Claims: I 1

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• I CAN Learn® has no discernible effects on the mathematics test scores of eighth-grade students in primary mathematics courses - I CAN Learn® has no discernible effects on the mathematics test scores of eighth-grade students in primary mathematics courses
• I-BEST has no discernible effects on credit accumulation - I-BEST has no discernible effects on credit accumulation
• I-BEST has positive effects on industry-recognized credential, certificate, or license completion (improvement index +18 across three studies) - I-BEST has positive effects on industry-recognized credential, certificate, or license completion (improvement index +18 across three studies)
• I-BEST has potentially positive effects on short-term earnings, with mixed results across states (average improvement index 0) - I-BEST has potentially positive effects on short-term earnings, with mixed results across states (average improvement index 0)
• I-BEST has potentially positive effects on short-term employment (improvement index +10) - I-BEST has potentially positive effects on short-term employment (improvement index +10)
• IAR and CDR factor scores intercorrelate too weakly to confirm the two instruments measure the same locus of control construct - IAR and CDR factor scores intercorrelate too weakly to confirm the two instruments measure the same locus of control construct
• IB DP students report feeling prepared to succeed and excel in college coursework, crediting the IB DP with teaching the specific skills and behaviors college demands - IB DP students report feeling prepared to succeed and excel in college coursework, crediting the IB DP with teaching the specific skills and behaviors college demands
• IB DP students who attended four-year colleges were significantly more likely to persist in college for at least two years - IB DP students who attended four-year colleges were significantly more likely to persist in college for at least two years
• ICCSD implemented PLTW computing curricula at a growing set of schools, with COVID-19 slowing progress in Years 2 and 3 - ICCSD implemented PLTW computing curricula at a growing set of schools, with COVID-19 slowing progress in Years 2 and 3
• ICCSD's enrollment data showed its high school CS courses were not attracting a student demographic representative of the wider district - ICCSD's enrollment data showed its high school CS courses were not attracting a student demographic representative of the wider district
• ICE environments are associated with mood disturbance, reduced motivation, social withdrawal, interpersonal conflict, and altered time perception - ICE environments are associated with mood disturbance, reduced motivation, social withdrawal, interpersonal conflict, and altered time perception
• ICL ratings track the manipulated complexity sequence: increasing across units in the increasing condition and decreasing in the decreasing condition - ICL ratings track the manipulated complexity sequence: increasing across units in the increasing condition and decreasing in the decreasing condition
• Iconic visual scaffolds in chemistry visualizations helped low-prior-knowledge high-school students but not higher-prior-knowledge ones, with the effect eliminated for younger middle-school children - Iconic visual scaffolds in chemistry visualizations helped low-prior-knowledge high-school students but not higher-prior-knowledge ones, with the effect eliminated for younger middle-school children
• ICT-supported writing interventions targeting higher-level writing processes show a large overall positive effect on students' writing quality (g = 1.264) - ICT-supported writing interventions targeting higher-level writing processes show a large overall positive effect on students' writing quality (g = 1.264)
• Idaho charter reading advantage appears only in the 2016-2017 growth period, not in 2015-2016 - Idaho charter reading advantage appears only in the 2016-2017 growth period, not in 2015-2016
• Idaho charter school students show stronger reading growth than matched TPS peers, with no significant difference in math growth - Idaho charter school students show stronger reading growth than matched TPS peers, with no significant difference in math growth
• Idaho online charter students show weaker math growth than TPS VCRs and lag brick-and-mortar charter students in both subjects - Idaho online charter students show weaker math growth than TPS VCRs and lag brick-and-mortar charter students in both subjects
• IDC's interest cycle requires educators to treat interests as launching points for deeper immersion, not static topics - IDC's interest cycle requires educators to treat interests as launching points for deeper immersion, not static topics
• Idea unit standards do not enhance judgment accuracy in evaluating self-generated examples - Idea unit standards do not enhance judgment accuracy in evaluating self-generated examples
• Ideal L2 self positively and significantly predicts student self-efficacy, generalizing prior qualitative findings quantitatively - Ideal L2 self positively and significantly predicts student self-efficacy, generalizing prior qualitative findings quantitatively
• Ideation training benefits transfer by domain: verbal training raised verbal and figural creativity, figural training only figural - Ideation training benefits transfer by domain: verbal training raised verbal and figural creativity, figural training only figural
• Ideation-based interventions are a robustly implemented explicit approach that improves creative performance - Ideation-based interventions are a robustly implemented explicit approach that improves creative performance
• Identical assessed performance can coexist with different observable configurations of Direction, Integration, and Evaluation, even when score and conversation length are held constant - Identical assessed performance can coexist with different observable configurations of Direction, Integration, and Evaluation, even when score and conversation length are held constant
• Identical example–problem pairs showed an early order advantage but no detected final-test difference - Identical example–problem pairs showed an early order advantage but no detected final-test difference
• Identical representational designs produced wide individual variation in what felt helpful versus overwhelming (representational fit) - Identical representational designs produced wide individual variation in what felt helpful versus overwhelming (representational fit)
• Identification is closely related to how and what knowledge students construct in online group discussions - Identification is closely related to how and what knowledge students construct in online group discussions
• Identification with the historical subject ('us') does not change across grades - Identification with the historical subject ('us') does not change across grades
• Identifying copy-typed sessions requires combining product and process views, since neither view is sufficient alone - Identifying copy-typed sessions requires combining product and process views, since neither view is sufficient alone
• Identifying interconnections and feedback is the most universally reported systems thinking aspect, proposed by all 27 reviewed manuscripts - Identifying interconnections and feedback is the most universally reported systems thinking aspect, proposed by all 27 reviewed manuscripts
• Identifying learners' difficulties with visual displays is an important basis for selecting appropriate support procedures - Identifying learners' difficulties with visual displays is an important basis for selecting appropriate support procedures
• Identifying rapid guessing is important for the validity of achievement test scores, particularly with low-stakes tests - Identifying rapid guessing is important for the validity of achievement test scores, particularly with low-stakes tests
• Identifying SSI youth for outreach is challenging under the current transition system - Identifying SSI youth for outreach is challenging under the current transition system
• Identity- or bias-based harassment shows negative social-emotional and academic consequences over and above general victimization - Identity- or bias-based harassment shows negative social-emotional and academic consequences over and above general victimization
• Identity-centered making supports simultaneous STEM engagement and identity affirmation for queer youth
• IDF reweighting of knowledge vectors improves retrieval over binary KC-incidence vectors, with the largest gains in mAP - IDF reweighting of knowledge vectors improves retrieval over binary KC-incidence vectors, with the largest gains in mAP
• Idiographic diary analyses show daily anxiety relates differently to learning variables in different students, with some students profiting motivationally from anxiety - Idiographic diary analyses show daily anxiety relates differently to learning variables in different students, with some students profiting motivationally from anxiety
• IDS schools showed no differences in EXPLORE-to-PLAN test score growth compared with the rest of the CPS system - IDS schools showed no differences in EXPLORE-to-PLAN test score growth compared with the rest of the CPS system
• IELTS-task-instructed learners outperformed TOEFL-materials-instructed learners on listening post-test performance - IELTS-task-instructed learners outperformed TOEFL-materials-instructed learners on listening post-test performance
• IEP processes should be followed to ensure students' due process protections, including amendment, revision, and new data informing present levels - IEP processes should be followed to ensure students' due process protections, including amendment, revision, and new data informing present levels
• If current rates hold, 27 percent of current CPS ninth-graders will complete any college credential within 10 years (2019 PAI) - If current rates hold, 27 percent of current CPS ninth-graders will complete any college credential within 10 years (2019 PAI)
• If writing and thinking are forms of conversation, collaborative learning is an extension of social constructionism into the composition classroom - If writing and thinking are forms of conversation, collaborative learning is an extension of social constructionism into the composition classroom
• IF-AT exam scores correlate with constructed-response quiz scores (r = 0.67), supporting validity - IF-AT exam scores correlate with constructed-response quiz scores (r = 0.67), supporting validity
• IF-AT-scored physics midterm and final exams yield good test reliability (α = 0.71 and 0.82; α50 = 0.86 and 0.90) - IF-AT-scored physics midterm and final exams yield good test reliability (α = 0.71 and 0.82; α50 = 0.86 and 0.90)
• Ignoring summer loss can impact which schools are identified as low performers under federal accountability - Ignoring summer loss can impact which schools are identified as low performers under federal accountability
• Ignoring summer loss changes which schools are identified as low performers - Ignoring summer loss changes which schools are identified as low performers
• Ignoring testlet effects by fitting a unidimensional 2PL model produced mild shrinkage of item intercept and loading estimates toward zero relative to the bifactor model - Ignoring testlet effects by fitting a unidimensional 2PL model produced mild shrinkage of item intercept and loading estimates toward zero relative to the bifactor model
• Ignoring the emotion strategy neither recognizes nor explores the displayed emotion, closing the discursive space - Ignoring the emotion strategy neither recognizes nor explores the displayed emotion, closing the discursive space
• Ikeda positions hope as an essential component of global citizenship education, with value creation starting from hope - Ikeda positions hope as an essential component of global citizenship education, with value creation starting from hope
• IKS-Instruct fine-tuning is necessary for IKS pedagogical capability: a compact 7B fine-tune reaches a median judge score of 6.39, within 0.15 of a general-purpose reference, while the base model scores near zero on IKS-specific dimensions - IKS-Instruct fine-tuning is necessary for IKS pedagogical capability: a compact 7B fine-tune reaches a median judge score of 6.39, within 0.15 of a general-purpose reference, while the base model scor
• Illinois districts implementing PERA-era teacher evaluation systems experienced challenges cultivating buy-in and understanding among school personnel - Illinois districts implementing PERA-era teacher evaluation systems experienced challenges cultivating buy-in and understanding among school personnel
• Illinois' shift to selective, principal-specific preparation programs caused substantial but anticipated enrollment declines - Illinois' shift to selective, principal-specific preparation programs caused substantial but anticipated enrollment declines
• Illusion of control impairs transfer performance: learners whose expected control matched actual control outperformed learners with an illusion of control - Illusion of control impairs transfer performance: learners whose expected control matched actual control outperformed learners with an illusion of control
• Illusory correlations, like the belief that a full moon affects behavior, persist through confirmation bias despite having no basis in evidence
• ILS adoption rate increases across knowledge maturation stages, from 3.38% for individually created ILSs to 43.94% for published ILSs - ILS adoption rate increases across knowledge maturation stages, from 3.38% for individually created ILSs to 43.94% for published ILSs
• ILS reuse and edition as a proxy for knowledge appropriation relates to about four times higher adoption (19.77% vs 4.51%) - ILS reuse and edition as a proxy for knowledge appropriation relates to about four times higher adoption (19.77% vs 4.51%)
• Imagery and perceptual illusions each comprise multiple factors rather than the single CHC factors - Imagery and perceptual illusions each comprise multiple factors rather than the single CHC factors
• Imagery instructions yield more isolated concepts than discriminating-feature instructions, as shown by greater influence of nondiagnostic features on categorization accuracy - Imagery instructions yield more isolated concepts than discriminating-feature instructions, as shown by greater influence of nondiagnostic features on categorization accuracy
• Images during retrieval practice enhanced feelings of competence but not enjoyment - Images during retrieval practice enhanced feelings of competence but not enjoyment
• Images that reveal the answer during retrieval practice reduce vocabulary recall compared with practice without images - Images that reveal the answer during retrieval practice reduce vocabulary recall compared with practice without images
• Images that reveal the answer reduce recall compared with images appearing after the retrieval attempt - Images that reveal the answer reduce recall compared with images appearing after the retrieval attempt
• Imagine Math effects were statistically significant for Indiana grades 3–5 (ES +0.13) but not for other grade bands or for Texas students - Imagine Math effects were statistically significant for Indiana grades 3–5 (ES +0.13) but not for other grade bands or for Texas students
• Imagining (imagined past self) may give learners a greater feeling of entry into a historical situation than hypothesizing - Imagining (imagined past self) may give learners a greater feeling of entry into a historical situation than hypothesizing
• Imagining preferable futures, especially via backcasting, was seen by students as creating possibilities for agency - Imagining preferable futures, especially via backcasting, was seen by students as creating possibilities for agency
• Imagining worked examples benefits learners with adequate prior knowledge but harms performance for low-knowledge learners - Imagining worked examples benefits learners with adequate prior knowledge but harms performance for low-knowledge learners
