solving, with CPS narrowing high–low achievement gaps - Eighth graders in a CPS group outperformed those in an IPS group on physics problem solving, with CPS narrowing high–low achievement gaps
• Eighth graders in the Breakthrough Collaborative math tutoring pilot showed math score growth from beginning to end of year at both affiliates, similar to a national pre-pandemic sample - Eighth graders in the Breakthrough Collaborative math tutoring pilot showed math score growth from beginning to end of year at both affiliates, similar to a national pre-pandemic sample
• Eighth graders show significant vocabulary decline from 3 days to 2 months post-learning, which sixth graders do not - Eighth graders show significant vocabulary decline from 3 days to 2 months post-learning, which sixth graders do not
• Eighth- and 11th-grade students do not differ statistically significantly in their choice of epistemic assumptions about model evaluation, although a higher percentage of 11th graders chose the evaluatist assumption - Eighth- and 11th-grade students do not differ statistically significantly in their choice of epistemic assumptions about model evaluation, although a higher percentage of 11th graders chose the evalua
• Eighth-grade achievement rose substantially in postpolicy cohorts, with the 1998 cohort's included students more than half a standard deviation above prepolicy levels - Eighth-grade achievement rose substantially in postpolicy cohorts, with the 1998 cohort's included students more than half a standard deviation above prepolicy levels
• Eighth-grade graduates fared better in the transition to high school over time, but Freshman OnTrack rates were not consistently higher than at similar schools - Eighth-grade graduates fared better in the transition to high school over time, but Freshman OnTrack rates were not consistently higher than at similar schools
• Eighth-grade on-track NSI showed no statistically significant impact on targeted outcomes after schools' second year, and year-1 impacts did not persist - Eighth-grade on-track NSI showed no statistically significant impact on targeted outcomes after schools' second year, and year-1 impacts did not persist
• Eighth-grade retention rates surged from under 2 percent prepolicy to 8.3 percent in the first policy year, peaking at 11.1 percent - Eighth-grade retention rates surged from under 2 percent prepolicy to 8.3 percent in the first policy year, peaking at 11.1 percent
• Eighth-grade students acquire measurable partial knowledge of unfamiliar word meanings incidentally while reading natural text, with a small but statistically reliable context-learning effect - Eighth-grade students acquire measurable partial knowledge of unfamiliar word meanings incidentally while reading natural text, with a small but statistically reliable context-learning effect
• Eighth-grade students navigating high school choice considered three main categories of factors—setting, school, and student factors—plus two overarching concepts of a good school and fit - Eighth-grade students navigating high school choice considered three main categories of factors—setting, school, and student factors—plus two overarching concepts of a good school and fit
• EIRT addition-strategy parameters show convergent validity with broad mathematics achievement (R² = .42) but not reading efficiency (R² = .08) - EIRT addition-strategy parameters show convergent validity with broad mathematics achievement (R² = .42) but not reading efficiency (R² = .08)
• EIR® had a positive, substantively important but statistically non-significant effect on first-grade reading comprehension - EIR® had a positive, substantively important but statistically non-significant effect on first-grade reading comprehension
• EIR® produced statistically significant positive effects on first-grade alphabetics outcomes (segmentation and blending, vowel sounds) - EIR® produced statistically significant positive effects on first-grade alphabetics outcomes (segmentation and blending, vowel sounds)
• EIR® showed large alphabetics effect sizes and improvement indices of +29 to +42 percentile points in the one qualifying study - EIR® showed large alphabetics effect sizes and improvement indices of +29 to +42 percentile points in the one qualifying study
• EISA-based MAP Growth testing produced slightly lower fall Mathematics scores but higher winter and spring Mathematics scores than traditional MAP Growth, and equipercentile linking was used to align the two versions for norming - EISA-based MAP Growth testing produced slightly lower fall Mathematics scores but higher winter and spring Mathematics scores than traditional MAP Growth, and equipercentile linking was used to align
• El Segundo Unified secured board funding for middle and high school wellness centers after observing Melbourne school wellness centers amid rising mental health needs - El Segundo Unified secured board funding for middle and high school wellness centers after observing Melbourne school wellness centers amid rising mental health needs
• EL status had either a null effect or led to slight under-identification in SPED placement - EL status had either a null effect or led to slight under-identification in SPED placement
• EL status led to under-identification for Spanish speakers but proportionate representation for Mandarin/Cantonese and other-language speakers - EL status led to under-identification for Spanish speakers but proportionate representation for Mandarin/Cantonese and other-language speakers
• EL students using Achieve3000 scored significantly higher on adjusted post-pilot Lexile scores than comparison students who did not use the tool - EL students using Achieve3000 scored significantly higher on adjusted post-pilot Lexile scores than comparison students who did not use the tool
• El uso de IA para evaluaciones basadas en competencias no es actualmente la mejor práctica - El uso de IA para evaluaciones basadas en competencias no es actualmente la mejor práctica
• ELA gains in CCSPP schools (0.05 SD) were not statistically significant overall but were significant for English learners and, at p < 0.10, for socioeconomically disadvantaged and Black students - ELA gains in CCSPP schools (0.05 SD) were not statistically significant overall but were significant for English learners and, at p < 0.10, for socioeconomically disadvantaged and Black students
• Elaborated coding was associated with higher reading scores among the observed children - Elaborated coding was associated with higher reading scores among the observed children
• Elaborated conceptual and procedural feedback are significantly more conducive to learning than no feedback, while KR feedback is not - Elaborated conceptual and procedural feedback are significantly more conducive to learning than no feedback, while KR feedback is not
• Elaborated discussion of narrated emotions supports teacher professional learning
• Elaborated feedback did not significantly outperform non-elaborated KR feedback on achievement - Elaborated feedback did not significantly outperform non-elaborated KR feedback on achievement
• Elaborating with relevant prior knowledge yielded significantly higher immediate recall than elaborating without relevant prior knowledge - Elaborating with relevant prior knowledge yielded significantly higher immediate recall than elaborating without relevant prior knowledge
• Elaboration during a problem-based discussion interacts with relevant prior knowledge on immediate text recall, with the interaction approaching significance at a medium effect size - Elaboration during a problem-based discussion interacts with relevant prior knowledge on immediate text recall, with the interaction approaching significance at a medium effect size
• Elaboration during the problem-based discussion had no significant main effect on immediate or delayed recall - Elaboration during the problem-based discussion had no significant main effect on immediate or delayed recall
• Elaboration strategy does not significantly affect students' attitudes toward the learning method - Elaboration strategy does not significantly affect students' attitudes toward the learning method
• Elaboration was not correlated with goal attainment in MOOCs - Elaboration was not correlated with goal attainment in MOOCs
• Elaborative interrogation benefits increase as learners' prior knowledge increases - Elaborative interrogation benefits increase as learners' prior knowledge increases
• Elaborative interrogation improved true/false test performance in an introductory biology course context - Elaborative interrogation improved true/false test performance in an introductory biology course context
• Elaborative Interrogation Improves Learning
• Elaborative interrogation increased perceived difficulty and time spent with the lesson - Elaborative interrogation increased perceived difficulty and time spent with the lesson
• Elaborative interrogation instructions produce better recall and recognition of science facts than reading-for-understanding instructions - Elaborative interrogation instructions produce better recall and recognition of science facts than reading-for-understanding instructions
• Elaborative interrogation produced greater pretest-to-posttest gains on items about common misbeliefs than reading control in Experiment 2 - Elaborative interrogation produced greater pretest-to-posttest gains on items about common misbeliefs than reading control in Experiment 2
• Elaborative interrogation produced lower posttest accuracy than reading the lesson twice in a written lesson on posterior probability - Elaborative interrogation produced lower posttest accuracy than reading the lesson twice in a written lesson on posterior probability
• Elaborative processing of prose enhances later retrievability, accounting for roughly 30% of variance in one-month recall when original learning is controlled - Elaborative processing of prose enhances later retrievability, accounting for roughly 30% of variance in one-month recall when original learning is controlled
• Elaborative reminiscing delivered by non-parents benefits children, with strongest effects for low-SES and lower-ability children - Elaborative reminiscing delivered by non-parents benefits children, with strongest effects for low-SES and lower-ability children
• Elaborative-interrogation learning gains are durable, with performance maintained up to six months after study - Elaborative-interrogation learning gains are durable, with performance maintained up to six months after study
• Elaborative-interrogation students are less confident in their incorrect recognition selections than reading controls, who express great confidence in erroneous answers - Elaborative-interrogation students are less confident in their incorrect recognition selections than reading controls, who express great confidence in erroneous answers
• Elderly adults show an overall decrement in the complexity of oral and written statements attributable to an age-related loss of left-branching clauses across all three language samples - Elderly adults show an overall decrement in the complexity of oral and written statements attributable to an age-related loss of left-branching clauses across all three language samples
• Electrodermal activity during learning events shows no robust association with post-event emotional valence - Electrodermal activity during learning events shows no robust association with post-event emotional valence
• Element interactivity and expertise reversal effects: cognitive load effects diminish and may reverse as expertise increases because known elements chunk into single elements - Element interactivity and expertise reversal effects: cognitive load effects diminish and may reverse as expertise increases because known elements chunk into single elements
• Element interactivity can be estimated by counting interacting elements, illustrated with about 28 elements for solving a/b = c and about 25 for a composite geometry area problem - Element interactivity can be estimated by counting interacting elements, illustrated with about 28 elements for solving a/b = c and about 25 for a composite geometry area problem
• Element interactivity moderates the effectiveness of cognitive offloading, with greater benefit for high element interactivity materials - Element interactivity moderates the effectiveness of cognitive offloading, with greater benefit for high element interactivity materials
• Element interactivity underlies extraneous cognitive load as well as intrinsic cognitive load - Element interactivity underlies extraneous cognitive load as well as intrinsic cognitive load
• Elementary and special education candidates from programs rated higher on literacy and math preparation have higher odds of passing the TPA - Elementary and special education candidates from programs rated higher on literacy and math preparation have higher odds of passing the TPA
