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In Spanish MAP Reading Fluency's Adaptive Oral Reading form, Sentence Reading Fluency performance routes students in grades K–3 between oral reading and foundational skills tracks - In Spanish MAP Reading Fluency's Adaptive Oral Reading form, Sentence Reading Fluency performance routes students in grades K–3 between oral reading and foundational skills tracks
In Spanish, decoding accuracy is typically established earlier, after which rate becomes a more sensitive predictor of passage comprehension - In Spanish, decoding accuracy is typically established earlier, after which rate becomes a more sensitive predictor of passage comprehension
In Spanish, decoding rate rather than decoding accuracy is the better predictor of passage comprehension - In Spanish, decoding rate rather than decoding accuracy is the better predictor of passage comprehension
In spring 2025, math recovery continued while reading remained stalled - In spring 2025, math recovery continued while reading remained stalled
In Spring 2026, 45.7% of students in a large CS2 course were flagged as LLM-assisted following structured manual review - In Spring 2026, 45.7% of students in a large CS2 course were flagged as LLM-assisted following structured manual review
In standard free-choice wagering schemes only the lowest and highest wagers are ever optimal - In standard free-choice wagering schemes only the lowest and highest wagers are ever optimal
In static concurrent prediction, TabPFN outperformed Random Forest, XGBoost and Linear Regression across the four emotional and proficiency targets - In static concurrent prediction, TabPFN outperformed Random Forest, XGBoost and Linear Regression across the four emotional and proficiency targets
In stepwise multiple regression, fine motor precision accounts for about sixty percent and Functional Dexterity Test time about four percent of handwriting legibility in preschool children - In stepwise multiple regression, fine motor precision accounts for about sixty percent and Functional Dexterity Test time about four percent of handwriting legibility in preschool children
In story recall, boys' memory power culminated about the beginning of high school, girls recalled more of the story than boys across parallel grades, and earlier parts of the story were recalled better than later parts - In story recall, boys' memory power culminated about the beginning of high school, girls recalled more of the story than boys across parallel grades, and earlier parts of the story were recalled bette
In Studies 1a and 2, instructional visuals produced no significant difference in test performance or in test and explain relative metacomprehension accuracy - In Studies 1a and 2, instructional visuals produced no significant difference in test performance or in test and explain relative metacomprehension accuracy
In studies excluded from meta-analysis, antibullying attitudes relate negatively to ignoring the situation and positively to working with the bully - In studies excluded from meta-analysis, antibullying attitudes relate negatively to ignoring the situation and positively to working with the bully
In studies investigating mastery and performance aims simultaneously, mastery aims show tighter bonds with autonomous than controlled reasons, while performance aims are more equidistant - In studies investigating mastery and performance aims simultaneously, mastery aims show tighter bonds with autonomous than controlled reasons, while performance aims are more equidistant
In Study 1, a greater seductive detail amount linearly worsened recall performance (b = −0.11, p = .030) - In Study 1, a greater seductive detail amount linearly worsened recall performance (b = −0.11, p = .030)
In Study 1, a heterogeneity simulation significantly increased pre-service teachers' beliefs about the importance of responding to school students' heterogeneity - In Study 1, a heterogeneity simulation significantly increased pre-service teachers' beliefs about the importance of responding to school students' heterogeneity
In Study 1, ChatTutor produced significantly higher trust, enjoyment, and behavioral intentions than ChatGPT, while students were blind to condition - In Study 1, ChatTutor produced significantly higher trust, enjoyment, and behavioral intentions than ChatGPT, while students were blind to condition
In Study 1, ChatTutor students answered significantly more new follow-up conceptual knowledge items correctly than teaching-as-usual students, controlling for the testing effect - In Study 1, ChatTutor students answered significantly more new follow-up conceptual knowledge items correctly than teaching-as-usual students, controlling for the testing effect
In Study 1, differences in self-efficacy between the three conditions did not reach significance - In Study 1, differences in self-efficacy between the three conditions did not reach significance
In Study 1, learners preferred Penquiry V1 for part-scoped, specific-target and short questions, and favored the baseline for general topics and longer interpretive questions - In Study 1, learners preferred Penquiry V1 for part-scoped, specific-target and short questions, and favored the baseline for general topics and longer interpretive questions
In Study 1, measured fixed mindset correlated with fixed-trait attributions (r=.28), performance avoidance goals (r=.23), and hypothetical easy-problem choice (r=.12) - In Study 1, measured fixed mindset correlated with fixed-trait attributions (r=.28), performance avoidance goals (r=.23), and hypothetical easy-problem choice (r=.12)
In Study 1, peer and teacher relatedness correlate moderately with each other and with outcomes, while well-being and engagement correlate only trivially - In Study 1, peer and teacher relatedness correlate moderately with each other and with outcomes, while well-being and engagement correlate only trivially
In Study 1, Penquiry V1 reduced physical demand and better maintained learning flow, and received higher TAM ratings, than a keyboard baseline - In Study 1, Penquiry V1 reduced physical demand and better maintained learning flow, and received higher TAM ratings, than a keyboard baseline
In Study 1, students rated the revised intervention as more interesting and more informative than the original intervention - In Study 1, students rated the revised intervention as more interesting and more informative than the original intervention
In Study 1, the general warning significantly reduced persuasive effects on housing-policy attitudes (b=−1.81, p= 0.001) - In Study 1, the general warning significantly reduced persuasive effects on housing-policy attitudes (b=−1.81, p= 0.001)
In Study 1, the revised growth mindset intervention reduced choosing easy over hard math problems more than the original intervention (d=.19) - In Study 1, the revised growth mindset intervention reduced choosing easy over hard math problems more than the original intervention (d=.19)
In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced fixed-trait attributions and performance-avoidance goals relative to the original, with small effects - In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced fixed-trait attributions and performance-avoidance goals relative to the original, with small effects
In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced hypothetical choice of the easy math assignment from 60% to 51% relative to the original (d=.19) - In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced hypothetical choice of the easy math assignment from 60% to 51% relative to the original (d=.19)
In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced self-reported fixed mindset more than the original intervention - In Study 1, the revised intervention reduced self-reported fixed mindset more than the original intervention
In Study 1, the three conditions did not differ significantly on the immediate post-test of conceptual knowledge - In Study 1, the three conditions did not differ significantly on the immediate post-test of conceptual knowledge
In Study 1, university students using ChatTutor scored significantly higher than teaching-as-usual students on a delayed conceptual knowledge test four weeks after the lesson, but did not differ significantly from ChatGPT students - In Study 1, university students using ChatTutor scored significantly higher than teaching-as-usual students on a delayed conceptual knowledge test four weeks after the lesson, but did not differ signi