• Imbalanced challenge and support causes novice library learners to give up or remain dependent (authors' asserted relationship) - Imbalanced challenge and support causes novice library learners to give up or remain dependent (authors' asserted relationship)
• IMI motivation ratings after four weeks of Mangomon play were moderate (all sub-scale means below 4.00), highest for effort/importance and lowest for perceived choice - IMI motivation ratings after four weeks of Mangomon play were moderate (all sub-scale means below 4.00), highest for effort/importance and lowest for perceived choice
• Immediate Elaborated Feedback in a formative assessment game significantly improved students' programming knowledge, interest, and problem-solving versus systems without immediate feedback - Immediate Elaborated Feedback in a formative assessment game significantly improved students' programming knowledge, interest, and problem-solving versus systems without immediate feedback
• Immediate experiential advantages in knowledge of cognition and engagement converged with the instructional group by five weeks - Immediate experiential advantages in knowledge of cognition and engagement converged with the instructional group by five weeks
• Immediate feedback reduces multiple-choice lure production on later tests, and the overall positive effect of testing outweighs negative consequences - Immediate feedback reduces multiple-choice lure production on later tests, and the overall positive effect of testing outweighs negative consequences
• Immediate four-year enrollees were far more likely than immediate two-year enrollees to complete a four-year degree within six years (48 percent vs 7 percent) - Immediate four-year enrollees were far more likely than immediate two-year enrollees to complete a four-year degree within six years (48 percent vs 7 percent)
• Immediate knowledge of results during computerized achievement testing produces essentially no systematic differences in achievement estimates or response dimensionality - Immediate knowledge of results during computerized achievement testing produces essentially no systematic differences in achievement estimates or response dimensionality
• Immediate LLM explanations risk bypassing the generative processes required for durable understanding - Immediate LLM explanations risk bypassing the generative processes required for durable understanding
• Immediate Own Motion was the largest class of embodied learning environments, with motion sensor technology used in 30 of its 34 environments - Immediate Own Motion was the largest class of embodied learning environments, with motion sensor technology used in 30 of its 34 environments
• Immediate post-feedback improvement is near zero on average and does not differ significantly across feedback conditions - Immediate post-feedback improvement is near zero on average and does not differ significantly across feedback conditions
• Immediate responders generate fewer ideas than conscious and unconscious thinkers (Experiment 1) - Immediate responders generate fewer ideas than conscious and unconscious thinkers (Experiment 1)
• Immediate success rates are higher after injected bugs than after natural bugs - Immediate success rates are higher after injected bugs than after natural bugs
• Immediate task repetition benefits oral performance, including fluency, self-correction and reduced anxiety - Immediate task repetition benefits oral performance, including fluency, self-correction and reduced anxiety
• Immediate task success does not establish learning that persists without AI support - Immediate task success does not establish learning that persists without AI support
• Immediate trial-by-trial feedback was more helpful than delayed feedback for children ages 8-11, but timing conclusions remain weak overall - Immediate trial-by-trial feedback was more helpful than delayed feedback for children ages 8-11, but timing conclusions remain weak overall
• Immediate unsupported application on a new passage showed no material-condition effect and no Proficiency × Material interaction, indicating no short-term dependence cost - Immediate unsupported application on a new passage showed no material-condition effect and no Proficiency × Material interaction, indicating no short-term dependence cost
• Immediate, informative test results enable teachers to differentiate instruction to individual needs - Immediate, informative test results enable teachers to differentiate instruction to individual needs
• Immediate-feedback tutors allow learning from errors but deny learning from their downstream consequences - Immediate-feedback tutors allow learning from errors but deny learning from their downstream consequences
• Immediately after closure, New York charter students lacked adequate devices (44.4% on average) more often than adequate internet access (27.0%), while teachers were almost universally equipped - Immediately after closure, New York charter students lacked adequate devices (44.4% on average) more often than adequate internet access (27.0%), while teachers were almost universally equipped
• Immediately after the discussion, participants who explained did not recall more than participants who only listened - Immediately after the discussion, participants who explained did not recall more than participants who only listened
• Immersion and submersion programs differ socioculturally, communicating success versus failure to children - Immersion and submersion programs differ socioculturally, communicating success versus failure to children
• Immersion has a medium-sized effect on physical presence, with user tracking, stereoscopic visuals, and wider fields of view the most important features - Immersion has a medium-sized effect on physical presence, with user tracking, stereoscopic visuals, and wider fields of view the most important features
• Immersion in IBL improves student teachers' self-reported understanding of the interpretative nature of historical research - Immersion in IBL improves student teachers' self-reported understanding of the interpretative nature of historical research
• Immersion in inquiry-based learning significantly increases student teachers' value for procedural knowledge goals and self-efficacy for inquiry, but not substantive knowledge goals - Immersion in inquiry-based learning significantly increases student teachers' value for procedural knowledge goals and self-efficacy for inquiry, but not substantive knowledge goals
• Immersion in virtual reality adds extraneous load yet can boost transfer, enjoyment, and motivation while leaving retention unaffected - Immersion in virtual reality adds extraneous load yet can boost transfer, enjoyment, and motivation while leaving retention unaffected
• Immersion principle: people do not necessarily learn better in 3D immersive virtual reality than with a corresponding 2D desktop presentation (d = -0.10 across 9 tests) - Immersion principle: people do not necessarily learn better in 3D immersive virtual reality than with a corresponding 2D desktop presentation (d = -0.10 across 9 tests)
• Immersion significantly moderated within-subject effects, but the estimate rests on very few effect sizes and should be read as exploratory - Immersion significantly moderated within-subject effects, but the estimate rests on very few effect sizes and should be read as exploratory
• Immersive learning tools should surface misconceptions and track learner difficulties so instructors can adapt teaching and assessment - Immersive learning tools should surface misconceptions and track learner difficulties so instructors can adapt teaching and assessment
• Immersive lessons show a small effect size advantage over less immersive technology, but increased presence does not necessarily lead to more learning - Immersive lessons show a small effect size advantage over less immersive technology, but increased presence does not necessarily lead to more learning
• Immersive media environments enable higher visual and behavioral realism of pedagogical agents than non-immersive formats - Immersive media environments enable higher visual and behavioral realism of pedagogical agents than non-immersive formats
• Immersive technologies are rarely adopted in robotics GBL/gamification but studies using them report heightened engagement, improved spatial reasoning, and enhanced perceived realism - Immersive technologies are rarely adopted in robotics GBL/gamification but studies using them report heightened engagement, improved spatial reasoning, and enhanced perceived realism
• Immersive technologies such as virtual reality should reinforce, not substitute, the original educational action - Immersive technologies such as virtual reality should reinforce, not substitute, the original educational action
• Immersive VR simulation increased self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation more than a conventional safety manual in laboratory safety training - Immersive VR simulation increased self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation more than a conventional safety manual in laboratory safety training
• Immigrant children acquire peer-appropriate conversational fluency in English within about 2 years but require considerably longer (5-10 years) to catch up academically in English - Immigrant children acquire peer-appropriate conversational fluency in English within about 2 years but require considerably longer (5-10 years) to catch up academically in English
• Immigration discussion frequency shows no significant association with critical reflection or sociopolitical efficacy - Immigration discussion frequency shows no significant association with critical reflection or sociopolitical efficacy
• Impacts of charter middle schools on achievement varied considerably across schools and students - Impacts of charter middle schools on achievement varied considerably across schools and students
• Impacts of charter middle schools on student outcomes varied widely across schools - Impacts of charter middle schools on student outcomes varied widely across schools
• Impacts of the curricula were not statistically significantly larger after schools had one year of experience using them (Cohort 2 fifth graders). - Impacts of the curricula were not statistically significantly larger after schools had one year of experience using them (Cohort 2 fifth graders).
• Impacts of the DC reforms on NAEP math scores were largest for Black students - Impacts of the DC reforms on NAEP math scores were largest for Black students
• Impacts on concepts of print outcomes were negative and nonsignificant across the three studies measuring them - Impacts on concepts of print outcomes were negative and nonsignificant across the three studies measuring them
• Impacts varied across teachers: 40 of 59 teachers had a majority of their students outperform their virtual comparison counterparts - Impacts varied across teachers: 40 of 59 teachers had a majority of their students outperform their virtual comparison counterparts
• Impairment on WM, STM, and/or motivation is associated with more inattention symptoms, medication use, and lower IQ scores - Impairment on WM, STM, and/or motivation is associated with more inattention symptoms, medication use, and lower IQ scores
• Imparting simple facts of sex is insufficient; instruction must be given in a vital, dynamic way by teachers who understand childhood and youth - Imparting simple facts of sex is insufficient; instruction must be given in a vital, dynamic way by teachers who understand childhood and youth
• Impending rewards improve adolescent antisaccade performance toward adult levels, accompanied by greater nucleus accumbens activation - Impending rewards improve adolescent antisaccade performance toward adult levels, accompanied by greater nucleus accumbens activation
• Implementation analysis identified student engagement as a challenge for technology-driven tutoring programs - Implementation analysis identified student engagement as a challenge for technology-driven tutoring programs
• Implementation data show teachers shifted independent practice toward in-class ASSISTments assignments, a change the study links to more equitable access for rural students with limited home connectivity - Implementation data show teachers shifted independent practice toward in-class ASSISTments assignments, a change the study links to more equitable access for rural students with limited home connectiv
• Implementation differences between intervention and comparison classrooms emerged by the end of the intervention period - Implementation differences between intervention and comparison classrooms emerged by the end of the intervention period
• Implementation fidelity matters: classrooms using only Montessori materials produced greater gains than classrooms mixing in other materials - Implementation fidelity matters: classrooms using only Montessori materials produced greater gains than classrooms mixing in other materials
• Implementation fidelity of the creative writing unit was high: absentee rates below about 3% and completion of crucial divergent-thinking and writing assignments between 88% and 94% - Implementation fidelity of the creative writing unit was high: absentee rates below about 3% and completion of crucial divergent-thinking and writing assignments between 88% and 94%
• Implementation fidelity was defined as at least 85 percent student enrollment and at least 50 percent grade-level content coverage in ST Math - Implementation fidelity was defined as at least 85 percent student enrollment and at least 50 percent grade-level content coverage in ST Math
• Implementation intention formation enhances accessibility of specified opportunities and automates goal-directed responses - Implementation intention formation enhances accessibility of specified opportunities and automates goal-directed responses
• Implementation intentions promote initiation of goal striving, shielding of ongoing pursuit, disengagement from failing courses of action, and conservation of capability - Implementation intentions promote initiation of goal striving, shielding of ongoing pursuit, disengagement from failing courses of action, and conservation of capability
• Implementation level was not significantly associated with most student and staff climate outcomes or any administrative outcomes - Implementation level was not significantly associated with most student and staff climate outcomes or any administrative outcomes
• Implementation of co-regulation strategies was shaped by classroom context, facilitator experience and mindset, and varied in ease across strategies - Implementation of co-regulation strategies was shaped by classroom context, facilitator experience and mindset, and varied in ease across strategies
• Implementation of competency-based progression was limited by a perceived need to emphasize grade-level content and external policy constraints - Implementation of competency-based progression was limited by a perceived need to emphasize grade-level content and external policy constraints
• Implementation of school mindfulness programs is facilitated by collegial teaching, administrative and parental support, and children's enthusiasm, and hindered by lack of time and disengaged students - Implementation of school mindfulness programs is facilitated by collegial teaching, administrative and parental support, and children's enthusiasm, and hindered by lack of time and disengaged students
• Implementation of the pay-for-performance policy differed from the envisioned approach, with about 40 percent of teachers unaware they were eligible for a performance bonus - Implementation of the pay-for-performance policy differed from the envisioned approach, with about 40 percent of teachers unaware they were eligible for a performance bonus
• Implementation of the TPI procedure reached only one tutor-trainee pair out of nine potential tutors, though participants assessed it positively - Implementation of the TPI procedure reached only one tutor-trainee pair out of nine potential tutors, though participants assessed it positively
• Implementation quality, shorter program duration, and community-based delivery are associated with lower dropout among treated students - Implementation quality, shorter program duration, and community-based delivery are associated with lower dropout among treated students