• Elementary attendance and school climate improved over time at NLCI schools but not significantly more than at comparison schools - Elementary attendance and school climate improved over time at NLCI schools but not significantly more than at comparison schools
• Elementary attendance improved more in schools that were strong or growing on 5Essentials Survey measures, in both pooled and within-school models - Elementary attendance improved more in schools that were strong or growing on 5Essentials Survey measures, in both pooled and within-school models
• Elementary candidates have lower TPA passing rates than secondary and special education candidates, possibly due to added assessment complexity - Elementary candidates have lower TPA passing rates than secondary and special education candidates, possibly due to added assessment complexity
• Elementary CCS students articulated multiple, varied project purposes, with all students acting toward helping the birds - Elementary CCS students articulated multiple, varied project purposes, with all students acting toward helping the birds
• Elementary classrooms score significantly higher on the PERTS academic mindset scale than middle school classrooms - Elementary classrooms score significantly higher on the PERTS academic mindset scale than middle school classrooms
• Elementary GPA improved more in schools with strong 5Essentials Survey scores, a new outcome beyond the original validation - Elementary GPA improved more in schools with strong 5Essentials Survey scores, a new outcome beyond the original validation
• Elementary LAUNCH principals report significantly more data-driven decision making than comparable or veteran principals - Elementary LAUNCH principals report significantly more data-driven decision making than comparable or veteran principals
• Elementary LAUNCH principals' schools rated significantly lower on 5 of 12 measures compared to schools led by non-program principals - Elementary LAUNCH principals' schools rated significantly lower on 5 of 12 measures compared to schools led by non-program principals
• Elementary participants in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program were more likely to engage in negative behaviors than students not enrolled - Elementary participants in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program were more likely to engage in negative behaviors than students not enrolled
• Elementary principals in low-achieving schools spend more time on instruction while those in high-achieving schools spend more on external management - Elementary principals in low-achieving schools spend more time on instruction while those in high-achieving schools spend more on external management
• Elementary principals most frequently want professional development on whole child education, with rural principals especially likely to want physical and mental health content - Elementary principals most frequently want professional development on whole child education, with rural principals especially likely to want physical and mental health content
• Elementary school children monitor and control their answers to open-ended text comprehension questions more accurately than answers to true-false questions - Elementary school children monitor and control their answers to open-ended text comprehension questions more accurately than answers to true-false questions
• Elementary school children show distinct latent profiles of procedural metacognition combining monitoring accuracy, restudy effectiveness, and decision accuracy across tasks - Elementary school children show distinct latent profiles of procedural metacognition combining monitoring accuracy, restudy effectiveness, and decision accuracy across tasks
• Elementary school children show substantial day-to-day within-person fluctuations in sleep quality, time in bed, daytime tiredness, and working memory performance - Elementary school children show substantial day-to-day within-person fluctuations in sleep quality, time in bed, daytime tiredness, and working memory performance
• Elementary school children show substantial within-person day-to-day fluctuations in working memory performance in the school context - Elementary school children show substantial within-person day-to-day fluctuations in working memory performance in the school context
• Elementary school principals spend more than one-third of their workweek providing instructional support to teachers, split fairly evenly between direct and indirect support - Elementary school principals spend more than one-third of their workweek providing instructional support to teachers, split fairly evenly between direct and indirect support
• Elementary school students solving science tasks in gStudy provided in-depth task solutions and adapted to task complexity - Elementary school students solving science tasks in gStudy provided in-depth task solutions and adapted to task complexity
• Elementary school-aged children especially struggle with word problems requiring realistic considerations or multiple operations, containing lexical inconsistency, or with the unknown in the first position - Elementary school-aged children especially struggle with word problems requiring realistic considerations or multiple operations, containing lexical inconsistency, or with the unknown in the first pos
• Elementary schools are predicted to have lower infection rates than secondary schools using the same operating strategies - Elementary schools are predicted to have lower infection rates than secondary schools using the same operating strategies
• Elementary schools in Math in Common districts exceeded predicted CAASPP mathematics performance at significantly higher rates than other California schools between 2016 and 2018 - Elementary schools in Math in Common districts exceeded predicted CAASPP mathematics performance at significantly higher rates than other California schools between 2016 and 2018
• Elementary schools led by LAUNCH principals show higher teacher-parent interaction and more reformed literacy practices - Elementary schools led by LAUNCH principals show higher teacher-parent interaction and more reformed literacy practices
• Elementary schools led by LAUNCH principals showed statistically significant but very small reading learning gains over schools led by other new principals, similar to veteran principals - Elementary schools led by LAUNCH principals showed statistically significant but very small reading learning gains over schools led by other new principals, similar to veteran principals
• Elementary schools strong in three or more of the five essential supports were ten times more likely to substantially improve student math and reading scores (attributed to Bryk et al., 2010) - Elementary schools strong in three or more of the five essential supports were ten times more likely to substantially improve student math and reading scores (attributed to Bryk et al., 2010)
• Elementary schools with clusters of board-certified teachers and candidates showed higher teacher influence, innovation, and slightly higher collective responsibility - Elementary schools with clusters of board-certified teachers and candidates showed higher teacher influence, innovation, and slightly higher collective responsibility
• Elementary schools with clusters of three or more NBCTs demonstrate greater strength on 7 of 12 essential supports measures - Elementary schools with clusters of three or more NBCTs demonstrate greater strength on 7 of 12 essential supports measures
• Elementary schools with high poverty and high suspension rates have higher grade retention odds among similar-achieving students - Elementary schools with high poverty and high suspension rates have higher grade retention odds among similar-achieving students
• Elementary schools with NLNS principals show greater innovation and reflective dialogue and less traditional literacy practice - Elementary schools with NLNS principals show greater innovation and reflective dialogue and less traditional literacy practice
• Elementary student mobility in CPS decreased between 1995 and 2007, with school-year stability rising from 87.9 to 91.2 percent and school-year in-mobility falling from 11.4 to 7.1 percent - Elementary student mobility in CPS decreased between 1995 and 2007, with school-year stability rising from 87.9 to 91.2 percent and school-year in-mobility falling from 11.4 to 7.1 percent
• Elementary student mobility in CPS is predominantly a within-district phenomenon, with CPS-to-CPS transfers accounting for 50-60 percent of school-year transfers and two-thirds of summer transfers - Elementary student mobility in CPS is predominantly a within-district phenomenon, with CPS-to-CPS transfers accounting for 50-60 percent of school-year transfers and two-thirds of summer transfers
• Elementary students expressed significantly more opinion statements supporting the other-side when reading the other-side historical account than when reading their own-side account - Elementary students expressed significantly more opinion statements supporting the other-side when reading the other-side historical account than when reading their own-side account
• Elementary students in the On-Track category graduated high school at more than twice the rate and enrolled in college at more than four times the rate of students in the Intensive Support category - Elementary students in the On-Track category graduated high school at more than twice the rate and enrolled in college at more than four times the rate of students in the Intensive Support category
• Elementary students participating in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program felt safer than students not enrolled - Elementary students participating in the 21st Century Community Learning Centers program felt safer than students not enrolled
• Elementary students prefer and can evaluate mechanistic explanations using explanatory power and accuracy criteria
• Elementary students showed the same types of learning patterns across well- and ill-structured science tasks despite the differing task demands - Elementary students showed the same types of learning patterns across well- and ill-structured science tasks despite the differing task demands
• Elementary students taught by teachers from less selective alternative routes had test scores similar to peers taught by traditional-route teachers - Elementary students taught by teachers from less selective alternative routes had test scores similar to peers taught by traditional-route teachers
• Elementary students with 90%+ attendance and GPA 3.0+ in grades 3-8 were more likely to graduate high school with a 3.0+ GPA than peers in other EOT categories - Elementary students with 90%+ attendance and GPA 3.0+ in grades 3-8 were more likely to graduate high school with a 3.0+ GPA than peers in other EOT categories
• Elementary students with reading difficulties constitute two distinct latent profiles: one with higher basic language and cognitive skills and lower attention, the other with stronger attention and lower basic language and cognitive skills - Elementary students with reading difficulties constitute two distinct latent profiles: one with higher basic language and cognitive skills and lower attention, the other with stronger attention and lo
• Elementary students' perceptions of interactions with their teacher become more positive over time in classrooms characterized by positive teacher-student interactions - Elementary students' perceptions of interactions with their teacher become more positive over time in classrooms characterized by positive teacher-student interactions
• Elementary teachers more often instruct cognitive strategies than metacognitive strategies during a standardized lesson - Elementary teachers more often instruct cognitive strategies than metacognitive strategies during a standardized lesson
• Elementary teachers view TPE more positively than middle school teachers, who in turn view it more positively than high school teachers - Elementary teachers view TPE more positively than middle school teachers, who in turn view it more positively than high school teachers
• Elementary teachers were more likely than high school teachers to report that standards-related professional development had extensive impact on their teaching practices - Elementary teachers were more likely than high school teachers to report that standards-related professional development had extensive impact on their teaching practices