In Study 1, women reported more epistemic conflict regulation than men - In Study 1, women reported more epistemic conflict regulation than men
In Study 2 with a longer text and five SD amounts, greater seductive detail amount again worsened recall (b = −0.33, p = .005) - In Study 2 with a longer text and five SD amounts, greater seductive detail amount again worsened recall (b = −0.33, p = .005)
In Study 2, both general and specific warnings at least marginally reduce attitude change, with no significant difference between them - In Study 2, both general and specific warnings at least marginally reduce attitude change, with no significant difference between them
In Study 2, Content Snapping's immediate visual confirmation resolved learners' referential uncertainty about system recognition - In Study 2, Content Snapping's immediate visual confirmation resolved learners' referential uncertainty about system recognition
In Study 2, inter-rater agreement for rating creative problem solving ideas was good to excellent across indicators - In Study 2, inter-rater agreement for rating creative problem solving ideas was good to excellent across indicators
In Study 2, Question Autocompletion was widely adopted and the proportion of knowledge-based questions increased significantly across session stages - In Study 2, Question Autocompletion was widely adopted and the proportion of knowledge-based questions increased significantly across session stages
In Study 2, spontaneous gesturing produced better specific recall than instructed gesturing, and negative narratives were recalled better than positive - In Study 2, spontaneous gesturing produced better specific recall than instructed gesturing, and negative narratives were recalled better than positive
In Study 2, teachers' general self-efficacy replicated its positive associations with students' session ratings, and general performance-approach and work-avoidance goals predicted perceived learning - In Study 2, teachers' general self-efficacy replicated its positive associations with students' session ratings, and general performance-approach and work-avoidance goals predicted perceived learning
In Study 3, among students who cheated, cheating extent was lower in unproctored exams, with a gender by exam type interaction driven by male students - In Study 3, among students who cheated, cheating extent was lower in unproctored exams, with a gender by exam type interaction driven by male students
In StudyChat, conceptual-understanding behaviors correlate positively with exam outcomes while task-delegating behaviors correlate negatively - In StudyChat, conceptual-understanding behaviors correlate positively with exam outcomes while task-delegating behaviors correlate negatively
In Support & Evidence and Claim & Focus, teacher and AES scores agreed at the lowest and highest rubric points but diverged in the middle, with teachers more likely to score a 2 and the AES a 3 - In Support & Evidence and Claim & Focus, teacher and AES scores agreed at the lowest and highest rubric points but diverged in the middle, with teachers more likely to score a 2 and the AES a 3
In surveyed recent literature, no evaluative study found evidence against connectivism; outcomes were positive or at worst neutral - In surveyed recent literature, no evaluative study found evidence against connectivism; outcomes were positive or at worst neutral
In SWE-Chat, traits where developers give the agent a clear role correlate positively with session success while evidence-based oversight traits correlate negatively - In SWE-Chat, traits where developers give the agent a clear role correlate positively with session success while evidence-based oversight traits correlate negatively
In Swedish TIMSS 2015 with grade-6 pretest controls, a unit increase in ClassMemo was associated with 0.27 standard deviations improvement in relative math achievement, while ClassListen and ClassDaily effects were non-significant - In Swedish TIMSS 2015 with grade-6 pretest controls, a unit increase in ClassMemo was associated with 0.27 standard deviations improvement in relative math achievement, while ClassListen and ClassDail
In SWPBIS-trained schools the share of students with an office discipline referral fell slightly but significantly (18.8% to 18.1%), with no comparison-school data - In SWPBIS-trained schools the share of students with an office discipline referral fell slightly but significantly (18.8% to 18.1%), with no comparison-school data
In TBLT, teachers perceive scaffolding collapse, a shortcut paradox, invisible inequity, and task realism corrosion - In TBLT, teachers perceive scaffolding collapse, a shortcut paradox, invisible inequity, and task realism corrosion
In teacher-AI learning task design studies, GenAI tools are predominantly used for lesson planning, prompt generation, and creative ideation, while traditional AI tools are commonly used for designing analytics and feedback - In teacher-AI learning task design studies, GenAI tools are predominantly used for lesson planning, prompt generation, and creative ideation, while traditional AI tools are commonly used for designing
In teacher-led big-book reading, children exercise cognitive autonomy by making their own connections between spoken and written words within the activity's boundaries - In teacher-led big-book reading, children exercise cognitive autonomy by making their own connections between spoken and written words within the activity's boundaries
In Texas in 2023–24, 68% of newly hired teachers were underqualified or unqualified, teaching on intern certificates, emergency permits, or no certification - In Texas in 2023–24, 68% of newly hired teachers were underqualified or unqualified, teaching on intern certificates, emergency permits, or no certification
In the 10 evaluation districts, educators did not always understand the performance measures and pay-for-performance bonuses used for TIF - In the 10 evaluation districts, educators did not always understand the performance measures and pay-for-performance bonuses used for TIF
In the 12-week quasi-experiment the experimental group's learning trajectory was significantly steeper than the control group's (group × time β = 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.73), with comparable baseline D-scores - In the 12-week quasi-experiment the experimental group's learning trajectory was significantly steeper than the control group's (group × time β = 0.52, 95% CI 0.31–0.73), with comparable baseline D-sc
In the 2005-2006 school year, only one of 10 computer-based reading and math software products had statistically significant positive effects on student outcomes - In the 2005-2006 school year, only one of 10 computer-based reading and math software products had statistically significant positive effects on student outcomes
In the 2008-2009 school year, 39 percent of DCPS principals (51 individuals) did not return, as part of Chancellor Rhee's replacement reforms following mayoral control - In the 2008-2009 school year, 39 percent of DCPS principals (51 individuals) did not return, as part of Chancellor Rhee's replacement reforms following mayoral control
In the 2010 RCT, LLI produced a statistically significant positive effect on reading fluency for grades 1–2 (effect size 0.27, improvement index +11) - In the 2010 RCT, LLI produced a statistically significant positive effect on reading fluency for grades 1–2 (effect size 0.27, improvement index +11)
In the 2010 RCT, LLI showed no discernible effects on alphabetics (domain average effect size 0.13, not statistically significant) - In the 2010 RCT, LLI showed no discernible effects on alphabetics (domain average effect size 0.13, not statistically significant)
In the 2010 TIF pay-for-performance programs, over 60% of teachers received a bonus, with average bonuses of about $1,800 and top performers earning more than 3 times the average - In the 2010 TIF pay-for-performance programs, over 60% of teachers received a bonus, with average bonuses of about $1,800 and top performers earning more than 3 times the average
In the 2013 RCT, subgroup findings for female students in grades 1–2 on the STAR Early Literacy Assessment were positive but not statistically significant, yet large enough to be considered substantively important - In the 2013 RCT, subgroup findings for female students in grades 1–2 on the STAR Early Literacy Assessment were positive but not statistically significant, yet large enough to be considered substantiv