• Implementation varied substantially across teacher trials, and business-as-usual revision was often already technology-rich - Implementation varied substantially across teacher trials, and business-as-usual revision was often already technology-rich
• Implementers within the same school share similar attitudes toward EBPs, with intra-class correlations of 0.06 to 0.13 across four attitudinal dimensions - Implementers within the same school share similar attitudes toward EBPs, with intra-class correlations of 0.06 to 0.13 across four attitudinal dimensions
• Implementing ASSISTments above business-as-usual cost about $207,794 across the study, or about $46.23 per student - Implementing ASSISTments above business-as-usual cost about $207,794 across the study, or about $46.23 per student
• Implementing CBE in community colleges requires a higher degree of collaboration and standardization than is typically found in community college programs - Implementing CBE in community colleges requires a higher degree of collaboration and standardization than is typically found in community college programs
• Implementing collaborative argumentation is challenged by time constraints, curriculum fit, teacher training, and system-level support - Implementing collaborative argumentation is challenged by time constraints, curriculum fit, teacher training, and system-level support
• Implementing dialogic leadership is associated with improved academic outcomes, reduced absenteeism and increased learning progress - Implementing dialogic leadership is associated with improved academic outcomes, reduced absenteeism and increased learning progress
• Implementing PBIS with at least Tier 1 fidelity showed no statistically significant effect on school disciplinary exclusions during the 2020–21 pandemic year - Implementing PBIS with at least Tier 1 fidelity showed no statistically significant effect on school disciplinary exclusions during the 2020–21 pandemic year
• Implementing restorative justice in schools requires staff time, buy-in, training, and resources beyond traditional sanctions, with full climate shifts estimated to take three to five years - Implementing restorative justice in schools requires staff time, buy-in, training, and resources beyond traditional sanctions, with full climate shifts estimated to take three to five years
• Implementing the guide's five recommendations together improves students' math achievement, while no component's isolated effectiveness was established - Implementing the guide's five recommendations together improves students' math achievement, while no component's isolated effectiveness was established
• Implementing VAD raised facilitator cognitive demand, debriefing time, and attention competition with the video, with segment-search time greater in lower-tech VAD - Implementing VAD raised facilitator cognitive demand, debriefing time, and attention competition with the video, with segment-search time greater in lower-tech VAD
• Implicit and explicit learning environments do not differ in third graders' accurate use of strategies - Implicit and explicit learning environments do not differ in third graders' accurate use of strategies
• Implicit and explicit learning environments do not differ in third graders' skills in adaptive use of strategies at post-test or at 3- and 8-month follow-ups - Implicit and explicit learning environments do not differ in third graders' skills in adaptive use of strategies at post-test or at 3- and 8-month follow-ups
• Implicit demographic conditioning inflates AES scores in some models, with Llama-70B scores rising 1.57 points over its own default, while GPT models remain stable - Implicit demographic conditioning inflates AES scores in some models, with Llama-70B scores rising 1.57 points over its own default, while GPT models remain stable
• Implicit demographic cues produce larger and less predictable effects in open-ended tasks, including longer responses for laptop users and education-related length effects - Implicit demographic cues produce larger and less predictable effects in open-ended tasks, including longer responses for laptop users and education-related length effects
• Implicit feedback via higher- and lower-order questions showed no significant effect on first-graders' reading comprehension - Implicit feedback via higher- and lower-order questions showed no significant effect on first-graders' reading comprehension
• Implicit learners do not outperform other learners on complex second language rules - Implicit learners do not outperform other learners on complex second language rules
• Implicit pedagogical approaches—inquiry, open-ended tasks, cross-disciplinary and student-centered learning—contribute significantly to creativity development - Implicit pedagogical approaches—inquiry, open-ended tasks, cross-disciplinary and student-centered learning—contribute significantly to creativity development
• Implicit theories of ability predict achievement goals, with performance goals mediating or suppressing entity theory effects on math performance - Implicit theories of ability predict achievement goals, with performance goals mediating or suppressing entity theory effects on math performance
• Implicitly measured math anxiety (attentional bias) in children is predicted by environmental factors, specifically mothers' numerical task anxiety and maternal pressure - Implicitly measured math anxiety (attentional bias) in children is predicted by environmental factors, specifically mothers' numerical task anxiety and maternal pressure
• Implicitly taught students showed a more sustainable use of self-generated compensation strategies, which resisted the later introduction of standard algorithms - Implicitly taught students showed a more sustainable use of self-generated compensation strategies, which resisted the later introduction of standard algorithms
• Importance-performance mapping identifies behavioural intention as the strategic priority for raising teachers' GenAI digital competence - Importance-performance mapping identifies behavioural intention as the strategic priority for raising teachers' GenAI digital competence
• Important intellectual differences among people are not found on the sensory, perceptual, or purely reproductive level - Important intellectual differences among people are not found on the sensory, perceptual, or purely reproductive level
• Imposed rhythm increases the proportionate rest time within strokes, especially for younger children with finger movement, while the time on the stroke proper tends to remain constant - Imposed rhythm increases the proportionate rest time within strokes, especially for younger children with finger movement, while the time on the stroke proper tends to remain constant
• Imposing the SDP zero-paper constraint significantly improves overall instructional design quality (d = 2.80) - Imposing the SDP zero-paper constraint significantly improves overall instructional design quality (d = 2.80)
• Impossible but not improbable events boost children's word learning, with step-like rather than graded performance - Impossible but not improbable events boost children's word learning, with step-like rather than graded performance
• Impression narratives rely on weakly diagnostic suspicion heuristics such as response speed, fluency, and perceived scriptedness - Impression narratives rely on weakly diagnostic suspicion heuristics such as response speed, fluency, and perceived scriptedness
• Improved post-task understanding, higher task difficulty ratings and higher physiological arousal predict better learning outcomes - Improved post-task understanding, higher task difficulty ratings and higher physiological arousal predict better learning outcomes
• Improved second-grade outcomes were related to pre-k policy changes through greater access to full-day pre-k and subsequently improved kindergarten entry skills - Improved second-grade outcomes were related to pre-k policy changes through greater access to full-day pre-k and subsequently improved kindergarten entry skills
• Improvement across critique axes during iterative UI generation is not monotonic - Improvement across critique axes during iterative UI generation is not monotonic
• Improvement by practice continues in both morning and afternoon groups, but the morning group improves faster across weeks - Improvement by practice continues in both morning and afternoon groups, but the morning group improves faster across weeks
• Improvement during practice is highly variable across functions and stages, with final abilities in different functions correlating only about 0.4 - Improvement during practice is highly variable across functions and stages, with final abilities in different functions correlating only about 0.4
• Improvement in conceptually-laden in-game challenges over gameplay is strongly moderated by prior physics knowledge - Improvement in conceptually-laden in-game challenges over gameplay is strongly moderated by prior physics knowledge
• Improvement in spatial scanning predicts and mediates the curriculum's transfer effect to verbal reasoning - Improvement in spatial scanning predicts and mediates the curriculum's transfer effect to verbal reasoning
• Improvement indices favor Lessons in Character across all three outcome domains, largest for academic achievement - Improvement indices favor Lessons in Character across all three outcome domains, largest for academic achievement
• Improvement teams with representation from teachers, principals, and district leadership gained broader buy-in than teams missing any level - Improvement teams with representation from teachers, principals, and district leadership gained broader buy-in than teams missing any level
• Improvements in caregiver book-sharing behaviour mediate the intervention's impact on child language (one mediation analysis) - Improvements in caregiver book-sharing behaviour mediate the intervention's impact on child language (one mediation analysis)
• Improvements in learning conditions between October and February predict higher likelihood of a B or better in math the following term - Improvements in learning conditions between October and February predict higher likelihood of a B or better in math the following term
• Improvements in ninth-grade course performance—credits earned, pass rates, and attendance—account for most graduation improvements beyond student background changes - Improvements in ninth-grade course performance—credits earned, pass rates, and attendance—account for most graduation improvements beyond student background changes
• Improvements in planning skills mediated SRSD's effect on text quality, via better-structured stories containing more ideas - Improvements in planning skills mediated SRSD's effect on text quality, via better-structured stories containing more ideas
• Improvements over baselines are statistically significant, with Cohen's d ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 for key metrics - Improvements over baselines are statistically significant, with Cohen's d ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 for key metrics
• Improving schools secured external resources aligned with a development agenda and employed them strategically, and cultivated strong distributive leadership with a make-or-break principal role - Improving schools secured external resources aligned with a development agenda and employed them strategically, and cultivated strong distributive leadership with a make-or-break principal role
• Improvised personal prayer engages the Theory of Mind network, while formalized prayer engages dorsolateral PFC and cerebellum - Improvised personal prayer engages the Theory of Mind network, while formalized prayer engages dorsolateral PFC and cerebellum
• IMR occurred mainly in less successful outcome groups and was absent or rare in more successful outcome groups - IMR occurred mainly in less successful outcome groups and was absent or rare in more successful outcome groups
• IMSE's OG+ improves early literacy outcomes in grades K–3, with effect sizes of +0.33 and +0.21 across two quasi-experimental studies - IMSE's OG+ improves early literacy outcomes in grades K–3, with effect sizes of +0.33 and +0.21 across two quasi-experimental studies
• In 12 countries, a level-dependent incongruence polynomial with free cubic effect of control explained 7.8% of achievement variance (a 30.9% increase over the additive model) - In 12 countries, a level-dependent incongruence polynomial with free cubic effect of control explained 7.8% of achievement variance (a 30.9% increase over the additive model)
• In 14 countries, a cubic effect of autonomous motivation best fit the motivation-achievement relation, explaining 10.7% of achievement variance (an 8.1% increase over the additive model) - In 14 countries, a cubic effect of autonomous motivation best fit the motivation-achievement relation, explaining 10.7% of achievement variance (an 8.1% increase over the additive model)
• In 1997, 31% of third graders and about 20% of sixth and eighth graders were excluded from Chicago's promotional test-score policy, with bilingual education the main exclusion reason in third grade and special education in sixth and eighth - In 1997, 31% of third graders and about 20% of sixth and eighth graders were excluded from Chicago's promotional test-score policy, with bilingual education the main exclusion reason in third grade an
• In 2004-2005, only about one percent of the nearly 6.2 million students eligible for Title I school choice used the option, while about 17 percent of eligible students used supplemental educational services - In 2004-2005, only about one percent of the nearly 6.2 million students eligible for Title I school choice used the option, while about 17 percent of eligible students used supplemental educational se
• In 2010, just 29 percent of children entering kindergarten in and near the NAZ Zone met literacy benchmarks on kindergarten readiness tests - In 2010, just 29 percent of children entering kindergarten in and near the NAZ Zone met literacy benchmarks on kindergarten readiness tests
• In 2012, youth with disabilities were more likely than other students to struggle academically and less likely to take steps to obtain postsecondary education and jobs - In 2012, youth with disabilities were more likely than other students to struggle academically and less likely to take steps to obtain postsecondary education and jobs
• In 2012, youth with disabilities were more socioeconomically disadvantaged than their peers, more likely to live in low-income households and with parents receiving federal food benefits - In 2012, youth with disabilities were more socioeconomically disadvantaged than their peers, more likely to live in low-income households and with parents receiving federal food benefits
• In 2013, 195 of 286 eligible LEAs (68 percent) in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah received no Title VII funding, leaving an estimated 18 percent of AI/AN students in the three states unserved - In 2013, 195 of 286 eligible LEAs (68 percent) in Arizona, Nevada, and Utah received no Title VII funding, leaving an estimated 18 percent of AI/AN students in the three states unserved
• In 2015–16, 48 states plus DC reported special education teacher shortages, 42 reported mathematics shortages, and 40 reported science shortages - In 2015–16, 48 states plus DC reported special education teacher shortages, 42 reported mathematics shortages, and 40 reported science shortages
• In 2015–16, North Carolina Opportunity Culture schools outperformed other North Carolina schools on state accountability growth measures - In 2015–16, North Carolina Opportunity Culture schools outperformed other North Carolina schools on state accountability growth measures
• In 2016, 17.2% of teachers in high student of color enrollment schools were in their first or second year, compared to 9.1% in low-enrollment schools, and the gap widened from 2014 to 2016 - In 2016, 17.2% of teachers in high student of color enrollment schools were in their first or second year, compared to 9.1% in low-enrollment schools, and the gap widened from 2014 to 2016