• Elementary teachers were much more likely than high school teachers to report the CCSS would have a great deal of impact on teaching and learning in 2016 - Elementary teachers were much more likely than high school teachers to report the CCSS would have a great deal of impact on teaching and learning in 2016
• Elementary teaching practices during a standardized lesson are more often teacher-directed than child-centered, with no grade differences in frequency - Elementary teaching practices during a standardized lesson are more often teacher-directed than child-centered, with no grade differences in frequency
• Elementary under-representation of highest-performing teachers appears in 4 of 8 districts despite the aggregate null - Elementary under-representation of highest-performing teachers appears in 4 of 8 districts despite the aggregate null
• Elementary/middle-grade math scores improved incrementally across all three eras while reading scores remained fairly flat for two decades - Elementary/middle-grade math scores improved incrementally across all three eras while reading scores remained fairly flat for two decades
• Elevated ADHD traits are associated with weaker communicative perspective-taking in adolescents - Elevated ADHD traits are associated with weaker communicative perspective-taking in adolescents
• Elevated detector scores track long-token and Academic Word List density, with numeric and non-alphabetic token ratios correlating negatively - Elevated detector scores track long-token and Academic Word List density, with numeric and non-alphabetic token ratios correlating negatively
• Eleven experts rated the tentative STEM-ICT instructional model as appropriate at a high level - Eleven experts rated the tentative STEM-ICT instructional model as appropriate at a high level
• Eleven of 33 state guidance documents mention co-design or feedback loop structures, and 27 include student, teacher, parent, and community voices - Eleven of 33 state guidance documents mention co-design or feedback loop structures, and 27 include student, teacher, parent, and community voices
• Eleven of twelve students explicitly referred to the dyad partner in their think-aloud utterances during feedback provision or processing - Eleven of twelve students explicitly referred to the dyad partner in their think-aloud utterances during feedback provision or processing
• Eleven struggling neighborhood high schools saw special education entry rise from 16 to 30 percent, and learning-disabled ninth graders were increasingly separated in English classrooms - Eleven struggling neighborhood high schools saw special education entry rise from 16 to 30 percent, and learning-disabled ninth graders were increasingly separated in English classrooms
• Eleven-month-old infants learn a new object-sound mapping after a surprising core knowledge violation but not after an expected outcome - Eleven-month-old infants learn a new object-sound mapping after a surprising core knowledge violation but not after an expected outcome
• Eleven-month-old infants who see a core knowledge violation preferentially explore the violating object over a novel distractor - Eleven-month-old infants who see a core knowledge violation preferentially explore the violating object over a novel distractor
• Eleventh-grade ACT math scores changed similarly across schools regardless of their level of standards-related professional development - Eleventh-grade ACT math scores changed similarly across schools regardless of their level of standards-related professional development
• Eleventh-grade students with ChatGPT access scored significantly higher than traditionally taught controls on the electronic magnetism post-test, with large effect sizes - Eleventh-grade students with ChatGPT access scored significantly higher than traditionally taught controls on the electronic magnetism post-test, with large effect sizes
• Eliciting confidence ratings impairs rule-based category learning compared to both no-rating and judgment-of-learning conditions on ambiguous transfer items - Eliciting confidence ratings impairs rule-based category learning compared to both no-rating and judgment-of-learning conditions on ambiguous transfer items
• Eliciting confidence ratings leads to poorer metacognitive monitoring in older adults - Eliciting confidence ratings leads to poorer metacognitive monitoring in older adults
• Eliciting confidence ratings produces no significant difference in overall accuracy on a timed reasoning task in older adults - Eliciting confidence ratings produces no significant difference in overall accuracy on a timed reasoning task in older adults
• Eligibility for NIH loan repayment is associated with higher recruitment success of biomedical researchers - Eligibility for NIH loan repayment is associated with higher recruitment success of biomedical researchers
• Eligibility for Title I public school choice grew fourfold, reaching 6.9 million students in 2006-2007 - Eligibility for Title I public school choice grew fourfold, reaching 6.9 million students in 2006-2007
• Eliminating attrition inequities alone does little to close teacher quality gaps - Eliminating attrition inequities alone does little to close teacher quality gaps
• Eliminating differential storage of structural components reduces the free-recall spacing effect at moderate to long lags - Eliminating differential storage of structural components reduces the free-recall spacing effect at moderate to long lags
• Eliminating hiring inequities alone would close teacher quality gaps within 10 years - Eliminating hiring inequities alone would close teacher quality gaps within 10 years
• Eliminating inequities in both teacher mobility and hiring would close teacher quality gaps within 5 years in simulations - Eliminating inequities in both teacher mobility and hiring would close teacher quality gaps within 5 years in simulations
• Elitist discourse links differentiated education to students' future social roles and is widely critiqued as minimally democratic - Elitist discourse links differentiated education to students' future social roles and is widely critiqued as minimally democratic
• ELL newcomers entering CPS after age 12 graduated at lower rates than students with the same grades and attendance, with school quality the key associated factor - ELL newcomers entering CPS after age 12 graduated at lower rates than students with the same grades and attendance, with school quality the key associated factor
• ELL parents generally place a high value on their children's education - ELL parents generally place a high value on their children's education
• ELLs attempted academic terminology from prior lessons, with experience mediating their connection to the concept of vibration - ELLs attempted academic terminology from prior lessons, with experience mediating their connection to the concept of vibration
• ELLs start middle school roughly .6 SD lower in math and .65 SD lower in reading, with faster reading growth (.13 SD) but no significantly faster math or self-efficacy growth - ELLs start middle school roughly .6 SD lower in math and .65 SD lower in reading, with faster reading growth (.13 SD) but no significantly faster math or self-efficacy growth
• ELPAC overall Performance Level 4 is the most robust indicator that language is no longer the primary driver of academic achievement differences among California's reclassification criteria - ELPAC overall Performance Level 4 is the most robust indicator that language is no longer the primary driver of academic achievement differences among California's reclassification criteria
• ELPAC overall PL 4 remains the appropriate Criterion 1 reclassification threshold, with 2017-18 and 2022-23 data converging on the same level - ELPAC overall PL 4 remains the appropriate Criterion 1 reclassification threshold, with 2017-18 and 2022-23 data converging on the same level
• ELPAC overall PL 4 students who exit EL status show minimal or no achievement differences one year later compared with those who remain, after controlling for SES - ELPAC overall PL 4 students who exit EL status show minimal or no achievement differences one year later compared with those who remain, after controlling for SES
• ELs lost more academic skill during summers than never-ELs in both math and reading - ELs lost more academic skill during summers than never-ELs in both math and reading
• ELs who attended a school-based CPS pre-k showed better third-grade attendance, grades, test scores, and English proficiency than peers who did not - ELs who attended a school-based CPS pre-k showed better third-grade attendance, grades, test scores, and English proficiency than peers who did not
• ELs who did not reach proficiency by eighth grade showed continued growth but started first grade with much lower ACCESS scores, and rising grade-level thresholds meant they never met the proficiency cut - ELs who did not reach proficiency by eighth grade showed continued growth but started first grade with much lower ACCESS scores, and rising grade-level thresholds meant they never met the proficiency
• ELs who received bilingual education services had higher long-run attendance and academic outcomes than kindergartners who refused bilingual services - ELs who received bilingual education services had higher long-run attendance and academic outcomes than kindergartners who refused bilingual services
• ELs with identified disabilities made slower progress toward English skills and had lower attendance, and were more likely to opt out of bilingual services - ELs with identified disabilities made slower progress toward English skills and had lower attendance, and were more likely to opt out of bilingual services
• Email-detection confidence judgments show good calibration but poor resolution, with aggregate overconfidence of 18% - Email-detection confidence judgments show good calibration but poor resolution, with aggregate overconfidence of 18%
• Embedded AI assistance enabled a novice student to troubleshoot in real time and stay in creative flow - Embedded AI assistance enabled a novice student to troubleshoot in real time and stay in creative flow
• Embedded cognitive flexibility practice showed no overall advantage over phonics alone on growth in decoding, encoding, or cognitive flexibility - Embedded cognitive flexibility practice showed no overall advantage over phonics alone on growth in decoding, encoding, or cognitive flexibility
• Embedded explanatory notes improved Shakespearean text comprehension for novice readers but reversed for experts - Embedded explanatory notes improved Shakespearean text comprehension for novice readers but reversed for experts
• Embedded figures test performance differed by sex and correlated relatively highly with intelligence - Embedded figures test performance differed by sex and correlated relatively highly with intelligence
• Embedded rating scales make middle-schoolers more likely to judge the expert (researcher) speaker as the most convincing - Embedded rating scales make middle-schoolers more likely to judge the expert (researcher) speaker as the most convincing
• Embedded source credibility rating scales during video viewing improve middle-schoolers' source identity recognition, especially at delayed posttest - Embedded source credibility rating scales during video viewing improve middle-schoolers' source identity recognition, especially at delayed posttest
• Embedded-item passages may yield improved student reading comprehension scores and a more valid measurement approach - Embedded-item passages may yield improved student reading comprehension scores and a more valid measurement approach
• Embedded-source and document-source trustworthiness scores differed, suggesting an interplay between layers rather than one-layered reflection - Embedded-source and document-source trustworthiness scores differed, suggesting an interplay between layers rather than one-layered reflection
• Embedded-source trustworthiness evaluations do not change across positions when both document sources have similar trustworthiness - Embedded-source trustworthiness evaluations do not change across positions when both document sources have similar trustworthiness
• Embedded-source trustworthiness evaluations shift toward the trustworthiness of the most recent document source in mixed sequences - Embedded-source trustworthiness evaluations shift toward the trustworthiness of the most recent document source in mixed sequences
• Embedding comprehension items within reading passages significantly affects measured reading achievement compared with answering items at the end of the passage - Embedding comprehension items within reading passages significantly affects measured reading achievement compared with answering items at the end of the passage