In the 2024–25 school year, Lynwood's community schools infrastructure delivered large volumes of mental health and SEL services, including 2,022 students receiving direct therapeutic support and 509 referrals to the health collaborative. - In the 2024–25 school year, Lynwood's community schools infrastructure delivered large volumes of mental health and SEL services, including 2,022 students receiving direct therapeutic support and 509
In the 5-year translation project, students learned significantly more in Constructive than Active activities - In the 5-year translation project, students learned significantly more in Constructive than Active activities
In the 60-article review of quantitative transitions studies, 50 articles did not explicitly conceptualise wellbeing, and seven factors were associated with emotional wellbeing across 38 articles - In the 60-article review of quantitative transitions studies, 50 articles did not explicitly conceptualise wellbeing, and seven factors were associated with emotional wellbeing across 38 articles
In the absence of feedback, self-efficacy after problem solving was not associated with invested, expected, or willingness-to-invest effort, and threat was not associated with any effort measure (Experiments 3 and 4) - In the absence of feedback, self-efficacy after problem solving was not associated with invested, expected, or willingness-to-invest effort, and threat was not associated with any effort measure (Expe
In the acquisition of negative knowledge, erroneous examples outperformed correct examples - In the acquisition of negative knowledge, erroneous examples outperformed correct examples
In the ADHD-I restrictive subtype, visuospatial WM impairments are more prevalent than in controls but STM impairments are not - In the ADHD-I restrictive subtype, visuospatial WM impairments are more prevalent than in controls but STM impairments are not
In the agent-based model, task difficulty and AI quality set the baseline level of overreliance, with difficulty the dominant global factor - In the agent-based model, task difficulty and AI quality set the baseline level of overreliance, with difficulty the dominant global factor
In the AI-focused subset, professional development and teacher accompaniment (35.0%) and instructional design and assessment (32.5%) are the predominant approaches, with pedagogical limitations the main barrier - In the AI-focused subset, professional development and teacher accompaniment (35.0%) and instructional design and assessment (32.5%) are the predominant approaches, with pedagogical limitations the ma
In the analyzed school ethnography, stereotyping operates as a rationalization process that constructs uniformities, and the ghetto label privileges white culture's standards and evaluation networks - In the analyzed school ethnography, stereotyping operates as a rationalization process that constructs uniformities, and the ghetto label privileges white culture's standards and evaluation networks
In the analyzed school setting, black girls experience testimonial injustice as direct discrimination and hermeneutical injustice as indirect, structural discrimination that personal effort cannot erode - In the analyzed school setting, black girls experience testimonial injustice as direct discrimination and hermeneutical injustice as indirect, structural discrimination that personal effort cannot ero
In the author's cited longitudinal classroom experiments, lessons with retrieval practice raised course grades from a C to an A level, and three spaced retrieval opportunities were optimal even nine months later - In the author's cited longitudinal classroom experiments, lessons with retrieval practice raised course grades from a C to an A level, and three spaced retrieval opportunities were optimal even nine m
In the authors' practical test, vision-capable LLMs recognized handwritten examination letters with high accuracy, with Gemini 3 Flash best at about 98.84% (35 errors in 3009 letters) - In the authors' practical test, vision-capable LLMs recognized handwritten examination letters with high accuracy, with Gemini 3 Flash best at about 98.84% (35 errors in 3009 letters)
In the average study district, differences in teacher effectiveness between high- and low-income students' teachers are small - In the average study district, differences in teacher effectiveness between high- and low-income students' teachers are small
In the AVP, per-turn disclosure change responds to trainee exploration but not measurably to trainee empathy, and the static baseline shows no significant joint response - In the AVP, per-turn disclosure change responds to trainee exploration but not measurably to trainee empathy, and the static baseline shows no significant joint response
In the Baddeley and Hitch model, the visuospatial factor was most strongly related to intelligence, but the only significant path was between visuospatial and Gv - In the Baddeley and Hitch model, the visuospatial factor was most strongly related to intelligence, but the only significant path was between visuospatial and Gv
In the Bayesian-reasoning problem-solving phase, most students generated only one solution attempt, far fewer than in the original variance study - In the Bayesian-reasoning problem-solving phase, most students generated only one solution attempt, far fewer than in the original variance study
In the beginning-segment Lasso model, participant role accounted for 15% of the final prediction model - In the beginning-segment Lasso model, participant role accounted for 15% of the final prediction model
In the Bramlett quasi-experiment, no comprehension subtest or ability-level subgroup showed a statistically significant CIRC effect after WWC adjustments - In the Bramlett quasi-experiment, no comprehension subtest or ability-level subgroup showed a statistically significant CIRC effect after WWC adjustments
In the Bruckner experiment, work in all subjects except arithmetic was equal to or better than that in regular classes - In the Bruckner experiment, work in all subjects except arithmetic was equal to or better than that in regular classes
In the Burgess test about one quarter of total time is spent drawing, and paragraphs unequal in completion time reduce the test's validity - In the Burgess test about one quarter of total time is spent drawing, and paragraphs unequal in completion time reduce the test's validity
In the calibrated simulation, a shock reducing grade 3 learning by one-third leaves the cohort a full year of learning behind the no-shock counterfactual by grade 10 - In the calibrated simulation, a shock reducing grade 3 learning by one-third leaves the cohort a full year of learning behind the no-shock counterfactual by grade 10
In the case discourse, failure to integrate individuals' ideas with sound verification was linked to low-level inquiry outcomes, while successful high-level grounding enabled groups to integrate ideas and negotiate shared knowledge - In the case discourse, failure to integrate individuals' ideas with sound verification was linked to low-level inquiry outcomes, while successful high-level grounding enabled groups to integrate ideas
In the case study, students answering the questionnaire while thinking aloud showed misunderstanding of items, general rather than task-specific reference perspectives, middle-category 'neutral' answering, and probable social desirability - In the case study, students answering the questionnaire while thinking aloud showed misunderstanding of items, general rather than task-specific reference perspectives, middle-category 'neutral' answe
In the case study, the student with the most coded activities scored highest on the questionnaire and the student with the fewest scored lowest, but all four over-rated Orienting & planning relative to their protocols - In the case study, the student with the most coded activities scored highest on the questionnaire and the student with the fewest scored lowest, but all four over-rated Orienting & planning relative t
In the Castleman et al. (2012) RCT, summer counseling showed a substantively important positive effect on fall college enrollment despite non-significant test statistics - In the Castleman et al.
