Claims: L 3

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• Long-term nature exposures produced inconsistent effects on long-term knowledge acquisition, with positive garden and outdoor-lesson effects for some groups but not others - Long-term nature exposures produced inconsistent effects on long-term knowledge acquisition, with positive garden and outdoor-lesson effects for some groups but not others
• Long-term outcomes showed few benefits: slight increases in upper-level math credits for low-ability students but slightly lower final GPAs and reduced 4-year college enrollment for others - Long-term outcomes showed few benefits: slight increases in upper-level math credits for low-ability students but slightly lower final GPAs and reduced 4-year college enrollment for others
• Long-term prevalence of post-deployment mental health problems is expected to exceed pre-deployed/non-deployed baseline ranges across all four outcome domains - Long-term prevalence of post-deployment mental health problems is expected to exceed pre-deployed/non-deployed baseline ranges across all four outcome domains
• Long-term stability of aggregated state emotions does not significantly differ from that of self-reported trait emotions over one- and two-year spans - Long-term stability of aggregated state emotions does not significantly differ from that of self-reported trait emotions over one- and two-year spans
• Longer dwell time on AI suggestions is associated with better attention check performance but slightly lower task performance - Longer dwell time on AI suggestions is associated with better attention check performance but slightly lower task performance
• Longer exercise intervention duration is consistently associated with larger effect sizes on ADHD functional outcomes - Longer exercise intervention duration is consistently associated with larger effect sizes on ADHD functional outcomes
• Longer exposure to an SPT target showed a non-significant trend toward greater accuracy - Longer exposure to an SPT target showed a non-significant trend toward greater accuracy
• Longer exposures barely increase apprehension of nonsense material and objects, but materially increase perception of quickly assimilable sense-material such as poetry - Longer exposures barely increase apprehension of nonsense material and objects, but materially increase perception of quickly assimilable sense-material such as poetry
• Longer eye fixation time is ambiguous between processing difficulty and extra processing effort, so eye movement data should be validated with outcome measures - Longer eye fixation time is ambiguous between processing difficulty and extra processing effort, so eye movement data should be validated with outcome measures
• Longer face-to-face contact during a scientific event increases the likelihood that a researcher selects the other as a new potential collaboration partner - Longer face-to-face contact during a scientific event increases the likelihood that a researcher selects the other as a new potential collaboration partner
• Longer Facebook threads with more interlocutors show distinct structural characteristics compared to the broader corpus - Longer Facebook threads with more interlocutors show distinct structural characteristics compared to the broader corpus
• Longer first-pass reading time at the final word of the target sentence was negatively associated with consistency judgement accuracy - Longer first-pass reading time at the final word of the target sentence was negatively associated with consistency judgement accuracy
• Longer inter-item response times follow larger semantic distances in children's semantic search paths - Longer inter-item response times follow larger semantic distances in children's semantic search paths
• Longer letter series yield somewhat higher average scores because they offer opportunities for occasional high scores via mental grouping - Longer letter series yield somewhat higher average scores because they offer opportunities for occasional high scores via mental grouping
• Longer online reading times on unknown words are associated with higher vocabulary recall test scores - Longer online reading times on unknown words are associated with higher vocabulary recall test scores
• Longer operating and better implemented community school programs yield more positive results for students and schools - Longer operating and better implemented community school programs yield more positive results for students and schools
• Longer retention intervals between pre- and post-test weaken the effect of mental simulation - Longer retention intervals between pre- and post-test weaken the effect of mental simulation
• Longer school closures are associated with greater declines in grade 8 civic knowledge - Longer school closures are associated with greater declines in grade 8 civic knowledge
• Longer simulation duration is associated with higher effects, but evidence for simulations over one month is inconclusive - Longer simulation duration is associated with higher effects, but evidence for simulations over one month is inconclusive
• Longer sleep duration is associated with linear growth in infants, with small printed odds ratios - Longer sleep duration is associated with linear growth in infants, with small printed odds ratios
• Longer student histories do not improve LLM knowledge tracing: FKT AUC-ROC stays near 0.5-0.6 whether models see 50 or 400 prior interactions - Longer student histories do not improve LLM knowledge tracing: FKT AUC-ROC stays near 0.5-0.6 whether models see 50 or 400 prior interactions