• Embedding computational thinking in a sixth-grade mathematics classroom significantly increased students' understanding of mathematical processes versus control - Embedding computational thinking in a sixth-grade mathematics classroom significantly increased students' understanding of mathematical processes versus control
• Embedding gravitational-wave science across a year-long astronomy curriculum gave coherence to previously disconnected units and motivated students - Embedding gravitational-wave science across a year-long astronomy curriculum gave coherence to previously disconnected units and motivated students
• Embedding items has the potential to be a more equitable measure of reading comprehension for marginalized groups - Embedding items has the potential to be a more equitable measure of reading comprehension for marginalized groups
• Embedding test-taking strategies and ACT practice items in algebra improved practice ACT mathematics scores (McMann, 1994; effect size 0.34) - Embedding test-taking strategies and ACT practice items in algebra improved practice ACT mathematics scores (McMann, 1994; effect size 0.34)
• Embodied action can harm learning when it adds motor demands, redundant cues, or irrelevant activity without improving understanding - Embodied action can harm learning when it adds motor demands, redundant cues, or irrelevant activity without improving understanding
• Embodied and cognitive hands-on rely on different feedback sources and are not educationally equivalent - Embodied and cognitive hands-on rely on different feedback sources and are not educationally equivalent
• Embodied collaborative construction can build shared geometric reasoning
• Embodied dance improvisation supports physics engagement and sense-making
• Embodied design practices of sketching and experimenting co-occurred with the application of product design, computer engineering, and science practices, while model making was more often followed by it - Embodied design practices of sketching and experimenting co-occurred with the application of product design, computer engineering, and science practices, while model making was more often followed by
• Embodied GenAI agents in mixed reality raised engagement and lowered cognitive load for 26 post-secondary learners during collaborative problem-solving - Embodied GenAI agents in mixed reality raised engagement and lowered cognitive load for 26 post-secondary learners during collaborative problem-solving
• Embodied hands-on practices remain important learning activities in AI-era design education - Embodied hands-on practices remain important learning activities in AI-era design education
• Embodied language learning research spans all educational levels, with higher education (14 studies) and primary education (11 studies) most represented - Embodied language learning research spans all educational levels, with higher education (14 studies) and primary education (11 studies) most represented
• Embodied learning environments using students' own motion immediately linked to its graphical representation are most effective in terms of learning outcomes for graphing motion - Embodied learning environments using students' own motion immediately linked to its graphical representation are most effective in terms of learning outcomes for graphing motion
• Embodied learning gains do not differ between low and high baseline performers within the movement group - Embodied learning gains do not differ between low and high baseline performers within the movement group
• Embodied learning significantly improves vocabulary learning outcomes compared with non-embodied conditions in between-subject designs (Hedges' g = 0.65) - Embodied learning significantly improves vocabulary learning outcomes compared with non-embodied conditions in between-subject designs (Hedges' g = 0.65)
• Embodied teaching actions are spatially accurate across models, but temporal action–speech alignment remains more variable - Embodied teaching actions are spatially accurate across models, but temporal action–speech alignment remains more variable
• Emergency federal funding narrowed the digital access divide during the pandemic but did not close the digital use divide - Emergency federal funding narrowed the digital access divide during the pandemic but did not close the digital use divide
• Emergent group understanding is an empirical phenomenon arising from the interplay of a social object and a technology object, revealed by two subprocesses: spontaneous information provision and setting localized goals - Emergent group understanding is an empirical phenomenon arising from the interplay of a social object and a technology object, revealed by two subprocesses: spontaneous information provision and setti
• Emergent leadership did not differ between multi-touch table and paper conditions in study one - Emergent leadership did not differ between multi-touch table and paper conditions in study one
• Emerging and high implementation were associated with higher secondary students' cultural connectedness - Emerging and high implementation were associated with higher secondary students' cultural connectedness
• Emerging empirical studies report positive associations between generative AI use and international-student adaptation - Emerging empirical studies report positive associations between generative AI use and international-student adaptation
• Emerging evidence indicates generative AI tutors currently struggle to accurately infer student knowledge at the outset of an interaction or as the activity progresses - Emerging evidence indicates generative AI tutors currently struggle to accurately infer student knowledge at the outset of an interaction or as the activity progresses
• Emerging reading and math resilience literatures suggest candidate resilience factors across cognitive, emotion/motivation, social/environmental, and neural levels, most not yet classified as promotive or protective - Emerging reading and math resilience literatures suggest candidate resilience factors across cognitive, emotion/motivation, social/environmental, and neural levels, most not yet classified as promotiv
• Emerging research suggests a need to integrate teachers' knowledge and skill development with instructional materials, but further evidence on the effectiveness of this approach is necessary - Emerging research suggests a need to integrate teachers' knowledge and skill development with instructional materials, but further evidence on the effectiveness of this approach is necessary
• Emerging technologies show a small-to-moderate positive overall effect on TEFL outcomes (g = 0.38, corrected to 0.28 for publication bias) - Emerging technologies show a small-to-moderate positive overall effect on TEFL outcomes (g = 0.38, corrected to 0.28 for publication bias)
• eMINTS has potentially positive effects on general mathematics achievement (improvement index +2 across two studies) - eMINTS has potentially positive effects on general mathematics achievement (improvement index +2 across two studies)
• eMINTS shows no discernible effects on general literacy achievement - eMINTS shows no discernible effects on general literacy achievement
• EMME study designs vary widely: most experiments added information, used dynamic scan-path visualizations, and over half did not report how eye movement data were processed - EMME study designs vary widely: most experiments added information, used dynamic scan-path visualizations, and over half did not report how eye movement data were processed
• Emote-aloud protocols show learner emotions correlate systematically with AutoTutor dialogue features - Emote-aloud protocols show learner emotions correlate systematically with AutoTutor dialogue features
• Emotion affects motivation, which in turn affects mental effort investment during learning - Emotion affects motivation, which in turn affects mental effort investment during learning
• Emotion assessment in PD focuses mainly on implementation objects and general job experiences, rarely on the PD experience itself - Emotion assessment in PD focuses mainly on implementation objects and general job experiences, rarely on the PD experience itself
• Emotion differentiation is linked to more effective emotion regulation and more accurate understanding of others' emotions - Emotion differentiation is linked to more effective emotion regulation and more accurate understanding of others' emotions
• Emotion directly affects encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, including before awareness of the material, via broadening or narrowing cognitive resources and mood-dependent and mood-congruent processing - Emotion directly affects encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, including before awareness of the material, via broadening or narrowing cognitive resources and mood-dependent and mood-congru
• Emotion dynamics during problem-solving predict learning outcomes in a manner that depends on scaffolding design
• Emotion features improve tutor performance only when grounded in education-theory-based pedagogical strategies; emotion information alone misguides a smaller model - Emotion features improve tutor performance only when grounded in education-theory-based pedagogical strategies; emotion information alone misguides a smaller model
• Emotion Labeling Improves Regulation
• Emotion may affect intrinsic cognitive load, for example when emotion regulation is part of the learning outcomes - Emotion may affect intrinsic cognitive load, for example when emotion regulation is part of the learning outcomes
• Emotion regulation and cognitive control discrepancy on emotional go/no-go decreases with age - Emotion regulation and cognitive control discrepancy on emotional go/no-go decreases with age
• Emotion regulation difficulties are positively associated with overall academic burnout in youth (pooled r = 0.25) - Emotion regulation difficulties are positively associated with overall academic burnout in youth (pooled r = 0.25)
• Emotion regulation is concurrently associated with executive performance in the reverse direction, with habitual suppression linked to diminished EF - Emotion regulation is concurrently associated with executive performance in the reverse direction, with habitual suppression linked to diminished EF
• Emotion regulation is positively associated with academic motivation among university students - Emotion regulation is positively associated with academic motivation among university students
• Emotion regulation partially mediates the negative association between AI anxiety and academic motivation - Emotion regulation partially mediates the negative association between AI anxiety and academic motivation
• Emotion regulation variables do not predict overall subjective happiness beyond Big Five traits and gender, and only performance-tested ERA predicts school satisfaction - Emotion regulation variables do not predict overall subjective happiness beyond Big Five traits and gender, and only performance-tested ERA predicts school satisfaction
• Emotion regulation variables predict academic outcomes (GPA and academic honors) beyond Big Five personality traits and gender in high school students - Emotion regulation variables predict academic outcomes (GPA and academic honors) beyond Big Five personality traits and gender in high school students
• Emotion regulation variables predict interpersonal outcomes (peer nominations of understanding others and leadership potential) beyond Big Five traits and gender - Emotion regulation variables predict interpersonal outcomes (peer nominations of understanding others and leadership potential) beyond Big Five traits and gender
• Emotion was the rarest essay theme, raised ambivalently by a minority of students - Emotion was the rarest essay theme, raised ambivalently by a minority of students
• Emotional abuse exposure is associated with more double errors in the Spatial Working Memory test in healthy adults - Emotional abuse exposure is associated with more double errors in the Spatial Working Memory test in healthy adults
• Emotional design features are implemented inconsistently within and between studies, especially in visual sophistication and anthropomorphic elements - Emotional design features are implemented inconsistently within and between studies, especially in visual sophistication and anthropomorphic elements
• Emotional discomfort from viewing medical images was the dominant drawback of the annotation task, alongside repetitiveness - Emotional discomfort from viewing medical images was the dominant drawback of the annotation task, alongside repetitiveness
• Emotional engagement improved across all three storytelling modalities but none of the improvements was statistically significant - Emotional engagement improved across all three storytelling modalities but none of the improvements was statistically significant