In the Cincinnati trial, High School Redirection had a small, statistically significant positive effect on receiving a high school diploma but not on the combined diploma-or-GED outcome - In the Cincinnati trial, High School Redirection had a small, statistically significant positive effect on receiving a high school diploma but not on the combined diploma-or-GED outcome
In the CNN 5-bus power-flow surrogate, pairing model capacity with sufficient training length improves voltage accuracy, and line flows are the more demanding test - In the CNN 5-bus power-flow surrogate, pairing model capacity with sufficient training length improves voltage accuracy, and line flows are the more demanding test
In the collaborative MIT App Inventor study, significant interaction patterns signified coordination of behavior between team participants, and no lower self-efficacy emerged for non-CS-background participants - In the collaborative MIT App Inventor study, significant interaction patterns signified coordination of behavior between team participants, and no lower self-efficacy emerged for non-CS-background par
In the comprehension domain, one study of Fast ForWord showed statistically significant positive effects, two showed substantively important positive effects, and three showed indeterminate effects - In the comprehension domain, one study of Fast ForWord showed statistically significant positive effects, two showed substantively important positive effects, and three showed indeterminate effects
In the control condition, no arousal or decrease of either measure occurred because prior knowledge eliminated the knowledge gap - In the control condition, no arousal or decrease of either measure occurred because prior knowledge eliminated the knowledge gap
In the CRT experiment, confidence appraisals predicted solving accuracy more strongly than goal-driven effort appraisals - In the CRT experiment, confidence appraisals predicted solving accuracy more strongly than goal-driven effort appraisals
In the CRT experiment, response time served as a significantly stronger cue for goal-driven effort, data-driven effort, and difficulty appraisals than for confidence appraisals - In the CRT experiment, response time served as a significantly stronger cue for goal-driven effort, data-driven effort, and difficulty appraisals than for confidence appraisals
In the data-driven instruction evaluation, most aspects of the intervention were implemented as planned - In the data-driven instruction evaluation, most aspects of the intervention were implemented as planned
In the debriefings, students who observed a scenario via live video join facilitators in attempts to reconceptualise the experiences expressed by scenario participants, using audiovisual appearances as a resource - In the debriefings, students who observed a scenario via live video join facilitators in attempts to reconceptualise the experiences expressed by scenario participants, using audiovisual appearances a
In the decade or so to 2017, Chicago Public Schools saw large rises in freshman on-track rates (2006 to 2017), graduation, and college enrollment, with the greatest on-track increases among Black and Latino males - In the decade or so to 2017, Chicago Public Schools saw large rises in freshman on-track rates (2006 to 2017), graduation, and college enrollment, with the greatest on-track increases among Black and
In the diagram-only condition teachers rely mainly on performance cues but fabricate student cues for half the students - In the diagram-only condition teachers rely mainly on performance cues but fabricate student cues for half the students
In the direct method, teachers perceive conversational ventriloquism, autonomy shifts, authority challenges, and memory erosion - In the direct method, teachers perceive conversational ventriloquism, autonomy shifts, authority challenges, and memory erosion
In the district study, teachers assigned articles above students' STAR Lexile levels (about 375 points higher on average), and greater STAR growth related to completing more, harder, and more accurate ReadWorks assignments - In the district study, teachers assigned articles above students' STAR Lexile levels (about 375 points higher on average), and greater STAR growth related to completing more, harder, and more accurate
In the earlier National Evaluation of Charter Middle Schools, admission to about 30 charter middle schools produced no significant average effects on achievement, though some schools improved achievement - In the earlier National Evaluation of Charter Middle Schools, admission to about 30 charter middle schools produced no significant average effects on achievement, though some schools improved achievem
In the early intervention sample, boys increased more in aggression than girls, but intervention effects did not differ by gender - In the early intervention sample, boys increased more in aggression than girls, but intervention effects did not differ by gender
In the ECLS-K: 2010 dataset, a single latent EF factor model fits EF–math associations better than a specific-components model at all three time points - In the ECLS-K: 2010 dataset, a single latent EF factor model fits EF–math associations better than a specific-components model at all three time points
In the EduAgent framework, removing past cognitive states from memory significantly reduced simulation performance - In the EduAgent framework, removing past cognitive states from memory significantly reduced simulation performance
In the empirical citizenship education literature of 2003-2009, the political domain of citizenship is emphasized more than the social domain - In the empirical citizenship education literature of 2003-2009, the political domain of citizenship is emphasized more than the social domain
In the Enacted Feedback workflow most resources moved from AI feedback to suggestion selection, while optional AI assistance was rarely entered - In the Enacted Feedback workflow most resources moved from AI feedback to suggestion selection, while optional AI assistance was rarely entered
In the engineering context, SSMR focus showed an opposite pattern to veterinary science: the less successful group had proportionally more SSMR-High than the more successful group - In the engineering context, SSMR focus showed an opposite pattern to veterinary science: the less successful group had proportionally more SSMR-High than the more successful group
In the Ethiopian TDT study, novice teachers performed as well as facilitators in designing communicative English lessons - In the Ethiopian TDT study, novice teachers performed as well as facilitators in designing communicative English lessons
In the ethnography the article analyzes, black girls bussed to an affluent suburban school were unpopular and socially excluded for being seen as loud and ghetto, while black boys were classified as incapable of academic achievement - In the ethnography the article analyzes, black girls bussed to an affluent suburban school were unpopular and socially excluded for being seen as loud and ghetto, while black boys were classified as i
In the expectations meta-analysis, the amount of feedback agents provided had only a meager relation to performance (r = .07) whereas the climate agents created had a strong one (r = .36) - In the expectations meta-analysis, the amount of feedback agents provided had only a meager relation to performance (r = .07) whereas the climate agents created had a strong one (r = .36)
In the exploratory recall analysis, participants with relatively high domain knowledge showed better recall performance than participants with relatively low domain knowledge. - In the exploratory recall analysis, participants with relatively high domain knowledge showed better recall performance than participants with relatively low domain knowledge.