• Longer target P3 latencies are associated with poorer sustained attention in toddlers - Longer target P3 latencies are associated with poorer sustained attention in toddlers
• Longer, more elaborated AI agent posts receive substantially higher engagement than shorter posts - Longer, more elaborated AI agent posts receive substantially higher engagement than shorter posts
• Longer-run effects of targeted secondary interventions are small and not statistically significant, with only seven studies providing follow-up evidence - Longer-run effects of targeted secondary interventions are small and not statistically significant, with only seven studies providing follow-up evidence
• Longitudinal associations between teacher–student and peer relationship quality are smaller than cross-sectional ones, with teacher–student relationships somewhat more predictive of peer relationships than vice versa - Longitudinal associations between teacher–student and peer relationship quality are smaller than cross-sectional ones, with teacher–student relationships somewhat more predictive of peer relationships
• Longitudinal evidence shows spatial ability predicts STEM educational and occupational outcomes beyond mathematical and verbal ability - Longitudinal evidence shows spatial ability predicts STEM educational and occupational outcomes beyond mathematical and verbal ability
• Longitudinal gains in children's retrieval fluency are predicted by increased hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity, not by hippocampal activation levels - Longitudinal gains in children's retrieval fluency are predicted by increased hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity, not by hippocampal activation levels
• Longitudinal growth observed for current ELs likely underestimates total-cohort growth because students who reach English proficiency exit and are no longer assessed - Longitudinal growth observed for current ELs likely underestimates total-cohort growth because students who reach English proficiency exit and are no longer assessed
• Longitudinal partial strong measurement invariance of the four-item self-efficacy survey justifies fitting growth models to its scores - Longitudinal partial strong measurement invariance of the four-item self-efficacy survey justifies fitting growth models to its scores
• Longitudinal physical activity programs have a positive effect on academic performance in preadolescent children (g = 0.26) - Longitudinal physical activity programs have a positive effect on academic performance in preadolescent children (g = 0.26)
• Longitudinal physical activity programs have a positive effect on executive functions in preadolescent children (g = 0.24) - Longitudinal physical activity programs have a positive effect on executive functions in preadolescent children (g = 0.24)
• Longitudinal physical activity programs show a positive effect on attention in preadolescent children (g = 0.90), based on a single study - Longitudinal physical activity programs show a positive effect on attention in preadolescent children (g = 0.90), based on a single study
• Longitudinal studies of trust and reliance in AI advice examine whether users rely appropriately over time but not whether independent reasoning capacity is maintained - Longitudinal studies of trust and reliance in AI advice examine whether users rely appropriately over time but not whether independent reasoning capacity is maintained
• Longitudinal studies suggest reciprocal associations between some SECs and student engagement over time - Longitudinal studies suggest reciprocal associations between some SECs and student engagement over time
• Longitudinal subject attrition produces systematic baseline differences among continuing, dropout, and non-participating students - Longitudinal subject attrition produces systematic baseline differences among continuing, dropout, and non-participating students
• Longitudinal within-student analysis of a mathematics mastery learning platform replicates positive effects on standardized math test scores - Longitudinal within-student analysis of a mathematics mastery learning platform replicates positive effects on standardized math test scores
• Longitudinally, the ToM–achievement association does not differ significantly across academic achievement domains, and time lag does not moderate it - Longitudinally, the ToM–achievement association does not differ significantly across academic achievement domains, and time lag does not moderate it
• LoRA adaptation adds only 0.6M trainable parameters on an 86.4M frozen backbone, keeping methods lightweight relative to LLM-based scoring - LoRA adaptation adds only 0.6M trainable parameters on an 86.4M frozen backbone, keeping methods lightweight relative to LLM-based scoring
• LoRA adaptation significantly increases closed-book accuracy on the PhysicsMate test set at all three Qwen3 scales - LoRA adaptation significantly increases closed-book accuracy on the PhysicsMate test set at all three Qwen3 scales
• LoRA fine-tuning hyperparameters are not model-agnostic: increasing rank above 64 destroyed LLaMA's feedback generation while Gemma remained robust - LoRA fine-tuning hyperparameters are not model-agnostic: increasing rank above 64 destroyed LLaMA's feedback generation while Gemma remained robust
• LoRA fine-tuning makes the Solution-Method-Teaching Points instructional format more stable, with Solution and Method coverage reaching 1.00 at r=8 and r=16 for the 3B model - LoRA fine-tuning makes the Solution-Method-Teaching Points instructional format more stable, with Solution and Method coverage reaching 1.00 at r=8 and r=16 for the 3B model