• Emotional engagement is moderately correlated with perceptions of interesting (r = 0.55) and understandable (r = 0.48) science instruction, and the two perceptions correlate at r = 0.65 - Emotional engagement is moderately correlated with perceptions of interesting (r = 0.55) and understandable (r = 0.48) science instruction, and the two perceptions correlate at r = 0.65
• Emotional engagement is the most studied dimension of student engagement in SEC–SE research, largely surpassing multidimensional SE studies - Emotional engagement is the most studied dimension of student engagement in SEC–SE research, largely surpassing multidimensional SE studies
• Emotional engagement is the strongest predictor of motivation, especially need-based motivations - Emotional engagement is the strongest predictor of motivation, especially need-based motivations
• Emotional engagement is the strongest predictor of student well-being - Emotional engagement is the strongest predictor of student well-being
• Emotional factors show inconsistent associations with gifted underachievement, depending on the aspect of emotion measured - Emotional factors show inconsistent associations with gifted underachievement, depending on the aspect of emotion measured
• Emotional framing intensity is associated with types of talk in argumentation, with low-intensity framing linked to cumulative talk and high-intensity framing to disputational talk - Emotional framing intensity is associated with types of talk in argumentation, with low-intensity framing linked to cumulative talk and high-intensity framing to disputational talk
• Emotional intelligence correlates only weakly with mathematics achievement (r = .16), less than with achievement in the humanities
• Emotional micro-interventions perform three simultaneous functions: validate the emotion, reframe the cognitive appraisal, and connect struggle to a larger narrative - Emotional micro-interventions perform three simultaneous functions: validate the emotion, reframe the cognitive appraisal, and connect struggle to a larger narrative
• Emotional rules in workplaces can stifle veteran mathematics teachers' epistemic and relational agency and thus their ability to learn - Emotional rules in workplaces can stifle veteran mathematics teachers' epistemic and relational agency and thus their ability to learn
• Emotional stability shows the strongest negative association with decline in students' subjective well-being under martial law - Emotional stability shows the strongest negative association with decline in students' subjective well-being under martial law
• Emotional valence benefited narrative recall: negative narratives were recalled best and neutral narratives worst (Study 1) - Emotional valence benefited narrative recall: negative narratives were recalled best and neutral narratives worst (Study 1)
• Emotional valence consistently influences narrative recall, with negative narratives most memorable, while instructed gesturing shows mixed effectiveness - Emotional valence consistently influences narrative recall, with negative narratives most memorable, while instructed gesturing shows mixed effectiveness
• Emotional variability in L2 learning episodes is primarily intraindividual (62–68%), with modest lag-1 inertia (r ≈ .17–.19) and weak long-term trends or weekly cycles - Emotional variability in L2 learning episodes is primarily intraindividual (62–68%), with modest lag-1 inertia (r ≈ .17–.19) and weak long-term trends or weekly cycles
• Emotional volatility shows small marginally significant incremental positive associations with cognitive activation, classroom management, and teacher enthusiasm, and the general anxiety factor is weakly negatively associated with classroom management - Emotional volatility shows small marginally significant incremental positive associations with cognitive activation, classroom management, and teacher enthusiasm, and the general anxiety factor is wea
• Emotionally expressive gestures are associated with better retention than neutral gestures, and gesture and facial expression effects are complementary - Emotionally expressive gestures are associated with better retention than neutral gestures, and gesture and facial expression effects are complementary
• Emotions are seldom explicitly analyzed in conversational CSCL contexts and must be balanced with cognition in conversation conceptualization - Emotions are seldom explicitly analyzed in conversational CSCL contexts and must be balanced with cognition in conversation conceptualization
• Emotions aroused by pictures and literature are aesthetic 'pseudo-emotions' that differ from real emotions and are less fatiguing - Emotions aroused by pictures and literature are aesthetic 'pseudo-emotions' that differ from real emotions and are less fatiguing
• Emotions may act as extraneous cognitive load by competing for limited working memory resources with task-irrelevant processing - Emotions may act as extraneous cognitive load by competing for limited working memory resources with task-irrelevant processing
• Emotions measured early in the semester longitudinally predict cumulative grades and exam scores, with negative deactivating emotions (hopelessness, boredom) showing stronger coefficients than activating negative emotions - Emotions measured early in the semester longitudinally predict cumulative grades and exam scores, with negative deactivating emotions (hopelessness, boredom) showing stronger coefficients than activat
• Emotions reported during think-aloud reading were mostly negative (anger, sadness) for both texts, in contrast to positive questionnaire-reported emotions toward the other ethnic group - Emotions reported during think-aloud reading were mostly negative (anger, sadness) for both texts, in contrast to positive questionnaire-reported emotions toward the other ethnic group
• Emotion–motivation regulation is the code most often connected to other codes in both tasks, linking to negotiation in SimSketch but to share/compare in Simua - Emotion–motivation regulation is the code most often connected to other codes in both tasks, linking to negotiation in SimSketch but to share/compare in Simua
• Empathy interviews are among the most commonly discussed continuous improvement practices for advancing equity - Empathy interviews are among the most commonly discussed continuous improvement practices for advancing equity
• Empathy interviews became a widely adopted data-gathering technique for understanding stakeholder perspectives on problems - Empathy interviews became a widely adopted data-gathering technique for understanding stakeholder perspectives on problems
• Empathy's association with student outcomes, especially cognitive achievement, is weakest and largely non-significant - Empathy's association with student outcomes, especially cognitive achievement, is weakest and largely non-significant
• Empirical Bayes shrinkage could be used to address bias in proxy pre-test value-added estimates - Empirical Bayes shrinkage could be used to address bias in proxy pre-test value-added estimates
• Empirical Bayes shrinkage increases the precision of value-added estimates and reduces their absolute value for teachers of hard-to-predict students - Empirical Bayes shrinkage increases the precision of value-added estimates and reduces their absolute value for teachers of hard-to-predict students
• Empirical case of martial arts instruction grounds the argument that practice can support discovery - Empirical case of martial arts instruction grounds the argument that practice can support discovery
• Empirical evidence for protective factors in word-reading resilience is sparse and based on only a few studies - Empirical evidence for protective factors in word-reading resilience is sparse and based on only a few studies
• Empirical evidence on learner-generated drawing is inconsistent, and the review organizes it around hypotheses grounded in cognitive and strategic processing - Empirical evidence on learner-generated drawing is inconsistent, and the review organizes it around hypotheses grounded in cognitive and strategic processing
• Empirical examples using real-world education RCT data demonstrate the design-based grouped-data theory - Empirical examples using real-world education RCT data demonstrate the design-based grouped-data theory
• Empirical ILE papers show a strong increase in breadth of content and time of use - Empirical ILE papers show a strong increase in breadth of content and time of use
• Empirical patterns of the expertise reversal effect fit those found in Aptitude Treatment Interaction studies initiated in the mid-60s - Empirical patterns of the expertise reversal effect fit those found in Aptitude Treatment Interaction studies initiated in the mid-60s
• Empirical progression research is uneven across historical thinking dimensions: most research covers causal reasoning and sourcing, while contextualization and comparison remain thin - Empirical progression research is uneven across historical thinking dimensions: most research covers causal reasoning and sourcing, while contextualization and comparison remain thin
• Empirical research on embodied learning in language education is a small but rapidly growing area, with 41 studies identified and most published 2019–2020 - Empirical research on embodied learning in language education is a small but rapidly growing area, with 41 studies identified and most published 2019–2020
• Empirical research on the Pepper robot in formal education is recent, concentrated in primary education, and dominated by qualitative designs with small samples - Empirical research on the Pepper robot in formal education is recent, concentrated in primary education, and dominated by qualitative designs with small samples
• Empirical studies across diverse learner populations show that people's epistemic aims, ideals, and processes are tailored to the information sources and tasks they engage in - Empirical studies across diverse learner populations show that people's epistemic aims, ideals, and processes are tailored to the information sources and tasks they engage in
• Empirical studies of constructivist learning environments do not always show the expected learning outcomes - Empirical studies of constructivist learning environments do not always show the expected learning outcomes
• Empirical studies support Boekaerts' Dual Processing model, including task-specific appraisals predicting learning intention and neural-network prediction of performance groups - Empirical studies support Boekaerts' Dual Processing model, including task-specific appraisals predicting learning intention and neural-network prediction of performance groups
• Empirical studies support Zimmerman's cyclical and multi-level SRL models, including a linear trend favoring training more SRL phases - Empirical studies support Zimmerman's cyclical and multi-level SRL models, including a linear trend favoring training more SRL phases
• Empirical studies support Zimmerman's SRL models, including expert-novice differences and phase-training effects - Empirical studies support Zimmerman's SRL models, including expert-novice differences and phase-training effects
• Empirical tests of motivation theories tend to be simple, obvious tests of statistical relationships between constructs and their antecedents and outcomes, making supporting evidence easy to obtain - Empirical tests of motivation theories tend to be simple, obvious tests of statistical relationships between constructs and their antecedents and outcomes, making supporting evidence easy to obtain
• Empirical transfer research by Thorndike, Stone, Courtis, Winch and others is the most hopeful sign for determining the place of mathematics in the curriculum - Empirical transfer research by Thorndike, Stone, Courtis, Winch and others is the most hopeful sign for determining the place of mathematics in the curriculum
• Empirical work on the structural composition, persistence, stability, and development of interests over time has been limited - Empirical work on the structural composition, persistence, stability, and development of interests over time has been limited
• Employers value social and emotional development alongside content knowledge for workforce preparation - Employers value social and emotional development alongside content knowledge for workforce preparation
• Employers, educators, and graduates differ in what they perceive has to be learned, yet each group values generic competences most - Employers, educators, and graduates differ in what they perceive has to be learned, yet each group values generic competences most
• Empowering and distributive leadership styles are associated with greater faculty engagement and willingness to adopt AI in higher education, per the reviewed studies - Empowering and distributive leadership styles are associated with greater faculty engagement and willingness to adopt AI in higher education, per the reviewed studies