• In 2016, schools with high enrollment of students of color were four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers as schools with low enrollment of students of color - In 2016, schools with high enrollment of students of color were four times as likely to employ uncertified teachers as schools with low enrollment of students of color
• In 2016-17 CPS ninth-grade math sections, 98 percent of teachers altered or created grading category titles rather than using Gradebook's defaults, producing 709 unique category titles - In 2016-17 CPS ninth-grade math sections, 98 percent of teachers altered or created grading category titles rather than using Gradebook's defaults, producing 709 unique category titles
• In 2019 the search phrase "retrieval practice" became more frequently searched on Google than "testing effect" - In 2019 the search phrase "retrieval practice" became more frequently searched on Google than "testing effect"
• In 2019, high school graduation rates were similar across Chicago community areas (mostly 70–90%) while rates for the same students varied much more by high school (49–99%) - In 2019, high school graduation rates were similar across Chicago community areas (mostly 70–90%) while rates for the same students varied much more by high school (49–99%)
• In 2019–20, 71 percent of students with disabilities graduated high school within four years versus 87 percent of all students - In 2019–20, 71 percent of students with disabilities graduated high school within four years versus 87 percent of all students
• In 2021-22 Kauffman School students were 12 percentage points more likely than comparison students to receive at least one suspension - In 2021-22 Kauffman School students were 12 percentage points more likely than comparison students to receive at least one suspension
• In 2021-22 the Kauffman School increased attendance rates by approximately 1 percentage point - In 2021-22 the Kauffman School increased attendance rates by approximately 1 percentage point
• In 2021–22, 99.7% of Texas teacher hires replaced teachers who had left the prior year, making attrition the dominant driver of demand - In 2021–22, 99.7% of Texas teacher hires replaced teachers who had left the prior year, making attrition the dominant driver of demand
• In 2021–22, only 28% of Texas first-time teacher hires held a standard certificate; 57% held a substandard intern certificate, emergency permit, or no certification at all - In 2021–22, only 28% of Texas first-time teacher hires held a standard certificate; 57% held a substandard intern certificate, emergency permit, or no certification at all
• In 2022 only one in nine eligible California children—and one in seven eligible Alameda County children—received subsidized childcare - In 2022 only one in nine eligible California children—and one in seven eligible Alameda County children—received subsidized childcare
• In 2022–23, 81% of California LEAs offered TK at all elementary sites and half offered early-admittance TK ahead of the legislated eligibility schedule - In 2022–23, 81% of California LEAs offered TK at all elementary sites and half offered early-admittance TK ahead of the legislated eligibility schedule
• In 2023–24, 44 states provided unique funding for at-risk students, with all 44 classifying low-income students as at-risk and 22 providing concentration-based funding - In 2023–24, 44 states provided unique funding for at-risk students, with all 44 classifying low-income students as at-risk and 22 providing concentration-based funding
• In 2023–24, 49 states provided separate additional funding for English learners, most commonly through weights in their funding formulas, with a national median EL weight of 0.25 - In 2023–24, 49 states provided separate additional funding for English learners, most commonly through weights in their funding formulas, with a national median EL weight of 0.25
• In 3 countries, a quadratic-effects-of-x-and-y polynomial explained 7.2% of achievement variance (an 11% increase over the linear model) - In 3 countries, a quadratic-effects-of-x-and-y polynomial explained 7.2% of achievement variance (an 11% increase over the linear model)
• In 30 home care visits implementing the Mobility Agreement, the most common cycle combination was client-expansive and worker-expansive (40%), yet at least one party was predominantly defensive in 60% of cases - In 30 home care visits implementing the Mobility Agreement, the most common cycle combination was client-expansive and worker-expansive (40%), yet at least one party was predominantly defensive in 60%
• In 5-year-olds the transparent-cue benefit appears only with finger tracking, producing a significant Cue × Tracking interaction - In 5-year-olds the transparent-cue benefit appears only with finger tracking, producing a significant Cue × Tracking interaction
• In 8 countries, a non-parallel asymmetric congruence/incongruence polynomial explained a modest 4.1% of achievement variance yet a 41% increase over the additive model - In 8 countries, a non-parallel asymmetric congruence/incongruence polynomial explained a modest 4.1% of achievement variance yet a 41% increase over the additive model
• In a 10-student pilot, EduGuard produced higher post-test accuracy, larger normalized learning gain, lower calibration error, and lower overreliance than GPT-4o-mini Tutor - In a 10-student pilot, EduGuard produced higher post-test accuracy, larger normalized learning gain, lower calibration error, and lower overreliance than GPT-4o-mini Tutor
• In a 16-rater usability survey after a session, CoLearn scores an overall mean of 4.0/5 with no dimension below ≈3.7, and 75% (12/16) would reuse it; Responsiveness is the lowest dimension - In a 16-rater usability survey after a session, CoLearn scores an overall mean of 4.0/5 with no dimension below ≈3.7, and 75% (12/16) would reuse it; Responsiveness is the lowest dimension
• In a 16-week quasi-experiment, A-Level STEM students receiving high-frequency automated marking scored 16.8 percentage points higher on a blind-graded final mock exam than control students with human marking - In a 16-week quasi-experiment, A-Level STEM students receiving high-frequency automated marking scored 16.8 percentage points higher on a blind-graded final mock exam than control students with human
• In a 2006 randomized trial, Building Blocks for Math significantly outperformed business-as-usual on the Early Mathematics Assessment - In a 2006 randomized trial, Building Blocks for Math significantly outperformed business-as-usual on the Early Mathematics Assessment
• In a 2007 randomized trial, Building Blocks for Math significantly improved geometry but not number outcomes - In a 2007 randomized trial, Building Blocks for Math significantly improved geometry but not number outcomes
• In a 2010 RCT in Georgia and New York, LLI produced a statistically significant positive effect on general reading achievement (effect size 0.35, improvement index +14) - In a 2010 RCT in Georgia and New York, LLI produced a statistically significant positive effect on general reading achievement (effect size 0.35, improvement index +14)
• In a 2013 Denver RCT, LLI showed a statistically significant positive effect on BAS reading achievement, a negative but non-significant difference on DRA2, and a positive but non-significant difference on STAR for female students in grades 1–2 - In a 2013 Denver RCT, LLI showed a statistically significant positive effect on BAS reading achievement, a negative but non-significant difference on DRA2, and a positive but non-significant differenc
• In a 24-participant three-modality user study, learners' workflows and engagement with fundamental mechanics problems varied across instructional modalities - In a 24-participant three-modality user study, learners' workflows and engagement with fundamental mechanics problems varied across instructional modalities
• In a 28-classroom cluster randomized trial, Building Blocks raised end-of-intervention REMA scores with an effect size of 1.07 (improvement index +36) - In a 28-classroom cluster randomized trial, Building Blocks raised end-of-intervention REMA scores with an effect size of 1.07 (improvement index +36)
• In a 2x2 experiment on jigsaw dyads, the implicit gaze awareness tool affected dialogue processes much more than the explicit pedagogical conversational agent, which compensated when gaze awareness was absent - In a 2x2 experiment on jigsaw dyads, the implicit gaze awareness tool affected dialogue processes much more than the explicit pedagogical conversational agent, which compensated when gaze awareness wa
• In a 30-participant user study, proactive paradigms are preferred over user-initiated interaction, with lower workload, fewer window switches, shorter editing time, and higher acceptance - In a 30-participant user study, proactive paradigms are preferred over user-initiated interaction, with lower workload, fewer window switches, shorter editing time, and higher acceptance
• In a 48-platform policy audit, data-collection disclosure was strongest while AI and accountability disclosures were weak - In a 48-platform policy audit, data-collection disclosure was strongest while AI and accountability disclosures were weak
• In a 700-student open-ended systems programming project graded by specification document rather than code, in-person test failure rates rose and inspected code failed to meet specifications - In a 700-student open-ended systems programming project graded by specification document rather than code, in-person test failure rates rose and inspected code failed to meet specifications
• In a Bayesian-reasoning replication, problem-solving prior to instruction (PS-I) showed no significant advantage over instruction-first (I-PS) on conceptual knowledge - In a Bayesian-reasoning replication, problem-solving prior to instruction (PS-I) showed no significant advantage over instruction-first (I-PS) on conceptual knowledge
• In a between-subjects experiment, students using blocked studying still reported lower mental effort and higher concurrent judgments of learning than students using interleaved studying - In a between-subjects experiment, students using blocked studying still reported lower mental effort and higher concurrent judgments of learning than students using interleaved studying
• In a blinded study with 50 learners, TACTutor receives the highest overall mean rating (5.54/7) and is rated above its backbone across all four teaching-behavior dimensions (+0.39 overall) - In a blinded study with 50 learners, TACTutor receives the highest overall mean rating (5.54/7) and is rated above its backbone across all four teaching-behavior dimensions (+0.39 overall)
• In a boys' school where three-fourths of pupils rose early for work, the earlier-working group (9.40 A.M.) improved more (about 14 per cent) than the later-working group (11.30 A.M., 9 per cent). - In a boys' school where three-fourths of pupils rose early for work, the earlier-working group (9.40 A.M.) improved more (about 14 per cent) than the later-working group (11.30 A.M., 9 per cent).
• In a California survey, 92 percent of elementary teachers reported limited time for science and 81 percent said English language arts and math emphasis made finding science time difficult - In a California survey, 92 percent of elementary teachers reported limited time for science and 81 percent said English language arts and math emphasis made finding science time difficult
• In a case analysis, probing instructor feedback with required revise-and-resubmit moved one teacher candidate toward citing student evidence, though his progress was not linear and another candidate did not improve - In a case analysis, probing instructor feedback with required revise-and-resubmit moved one teacher candidate toward citing student evidence, though his progress was not linear and another candidate d
• In a case study, LLM-generated assessment conversations handled common student speech acts more naturalistically than RegExp/LSA conversations - In a case study, LLM-generated assessment conversations handled common student speech acts more naturalistically than RegExp/LSA conversations
• In a change detection task, adults outperform 4-to-5-year-olds on cued shapes while children outperform adults on uncued shapes - In a change detection task, adults outperform 4-to-5-year-olds on cued shapes while children outperform adults on uncued shapes
• In a Chicago middle-grades study, the combination of grades and attendance provided the best prediction of high school on-track rates, and adding test scores and grit measures did not further improve prediction - In a Chicago middle-grades study, the combination of grades and attendance provided the best prediction of high school on-track rates, and adding test scores and grit measures did not further improve
• In a Chicago quasi-experiment, Earobics®'s overall effect was not significant, but the CTOPP Sound Matching subtest showed a significant positive effect - In a Chicago quasi-experiment, Earobics®'s overall effect was not significant, but the CTOPP Sound Matching subtest showed a significant positive effect
• In a classroom deployment, 71.1% of observed target-level ERD changes fully or partially incorporated the hidden diagnostic target, conditional on students making a relevant revision - In a classroom deployment, 71.1% of observed target-level ERD changes fully or partially incorporated the hidden diagnostic target, conditional on students making a relevant revision
• In a classroom study of the G4L system, the Bayesian knowledge propagation algorithm demonstrated the highest knowledge gains, and log-data analysis revealed significant differences in self-regulated learning patterns between learners - In a classroom study of the G4L system, the Bayesian knowledge propagation algorithm demonstrated the highest knowledge gains, and log-data analysis revealed significant differences in self-regulated
• In a cluster QED across two cohorts, DCMP increased the share of students ever passing a college-level math class by the end of the second semester - In a cluster QED across two cohorts, DCMP increased the share of students ever passing a college-level math class by the end of the second semester
• In a cluster randomized study across 73 high schools, Carnegie Learning students scored higher on the Algebra Proficiency Exam, with cohort effect sizes of +0.07 and +0.21 - In a cluster randomized study across 73 high schools, Carnegie Learning students scored higher on the Algebra Proficiency Exam, with cohort effect sizes of +0.07 and +0.21
• In a cluster randomized trial, CIRC produced a statistically significant positive effect on main idea identification (effect size 0.85) but not on inference questions - In a cluster randomized trial, CIRC produced a statistically significant positive effect on main idea identification (effect size 0.85) but not on inference questions
• In a cluster randomized trial, CW-FIT classes showed a lower percentage of time displaying disruptive behaviors than comparison classes over six months - In a cluster randomized trial, CW-FIT classes showed a lower percentage of time displaying disruptive behaviors than comparison classes over six months
• In a college biology course, students assigned a variety of self- and other-focused utility-value assignments earned higher course grades than students who wrote the same assignment type three times - In a college biology course, students assigned a variety of self- and other-focused utility-value assignments earned higher course grades than students who wrote the same assignment type three times
• In a combined meta-regression, titration but not domain overlap reduces age differences in dual-task performance, with no interaction between the two factors - In a combined meta-regression, titration but not domain overlap reduces age differences in dual-task performance, with no interaction between the two factors
• In a computer learning environment for electricity, the benefit of exploratory simulation time depended on instructional treatment (rule induction vs. rule application) - In a computer learning environment for electricity, the benefit of exploratory simulation time depended on instructional treatment (rule induction vs.