• LoRA fine-tuning of Flux.1 failed to learn nuclear concepts, producing wrong-concept images on all 300 test prompts - LoRA fine-tuning of Flux.1 failed to learn nuclear concepts, producing wrong-concept images on all 300 test prompts
• LoRA fine-tuning on control systems course data increases lexical and semantic similarity between model responses and course reference answers at both 3B and 7B model sizes - LoRA fine-tuning on control systems course data increases lexical and semantic similarity between model responses and course reference answers at both 3B and 7B model sizes
• LoRA RFT with a helpfulness-weighted composite reward can collapse an adapter's pedagogy mid-training while responsiveness stays intact - LoRA RFT with a helpfulness-weighted composite reward can collapse an adapter's pedagogy mid-training while responsiveness stays intact
• Lord's chi-square identified more DIF items than Raju's unsigned area in the without-purification condition - Lord's chi-square identified more DIF items than Raju's unsigned area in the without-purification condition
• Los apoyos de transición más deseados incluyen información práctica, herramientas de traducción de competencias, adiestramiento laboral, tutoría y dinero - Los apoyos de transición más deseados incluyen información práctica, herramientas de traducción de competencias, adiestramiento laboral, tutoría y dinero
• Los estudiantes de secundaria tienen dificultades persistentes para reconocer los cambios observables en el movimiento aparente del Sol y los momentos singulares del año - Los estudiantes de secundaria tienen dificultades persistentes para reconocer los cambios observables en el movimiento aparente del Sol y los momentos singulares del año
• Los Padillas 3rd-graders in 2023–24 outperformed peers in other APS community schools in both ELA and math - Los Padillas 3rd-graders in 2023–24 outperformed peers in other APS community schools in both ELA and math
• Los Padillas Elementary improved reading and math achievement and cut chronic absence by 50% between 2021 and 2024 after adopting community schools - Los Padillas Elementary improved reading and math achievement and cut chronic absence by 50% between 2021 and 2024 after adopting community schools
• Los Padillas reduced chronic absenteeism by more than half, from 65.5% in 2021–22 to 31.3% in 2023–24, a rate below other APS community schools - Los Padillas reduced chronic absenteeism by more than half, from 65.5% in 2021–22 to 31.3% in 2023–24, a rate below other APS community schools
• Los Padillas shifted away from exclusionary discipline, with no in- or out-of-school suspensions in 2023–24, and retained nearly all its teachers over 5 years - Los Padillas shifted away from exclusionary discipline, with no in- or out-of-school suspensions in 2023–24, and retained nearly all its teachers over 5 years
• Los principales retos percibidos al usar LER son la exactitud de la información, la seguridad, saber cómo usarlos, la adopción por empleadores y el acceso - Los principales retos percibidos al usar LER son la exactitud de la información, la seguridad, saber cómo usarlos, la adopción por empleadores y el acceso
• Lottery-based charter middle schools show no average difference from traditional public schools in student behavior and school progress - Lottery-based charter middle schools show no average difference from traditional public schools in student behavior and school progress
• Lottery-based selection under GoCPS worked as intended: lottery numbers and offers were unrelated to student characteristics and to how highly applicants ranked programs - Lottery-based selection under GoCPS worked as intended: lottery numbers and offers were unrelated to student characteristics and to how highly applicants ranked programs
• LoU Interview ratings correlated .65 with readers' ratings of written ethnographic protocols, which the author read as support for the interview's validity tempered by second-hand information - LoU Interview ratings correlated .65 with readers' ratings of written ethnographic protocols, which the author read as support for the interview's validity tempered by second-hand information
• Louisiana high schools vary widely in their success in promoting graduation, college enrollment, and earnings - Louisiana high schools vary widely in their success in promoting graduation, college enrollment, and earnings
• Low (blocked) and high (random/serial) contextual interference practice do not differ significantly in acute skill gains (Δ pre-post) in PE and sports contexts - Low (blocked) and high (random/serial) contextual interference practice do not differ significantly in acute skill gains (Δ pre-post) in PE and sports contexts
• Low achievers experienced larger initial pandemic impacts and less improvement during 2021-22 - Low achievers experienced larger initial pandemic impacts and less improvement during 2021-22
• Low ACT scores and confusion about financial aid led a hardworking, college-aspiring student to decide not to attend college at all - Low ACT scores and confusion about financial aid led a hardworking, college-aspiring student to decide not to attend college at all
• Low and high social challenge dyads do not differ in the frequency of metacognitive activities - Low and high social challenge dyads do not differ in the frequency of metacognitive activities
• Low and medium Knowledge Confidence heighten curiosity, contradicting the predicted inverted U-shaped relationship - Low and medium Knowledge Confidence heighten curiosity, contradicting the predicted inverted U-shaped relationship