In the few studies that split by ability, learning techniques helped low-ability students and not high-ability students - Across all techniques, the mean effect was d = 0.47 for low-ability students (58 effects, 13 studies) and d = -0.11 for high-ability students (28 effects, 6 studies); high-ability students showed nega
In the few trials comparing them, virtual patients showed no significant knowledge differences versus other digital education, and skills differences in only one of three studies - In the few trials comparing them, virtual patients showed no significant knowledge differences versus other digital education, and skills differences in only one of three studies
In the fine-tuning experiments, increasing base model size up to 32B parameters improved performance, and larger LLMs consistently outperformed smaller MLMs - In the fine-tuning experiments, increasing base model size up to 32B parameters improved performance, and larger LLMs consistently outperformed smaller MLMs
In the first assessment stage, peer group and ChatGPT-4o feedback showed no significant difference in quality - In the first assessment stage, peer group and ChatGPT-4o feedback showed no significant difference in quality
In the first deployment, exam scores on the induction question were visibly lower than in previous semesters taught without the tool - In the first deployment, exam scores on the induction question were visibly lower than in previous semesters taught without the tool
In the first Learning Salon, half of providers felt unable to showcase their solution's impact and a quarter felt unable to collaborate on co-design - In the first Learning Salon, half of providers felt unable to showcase their solution's impact and a quarter felt unable to collaborate on co-design
In the first writing task, teacher feedback contained significantly more items than AI-assisted peer feedback, especially on vocabulary errors and technical details - In the first writing task, teacher feedback contained significantly more items than AI-assisted peer feedback, especially on vocabulary errors and technical details
In the first year of NLCI expansion, the attendance advantage over similar schools (3.8 percentage points) was not statistically significant - In the first year of NLCI expansion, the attendance advantage over similar schools (3.8 percentage points) was not statistically significant
In the first year under the structured AI training method, SES/CONT's average case processing time fell 18.2% (17.92 to 14.66 days) while documentary output per case stayed stable - In the first year under the structured AI training method, SES/CONT's average case processing time fell 18.2% (17.92 to 14.66 days) while documentary output per case stayed stable
In the fitted model, teachers' knowledge and willingness to change predicted teaching practice, whereas professional beliefs did not significantly influence teaching practice - In the fitted model, teachers' knowledge and willingness to change predicted teaching practice, whereas professional beliefs did not significantly influence teaching practice
In the Forward temporal model, initial enjoyment predicted later engagement, while initial boredom did not and emotions were unrelated to later raw performance - In the Forward temporal model, initial enjoyment predicted later engagement, while initial boredom did not and emotions were unrelated to later raw performance
In the full model, teacher math anxiety relates to lower ninth-grade GPA through a chain of reduced process-oriented practices and students' perceptions of a teacher fixed mindset - In the full model, teacher math anxiety relates to lower ninth-grade GPA through a chain of reduced process-oriented practices and students' perceptions of a teacher fixed mindset
In the full sample, the text-condition contrasts did not significantly predict conceptual change - In the full sample, the text-condition contrasts did not significantly predict conceptual change
In the full samples, NWEA data show far smaller math recovery (.015 SDs) and negative ELA change (-.008 SDs) than ERS (.045 and .019 SDs) - In the full samples, NWEA data show far smaller math recovery (.015 SDs) and negative ELA change (-.008 SDs) than ERS (.045 and .019 SDs)
In the full-sample analysis, Air Tutors students performed worse than matched peers on the statewide summative assessment (significant overall and in District B) but showed more benchmark growth in District A and no significant benchmark difference in District B - In the full-sample analysis, Air Tutors students performed worse than matched peers on the statewide summative assessment (significant overall and in District B) but showed more benchmark growth in Di
In the full-sample analysis, baseline demographic and prior-achievement differences between treatment and matched comparison groups were minimal, with effect sizes below the WWC threshold - In the full-sample analysis, baseline demographic and prior-achievement differences between treatment and matched comparison groups were minimal, with effect sizes below the WWC threshold
In the generalized condition, compliance with several suggested actions was associated with higher essay scores, with one exception: note-taking after the last scaffold was associated with lower essay scores. - In the generalized condition, compliance with several suggested actions was associated with higher essay scores, with one exception: note-taking after the last scaffold was associated with lower essay
In the grade 12 quasi-experimental evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference in achievement between ERWC and comparison students for either the Non-PT ICA or the PT ICA sample - In the grade 12 quasi-experimental evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference in achievement between ERWC and comparison students for either the Non-PT ICA or the PT ICA sample
In the grade 7 cluster RCT, ITSS produced statistically significant positive effects on all eight comprehension outcomes (average effect size 0.23) - In the grade 7 cluster RCT, ITSS produced statistically significant positive effects on all eight comprehension outcomes (average effect size 0.23)
In the grades 4-5 cluster RCT, ITSS produced statistically significant positive effects on all six comprehension outcomes (average effect size 0.24) - In the grades 4-5 cluster RCT, ITSS produced statistically significant positive effects on all six comprehension outcomes (average effect size 0.24)
In the graduate course, most individual synthesis artifacts remained at surface level, with format and depth varying by group and reflecting differing conceptions of synthesis - In the graduate course, most individual synthesis artifacts remained at surface level, with format and depth varying by group and reflecting differing conceptions of synthesis
In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action reduced serious violence among boys but not among girls - In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action reduced serious violence among boys but not among girls
In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action showed no statistically significant effects on state standardized test scores in reading and math - In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action showed no statistically significant effects on state standardized test scores in reading and math
In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action significantly reduced grade retention, with an effect size of 1.09 and an improvement index of +36 - In the Hawaii randomized trial, Positive Action significantly reduced grade retention, with an effect size of 1.09 and an improvement index of +36
In the HghLBO profile, boredom and enjoyment lose nearly all predictive power for persistence, though they predict persistence in full-sample and multigroup analyses - In the HghLBO profile, boredom and enjoyment lose nearly all predictive power for persistence, though they predict persistence in full-sample and multigroup analyses