• Empty-PC dyads built significantly better domain models than full-PC dyads, an effect concentrated among lower-achieving dyads - Empty-PC dyads built significantly better domain models than full-PC dyads, an effect concentrated among lower-achieving dyads
• ENA contrasting-cases analysis shows high- and low-effectiveness studies differ significantly in their design-element and intention networks - ENA contrasting-cases analysis shows high- and low-effectiveness studies differ significantly in their design-element and intention networks
• ENA revealed high CT students had significantly more coherent SRL cognitive networks spanning planning, execution, and self-reflection than low CT students - ENA revealed high CT students had significantly more coherent SRL cognitive networks spanning planning, execution, and self-reflection than low CT students
• ENA reveals different utterance co-occurrence structures by age: older adults show a stronger active–interactive connection while younger adults' constructive–interactive connection is not statistically confirmed - ENA reveals different utterance co-occurrence structures by age: older adults show a stronger active–interactive connection while younger adults' constructive–interactive connection is not statistical
• Enacted Feedback produces more post-workflow revisions per resource than the comparison workflows - Enacted Feedback produces more post-workflow revisions per resource than the comparison workflows
• Enacted Feedback yields higher workflow-specific uptake of AI-generated feedback than Directed and Self-Directed Feedback workflows - Enacted Feedback yields higher workflow-specific uptake of AI-generated feedback than Directed and Self-Directed Feedback workflows
• Enacting support—gestures and manipulatives—facilitates explanation quality and problem-solving, partly by adding strategies to verbal explanations - Enacting support—gestures and manipulatives—facilitates explanation quality and problem-solving, partly by adding strategies to verbal explanations
• Enactive encoding yields higher cued recall than verbal encoding, and the enactment effect remains stable across learning cycles - Enactive encoding yields higher cued recall than verbal encoding, and the enactment effect remains stable across learning cycles
• Enactment impairs resolution of JOLs relative to verbal encoding of action phrases - Enactment impairs resolution of JOLs relative to verbal encoding of action phrases
• Encapsulation and tuning are the cognitive mechanisms responsible for the transition from elaborated knowledge to simplified causal models - Encapsulation and tuning are the cognitive mechanisms responsible for the transition from elaborated knowledge to simplified causal models
• Encoding and retrieval P3 amplitudes are significantly correlated only in non-ADHD adolescents, though the between-group difference in correlations was not statistically discriminative - Encoding and retrieval P3 amplitudes are significantly correlated only in non-ADHD adolescents, though the between-group difference in correlations was not statistically discriminative
• Encoding P3 amplitude is reduced in ADHD adolescents during visual WM encoding, in both early and late time windows - Encoding P3 amplitude is reduced in ADHD adolescents during visual WM encoding, in both early and late time windows
• Encoding reaction times do not differ between schema-related and schema-unrelated trials - Encoding reaction times do not differ between schema-related and schema-unrelated trials
• Encoding variability across varied example contexts produces decontextualization supporting transfer (review reports DiVesta and Peverly) - Encoding variability across varied example contexts produces decontextualization supporting transfer (review reports DiVesta and Peverly)
• Encounters with a mismatch between client's and worker's learning cycles typically contained all or almost all learning actions of the ideal-typical expansive cycle - Encounters with a mismatch between client's and worker's learning cycles typically contained all or almost all learning actions of the ideal-typical expansive cycle
• End-of-2021-22 student achievement remained lower than a typical year, with larger declines in math (5 to 10 percentile points) than reading (2 to 4 percentile points) - End-of-2021-22 student achievement remained lower than a typical year, with larger declines in math (5 to 10 percentile points) than reading (2 to 4 percentile points)
• End-of-course interest in biology and introductory biology grades each predicted lower likelihood of leaving biomedical fields - End-of-course interest in biology and introductory biology grades each predicted lower likelihood of leaving biomedical fields
• End-of-course survey respondents strongly recommended the chatbot, but attitudinal outcomes showed no consistent treatment effects and survey participation was differentially selective - End-of-course survey respondents strongly recommended the chatbot, but attitudinal outcomes showed no consistent treatment effects and survey participation was differentially selective
• End-of-first-grade reading comprehension in French pupils was predicted by T1 decoding precursors, T2 decoding skills and T2 LLL skills, with only marginal contribution of T2 discourse skills - End-of-first-grade reading comprehension in French pupils was predicted by T1 decoding precursors, T2 decoding skills and T2 LLL skills, with only marginal contribution of T2 discourse skills
• End-of-Grade-1 oral reading fluency status predicts later reading comprehension better than growth slope, though slope added to first-grade screening accuracy in one study - End-of-Grade-1 oral reading fluency status predicts later reading comprehension better than growth slope, though slope added to first-grade screening accuracy in one study
• End-of-semester recall of course material was better for relearning than for restudying - End-of-semester recall of course material was better for relearning than for restudying
• End-of-series reflection found faculty most valued collective airing of the shared problem, with stance shifts and some adoption of oral assessments - End-of-series reflection found faculty most valued collective airing of the shared problem, with stance shifts and some adoption of oral assessments
• End-of-year decoding was not predicted by any mid-year anxiety subscale - End-of-year decoding was not predicted by any mid-year anxiety subscale
• Endogenous spatial cueing speeds detection at the attended parafoveal location and slows it at the unattended location - Endogenous spatial cueing speeds detection at the attended parafoveal location and slows it at the unattended location
• Endorsement of brilliance-oriented FABs predicts lower self-efficacy among stigmatized students in brilliance-oriented contexts - Endorsement of brilliance-oriented FABs predicts lower self-efficacy among stigmatized students in brilliance-oriented contexts
• Enforcing an explicit multi-step reasoning structure yields no significant improvement for the two studied models, which already self-organize an effective reasoning structure - Enforcing an explicit multi-step reasoning structure yields no significant improvement for the two studied models, which already self-organize an effective reasoning structure
• Engage-to-Unlock improved error-classification accuracy over Standard Chatbot but showed no significant advantage in overall judgment accuracy or complete diagnosis - Engage-to-Unlock improved error-classification accuracy over Standard Chatbot but showed no significant advantage in overall judgment accuracy or complete diagnosis
• Engage-to-Unlock participants completed passage evaluation faster and with higher accuracy-per-time efficiency than both AI-access comparison conditions - Engage-to-Unlock participants completed passage evaluation faster and with higher accuracy-per-time efficiency than both AI-access comparison conditions
• Engage-to-Unlock participants incorporated less verbatim AI-response text into final essays than Standard Chatbot participants - Engage-to-Unlock participants incorporated less verbatim AI-response text into final essays than Standard Chatbot participants
• Engage-to-Unlock participants submitted more prompts than both Standard Chatbot and Time-Matched Unlock participants - Engage-to-Unlock participants submitted more prompts than both Standard Chatbot and Time-Matched Unlock participants
• Engage-to-Unlock redistributed effort across tasks: participants spent more time writing and less time evaluating, without increasing overall task duration - Engage-to-Unlock redistributed effort across tasks: participants spent more time writing and less time evaluating, without increasing overall task duration
• Engagement in data practices is associated with both cognitive and non-cognitive learning outcomes - Engagement in data practices is associated with both cognitive and non-cognitive learning outcomes
• Engagement in deep learning activities, as measured by NSSE's DEEP Learning scale, shows no statistically significant relationship with objectively measured critical thinking at the end of the first year - Engagement in deep learning activities, as measured by NSSE's DEEP Learning scale, shows no statistically significant relationship with objectively measured critical thinking at the end of the first y
• Engagement in gamified mathematics is rarely measured with validated instruments, preventing its meta-analytic synthesis - Engagement in gamified mathematics is rarely measured with validated instruments, preventing its meta-analytic synthesis
• Engagement inferred from log data must be treated with caution because digital traces reflect unevenly distributed social and material conditions - Engagement inferred from log data must be treated with caution because digital traces reflect unevenly distributed social and material conditions
• Engagement mode is orthogonal to instructional task: any task can be engaged at any of the four modes - Engagement mode is orthogonal to instructional task: any task can be engaged at any of the four modes
• Engagement modes were unevenly distributed across units, with some units rated Interactive and others entirely Passive - Engagement modes were unevenly distributed across units, with some units rated Interactive and others entirely Passive
• Engagement peaked at the middle of the Mindsets program and declined slightly by post-test, showing a significant negative quadratic trend - Engagement peaked at the middle of the Mindsets program and declined slightly by post-test, showing a significant negative quadratic trend
• Engagement predicted concept-map final performance, which in turn predicted learning gains in the ITS - Engagement predicted concept-map final performance, which in turn predicted learning gains in the ITS
• Engagement profile membership predicts delayed chemistry knowledge (six to eight weeks later) above and beyond prior knowledge - Engagement profile membership predicts delayed chemistry knowledge (six to eight weeks later) above and beyond prior knowledge
• Engagement profile membership predicts immediate chemistry knowledge above and beyond prior knowledge - Engagement profile membership predicts immediate chemistry knowledge above and beyond prior knowledge
• Engagement profiles do not differ in prior knowledge, chemistry self-concept, or interest, addressing a motivation confound - Engagement profiles do not differ in prior knowledge, chemistry self-concept, or interest, addressing a motivation confound
• Engagement profiles predict who benefits most from accuracy-based adaptive support - Engagement profiles predict who benefits most from accuracy-based adaptive support
• Engagement profiles significantly moderated GATs' immediate performance effects: low- and high-engagement profiles benefited while the mid-engagement profile showed a small decrement - Engagement profiles significantly moderated GATs' immediate performance effects: low- and high-engagement profiles benefited while the mid-engagement profile showed a small decrement
• Engagement remains an observable and evidential proxy for learning that AI has not broken, though it is not invulnerable - Engagement remains an observable and evidential proxy for learning that AI has not broken, though it is not invulnerable
• Engagement removal lowers the adaptive score, indicating the engagement generator realizes persona-conditioned style choices in narration - Engagement removal lowers the adaptive score, indicating the engagement generator realizes persona-conditioned style choices in narration