• In a constructivist learning environment, students' perceptions of assessment shifted toward deeper demands but their actual learning approaches did not, and surface approaches increased - In a constructivist learning environment, students' perceptions of assessment shifted toward deeper demands but their actual learning approaches did not, and surface approaches increased
• In a constructivist portfolio-assessment course, deep approaches decreased, surface approaches increased, and preferences for student participation and permanent evaluation decreased significantly - In a constructivist portfolio-assessment course, deep approaches decreased, surface approaches increased, and preferences for student participation and permanent evaluation decreased significantly
• In a control experiment on data of known construction, the check is calibrated, can be passed, and separability from marginals is not fidelity - In a control experiment on data of known construction, the check is calibrated, can be passed, and separability from marginals is not fidelity
• In a controlled evaluation with 268 ninth-grade students, embedding elaborated feedback in the ACED system did not impair assessment quality and produced significantly greater learning than a control group - In a controlled evaluation with 268 ninth-grade students, embedding elaborated feedback in the ACED system did not impair assessment quality and produced significantly greater learning than a control
• In a correlation meta-analysis across 69 course offerings, diffusion-based centralities correlated with academic achievement with high combined coefficients and predictive intervals - In a correlation meta-analysis across 69 course offerings, diffusion-based centralities correlated with academic achievement with high combined coefficients and predictive intervals
• In a course that had removed examinations, most student groups designing a fair grading policy reinvented proctored or handwritten assessment - In a course that had removed examinations, most student groups designing a fair grading policy reinvented proctored or handwritten assessment
• In a cross-sectional model of adults, memory self-efficacy is positively associated with memory performance and carries a significant indirect path from learning goals and a marginal one (p = .07) from performance goals - In a cross-sectional model of adults, memory self-efficacy is positively associated with memory performance and carries a significant indirect path from learning goals and a marginal one (p = .07) fro
• In a cross-sectional model, attention problems relate to both non-verbal and verbal math performance only indirectly, through working memory (and, for MR, reading) - In a cross-sectional model, attention problems relate to both non-verbal and verbal math performance only indirectly, through working memory (and, for MR, reading)
• In a cross-sectional path model of fourth graders, handwriting fluency statistically mediated the relation between inhibition/updating and all narrative outcomes (text length, syntactic complexity, story content) - In a cross-sectional path model of fourth graders, handwriting fluency statistically mediated the relation between inhibition/updating and all narrative outcomes (text length, syntactic complexity, st
• In a cross-sectional survey, computer self-efficacy statistically mediates the association between computer anxiety and perceived ease of use of an LMS - In a cross-sectional survey, computer self-efficacy statistically mediates the association between computer anxiety and perceived ease of use of an LMS
• In a CSCL biology problem-solving session, procedural problem solving tended to dominate students' interactions, with conceptual knowledge construction present only where strictly necessary - In a CSCL biology problem-solving session, procedural problem solving tended to dominate students' interactions, with conceptual knowledge construction present only where strictly necessary
• In a DESI reanalysis, the ANCOVA approach yielded a non-significant effect of teacher supportiveness on listening comprehension while the CHANGE approach yielded a larger, significant effect - In a DESI reanalysis, the ANCOVA approach yielded a non-significant effect of teacher supportiveness on listening comprehension while the CHANGE approach yielded a larger, significant effect
• In a documented exploratory audit, one human-authored manuscript received materially different classifications from five commercial detectors, spanning 0% human to Human Generated - In a documented exploratory audit, one human-authored manuscript received materially different classifications from five commercial detectors, spanning 0% human to Human Generated
• In a double mediation path model, RCR is associated with listening comprehension, which is associated with vocabulary, with the direct vocabulary-to-RCR effect fully mediated - In a double mediation path model, RCR is associated with listening comprehension, which is associated with vocabulary, with the direct vocabulary-to-RCR effect fully mediated
• In a first-order support-dimension model, only informational support retained a significant path to AI learning self-efficacy - In a first-order support-dimension model, only informational support retained a significant path to AI learning self-efficacy
• In a five-teacher pilot in a 160-student introductory programming course, teachers valued rapid process-level insight and the pilot drove iterative usability improvements - In a five-teacher pilot in a 160-student introductory programming course, teachers valued rapid process-level insight and the pilot drove iterative usability improvements
• In a five-year quasi-experimental study, the intervention program showed a statistically significant positive effect on fifth-grade reading performance assessment but not on the CTBS Reading subtest - In a five-year quasi-experimental study, the intervention program showed a statistically significant positive effect on fifth-grade reading performance assessment but not on the CTBS Reading subtest
• In a fixed-person calibration simulation with 60 Rasch items and 1,200 simulees, estimates from both tools were comparable to true parameters, with the existing tool underestimating difficulty by 0.03 RIT on average - In a fixed-person calibration simulation with 60 Rasch items and 1,200 simulees, estimates from both tools were comparable to true parameters, with the existing tool underestimating difficulty by 0.03
• In a Florida RCT, Earobics® outperformed no-supplement control on several DIBELS subtests but showed no significant advantage over Lexia Early Reading - In a Florida RCT, Earobics® outperformed no-supplement control on several DIBELS subtests but showed no significant advantage over Lexia Early Reading
• In a follow-up self-paced reading study, readers with a study goal read considerably more slowly than readers with an entertainment goal - In a follow-up self-paced reading study, readers with a study goal read considerably more slowly than readers with an entertainment goal
• In a four-wave MOOC intervention study, statistically significant first-wave findings failed to replicate in subsequent preregistered waves - In a four-wave MOOC intervention study, statistically significant first-wave findings failed to replicate in subsequent preregistered waves
• In a full-year subset analysis, 95 PLL students showed significant reading gains relative to comparison on Acadience (+0.19), MAP (+0.30), and the Ohio State Test (+0.54, fifth grade) - In a full-year subset analysis, 95 PLL students showed significant reading gains relative to comparison on Acadience (+0.19), MAP (+0.30), and the Ohio State Test (+0.54, fifth grade)
• In a graduate QIS course pilot, the specialized Spoke-and-Wheel architecture showed no task-boundary failures across 75 student interactions, though no controlled comparison against the prototype was run - In a graduate QIS course pilot, the specialized Spoke-and-Wheel architecture showed no task-boundary failures across 75 student interactions, though no controlled comparison against the prototype was
• In a hierarchical regression, class-level knowledge gap closing had the largest beta weight of all considered predictors of performance - In a hierarchical regression, class-level knowledge gap closing had the largest beta weight of all considered predictors of performance
• In a high school EFL active-reading setting, mixed genetic algorithm group formation with Wordcloud awareness produced significantly greater vocabulary learning gains than random grouping - In a high school EFL active-reading setting, mixed genetic algorithm group formation with Wordcloud awareness produced significantly greater vocabulary learning gains than random grouping
• In a human experiment, verbatim facts are learned better from practice-only training while general skills are learned better from example-integrated training (cross-over content-treatment interaction) - In a human experiment, verbatim facts are learned better from practice-only training while general skills are learned better from example-integrated training (cross-over content-treatment interaction)
• In a human Turing test, participants could not reliably distinguish BEAGLE traces from real student data (52.8% accuracy; d′ = 0.15 within the ±0.3 equivalence bound, pTOST = 0.038) - In a human Turing test, participants could not reliably distinguish BEAGLE traces from real student data (52.8% accuracy; d′ = 0.15 within the ±0.3 equivalence bound, pTOST = 0.038)
• In a hypothetical trial, responder rates differed greatly between treatment and control groups, with the treatment group showing higher rates in positive-gain categories - In a hypothetical trial, responder rates differed greatly between treatment and control groups, with the treatment group showing higher rates in positive-gain categories
• In a large California study, principals' preparation quality and professional development access predicted teacher retention and student achievement gains - In a large California study, principals' preparation quality and professional development access predicted teacher retention and student achievement gains
• In a large multi-site cluster randomized study, BARR improved PSAT/NMSQT math scores in one cohort but the second cohort performed similarly to comparison students - In a large multi-site cluster randomized study, BARR improved PSAT/NMSQT math scores in one cohort but the second cohort performed similarly to comparison students
• In a large online class, peer grades correlated highly with staff-assigned grades, with median agreement of 42.9% within 5% and 65.5% within 10% of staff grades in the second iteration - In a large online class, peer grades correlated highly with staff-assigned grades, with median agreement of 42.9% within 5% and 65.5% within 10% of staff grades in the second iteration
• In a large urban district, 6th-grade SEL status is more frequently a significant predictor of being off track academically in 9th grade than SEL growth between 6th and 8th grade - In a large urban district, 6th-grade SEL status is more frequently a significant predictor of being off track academically in 9th grade than SEL growth between 6th and 8th grade
• In a large-scale 106-classroom cluster randomized trial, Building Blocks raised end-of-intervention REMA scores with an effect size of 0.48 (improvement index +18) - In a large-scale 106-classroom cluster randomized trial, Building Blocks raised end-of-intervention REMA scores with an effect size of 0.48 (improvement index +18)
• In a London boys' school class, the group working problematic arithmetic later in the morning improved about 5 per cent more than the group working it early - In a London boys' school class, the group working problematic arithmetic later in the morning improved about 5 per cent more than the group working it early
• In a London girls' school class, the group working problematic arithmetic later in the morning improved about 5 or 6 per cent more than the early group - In a London girls' school class, the group working problematic arithmetic later in the morning improved about 5 or 6 per cent more than the early group
• In a Los Angeles RCT, Earobics® plus Open Court improved phonological awareness but not letter knowledge, phonics, or fluency - In a Los Angeles RCT, Earobics® plus Open Court improved phonological awareness but not letter knowledge, phonics, or fluency
• In a low-certainty meta-analysis of 44 studies with very high heterogeneity (I² = 98%), undergraduate health professional students in flipped classes score higher than those in traditional classes (SMD = 0.57) - In a low-certainty meta-analysis of 44 studies with very high heterogeneity (I² = 98%), undergraduate health professional students in flipped classes score higher than those in traditional classes (SM
• In a Maryland rural fringe district study of over 700 students in grades K-5, Imagine IM showed significant impacts on Acadience Math (+0.26) and Grade 2 NWEA MAP Growth Math (+0.39), with positive but non-significant effects on the state MCAP assessment - In a Maryland rural fringe district study of over 700 students in grades K-5, Imagine IM showed significant impacts on Acadience Math (+0.26) and Grade 2 NWEA MAP Growth Math (+0.39), with positive bu
• In a masked-priming lexical decision task, both Chinese and Japanese speakers show a TC effect, with TC primes producing faster responses than control nonword primes - In a masked-priming lexical decision task, both Chinese and Japanese speakers show a TC effect, with TC primes producing faster responses than control nonword primes
• In a Mechanical Turk flashcard experiment, raising the new-item arrival rate first increases mastered items, but past the optimum fewer items are mastered and more get stuck in deck 1. - In a Mechanical Turk flashcard experiment, raising the new-item arrival rate first increases mastered items, but past the optimum fewer items are mastered and more get stuck in deck 1.