In the higher track, reading enjoyment and sex show main effects on non-leisure readers' school achievement, with enjoyers of both sexes scoring higher - In the higher track, reading enjoyment and sex show main effects on non-leisure readers' school achievement, with enjoyers of both sexes scoring higher
In the higher-education-to-labour-market transition, most emphasis is placed on theoretical knowledge, communication, problem-solving, and learning skills - In the higher-education-to-labour-market transition, most emphasis is placed on theoretical knowledge, communication, problem-solving, and learning skills
In the highest-quality reviewed study, classroom MVPA was negatively associated with students being off task or inattentive (β = −0.17; p = 0.042) - In the highest-quality reviewed study, classroom MVPA was negatively associated with students being off task or inattentive (β = −0.17; p = 0.042)
In the initial skill acquisition phase, authentic video yielded higher overall observation assignment scores than virtual simulation - In the initial skill acquisition phase, authentic video yielded higher overall observation assignment scores than virtual simulation
In the intervention trial, short sleep prevalence fell sharply in delayed-start schools (intervention 2: 40.47% to 11.87%) while sufficient-sleep prevalence remained low overall - In the intervention trial, short sleep prevalence fell sharply in delayed-start schools (intervention 2: 40.47% to 11.87%) while sufficient-sleep prevalence remained low overall
In the Java-based CS1 course at TU Delft, GATs significantly improved immediate post-intervention performance pooled across topics, driven mainly by the While-loop intervention - In the Java-based CS1 course at TU Delft, GATs significantly improved immediate post-intervention performance pooled across topics, driven mainly by the While-loop intervention
In the Jeremy's Journal simulation, Equality-mindset participants more often cited school policy while Equity-mindset participants prioritized the student's health - In the Jeremy's Journal simulation, Equality-mindset participants more often cited school policy while Equity-mindset participants prioritized the student's health
In the joint final model, instructional clarity shows an unexpected negative and significant relation with mathematics achievement at the student level - In the joint final model, instructional clarity shows an unexpected negative and significant relation with mathematics achievement at the student level
In the L2MSS, the L2 learning experience predicts intended effort most strongly, while the ideal L2 self is weaker than the theory argues - In the L2MSS, the L2 learning experience predicts intended effort most strongly, while the ideal L2 self is weaker than the theory argues
In the Learner Variability Navigator case, feedback loops across multiple partners generated an output of need that the authors say simple surveys may not have produced - In the Learner Variability Navigator case, feedback loops across multiple partners generated an output of need that the authors say simple surveys may not have produced
In the learning phase, group experience and information distribution each produce significant multivariate effects on performance, mental effort, and efficiency, without interacting - In the learning phase, group experience and information distribution each produce significant multivariate effects on performance, mental effort, and efficiency, without interacting
In the Linkow et al. (2017) QED, coaching produced a statistically significant positive effect on cumulative college GPA - In the Linkow et al.
In the Linkow et al. (2017) QED, coaching produced a statistically significant positive effect on second-year college enrollment - In the Linkow et al.
In the Linkow et al. (2019) scale-up QED, coaching produced a statistically significant positive effect on second-year college enrollment - In the Linkow et al.
In the Linkow et al. (2019) scale-up QED, coaching showed no statistically significant effect on cumulative college GPA (effect size 0.01, p = 0.82) - In the Linkow et al.
In the lower track, reading enjoyment relates to school achievement for girls but not for boys among non-leisure readers - In the lower track, reading enjoyment relates to school achievement for girls but not for boys among non-leisure readers
In the MAIC case study, student development agent predictions (Concept and Scales methods) outperformed the mean baseline across all five non-cognitive dimensions on RMSE and MAE - In the MAIC case study, student development agent predictions (Concept and Scales methods) outperformed the mean baseline across all five non-cognitive dimensions on RMSE and MAE
In the main study, BRD articles were longer, but DDR articles had a lower relative error rate, and article length correlated positively with errors - In the main study, BRD articles were longer, but DDR articles had a lower relative error rate, and article length correlated positively with errors
In the main study, learning gains from pre-test to post-test were not directly influenced by the collaboration script, though all students improved significantly over time - In the main study, learning gains from pre-test to post-test were not directly influenced by the collaboration script, though all students improved significantly over time
In the main study, NCC, metacognitive strategies, and intrinsic motivation moderated contribution frequency but showed no significant conditional effects on learning gains - In the main study, NCC, metacognitive strategies, and intrinsic motivation moderated contribution frequency but showed no significant conditional effects on learning gains
In the main study, the DDR script induced far more talk-page discussion contributions and fewer article edits than the BRD script - In the main study, the DDR script induced far more talk-page discussion contributions and fewer article edits than the BRD script
In the main study, wiki contribution frequency indirectly mediated the effect of script on post-test learning, while the direct script effect was not significant - In the main study, wiki contribution frequency indirectly mediated the effect of script on post-test learning, while the direct script effect was not significant
In the Maker Learning @ Home cohort, feedback loops with cohort members redefined the initiative's outputs and goals - In the Maker Learning @ Home cohort, feedback loops with cohort members redefined the initiative's outputs and goals
In the meeting, coordination was the most common type of interaction and communication the rarest, indicating reconceptualizing the script was very challenging - In the meeting, coordination was the most common type of interaction and communication the rarest, indicating reconceptualizing the script was very challenging
In the meeting-standards study, PALS classrooms used more one-on-one and peer-mediated instruction and less teacher-led instruction than comparison classrooms - In the meeting-standards study, PALS classrooms used more one-on-one and peer-mediated instruction and less teacher-led instruction than comparison classrooms
In the mental integration task, low-span and high-span groups showed no significant static-vs-dynamic differences (d = 0.09 and d = 0.03) - In the mental integration task, low-span and high-span groups showed no significant static-vs-dynamic differences (d = 0.09 and d = 0.03)
In the mental integration task, the static-vs-dynamic difference was descriptively largest for the medium-span group but only marginal (d = 0.20, p = .062) - In the mental integration task, the static-vs-dynamic difference was descriptively largest for the medium-span group but only marginal (d = 0.20, p = .062)
In the mental rotation experiment, item complexity (rotation angle) served as a significant cue for all four appraisal types, with difficulty appraisals most sensitive - In the mental rotation experiment, item complexity (rotation angle) served as a significant cue for all four appraisal types, with difficulty appraisals most sensitive