• Low attendance is linked with lower academic skills, grades, and high school graduation, and high attendance with higher ones - Low attendance is linked with lower academic skills, grades, and high school graduation, and high attendance with higher ones
• Low baseline word-reading performers in the embodied learning group improve letter-sound knowledge and spelling more than low performers in regular teaching - Low baseline word-reading performers in the embodied learning group improve letter-sound knowledge and spelling more than low performers in regular teaching
• Low comment rewriting does not imply a smooth process: students describe the main effort as verifying generated code rather than revising prompts - Low comment rewriting does not imply a smooth process: students describe the main effort as verifying generated code rather than revising prompts
• Low compensation and inconsistent qualification requirements undermine recruitment and retention of California's ECE workforce - Low compensation and inconsistent qualification requirements undermine recruitment and retention of California's ECE workforce
• Low contingent support increased task effort when independent working time was short; with long independent working time task effort decreased under both contingencies but less so with high contingency - Low contingent support increased task effort when independent working time was short; with long independent working time task effort decreased under both contingencies but less so with high contingenc
• Low digit span forward test score is associated with decreased intrinsic academic motivation in junior high school students - Low digit span forward test score is associated with decreased intrinsic academic motivation in junior high school students
• Low early skill children in high-inference classrooms with low teacher–student conflict showed higher math achievement and faster gains than low-skill peers in low-inference or high-conflict classrooms - Low early skill children in high-inference classrooms with low teacher–student conflict showed higher math achievement and faster gains than low-skill peers in low-inference or high-conflict classroom
• Low early skill children received more basic skills instruction and experienced more teacher conflict than their more skilled peers - Low early skill children received more basic skills instruction and experienced more teacher conflict than their more skilled peers
• Low engagement with assessment lowered grades at all levels of the 2007-08 Physics 1Y grade distribution - Low engagement with assessment lowered grades at all levels of the 2007-08 Physics 1Y grade distribution
• Low English proficiency screener scores in pre-k relate to lower academic performance but not to attendance - Low English proficiency screener scores in pre-k relate to lower academic performance but not to attendance
• Low environment-change beliefs lead students to allocate cognitive resources to monitoring for breakdowns, creating extraneous load - Low environment-change beliefs lead students to allocate cognitive resources to monitoring for breakdowns, creating extraneous load
• Low examinee effort is a major threat to valid uses of many test scores - Low examinee effort is a major threat to valid uses of many test scores
• Low income, English learner, special education, Black, and Hispanic students were more likely to be classified significantly below benchmark at each time period and more than once - Low income, English learner, special education, Black, and Hispanic students were more likely to be classified significantly below benchmark at each time period and more than once
• Low information density improves individual test performance in the short-term retention test, but the benefit fades by the delayed test - Low information density improves individual test performance in the short-term retention test, but the benefit fades by the delayed test
• Low information density reduces mental effort and increases efficiency during the collaborative learning phase - Low information density reduces mental effort and increases efficiency during the collaborative learning phase
• Low kana pick-out story comprehension score is associated with decreased intrinsic academic motivation in junior high school students - Low kana pick-out story comprehension score is associated with decreased intrinsic academic motivation in junior high school students
• Low participation rates in Title I school choice and supplemental educational services may be related to problems communicating with parents - Low participation rates in Title I school choice and supplemental educational services may be related to problems communicating with parents
• Low performers completed activities on time for fewer topics and showed less catching-up only in early topics, while high performers showed no catching-up on later topics - Low performers completed activities on time for fewer topics and showed less catching-up only in early topics, while high performers showed no catching-up on later topics
• Low prior knowledge students learned most conceptual understanding from worked-out examples, and least from questions plus arguments - Low prior knowledge students learned most conceptual understanding from worked-out examples, and least from questions plus arguments
• Low questionnaire–think-aloud correlations may have two alternative explanations besides poor self-report ability: the methods may measure different strategies or be aimed at different tasks - Low questionnaire–think-aloud correlations may have two alternative explanations besides poor self-report ability: the methods may measure different strategies or be aimed at different tasks