• In a medical ABC-VR case, 12 of 14 students met the required learning goals of a post-VR mock knee exam - In a medical ABC-VR case, 12 of 14 students met the required learning goals of a post-VR mock knee exam
• In a meta-analysis of 73 after-school programs, the presence of an academic component was the largest predictor of a program producing significant academic improvements - In a meta-analysis of 73 after-school programs, the presence of an academic component was the largest predictor of a program producing significant academic improvements
• In a meta-analytic database of ten studies, the latent EF factor model was preferred in seven samples, with two favoring the components model and one equal - In a meta-analytic database of ten studies, the latent EF factor model was preferred in seven samples, with two favoring the components model and one equal
• In a minority of host LEAs did TRGP residents reach one quarter of substandard credentials issued: 7 of 19 special education LEAs and 7 of 16 STEM LEAs - In a minority of host LEAs did TRGP residents reach one quarter of substandard credentials issued: 7 of 19 special education LEAs and 7 of 16 STEM LEAs
• In a Moore, Oklahoma experiment, Cognitive Tutor students scored higher on the ETS Algebra I End-of-Course Assessment, received higher grades, reported greater confidence, and showed effect sizes of approximately 0.4 SDs - In a Moore, Oklahoma experiment, Cognitive Tutor students scored higher on the ETS Algebra I End-of-Course Assessment, received higher grades, reported greater confidence, and showed effect sizes of a
• In a multimedia animation, participants focused more on signalled objects and detected fewer changes in other screen areas - In a multimedia animation, participants focused more on signalled objects and detected fewer changes in other screen areas
• In a multiple regression model, vigorous physical activity significantly accounts for 4.5% of variance in overall creativity - In a multiple regression model, vigorous physical activity significantly accounts for 4.5% of variance in overall creativity
• In a multisite randomized replication trial, CW-FIT increased the percentage of time on-task in classes in kindergarten through grade 6 - In a multisite randomized replication trial, CW-FIT increased the percentage of time on-task in classes in kindergarten through grade 6
• In a narrative educator assessment, coding assistants (Cursor and Claude Code) produced the most accurate, complete, and pedagogically sound slides from textbook chapters - In a narrative educator assessment, coding assistants (Cursor and Claude Code) produced the most accurate, complete, and pedagogically sound slides from textbook chapters
• In a national sample of young Danish adults, all three maltreatment latent classes showed significantly increased risk of probable ADHD relative to the non-abused class, strongest for the overall abuse class (OR=5.08), then emotional abuse (OR=3.09) and sexual abuse (OR=2.07) - In a national sample of young Danish adults, all three maltreatment latent classes showed significantly increased risk of probable ADHD relative to the non-abused class, strongest for the overall abus
• In a networked second-language classroom, different small groups of students evolve alternative approaches to appropriating a representational tool during collaborative L2 writing - In a networked second-language classroom, different small groups of students evolve alternative approaches to appropriating a representational tool during collaborative L2 writing
• In a North Carolina high school study with teacher fixed effects, achievement returns to experience rose up to 20 years, from about 0.06 SD at 1–2 years to about 0.27 SD beyond 27 years - In a North Carolina high school study with teacher fixed effects, achievement returns to experience rose up to 20 years, from about 0.06 SD at 1–2 years to about 0.27 SD beyond 27 years
• In a North Carolina middle school study, a teacher with 12 years of experience raised scores 0.08 SD in ELA and 0.18 SD in math versus a novice teacher, with returns persisting through 21–27 years - In a North Carolina middle school study, a teacher with 12 years of experience raised scores 0.08 SD in ELA and 0.18 SD in math versus a novice teacher, with returns persisting through 21–27 years
• In a number comparison task, adults outperform 6- to 7-year-old children in accuracy, Arabic numerals are easier than dot arrays, and easy 0.5 ratios are easier than difficult 0.8 ratios - In a number comparison task, adults outperform 6- to 7-year-old children in accuracy, Arabic numerals are easier than dot arrays, and easy 0.5 ratios are easier than difficult 0.8 ratios
• In a one-year PBL deployment, the AI-assisted pipeline was associated with instructor preparation time falling from an average of eight hours to two hours per instruction (an estimated 75% reduction). - In a one-year PBL deployment, the AI-assisted pipeline was associated with instructor preparation time falling from an average of eight hours to two hours per instruction (an estimated 75% reduction).
• In a paired exploratory comparison, extensive machine rewriting by a commercial humanizer materially degraded the manuscript while changing the detection score only slightly - In a paired exploratory comparison, extensive machine rewriting by a commercial humanizer materially degraded the manuscript while changing the detection score only slightly
• In a pedagogical space, epistemic injustice might be activated when teachers' identity prejudice leads them to give a student less credit, and the curriculum can block or enable students' understanding and expression of their social experiences - In a pedagogical space, epistemic injustice might be activated when teachers' identity prejudice leads them to give a student less credit, and the curriculum can block or enable students' understandin
• In a perceptual-cue intervention reanalysis, incongruent spacing and incongruent color conditions were associated with reduced guessing relative to neutral conditions - In a perceptual-cue intervention reanalysis, incongruent spacing and incongruent color conditions were associated with reduced guessing relative to neutral conditions
• In a pilot randomized trial, children whose parents received Parental Friendship Coaching were reported by parents and by blind teachers to show better social behaviors and greater peer acceptance than control children - In a pilot randomized trial, children whose parents received Parental Friendship Coaching were reported by parents and by blind teachers to show better social behaviors and greater peer acceptance tha
• In a pilot study, the TigerGPT survey chatbot achieved a 75% usability rating and an 81% satisfaction score, with 50% of participants preferring it over traditional surveys - In a pilot study, the TigerGPT survey chatbot achieved a 75% usability rating and an 81% satisfaction score, with 50% of participants preferring it over traditional surveys
• In a pilot with 29 introductory radiation physics students, students reported that the pinch-and-spread gesture helped them feel wavelength and amplitude, with amplitude receiving the highest mean rating of 4.59 - In a pilot with 29 introductory radiation physics students, students reported that the pinch-and-spread gesture helped them feel wavelength and amplitude, with amplitude receiving the highest mean rat
• In a pilot with eight medical students, multimodal MedGame was perceived as more engaging and useful than text-only MedGame and original case material - In a pilot with eight medical students, multimodal MedGame was perceived as more engaging and useful than text-only MedGame and original case material
• In a piloted virtual reality WIL, most students reported improved crisis-problem-solving understanding and high enjoyment - In a piloted virtual reality WIL, most students reported improved crisis-problem-solving understanding and high enjoyment
• In a pooled multivariate model, the combined self-efficacy/self-management growth predicts about 80% lower odds of suspension, while the growth mindset intercept unexpectedly increases suspension odds - In a pooled multivariate model, the combined self-efficacy/self-management growth predicts about 80% lower odds of suspension, while the growth mindset intercept unexpectedly increases suspension odds
• In a pre-registered direct replication (N = 96), the disfluency × WMC interaction did not significantly predict retention, failing to replicate Lehmann et al. (2016) - In a pre-registered direct replication (N = 96), the disfluency × WMC interaction did not significantly predict retention, failing to replicate Lehmann et al.
• In a preliminary 2×3 controlled lesson study across five backbone LLMs, structured student agents produce more differentiated mastery and misconception traces than a baseline simulator - In a preliminary 2×3 controlled lesson study across five backbone LLMs, structured student agents produce more differentiated mastery and misconception traces than a baseline simulator
• In a preregistered within-subjects experiment (N = 131, eight measurements), the translated scale showed criterion validity via sensitivity to task complexity, extraneous load, and motivation - In a preregistered within-subjects experiment (N = 131, eight measurements), the translated scale showed criterion validity via sensitivity to task complexity, extraneous load, and motivation
• In a prior comparative evaluation, gamified phishing-detection modules produced better learning effects than Mimecast training - In a prior comparative evaluation, gamified phishing-detection modules produced better learning effects than Mimecast training
• In a prior Wizard-of-Oz study, K-12 engineering teachers reported positive feedback on the efficiency, quality, and diversity of scaffold content produced with the Concept Catalyst framework - In a prior Wizard-of-Oz study, K-12 engineering teachers reported positive feedback on the efficiency, quality, and diversity of scaffold content produced with the Concept Catalyst framework
• In a propensity-score-matched QED, DCMP students passed college-level math at much higher rates than a two-to-three-semester sequence comparison - In a propensity-score-matched QED, DCMP students passed college-level math at much higher rates than a two-to-three-semester sequence comparison
• In a prospective longitudinal sample (ECLS-K:2011), numbers reversed performance follows a logarithmic growth pattern, decelerating over ages 6–11 - In a prospective longitudinal sample (ECLS-K:2011), numbers reversed performance follows a logarithmic growth pattern, decelerating over ages 6–11
• In a purposive sample of Chicago schools, both high- and low-prior-achieving students who received more intellectually demanding assignments made larger test-score gains - In a purposive sample of Chicago schools, both high- and low-prior-achieving students who received more intellectually demanding assignments made larger test-score gains
• In a qualitative case study of three social-studies teacher candidates, pedagogical judgment appeared to grow over a clinical semester of structured, iterative support aligned to rubric competencies - In a qualitative case study of three social-studies teacher candidates, pedagogical judgment appeared to grow over a clinical semester of structured, iterative support aligned to rubric competencies
• In a qualitative case study, LLMKT adjusts KC mastery estimates using the dialogue's textual content, such as the difficulty of the tutor's question, rather than only prior correctness labels. - In a qualitative case study, LLMKT adjusts KC mastery estimates using the dialogue's textual content, such as the difficulty of the tutor's question, rather than only prior correctness labels.