• Engagement rises with equivalent peer and teacher relatedness, but this positive trend weakens and reverses below a printed threshold on the line of congruence (Study 1) - Engagement rises with equivalent peer and teacher relatedness, but this positive trend weakens and reverses below a printed threshold on the line of congruence (Study 1)
• Engagement via annotation (underlining, highlighting, notes) shows no significant effect on comprehension - Engagement via annotation (underlining, highlighting, notes) shows no significant effect on comprehension
• Engagement with AI-generated educational interactive fiction is marginal, near the neutral midpoint of the scale - Engagement with AI-generated educational interactive fiction is marginal, near the neutral midpoint of the scale
• Engagement with the unguided STORY MINE module was low, averaging fewer than 3 active login days over 12 weeks - Engagement with the unguided STORY MINE module was low, averaging fewer than 3 active login days over 12 weeks
• Engagement-based metrics are more robust predictors of students' perceived feedback helpfulness than pedagogical dimensions - Engagement-based metrics are more robust predictors of students' perceived feedback helpfulness than pedagogical dimensions
• Engaging in argumentation-triggered, information-triggered, or socially-triggered interaction sequences is positively associated with grades, while facilitated discussions is not - Engaging in argumentation-triggered, information-triggered, or socially-triggered interaction sequences is positively associated with grades, while facilitated discussions is not
• Engaging students as partners in analyzing and discussing student experience data creates authentic engagement and signals responsiveness to students - Engaging students as partners in analyzing and discussing student experience data creates authentic engagement and signals responsiveness to students
• Engaging students in defining new words during or after reading a text is among the practices most consistently related to student growth in language and comprehension - Engaging students in defining new words during or after reading a text is among the practices most consistently related to student growth in language and comprehension
• Engaging symbolic number representations does not by itself prime subsequent symbolic arithmetic: second test-set performance declined in both training groups - Engaging symbolic number representations does not by itself prime subsequent symbolic arithmetic: second test-set performance declined in both training groups
• Engaging whole-class teaching used simple communication, concrete and visual aids, and simple interactive activities - Engaging whole-class teaching used simple communication, concrete and visual aids, and simple interactive activities
• Engelmann's Direct Instruction curricula improve academic outcomes across reading, mathematics, language and spelling
• Engineered practice-balance features outperform raw activity counts: the Intensity Ratio ranks third among Codeforces predictors, and upsolving habit dominates the survey model - Engineered practice-balance features outperform raw activity counts: the Intensity Ratio ranks third among Codeforces predictors, and upsolving habit dominates the survey model
• Engineering faculty report reluctant engagement with GenAI, concerns about cognitive offloading, and frustration with uncoordinated institutional policy - Engineering faculty report reluctant engagement with GenAI, concerns about cognitive offloading, and frustration with uncoordinated institutional policy
• Engineering physics exam questions demand more approach selection or synthesis while Technology questions often prescribe a specific approach - Engineering physics exam questions demand more approach selection or synthesis while Technology questions often prescribe a specific approach
• Engineering physics undergraduates are more curious than they appear in lecture when given the chance to submit questions about interactive simulations - Engineering physics undergraduates are more curious than they appear in lecture when given the chance to submit questions about interactive simulations
• Engineering students come to view mastering GenAI as crucial as other engineering skills, driven by labour-market expectations, alongside widespread uncertainty about over-reliance - Engineering students come to view mastering GenAI as crucial as other engineering skills, driven by labour-market expectations, alongside widespread uncertainty about over-reliance
• Engineering students develop implicit rules for using GenAI as a self-directed, efficient learning tool when traditional educational tools fall short - Engineering students develop implicit rules for using GenAI as a self-directed, efficient learning tool when traditional educational tools fall short
• Engineering students most often use LLMs for academic writing (27%), conceptual clarification (20%), programming help (17%) and brainstorming (13%) - Engineering students most often use LLMs for academic writing (27%), conceptual clarification (20%), programming help (17%) and brainstorming (13%)
• Engineering students perceive AI chatbot benefits as strongest for relief from competence frustration, moderate for autonomy, and weakest for relatedness - Engineering students perceive AI chatbot benefits as strongest for relief from competence frustration, moderate for autonomy, and weakest for relatedness
• Engineering team converged earlier than other teams, concluding prototyping two minutes before the time limit - Engineering team converged earlier than other teams, concluding prototyping two minutes before the time limit
• Engineering team focused on generative collaborative actions, product design team on creating shared understanding, and service design team on alleviating lack of knowledge - Engineering team focused on generative collaborative actions, product design team on creating shared understanding, and service design team on alleviating lack of knowledge
• Engineering, product design, and service design teams differ significantly in shared epistemic agency during collaborative prototyping - Engineering, product design, and service design teams differ significantly in shared epistemic agency during collaborative prototyping
• English (L2) decoding shows a strong linear relationship with English reading comprehension, with the correlation decreasing as children get older - English (L2) decoding shows a strong linear relationship with English reading comprehension, with the correlation decreasing as children get older
• English and Spanish MAP Growth Reading scales were statistically linked via a bilingual group design despite measuring similar but not identical constructs - English and Spanish MAP Growth Reading scales were statistically linked via a bilingual group design despite measuring similar but not identical constructs
• English defense of early school entry shifts from intellectual advantage to moral advantage and attention development when faced with contrary evidence - English defense of early school entry shifts from intellectual advantage to moral advantage and attention development when faced with contrary evidence
• English dominates as target language (56% of studies), and L2 teaching is the most studied language context (22 studies) versus 12 FL and 7 L1 studies - English dominates as target language (56% of studies), and L2 teaching is the most studied language context (22 studies) versus 12 FL and 7 L1 studies
• English dominates CA interaction languages: 17 of 23 prototypes relied exclusively on English even though only seven studies originated from English-speaking countries - English dominates CA interaction languages: 17 of 23 prototypes relied exclusively on English even though only seven studies originated from English-speaking countries
• English Learner classification in kindergarten negatively impacts teachers' perceptions of students' academic abilities, with a reduced negative effect in bilingual classroom settings - English Learner classification in kindergarten negatively impacts teachers' perceptions of students' academic abilities, with a reduced negative effect in bilingual classroom settings
• English learner program type, student mobility, discipline rates, and teacher experience were not statistically significant predictors and were removed from the final model - English learner program type, student mobility, discipline rates, and teacher experience were not statistically significant predictors and were removed from the final model
• English Learner programs and services across districts are led by administrators with varied titles, many without apparent links to English Learners - English Learner programs and services across districts are led by administrators with varied titles, many without apparent links to English Learners
• English Learner students at ELPAC PL 4 perform as well as, or better than, matched English-only peers on the state English language arts achievement test - English Learner students at ELPAC PL 4 perform as well as, or better than, matched English-only peers on the state English language arts achievement test
• English learner students were more often identified at risk overall, but those with low English proficiency on ACCESS were not necessarily below benchmark; a little over one third of English learners meeting benchmark scored at the two lowest ACCESS proficiency levels - English learner students were more often identified at risk overall, but those with low English proficiency on ACCESS were not necessarily below benchmark; a little over one third of English learners
• English learner students with disabilities are less likely than other students with disabilities to receive extra time on schoolwork but attend transition-planning meetings at a comparable rate, are suspended less, and have parents with higher expectations - English learner students with disabilities are less likely than other students with disabilities to receive extra time on schoolwork but attend transition-planning meetings at a comparable rate, are s
• English learner students with disabilities are more likely to struggle academically and less likely to participate in activities than both other students with disabilities and other English learners - English learner students with disabilities are more likely to struggle academically and less likely to participate in activities than both other students with disabilities and other English learners
• English learner students with disabilities have backgrounds similar to other English learners but greater functional challenges - English learner students with disabilities have backgrounds similar to other English learners but greater functional challenges
• English learner students with disabilities have more socioeconomic disadvantages than other students with disabilities but similar functional performance - English learner students with disabilities have more socioeconomic disadvantages than other students with disabilities but similar functional performance
• English learners are strongly underrepresented in the ESA program: 0.6% of ESA students versus 9.2% of public school students statewide - English learners are strongly underrepresented in the ESA program: 0.6% of ESA students versus 9.2% of public school students statewide
• English learners can learn to read in English at the same rate as their monolingual peers in the primary grades - English learners can learn to read in English at the same rate as their monolingual peers in the primary grades
• English learners in nearly all MiC districts showed stronger annual CAASPP mathematics gains than their statewide peers from 2015 to 2017 despite remaining mostly at the lowest achievement level - English learners in nearly all MiC districts showed stronger annual CAASPP mathematics gains than their statewide peers from 2015 to 2017 despite remaining mostly at the lowest achievement level
• English learners lag behind their peers in achievement and attainment; limited exposure to academic content is offered as a partial explanation, not tested - English learners lag behind their peers in achievement and attainment; limited exposure to academic content is offered as a partial explanation, not tested
• English Learners participated at higher rates; the disability difference was not statistically significant - English Learners participated at higher rates; the disability difference was not statistically significant
• English Learners' initial ELP level influences the expected time frame for attaining the English-proficient criterion, supporting refined time-to-proficiency criteria - English Learners' initial ELP level influences the expected time frame for attaining the English-proficient criterion, supporting refined time-to-proficiency criteria