• Low reading-group first graders read far fewer words than high-group peers, limiting elaboration - Low reading-group first graders read far fewer words than high-group peers, limiting elaboration
• Low self-regulation (inattention and impulsivity) at kindergarten entry predicts greater teacher-child conflict by kindergarten spring, and this effect persists into first grade - Low self-regulation (inattention and impulsivity) at kindergarten entry predicts greater teacher-child conflict by kindergarten spring, and this effect persists into first grade
• Low social challenge dyads produce higher-quality written assignments than high social challenge dyads, controlling for prior knowledge - Low social challenge dyads produce higher-quality written assignments than high social challenge dyads, controlling for prior knowledge
• Low social challenge dyads verbalize more cognitive processing and more high-cognition than high social challenge dyads - Low social challenge dyads verbalize more cognitive processing and more high-cognition than high social challenge dyads
• Low to medium disfluency does not harm learning and sometimes descriptively improves it, though the effect is unstable - Low to medium disfluency does not harm learning and sometimes descriptively improves it, though the effect is unstable
• Low variability materials enhanced learning regardless of guidance; expertise reversal found for variability in Experiment 2 - Low variability materials enhanced learning regardless of guidance; expertise reversal found for variability in Experiment 2
• Low warmth trajectories predict lower achievement gains for boys but not for girls - Low warmth trajectories predict lower achievement gains for boys but not for girls
• Low weekly perceived control predicts more memory problems among adults with greater memory decline and low SOC strategy use (three-way interaction) - Low weekly perceived control predicts more memory problems among adults with greater memory decline and low SOC strategy use (three-way interaction)
• Low working memory span individuals are more affected by Stroop task lapses and report more task-related mind-wandering - Low working memory span individuals are more affected by Stroop task lapses and report more task-related mind-wandering
• Low- and high-performing students make different types of errors and therefore need different kinds of support - Low- and high-performing students make different types of errors and therefore need different kinds of support
• Low- and high-proficiency EFL learners differ significantly in self-efficacy, intrinsic goal orientation, and test anxiety - Low- and high-proficiency EFL learners differ significantly in self-efficacy, intrinsic goal orientation, and test anxiety
• Low- and intermediate-proficiency students report higher perceived usefulness, ease of use, and satisfaction for AI-assisted English tools than high-proficiency students - Low- and intermediate-proficiency students report higher perceived usefulness, ease of use, and satisfaction for AI-assisted English tools than high-proficiency students
• Low-achieving students in Knowledge Building predominantly expressed joy, with low percentages of frustration and boredom - Low-achieving students in Knowledge Building predominantly expressed joy, with low percentages of frustration and boredom
• Low-achieving students' emotions in Knowledge Building threads tended to transition to the same or similar emotions - Low-achieving students' emotions in Knowledge Building threads tended to transition to the same or similar emotions
• Low-confidence info-seeking trials show inverted decision weights, unlike explicit reports and post-decision wagering - Low-confidence info-seeking trials show inverted decision weights, unlike explicit reports and post-decision wagering
• Low-confidence judgments on one problem predict better strategy selection on the immediately following problem, equally in young and older adults - Low-confidence judgments on one problem predict better strategy selection on the immediately following problem, equally in young and older adults
• Low-density text is as effective as high-density text for achievement in expository CBI and print lessons - Low-density text is as effective as high-density text for achievement in expository CBI and print lessons
• Low-equity participants' simulation responses converged over successive simulations toward those of a high-equity reference group - Low-equity participants' simulation responses converged over successive simulations toward those of a high-equity reference group
• Low-fidelity prototype evaluation found initial UI options overwhelming and checkbox selections unintuitive - Low-fidelity prototype evaluation found initial UI options overwhelming and checkbox selections unintuitive
• Low-frequency or low-salience L2 elements are hard or impossible to learn through mere exposure and require extensive practice to proceduralize form-meaning mappings - Low-frequency or low-salience L2 elements are hard or impossible to learn through mere exposure and require extensive practice to proceduralize form-meaning mappings
• Low-guidance set-ups took longer than high-guidance set-ups in the CVS instruction sessions - Low-guidance set-ups took longer than high-guidance set-ups in the CVS instruction sessions
• Low-income and first-generation students are less likely to complete high school and attend college - Low-income and first-generation students are less likely to complete high school and attend college