• In a qualitative pilot with 10 speech-language pathology graduate students, most felt the Simucase assessment cases lacked authenticity because they included too few behavioral modifications - In a qualitative pilot with 10 speech-language pathology graduate students, most felt the Simucase assessment cases lacked authenticity because they included too few behavioral modifications
• In a quasi-experimental comparison, SI-PASS participants completed far more online exercises than non-volunteering students (d = .72) - In a quasi-experimental comparison, SI-PASS participants completed far more online exercises than non-volunteering students (d = .72)
• In a quasi-experimental study, CIRC showed no statistically significant effect on comprehension outcomes after WWC clustering and multiple-comparison adjustments - In a quasi-experimental study, CIRC showed no statistically significant effect on comprehension outcomes after WWC clustering and multiple-comparison adjustments
• In a quasi-experimental study, Too Good for Drugs and Violence produced statistically significant effects on attitudes toward violence, emotional competence, social and resistance skills, and goals and decisionmaking - In a quasi-experimental study, Too Good for Drugs and Violence produced statistically significant effects on attitudes toward violence, emotional competence, social and resistance skills, and goals an
• In a randomised control study, university students in the combined condition (online SRL training with mobile-app diaries) improved more than participants in the other conditions - In a randomised control study, university students in the combined condition (online SRL training with mobile-app diaries) improved more than participants in the other conditions
• In a randomised experiment, AI access raised students' enjoyment of learning (p = 0.063) with no statistically detectable effect on self-assessed knowledge or felt effectiveness - In a randomised experiment, AI access raised students' enjoyment of learning (p = 0.063) with no statistically detectable effect on self-assessed knowledge or felt effectiveness
• In a randomised study with 40 CPR-naive lay adults in Tibet, 10 minutes of TibetCPR training produced rhythm-stabilisation gains that substantially exceeded unguided practice and transferred to an unscaffolded post-test - In a randomised study with 40 CPR-naive lay adults in Tibet, 10 minutes of TibetCPR training produced rhythm-stabilisation gains that substantially exceeded unguided practice and transferred to an uns
• In a randomized controlled trial, children in Playworks schools spent more time in vigorous physical activity at recess than students at non-Playworks schools, and more teachers in Playworks schools reported students engaged in intense recess activity - In a randomized controlled trial, children in Playworks schools spent more time in vigorous physical activity at recess than students at non-Playworks schools, and more teachers in Playworks schools r
• In a randomized controlled trial, SI-PASS participation did not significantly improve final exam performance compared to a waiting-list control group - In a randomized controlled trial, SI-PASS participation did not significantly improve final exam performance compared to a waiting-list control group
• In a randomized controlled trial, Too Good for Drugs and Violence produced statistically significant gains in perceptions of social and resistance skills and emotional competence - In a randomized controlled trial, Too Good for Drugs and Violence produced statistically significant gains in perceptions of social and resistance skills and emotional competence
• In a randomized crossover trial, PICO searching yielded higher average sensitivity and lower average precision than unguided searching, not statistically significant - In a randomized crossover trial, PICO searching yielded higher average sensitivity and lower average precision than unguided searching, not statistically significant
• In a randomized experiment on fraction problems, participants who used an AI assistant solved fewer unassisted test problems and skipped more than control participants - In a randomized experiment on fraction problems, participants who used an AI assistant solved fewer unassisted test problems and skipped more than control participants
• In a randomized experiment, personalized paths reduced learning time by 22.0% and improved post-test scores versus a fixed sequence - In a randomized experiment, personalized paths reduced learning time by 22.0% and improved post-test scores versus a fixed sequence
• In a randomized study in three high-poverty Bay Area charter schools, K-1 students using DreamBox gained significantly more than control students on the NWEA MAP Measurement and Geometry subtest (ES +0.16) and scored higher overall (ES +0.11) - In a randomized study in three high-poverty Bay Area charter schools, K-1 students using DreamBox gained significantly more than control students on the NWEA MAP Measurement and Geometry subtest (ES +
• In a randomized three-arm trial, medication but not physical exercise or neurofeedback was related to improved response inhibition and reduced theta power in children with ADHD - In a randomized three-arm trial, medication but not physical exercise or neurofeedback was related to improved response inhibition and reduced theta power in children with ADHD
• In a randomized trial of SRL interventions in an online mathematics preparation course, group and time interacted significantly on SRL knowledge, self-efficacy and the SRL overall score, with Group TDP (training + diary + peer feedback) showing the most prominent gains - In a randomized trial of SRL interventions in an online mathematics preparation course, group and time interacted significantly on SRL knowledge, self-efficacy and the SRL overall score, with Group TD
• In a re-analysis of PBL tutor-background data, neither a meta-regression nor subgroup comparisons found that tutor expertise predicts student learning - In a re-analysis of PBL tutor-background data, neither a meta-regression nor subgroup comparisons found that tutor expertise predicts student learning
• In a real programming course, students with an eliciting LLM agent on a learning dashboard wrote more reflection messages than students with a telling agent - In a real programming course, students with an eliciting LLM agent on a learning dashboard wrote more reflection messages than students with a telling agent
• In a recent survey, 100 percent of polled Academy graduates said they would recommend participation to a colleague - In a recent survey, 100 percent of polled Academy graduates said they would recommend participation to a colleague
• In a reservation-school literacy assessment study, fourth-grade AI/AN students were average or above in phonemic awareness, word recognition, vocabulary, and reading rate but low in comprehension - In a reservation-school literacy assessment study, fourth-grade AI/AN students were average or above in phonemic awareness, word recognition, vocabulary, and reading rate but low in comprehension
• In a review of 126 K-12 ML activities, supervised learning activities cluster overwhelmingly in the lowest algorithmic-abstraction levels - In a review of 126 K-12 ML activities, supervised learning activities cluster overwhelmingly in the lowest algorithmic-abstraction levels
• In a rule-based simulation game with narrow scope and high distance, facilitator interventions were predominantly first- and second-order and participant learning was mainly first- and second-order - In a rule-based simulation game with narrow scope and high distance, facilitator interventions were predominantly first- and second-order and participant learning was mainly first- and second-order
• In a rural district's flexible scheduling program, students used only 19 percent of daily flex-time for academic activities - In a rural district's flexible scheduling program, students used only 19 percent of daily flex-time for academic activities
• In a rural randomized trial, TAPP strengthens both teacher-reported and parent-reported family-school relationships - In a rural randomized trial, TAPP strengthens both teacher-reported and parent-reported family-school relationships
• In a same-age, same-class group of eight boys followed through high school, the higher-scholarship half averaged taller in all four years and heavier in all years except the junior year - In a same-age, same-class group of eight boys followed through high school, the higher-scholarship half averaged taller in all four years and heavier in all years except the junior year
• In a same-teacher study of different math classes, student characteristics contributed 7–13% of variance in instructional quality across individual lessons - In a same-teacher study of different math classes, student characteristics contributed 7–13% of variance in instructional quality across individual lessons
• In a scoping review of 59 privacy-focused LA articles, 74% addressed privacy without defining or conceptualizing it - In a scoping review of 59 privacy-focused LA articles, 74% addressed privacy without defining or conceptualizing it
• In a self-referential framework, LLMs, particularly GPT-4.1, tend to outperform a single operational human rater at identifying relative weaknesses (negative feedback) across several Language and Content aspects - In a self-referential framework, LLMs, particularly GPT-4.1, tend to outperform a single operational human rater at identifying relative weaknesses (negative feedback) across several Language and Cont
• In a self-regulated solving phase, S JOSs predicted solving success and AS and NS JOSs predicted effort regulation - In a self-regulated solving phase, S JOSs predicted solving success and AS and NS JOSs predicted effort regulation
• In a self-selected survey, students favored delayed disclosure and agency, but 39.3% found the system too indirect and 42.9% reported repetition - In a self-selected survey, students favored delayed disclosure and agency, but 39.3% found the system too indirect and 42.9% reported repetition
• In a simulated tutoring agent, removing the behavioral-safety constraint (C3) appears to cause collapse to near-single-action policies, which the authors read as C3 being the most influential safeguard, though its ablation does not differ significantly from removing C1 in RHSI - In a simulated tutoring agent, removing the behavioral-safety constraint (C3) appears to cause collapse to near-single-action policies, which the authors read as C3 being the most influential safeguar
• In a single-institution study, the joint system of Turnitin detection plus faculty judgement formally reported only 54.5 per cent of AI-generated submissions - In a single-institution study, the joint system of Turnitin detection plus faculty judgement formally reported only 54.5 per cent of AI-generated submissions
• In a single-teacher case study, redesigning a peer-feedback task produced more specific and varied student notes, which the authors read as a more engaged class - In a single-teacher case study, redesigning a peer-feedback task produced more specific and varied student notes, which the authors read as a more engaged class
• In a single-word lexical decision task, Chinese speakers show a transposed-character effect in reaction times and error rates while Japanese speakers do not - In a single-word lexical decision task, Chinese speakers show a transposed-character effect in reaction times and error rates while Japanese speakers do not
• In a six-week within-subject study, the Empathetic PA coaching chatbot improves intention to follow and self-efficacy faster over time than the Non-Empathetic condition - In a six-week within-subject study, the Empathetic PA coaching chatbot improves intention to follow and self-efficacy faster over time than the Non-Empathetic condition
• In a sixth-grade choicelet study, time spent figuring out catalog entries predicted about 35 percent of the variation in students' mathematics grades - In a sixth-grade choicelet study, time spent figuring out catalog entries predicted about 35 percent of the variation in students' mathematics grades
• In a small case study, students given ChatGPT feedback valued its immediacy and alternative analytical perspectives, but one distrusted its answers as 'often made up' for complex data analysis - In a small case study, students given ChatGPT feedback valued its immediacy and alternative analytical perspectives, but one distrusted its answers as 'often made up' for complex data analysis
• In a small efficacy study, students using LecturaAgents showed the strongest post-learning assessment performance across learner groups - In a small efficacy study, students using LecturaAgents showed the strongest post-learning assessment performance across learner groups
• In a small pilot of one AI pipeline's educational interactive fiction, the dominant free-text criticism was the artificial in-fiction motivation for quiz prompts - In a small pilot of one AI pipeline's educational interactive fiction, the dominant free-text criticism was the artificial in-fiction motivation for quiz prompts
• In a small randomized pilot study, children with ADHD showed better sociometric peer functioning when the MOSAIC classroom inclusion components were added to behavioral management and social skills training - In a small randomized pilot study, children with ADHD showed better sociometric peer functioning when the MOSAIC classroom inclusion components were added to behavioral management and social skills tr
• In a small subgroup of struggling students (n = 25), interest personalization greatly improved expression-writing accuracy within the tutoring unit - In a small subgroup of struggling students (n = 25), interest personalization greatly improved expression-writing accuracy within the tutoring unit
• In a Spring 2026 pilot (N=98), 52% of students reported lower stress during the AI-mediated Socratic Test than in traditional exams - In a Spring 2026 pilot (N=98), 52% of students reported lower stress during the AI-mediated Socratic Test than in traditional exams
• In a Standard I infants class, the group working arithmetical reasoning tests at 10.25 A.M. improved more on preliminary records than the group working at 9.40 A.M. - In a Standard I infants class, the group working arithmetical reasoning tests at 10.25 A.M.
• In a Standard VII girls' class, the later-working group (11.25 A.M.) improved 21 per cent on preliminary records versus 15 per cent for the earlier-working group (10 A.M.). - In a Standard VII girls' class, the later-working group (11.25 A.M.) improved 21 per cent on preliminary records versus 15 per cent for the earlier-working group (10 A.M.).
• In a structural equation model, self-efficacy for procedural knowledge positively predicts intended use of retrieval practice, while perceived cost negatively predicts reported use - In a structural equation model, self-efficacy for procedural knowledge positively predicts intended use of retrieval practice, while perceived cost negatively predicts reported use
• In a subsample of large urban districts, the average achievement of schools chosen by Title I school choice users was consistently higher than the average achievement of the schools they came from - In a subsample of large urban districts, the average achievement of schools chosen by Title I school choice users was consistently higher than the average achievement of the schools they came from
• In a survey of 236 blended-learning students, learners readily ranked teacher, student and content interaction, which the authors read as supporting both theses of the Interaction Equivalency Theorem - In a survey of 236 blended-learning students, learners readily ranked teacher, student and content interaction, which the authors read as supporting both theses of the Interaction Equivalency Theorem
• In a synchronous online environment, self-organization can be seen as a continuum, and there is strong interdependence between processes and content - In a synchronous online environment, self-organization can be seen as a continuum, and there is strong interdependence between processes and content
• In a ten-request live textbook audit, citation integrity coexisted with substantive error: every citation resolved to its source, yet answers included retrieval misses and contradictions - In a ten-request live textbook audit, citation integrity coexisted with substantive error: every citation resolved to its source, yet answers included retrieval misses and contradictions
• In a Terracotta study across classes, retrieval practice review outperformed restudy review on subsequent exams - In a Terracotta study across classes, retrieval practice review outperformed restudy review on subsequent exams
• In a theory-guided in-situ simulation programme, an interprofessional primary care team progressed through the expansive learning cycle from questioning current practice to consolidating new practices - In a theory-guided in-situ simulation programme, an interprofessional primary care team progressed through the expansive learning cycle from questioning current practice to consolidating new practices
• In a three-group eye-tracking experiment, the pointing group significantly outperformed both the tracing group and the no-touch group on comprehension performance - In a three-group eye-tracking experiment, the pointing group significantly outperformed both the tracing group and the no-touch group on comprehension performance
• In a two-lecture user study, linear mixed models find no statistically significant effect of GPT-generated output on student MCQ performance, with a tendency toward a group-by-attempt interaction for IVDA - In a two-lecture user study, linear mixed models find no statistically significant effect of GPT-generated output on student MCQ performance, with a tendency toward a group-by-attempt interaction for
• In a usability study, 12 U.S. STEM teachers rated all generated learning interactives 7 or above for usability, averaging above 8.1, with 3 of 36 requests deemed too low quality to present - In a usability study, 12 U.S.