In the MM-04 workflow case, similar-looking model activity has different evidential validity: GPT-5.5 closes the evidence-to-action loop while GLM-5.1 leaves the assigned deck unchanged and Gemini-3.1-Pro misses required numeric or visual evidence - In the MM-04 workflow case, similar-looking model activity has different evidential validity: GPT-5.5 closes the evidence-to-action loop while GLM-5.1 leaves the assigned deck unchanged and Gemini-3.1
In the model, high-quality AI on hard tasks produces the highest regret despite moderate overreliance, because agents over-defer and rarely self-rely - In the model, high-quality AI on hard tasks produces the highest regret despite moderate overreliance, because agents over-defer and rarely self-rely
In the model, interventions that alter the feedback channel (verification visibility, social-proof damping) reduce overreliance and regret, while lowering verification cost alone does not lower regret - In the model, interventions that alter the feedback channel (verification visibility, social-proof damping) reduce overreliance and regret, while lowering verification cost alone does not lower regret
In the model, social learning creates consensus in trust without shifting aggregate reliance; connectivity alone does not produce collective overreliance - In the model, social learning creates consensus in trust without shifting aggregate reliance; connectivity alone does not produce collective overreliance
In the model, topology shifts aggregate reliance only under opinion dynamics, when influential hubs transmit correlated beliefs that move agents across the verify/use margin - In the model, topology shifts aggregate reliance only under opinion dynamics, when influential hubs transmit correlated beliefs that move agents across the verify/use margin
In the model, visible unverified peer use (social proof) suppresses verification and tips the population into collective overreliance, via a smooth crossover with no hysteresis - In the model, visible unverified peer use (social proof) suppresses verification and tips the population into collective overreliance, via a smooth crossover with no hysteresis
In the Montebello blended science-language program, sentence frames limited student responses and teachers raised their expectations of English learners - In the Montebello blended science-language program, sentence frames limited student responses and teachers raised their expectations of English learners
In the motivational profile of Iranian EFL learners, instrumentality-promotion received the highest mean, followed by ideal L2 self - In the motivational profile of Iranian EFL learners, instrumentality-promotion received the highest mean, followed by ideal L2 self
In the multivariate meta-regression, goal-driven manipulation, judgment timing, and task type remain significant moderators - In the multivariate meta-regression, goal-driven manipulation, judgment timing, and task type remain significant moderators
In the narrative synthesis, blended and purely online conditions within a single study generally produced similar learning outcomes, and media elements such as video or online quizzes did not appear to influence learning. - In the narrative synthesis, blended and purely online conditions within a single study generally produced similar learning outcomes, and media elements such as video or online quizzes did not appear t
In the Nelson, Benner, & Gonzalez (2005) RCT, SSL produced statistically significant positive effects on all five alphabetics outcomes - In the Nelson, Benner, & Gonzalez (2005) RCT, SSL produced statistically significant positive effects on all five alphabetics outcomes
In the Nelson, Stage, Epstein, & Pierce (2005) RCT, SSL produced statistically significant positive effects on all four alphabetics outcomes - In the Nelson, Stage, Epstein, & Pierce (2005) RCT, SSL produced statistically significant positive effects on all four alphabetics outcomes
In the new questionnaire, ICL and ECL correlate positively while both correlate negatively with GCL - In the new questionnaire, ICL and ECL correlate positively while both correlate negatively with GCL
In the non-verbal MTT experiment, response time served as a cue for goal-driven effort appraisals more than for confidence appraisals, partly replicating experiment 1 - In the non-verbal MTT experiment, response time served as a cue for goal-driven effort appraisals more than for confidence appraisals, partly replicating experiment 1
In the one longitudinal fMRI study, dorsolateral prefrontal engagement reached adult levels by adolescence while dorsal anterior cingulate engagement continued increasing and mediated behavioral improvement - In the one longitudinal fMRI study, dorsolateral prefrontal engagement reached adult levels by adolescence while dorsal anterior cingulate engagement continued increasing and mediated behavioral impro
In the Opus-only ablation, a prompt-only Socratic instruction outscores the full routed policy on judged pedagogy at near-tied helpfulness - In the Opus-only ablation, a prompt-only Socratic instruction outscores the full routed policy on judged pedagogy at near-tied helpfulness
In the Overview dimension, augmentation produced a marginal QWK decrease (ΔQWK = −0.006) despite improving macro-F1, the only dimension with this trade-off - In the Overview dimension, augmentation produced a marginal QWK decrease (ΔQWK = −0.006) despite improving macro-F1, the only dimension with this trade-off
In the owl game, being shown the solids and working with pictures and labels did not help two boys distinguish solids; body-based experience with contrastive guidance was needed - In the owl game, being shown the solids and working with pictures and labels did not help two boys distinguish solids; body-based experience with contrastive guidance was needed
In the Oztoc museum game-exhibit, learning occurs when visitors explain to each other, and a combination of physical blocks and screen-based representation is needed for deeper scientific and engineering practices - In the Oztoc museum game-exhibit, learning occurs when visitors explain to each other, and a combination of physical blocks and screen-based representation is needed for deeper scientific and engineer
In the perceptual-cue reanalysis, the only reliable forgetting and slip deviations were a small forgetting reduction under incongruent color and a modest slip reduction under congruent spacing - In the perceptual-cue reanalysis, the only reliable forgetting and slip deviations were a small forgetting reduction under incongruent color and a modest slip reduction under congruent spacing
In the pilot A/B experiments, indirect framing outperformed direct framing, refuting the fixed mindset backfired for strong fixed-mindset holders, and celebrity endorsements increased adoption - In the pilot A/B experiments, indirect framing outperformed direct framing, refuting the fixed mindset backfired for strong fixed-mindset holders, and celebrity endorsements increased adoption
In the pilot workshop, the LLM unreliably produced fill-in-the-blank snippets, often returning complete code solutions instead - In the pilot workshop, the LLM unreliably produced fill-in-the-blank snippets, often returning complete code solutions instead
In the pilot, 93% of students found controlling the wave in the air natural and 86% reported feeling more engaged and focused than in regular learning - In the pilot, 93% of students found controlling the wave in the air natural and 86% reported feeling more engaged and focused than in regular learning
In the PIRLS 2006 teaching-quality example, the optimal fixed-budget design was 395 classes with 12 students per class, and the actual PIRLS design achieved 83% power - In the PIRLS 2006 teaching-quality example, the optimal fixed-budget design was 395 classes with 12 students per class, and the actual PIRLS design achieved 83% power