• Low-income children in high-fidelity Montessori significantly closed the achievement gap with higher-income children by the end of a longitudinal lottery study - Low-income children in high-fidelity Montessori significantly closed the achievement gap with higher-income children by the end of a longitudinal lottery study
• Low-income children show theory of mind development differences compared with typically studied higher-income samples - Low-income children show theory of mind development differences compared with typically studied higher-income samples
• Low-income children spend about 12 fewer minutes per day conversing with adults during summer, marginally significant - Low-income children spend about 12 fewer minutes per day conversing with adults during summer, marginally significant
• Low-income children's test scores drop relative to higher-income peers during the summer months - Low-income children's test scores drop relative to higher-income peers during the summer months
• Low-income households make significant sacrifices to maintain Internet access, which can account for almost 8% of monthly household expenses - Low-income households make significant sacrifices to maintain Internet access, which can account for almost 8% of monthly household expenses
• Low-income urban students complete college-application steps at far lower rates than suburban peers with similar aspirations - Low-income urban students complete college-application steps at far lower rates than suburban peers with similar aspirations
• Low-income US schools focus most on testing and have the fewest resources for interest-driven activities - Low-income US schools focus most on testing and have the fewest resources for interest-driven activities
• Low-level feedback automation is appropriate only for sentence-level clarity; argumentative unclarity should trigger human review - Low-level feedback automation is appropriate only for sentence-level clarity; argumentative unclarity should trigger human review
• Low-level prompting, modeling, and information provision do not predict students' social reasoning at any lag - Low-level prompting, modeling, and information provision do not predict students' social reasoning at any lag
• Low-level students showed stage-based fluctuation with a time-lag effect in which thinking improvement preceded writing improvement, while high-level students remained stable - Low-level students showed stage-based fluctuation with a time-lag effect in which thinking improvement preceded writing improvement, while high-level students remained stable
• Low-literacy students' ENA networks are dominated by links between Abstract Generation Commands and Factual or Challenging Questions, described as a transactional approach - Low-literacy students' ENA networks are dominated by links between Abstract Generation Commands and Factual or Challenging Questions, described as a transactional approach
• Low-performing CSR elementary schools that adopted models with scientific research bases gained in mathematics achievement after three years - Low-performing CSR elementary schools that adopted models with scientific research bases gained in mathematics achievement after three years
• Low-performing students (below the 50th pretest percentile) showed significant improvement with vPLC-augmented ASSISTments - Low-performing students (below the 50th pretest percentile) showed significant improvement with vPLC-augmented ASSISTments
• Low-performing students access solutions more often than higher-performing students, while hint access does not differ across quartiles - Low-performing students access solutions more often than higher-performing students, while hint access does not differ across quartiles
• Low-performing students tended to procrastinate more on graded problem-solving exercises and on video watching with formative MCQs - Low-performing students tended to procrastinate more on graded problem-solving exercises and on video watching with formative MCQs
• Low-performing students were more affected by closures in mathematics while high-performing students were more affected in reading, and low-performing students benefited more from systematic online learning - Low-performing students were more affected by closures in mathematics while high-performing students were more affected in reading, and low-performing students benefited more from systematic online le
• Low-post shooting shows no group differences, only a small comparable improvement across all groups - Low-post shooting shows no group differences, only a small comparable improvement across all groups
• Low-poverty schools benefited more from the evaluation pilot than high-poverty schools, in both math and reading - Low-poverty schools benefited more from the evaluation pilot than high-poverty schools, in both math and reading
• Low-prior-knowledge students struggle to deploy key self-regulatory processes during learning - Low-prior-knowledge students struggle to deploy key self-regulatory processes during learning
• Low-prior-knowledge tutors with high %KBR outperformed their low-%KBR counterparts at post-test and scored statistically equivalent to high-prior peers - Low-prior-knowledge tutors with high %KBR outperformed their low-%KBR counterparts at post-test and scored statistically equivalent to high-prior peers
• Low-proficiency EFL undergraduates report feeling more competent in English tasks through ChatGPT-assisted writing feedback, conversational practice, and translation support - Low-proficiency EFL undergraduates report feeling more competent in English tasks through ChatGPT-assisted writing feedback, conversational practice, and translation support
• Low-proficiency L2 learners benefited significantly more from prompts than from recasts - Low-proficiency L2 learners benefited significantly more from prompts than from recasts