• English learners' mathematical performance was positively correlated with English proficiency, more strongly for explanations than calculations - English learners' mathematical performance was positively correlated with English proficiency, more strongly for explanations than calculations
• English learners' progress beyond the significant risk level differed by test language: 21 percent stayed above threshold in English and 19 percent improved to it, versus 11 percent improving in Spanish - English learners' progress beyond the significant risk level differed by test language: 21 percent stayed above threshold in English and 19 percent improved to it, versus 11 percent improving in Spani
• English learners, particularly Hispanic Spanish-speaking students, were disproportionately identified for special education in the Specific Learning Disability category - English learners, particularly Hispanic Spanish-speaking students, were disproportionately identified for special education in the Specific Learning Disability category
• English oral vocabulary scores correlated significantly with word identification and reading comprehension posttest scores in this severely struggling sample - English oral vocabulary scores correlated significantly with word identification and reading comprehension posttest scores in this severely struggling sample
• English pronunciation self-efficacy is strongly and positively associated with willingness to communicate in English among Chinese EFL learners - English pronunciation self-efficacy is strongly and positively associated with willingness to communicate in English among Chinese EFL learners
• English pronunciation self-efficacy partially mediates the association between GenAI-based pronunciation feedback perceptions and willingness to communicate, with the indirect effect accounting for 69.9% of the total effect - English pronunciation self-efficacy partially mediates the association between GenAI-based pronunciation feedback perceptions and willingness to communicate, with the indirect effect accounting for 69
• English vocabulary correlates with confidence and metacognitive control at both time points but with monitoring accuracy only at T0, and with only the negative emotions boredom and anxiety at T1 - English vocabulary correlates with confidence and metacognitive control at both time points but with monitoring accuracy only at T0, and with only the negative emotions boredom and anxiety at T1
• English-delivered AI explanations impose a double cognitive burden: foreign-language content significantly reduced learning outcomes versus native-language instruction in controlled higher-education studies - English-delivered AI explanations impose a double cognitive burden: foreign-language content significantly reduced learning outcomes versus native-language instruction in controlled higher-education s
• English-language measures of phonological processing, letter knowledge, and word and text reading validly identify which English learners need additional reading support - English-language measures of phonological processing, letter knowledge, and word and text reading validly identify which English learners need additional reading support
• English-major seniors report writing classes receive inadequate attention and are tied to test preparation - English-major seniors report writing classes receive inadequate attention and are tied to test preparation
• English-only screening is the norm for English learners in Massachusetts: 90 percent were assessed only in English across all three screening periods in 2023/24 - English-only screening is the norm for English learners in Massachusetts: 90 percent were assessed only in English across all three screening periods in 2023/24
• English/language arts classes in high-performing CHSRI schools required high academic demand, with high-level skill activities in 21 of 23 observed classes - English/language arts classes in high-performing CHSRI schools required high academic demand, with high-level skill activities in 21 of 23 observed classes
• Enhanced discovery learning produces greater learning than other forms of instruction - Enhanced discovery learning produces greater learning than other forms of instruction
• Enhanced math instruction adapted to after-school settings produced modest but statistically significant math gains after one year, while enhanced reading instruction showed no differences - Enhanced math instruction adapted to after-school settings produced modest but statistically significant math gains after one year, while enhanced reading instruction showed no differences
• Enhanced Proactive Reading has potentially positive effects on reading achievement for first-grade English language learners at risk for reading problems - Enhanced Proactive Reading has potentially positive effects on reading achievement for first-grade English language learners at risk for reading problems
• Enhanced Proactive Reading shows no discernible effects on English language development - Enhanced Proactive Reading shows no discernible effects on English language development
• Enjoyment correlates positively (r = .31), and boredom, mathematics anxiety and test anxiety negatively (r = −.23 to −.28), with mathematics achievement
• Enjoyment mediates the pathway from immersive media to immediate posttest score while interest mediates the pathway to delayed posttest score - Enjoyment mediates the pathway from immersive media to immediate posttest score while interest mediates the pathway to delayed posttest score
• Enjoyment relates positively and shame, anxiety, and boredom relate negatively to political knowledge, but classroom climate is not significantly mediated via emotions for knowledge - Enjoyment relates positively and shame, anxiety, and boredom relate negatively to political knowledge, but classroom climate is not significantly mediated via emotions for knowledge
• ENL students were near-evenly split in preference between AI-generated and human tutor feedback - ENL students were near-evenly split in preference between AI-generated and human tutor feedback
• Enrichment benefits on children's L2 vocabulary persist up to 6 months post-learning without diminishing relative to non-enriched learning - Enrichment benefits on children's L2 vocabulary persist up to 6 months post-learning without diminishing relative to non-enriched learning
• Enrolling at a KIPP middle school is associated with a 12.9 percentage-point higher rate of college enrollment - Enrolling at a KIPP middle school is associated with a 12.9 percentage-point higher rate of college enrollment
• Enrolling in CPS pre-k before age four is associated with stronger kindergarten readiness in English language development and early reading for ELs - Enrolling in CPS pre-k before age four is associated with stronger kindergarten readiness in English language development and early reading for ELs
• Enrolling in English I instead of remedial English increased credit earning with no adverse consequences, but few other benefits - Enrolling in English I instead of remedial English increased credit earning with no adverse consequences, but few other benefits
• Enrollment at HBCUs decreased more than enrollment at other institutions after the PLUS credit-standard tightening - Enrollment at HBCUs decreased more than enrollment at other institutions after the PLUS credit-standard tightening
• Enrollment in a TurnNJ school produced positive, statistically significant ELA achievement gains persisting up to four years, equal to an additional 1.9 years of learning after one year - Enrollment in a TurnNJ school produced positive, statistically significant ELA achievement gains persisting up to four years, equal to an additional 1.9 years of learning after one year
• Enrollment in a TurnNJ school produced positive, statistically significant math achievement gains persisting up to four years, equal to an additional 1.8 years of learning after one year - Enrollment in a TurnNJ school produced positive, statistically significant math achievement gains persisting up to four years, equal to an additional 1.8 years of learning after one year
• Enrollment in center-based preschool was not associated with parent-reported curiosity at kindergarten - Enrollment in center-based preschool was not associated with parent-reported curiosity at kindergarten
• Enrollment in the mission-specific general education courses was associated with increased persistence across student types, likely because enrollment signals intention to complete a degree at the institution - Enrollment in the mission-specific general education courses was associated with increased persistence across student types, likely because enrollment signals intention to complete a degree at the ins
• Enrollment is the main driver of the association between student demographics and the likelihood of beating the odds - Enrollment is the main driver of the association between student demographics and the likelihood of beating the odds
• Enrollment policies forcing small schools to accept unassigned neighborhood students constrained the benefits of choice and pushed freshman enrollment above the 125-student cap - Enrollment policies forcing small schools to accept unassigned neighborhood students constrained the benefits of choice and pushed freshman enrollment above the 125-student cap
• Ensemble modeling of multiple LLM scorers yields performance gains in automated divergent thinking scoring - Ensemble modeling of multiple LLM scorers yields performance gains in automated divergent thinking scoring
• Ensembles of operational raters outperform the LLMs: two raters suffice on average across aspects, but larger ensembles are needed for individual aspects - Ensembles of operational raters outperform the LLMs: two raters suffice on average across aspects, but larger ensembles are needed for individual aspects
• Ensuring a good match between students and the colleges in which they enroll significantly increases a student's chance of graduating - Ensuring a good match between students and the colleges in which they enroll significantly increases a student's chance of graduating
• Entering faculty were characterized by uncertainty rather than opposition: mean AI perception was 3.22 on a five-point scale and mean self-rated fluency was 1.89 on a six-point scale - Entering faculty were characterized by uncertainty rather than opposition: mean AI perception was 3.22 on a five-point scale and mean self-rated fluency was 1.89 on a six-point scale
• Enterprising-type items in JEU SERAI did not work correctly, attributed to panel underrepresentation and weak action-verb rationalization - Enterprising-type items in JEU SERAI did not work correctly, attributed to panel underrepresentation and weak action-verb rationalization
• Entertain is the most frequently used heteroglossic subcategory across all draft types, decreasing in peer-feedback revisions but remaining relatively high in AI revisions - Entertain is the most frequently used heteroglossic subcategory across all draft types, decreasing in peer-feedback revisions but remaining relatively high in AI revisions
• Entertainment motivation carries a positive indirect association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity, weakening as perceived AI literacy increases - Entertainment motivation carries a positive indirect association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity, weakening as perceived AI literacy increases
• Entertainment value of simulation games did not moderate learning relative to comparison instruction - Entertainment value of simulation games did not moderate learning relative to comparison instruction
• Enthusiasm for mathematics as a subject matter predicts teachers' self-reports but not students' ratings of instructional behaviour - Enthusiasm for mathematics as a subject matter predicts teachers' self-reports but not students' ratings of instructional behaviour
• Enthusiasm shows a small positive association with political learning in cross-sectional designs but no association in experimental designs - Enthusiasm shows a small positive association with political learning in cross-sectional designs but no association in experimental designs
• Entity theory correlates positively with performance goal orientation and incremental theory with learning goal orientation among student teachers - Entity theory correlates positively with performance goal orientation and incremental theory with learning goal orientation among student teachers
• Environmental analysis via structured observation of morning rounds identified unanticipated stakeholders in surgical discharge - Environmental analysis via structured observation of morning rounds identified unanticipated stakeholders in surgical discharge