• In a user study with 12 participants, teachers rated AdaPT positively across all dimensions, with mean ratings above the neutral baseline of 4 - In a user study with 12 participants, teachers rated AdaPT positively across all dimensions, with mean ratings above the neutral baseline of 4
• In a user study, the GPT-4o-mini baseline was preferred overall, but participants more often attributed learning to the fine-tuned TeachingCoach model - In a user study, the GPT-4o-mini baseline was preferred overall, but participants more often attributed learning to the fine-tuned TeachingCoach model
• In a Vietnamese EFL sample, all six Meta-UTAUT hypotheses on MALL adoption were accepted with p-values below 0.05 - In a Vietnamese EFL sample, all six Meta-UTAUT hypotheses on MALL adoption were accepted with p-values below 0.05
• In a visual search task, children recognize search-irrelevant features better than adults while relevant-feature recognition is comparable - In a visual search task, children recognize search-irrelevant features better than adults while relevant-feature recognition is comparable
• In a visual-spatial integration task, the interaction between visual-spatial working memory capacity and visual design is quadratic, with the inverted-U progression more strongly accentuated for the dynamic design - In a visual-spatial integration task, the interaction between visual-spatial working memory capacity and visual design is quadratic, with the inverted-U progression more strongly accentuated for the d
• In a voluntary group survey, all 12 module-activity items had a median of 4, with M5 implementation items rated highest - In a voluntary group survey, all 12 module-activity items had a median of 4, with M5 implementation items rated highest
• In a Web-based teacher education course, screen-capture videos and Flash animations modeling the instructor's internal problem-solving processes were the elements students most strongly associated with cognitive apprenticeship modeling - In a Web-based teacher education course, screen-capture videos and Flash animations modeling the instructor's internal problem-solving processes were the elements students most strongly associated wit
• In a winter 2025/2026 student project, a student team incrementally built a ROS2 software ecosystem for automated disassembly of brick assemblies across seven sprints - In a winter 2025/2026 student project, a student team incrementally built a ROS2 software ecosystem for automated disassembly of brick assemblies across seven sprints
• In a within-subject user study, participants showed longer positive facial expressions under the emotion-aware (Emotion ON) tutoring condition - In a within-subject user study, participants showed longer positive facial expressions under the emotion-aware (Emotion ON) tutoring condition
• In a within-subjects category-learning experiment, students reported higher mental effort and lower concurrent judgments of learning during interleaved than during blocked studying - In a within-subjects category-learning experiment, students reported higher mental effort and lower concurrent judgments of learning during interleaved than during blocked studying
• In a worked example from real Erasmus+ decisions, some of CourseGraph's nearest-neighbor course mappings matched the program director's and others did not, one plausibly because it ignores differences in learning methods - In a worked example from real Erasmus+ decisions, some of CourseGraph's nearest-neighbor course mappings matched the program director's and others did not, one plausibly because it ignores differences
• In ablations, temporal smoothness works best on the imputation branch, and the full TSDR variant achieves the best AUC and ACC on all six backbones - In ablations, temporal smoothness works best on the imputation branch, and the full TSDR variant achieves the best AUC and ACC on all six backbones
• In adjusted meta-regressions, peer-assisted and small-group instruction outperform computer-assisted instruction, coaching, incentives, and progress monitoring - In adjusted meta-regressions, peer-assisted and small-group instruction outperform computer-assisted instruction, coaching, incentives, and progress monitoring
• In adolescents, physical fitness components except balance are positively associated with academic achievement, with aerobic endurance the strongest (r=0.49) - In adolescents, physical fitness components except balance are positively associated with academic achievement, with aerobic endurance the strongest (r=0.49)
• In adolescents, prior music training was associated with faster test completion times but no executive function performance differences - In adolescents, prior music training was associated with faster test completion times but no executive function performance differences
• In adults only, poorer math achievement is associated with greater hippocampal NRE sensitivity - In adults only, poorer math achievement is associated with greater hippocampal NRE sensitivity
• In adults with ADHD, acute cardio exercise does not improve sustained attention but enhances mood and motivation - In adults with ADHD, acute cardio exercise does not improve sustained attention but enhances mood and motivation
• In adults with ADHD, dopamine D2/D3 receptor and DAT availability in the reward pathway correlate positively with trait motivation - In adults with ADHD, dopamine D2/D3 receptor and DAT availability in the reward pathway correlate positively with trait motivation
• In agentic AI-supported online learning, perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness are each positively associated with learning motivation - In agentic AI-supported online learning, perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness are each positively associated with learning motivation
• In AI-assisted software engineering courses, AI-required and programming work carry high median grade weights while proctored assessment is rare - In AI-assisted software engineering courses, AI-required and programming work carry high median grade weights while proctored assessment is rare
• In AI-assisted writing, the combined FRAC+APCA intervention produced the highest writing quality gains, with FRAC alone exceeding APCA alone, across T1–T3 - In AI-assisted writing, the combined FRAC+APCA intervention produced the highest writing quality gains, with FRAC alone exceeding APCA alone, across T1–T3
• In AI-mediated SSH classrooms, generative sense-making is the most frequent category of AI involvement, with AI used predominantly as interpretive support rather than full substitute - In AI-mediated SSH classrooms, generative sense-making is the most frequent category of AI involvement, with AI used predominantly as interpretive support rather than full substitute
• In almost all grades, most students made some learning gains in both reading and math since the COVID-19 pandemic started - In almost all grades, most students made some learning gains in both reading and math since the COVID-19 pandemic started
• In almost every Chicago community area, more than 50 percent of 2019 graduates enrolled immediately in college, while 16 percent of high schools had enrollment rates below 50 percent - In almost every Chicago community area, more than 50 percent of 2019 graduates enrolled immediately in college, while 16 percent of high schools had enrollment rates below 50 percent
• In an 18-participant user study, the system received a 4.00/5 overall recommendation, with hallucination resistance rated 4.44/5 and highest ratings for ease of starting a conversation (4.39/5) and response relevance and accuracy (4.06/5) - In an 18-participant user study, the system received a 4.00/5 overall recommendation, with hallucination resistance rated 4.44/5 and highest ratings for ease of starting a conversation (4.39/5) and re
• In an AI-based early warning system, the predictive importance of CAM dimensions shifted over an instructional unit, with affect/metacognition self-reports leading early and cognitive artifacts gaining accuracy toward the end - In an AI-based early warning system, the predictive importance of CAM dimensions shifted over an instructional unit, with affect/metacognition self-reports leading early and cognitive artifacts gainin
• In an AI-guided PD program, rural teachers engaged with mathematical creativity, content knowledge, and PCK as interconnected forms of reasoning rather than isolated domains - In an AI-guided PD program, rural teachers engaged with mathematical creativity, content knowledge, and PCK as interconnected forms of reasoning rather than isolated domains
• In an AI-permitted course with research-shaped homework, most students remained engaged throughout, with 33 of 42 earning credit on at least eight of ten sheets - In an AI-permitted course with research-shaped homework, most students remained engaged throughout, with 33 of 42 earning credit on at least eight of ten sheets
• In an Anchorage RCT with severe differential attrition, Earobics® effects on alphabetics were not statistically significant and one subtest showed a substantively important negative effect - In an Anchorage RCT with severe differential attrition, Earobics® effects on alphabetics were not statistically significant and one subtest showed a substantively important negative effect
• In an ARC trial deployment, undergraduate mentors' retrospective pre-then-post ratings of teaching confidence and community connection increased substantially - In an ARC trial deployment, undergraduate mentors' retrospective pre-then-post ratings of teaching confidence and community connection increased substantially
• In an at-risk preschool sample, 6% were identified as resilient, with maternal education a key protective factor and nonverbal intelligence, but not executive function, predicting resilience status (reported by the editors, citing Muñez et al.) - In an at-risk preschool sample, 6% were identified as resilient, with maternal education a key protective factor and nonverbal intelligence, but not executive function, predicting resilience status (r
• In an auditory number-cue detection task, both blind and sighted adults detect targets faster on number-size/location congruent trials, with no group difference - In an auditory number-cue detection task, both blind and sighted adults detect targets faster on number-size/location congruent trials, with no group difference
• In an earlier study, students taught with the original CONTACT strategy focused mainly on the central concepts from the training texts, disregarding other information - In an earlier study, students taught with the original CONTACT strategy focused mainly on the central concepts from the training texts, disregarding other information
• In an East London adolescent cohort, adjusting for friend or family support barely changed the association between being bullied and boys' later depressive symptoms, which the authors read as support not being sufficient protection - In an East London adolescent cohort, adjusting for friend or family support barely changed the association between being bullied and boys' later depressive symptoms, which the authors read as support
• In an empirical comparison on a testlet-based English assessment test, the bifactor model is preferred over the second-order and unidimensional 2PL models by both AIC and BIC - In an empirical comparison on a testlet-based English assessment test, the bifactor model is preferred over the second-order and unidimensional 2PL models by both AIC and BIC
• In an evaluative study, medical learners interpreted MedEasy as a connected consultation environment and used its components together to judge case coherence - In an evaluative study, medical learners interpreted MedEasy as a connected consultation environment and used its components together to judge case coherence
• In an exploratory Experiment 1 subgroup analysis, the preference for blocked studying after feedback disappeared among students who actually performed better with interleaved studying - In an exploratory Experiment 1 subgroup analysis, the preference for blocked studying after feedback disappeared among students who actually performed better with interleaved studying
• In an exploratory Italy–China pilot, participants engaged with the Amico system as a bounded supportive mediation and no major misunderstandings of system identity were observed - In an exploratory Italy–China pilot, participants engaged with the Amico system as a bounded supportive mediation and no major misunderstandings of system identity were observed
• In an exploratory pilot (n=8), students rated LEA's usability, Chat Mode, Quiz Mode, learning outcomes, and trust mostly positively, with Chat Mode the strongest performer - In an exploratory pilot (n=8), students rated LEA's usability, Chat Mode, Quiz Mode, learning outcomes, and trust mostly positively, with Chat Mode the strongest performer
• In an exploratory pilot, a soft barrier shifted participants from direct copying toward editing, understanding, and iterative resubmission without preventing task completion - In an exploratory pilot, a soft barrier shifted participants from direct copying toward editing, understanding, and iterative resubmission without preventing task completion
• In an exploratory pilot, students perceived the course-specific RAG system's responses as highly aligned with course materials (89%) and helpful for assessment understanding - In an exploratory pilot, students perceived the course-specific RAG system's responses as highly aligned with course materials (89%) and helpful for assessment understanding
• In an exploratory randomised trial, the AIDA-supported group showed a higher learning gain than the control group, though the authors caution about the small volunteer sample - In an exploratory randomised trial, the AIDA-supported group showed a higher learning gain than the control group, though the authors caution about the small volunteer sample
• In an IES-funded randomized controlled trial, students with lower prior mathematics achievement gained more from ASSISTments homework support than students with higher prior achievement - In an IES-funded randomized controlled trial, students with lower prior mathematics achievement gained more from ASSISTments homework support than students with higher prior achievement
• In an immediate post-test design, participants with an unrestricted chatbot achieved significantly higher learning deltas than participants with a Socratic chatbot (d = 0.80) or an EEG-adaptive exercise system (d = 0.85) - In an immediate post-test design, participants with an unrestricted chatbot achieved significantly higher learning deltas than participants with a Socratic chatbot (d = 0.80) or an EEG-adaptive exerci
• In an immersive VR learning environment, visual-only text yields higher recall than audio-visual text (reverse modality effect) - In an immersive VR learning environment, visual-only text yields higher recall than audio-visual text (reverse modality effect)