• Low-register pitches are sung more accurately than high-register pitches in Chinese classrooms, reproducing register compression at scale - Low-register pitches are sung more accurately than high-register pitches in Chinese classrooms, reproducing register compression at scale
• Low-SES students also generate stereotype-consistent inferences in the reverse direction, inferring SES indicators from memory performance information - Low-SES students also generate stereotype-consistent inferences in the reverse direction, inferring SES indicators from memory performance information
• Low-SES students, but not high-SES students, generate stereotype-consistent inferences linking targets' social class and memory ability - Low-SES students, but not high-SES students, generate stereotype-consistent inferences linking targets' social class and memory ability
• Low-skilled readers with strong background knowledge partially compensate for poor reading skill at the textbase level but not for inferencing - Low-skilled readers with strong background knowledge partially compensate for poor reading skill at the textbase level but not for inferencing
• Low-WMC readers recall fewer correct causes when text contains seductive illustrations compared with nonillustrated text - Low-WMC readers recall fewer correct causes when text contains seductive illustrations compared with nonillustrated text
• Lower (better) retrospective discrepancy scores predict higher metacognitive sensitivity on a memory task - Lower (better) retrospective discrepancy scores predict higher metacognitive sensitivity on a memory task
• Lower academic self-efficacy is associated with membership of three less engaged momentary-engagement profiles and lower peer support with two, while educational goals and family support do not differ across the four profiles tested - Lower academic self-efficacy is associated with membership of three less engaged momentary-engagement profiles and lower peer support with two, while educational goals and family support do not differ
• Lower creative achievements, higher creative self-efficacy, and higher task motivation predict more positive bias in self-assessed creative performance - Lower creative achievements, higher creative self-efficacy, and higher task motivation predict more positive bias in self-assessed creative performance
• Lower general perceived control predicts more everyday memory problems, but weekly within-person control fluctuations do not - Lower general perceived control predicts more everyday memory problems, but weekly within-person control fluctuations do not
• Lower health literacy and weaker cognitive abilities are associated with poorer performance on common healthcare tasks - Lower health literacy and weaker cognitive abilities are associated with poorer performance on common healthcare tasks
• Lower inhibitory control in early adolescence predicts greater increases in delinquency from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood - Lower inhibitory control in early adolescence predicts greater increases in delinquency from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood
• Lower initial self-efficacy significantly increased the odds of students reporting that getting help from peers increased their self-efficacy - Lower initial self-efficacy significantly increased the odds of students reporting that getting help from peers increased their self-efficacy
• Lower linguistic quality of physics explanations is associated with higher odds that AI-based scoring underestimates conceptual understanding, across all eleven examined AI-based scoring approaches - Lower linguistic quality of physics explanations is associated with higher odds that AI-based scoring underestimates conceptual understanding, across all eleven examined AI-based scoring approaches
• Lower measurement error rates can be achieved when schools, rather than individual teachers, are the performance unit - Lower measurement error rates can be achieved when schools, rather than individual teachers, are the performance unit
• Lower REACH ratings predicted teacher exit: more than half of unsatisfactory-rated teachers left CPS and low-VAM teachers moved out of tested grades/subjects - Lower REACH ratings predicted teacher exit: more than half of unsatisfactory-rated teachers left CPS and low-VAM teachers moved out of tested grades/subjects
• Lower secondary students' situation-specific engagement varies most strongly between lessons within students, with smaller between-student variation - Lower secondary students' situation-specific engagement varies most strongly between lessons within students, with smaller between-student variation
• Lower SES adolescents show greater stress-related increase in serotonin transporter gene methylation, associated with greater amygdala reactivity and depression symptoms - Lower SES adolescents show greater stress-related increase in serotonin transporter gene methylation, associated with greater amygdala reactivity and depression symptoms
• Lower temperamental effortful control at 36 months directly predicts reduced N2 amplitude in adolescence, above and beyond ADHD symptoms - Lower temperamental effortful control at 36 months directly predicts reduced N2 amplitude in adolescence, above and beyond ADHD symptoms
• Lower trait motivation scores in ADHD adults are associated with more severe inattention symptoms, but not hyperactivity - Lower trait motivation scores in ADHD adults are associated with more severe inattention symptoms, but not hyperactivity
• Lower weekly perceived control correlates with more everyday memory problems at the within-person level - Lower weekly perceived control correlates with more everyday memory problems at the within-person level
• Lower-baseline participants often benefit more from executive-function training (compensation effects), and individual differences moderate training gains - Lower-baseline participants often benefit more from executive-function training (compensation effects), and individual differences moderate training gains
• Lower-order habits persist after being superseded and resist new ways of working, requiring constant effort to overcome - Lower-order habits persist after being superseded and resist new ways of working, requiring constant effort to overcome
• Lower-performing LLMs show higher variance across pedagogy subject categories and peak in Technology and General categories - Lower-performing LLMs show higher variance across pedagogy subject categories and peak in Technology and General categories
• Lower-prior-knowledge apprentices experienced higher germane cognitive load when learning with retrospective prompts than with anticipatory prompts - Lower-prior-knowledge apprentices experienced higher germane cognitive load when learning with retrospective prompts than with anticipatory prompts
• Lower-prior-knowledge apprentices gained more self-efficacy with retrospective prompts, while anticipatory prompts were detrimental for them - Lower-prior-knowledge apprentices gained more self-efficacy with retrospective prompts, while anticipatory prompts were detrimental for them
• Lower-prior-knowledge learners scored higher on an algebra posttest after full-worked than completion-worked examples, while higher-prior-knowledge learners' non-significant advantage ran the other way - Lower-prior-knowledge learners scored higher on an algebra posttest after full-worked than completion-worked examples, while higher-prior-knowledge learners' non-significant advantage ran the other wa
• Lower-SES adolescents have smaller hippocampal and DLPFC volumes but do not differ in caudate volumes - Lower-SES adolescents have smaller hippocampal and DLPFC volumes but do not differ in caudate volumes
• Lower-SES and higher-SES adolescents did not significantly differ on probabilistic classification learning - Lower-SES and higher-SES adolescents did not significantly differ on probabilistic classification learning
• Lower-SES and racially minoritized students use less campus space and fewer public spaces, which is associated with lower belonging - Lower-SES and racially minoritized students use less campus space and fewer public spaces, which is associated with lower belonging
• Lower-SES children showed greater pre-to-post gains in on-task self-regulation than higher-SES children - Lower-SES children showed greater pre-to-post gains in on-task self-regulation than higher-SES children
• Lower-SES students feel less comfortable behaving counter-normatively in public campus spaces but not in private spaces - Lower-SES students feel less comfortable behaving counter-normatively in public campus spaces but not in private spaces
• Lower-than-average math ability, low working memory capacity, susceptibility to public embarrassment, and a nonsupportive teacher are proposed risk factors for developing math anxiety - Lower-than-average math ability, low working memory capacity, susceptibility to public embarrassment, and a nonsupportive teacher are proposed risk factors for developing math anxiety
• Lowering an LLM's temperature setting is one lever for improving output consistency - Lowering an LLM's temperature setting is one lever for improving output consistency
• Lowest-confidence-trial accuracy in the mathematics data was at or above the guessing rate, supporting the guessing hypothesis - Lowest-confidence-trial accuracy in the mathematics data was at or above the guessing rate, supporting the guessing hypothesis
• Lowest-income schools show more variable growth than highest-income schools, with more schools both below the 50th and above the 82nd growth percentile - Lowest-income schools show more variable growth than highest-income schools, with more schools both below the 50th and above the 82nd growth percentile
• LSC members' self-assessments show little variation among principals, teachers, parents, and community representatives, and fewer than 10 percent view their councils negatively - LSC members' self-assessments show little variation among principals, teachers, parents, and community representatives, and fewer than 10 percent view their councils negatively
• LSC parent and community members make a substantial time commitment to their schools, beyond formal council duties - LSC parent and community members make a substantial time commitment to their schools, beyond formal council duties
• LT-MKT achieves the best performance across all four datasets and all three evaluation metrics against eleven KT baselines - LT-MKT achieves the best performance across all four datasets and all three evaluation metrics against eleven KT baselines
• Lynch and Maclean's carousel task showed immediate repetition benefits in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar - Lynch and Maclean's carousel task showed immediate repetition benefits in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar
• Lynwood Unified's custom dashboards and intervention tools were followed by a decrease in high school D/F rates of over 8% and 593 interventions logged in one year - Lynwood Unified's custom dashboards and intervention tools were followed by a decrease in high school D/F rates of over 8% and 593 interventions logged in one year