In the PISA 2018 German illustration, students were assigned to 40 intersectional strata with sample sizes ranging from 3 to 512 - In the PISA 2018 German illustration, students were assigned to 40 intersectional strata with sample sizes ranging from 3 to 512
In the PISG case study, occurrences of high-level grounding and high-level testing co-occurred with more occurrences of high-level inquiry processes - In the PISG case study, occurrences of high-level grounding and high-level testing co-occurred with more occurrences of high-level inquiry processes
In the PISG script, students' field-trip individual observations were largely off-target for the chosen plant, while by the post-field trip individuals showed some improvement in scientific thinking - In the PISG script, students' field-trip individual observations were largely off-target for the chosen plant, while by the post-field trip individuals showed some improvement in scientific thinking
In the pooled OLS model of current AI-use intensity, perceived usefulness (β = 0.322) and competence (β = 0.268) are the strongest positive associations, while institutional policy clarity shows no association after adjustment - In the pooled OLS model of current AI-use intensity, perceived usefulness (β = 0.322) and competence (β = 0.268) are the strongest positive associations, while institutional policy clarity shows no as
In the pre-study, dyads using the DDR script were far more likely to integrate their partner's evidence into their answers on the main topic question - In the pre-study, dyads using the DDR script were far more likely to integrate their partner's evidence into their answers on the main topic question
In the prior 2025 evaluation, Air Tutors showed positive short-term benchmark gains at sufficient dosage but negative short-term statewide effects in the full sample - In the prior 2025 evaluation, Air Tutors showed positive short-term benchmark gains at sufficient dosage but negative short-term statewide effects in the full sample
In the prior first-grade study, the During COVID-19 cohort scored significantly lower than the Before COVID-19 cohort on all three writing measures immediately after remote instruction ended - In the prior first-grade study, the During COVID-19 cohort scored significantly lower than the Before COVID-19 cohort on all three writing measures immediately after remote instruction ended
In the prior researcher-delivered efficacy trial, the quotations condition produced stronger utility-value effects than the text condition - In the prior researcher-delivered efficacy trial, the quotations condition produced stronger utility-value effects than the text condition
In the public TutorBench sample, agency-oriented rubric criteria are most concentrated in the active-learning use case (agency-dimension density 0.720, agency-skill density 0.411) - In the public TutorBench sample, agency-oriented rubric criteria are most concentrated in the active-learning use case (agency-dimension density 0.720, agency-skill density 0.411)
In the Pychometrik item parameter recovery simulation across 27 conditions (Grades K-8, sample sizes 500, 1,000, and 2,000), recovery accuracy increased with sample size and was best for Grade 8 simulees - In the Pychometrik item parameter recovery simulation across 27 conditions (Grades K-8, sample sizes 500, 1,000, and 2,000), recovery accuracy increased with sample size and was best for Grade 8 simul
In the Python-based CS1 course at UofT, GATs produced no significant overall or topic-specific immediate performance effects - In the Python-based CS1 course at UofT, GATs produced no significant overall or topic-specific immediate performance effects
In the qualifying quasi-experimental study, at-risk Kindergarten students using Waterford Level One for 15-minute daily sessions were matched to comparison students and pretested in fall and posttested in spring - In the qualifying quasi-experimental study, at-risk Kindergarten students using Waterford Level One for 15-minute daily sessions were matched to comparison students and pretested in fall and postteste
In the RANCH study, increasing road traffic noise exposure was associated with enhanced episodic memory, an unexplained counter-intuitive finding - In the RANCH study, increasing road traffic noise exposure was associated with enhanced episodic memory, an unexplained counter-intuitive finding
In the random forest, word count was the most important readability feature while traditional readability formulas ranked near the bottom - In the random forest, word count was the most important readability feature while traditional readability formulas ranked near the bottom
In the randomized Cohort 3 study, 9th-grade on-track NSI moderately improved attendance rates by 2 percentage points - In the randomized Cohort 3 study, 9th-grade on-track NSI moderately improved attendance rates by 2 percentage points
In the Rashotte et al. (2001) study, the WWC confirmed statistically significant SpellRead™ effects on four of seven alphabetics outcomes - In the Rashotte et al.
In the Rashotte, MacPhee, and Torgesen (2001) RCT, SpellRead™ produced statistically significant positive effects on alphabetics and reading fluency for fifth- and sixth-grade struggling readers after eight weeks - In the Rashotte, MacPhee, and Torgesen (2001) RCT, SpellRead™ produced statistically significant positive effects on alphabetics and reading fluency for fifth- and sixth-grade struggling readers after
In the RCT, the average effect across knowledge, attitudes, and values outcomes was substantively important (0.35) but not statistically significant, with several individual outcomes null - In the RCT, the average effect across knowledge, attitudes, and values outcomes was substantively important (0.35) but not statistically significant, with several individual outcomes null
In the reading fluency contrast model, numerical abilities and serial retrieval fluency predict multiplication fluency but working memory does not, indicating partial domain-specificity - In the reading fluency contrast model, numerical abilities and serial retrieval fluency predict multiplication fluency but working memory does not, indicating partial domain-specificity
In the Reading in Four Voices task, students connected story values to a distance–time graph by engaging in both literacy and oracy - In the Reading in Four Voices task, students connected story values to a distance–time graph by engaging in both literacy and oracy
In the Reason dimension, the IndoBERT–SVM baseline outperformed all BiLSTM variants, achieving QWK 0.332 - In the Reason dimension, the IndoBERT–SVM baseline outperformed all BiLSTM variants, achieving QWK 0.332
In the replication, children's posttest outcome scores did not significantly differ across the four instructional conditions, failing to replicate the contingent-instruction advantage of D. Wood et al. (1978) - In the replication, children's posttest outcome scores did not significantly differ across the four instructional conditions, failing to replicate the contingent-instruction advantage of D.
In the responsive condition, learners requested less than half of the information the PAL was designed to deliver - In the responsive condition, learners requested less than half of the information the PAL was designed to deliver
In the review's coding, equal total and per-condition sample sizes signalled either a correlational study or a repeated-measures experiment, and repeated measures were coded when a pretest entered analysis or a within-subjects design was used - In the review's coding, equal total and per-condition sample sizes signalled either a correlational study or a repeated-measures experiment, and repeated measures were coded when a pretest entered ana
In the reviewed RCT, students averaged 21.8 hours of DreamBox usage, below the developer's recommended 90 minutes per week - In the reviewed RCT, students averaged 21.8 hours of DreamBox usage, below the developer's recommended 90 minutes per week
In the S0-54 tutoring episode, the learner reaches the correct posterior (1/6) yet the three Stage 2 evidence scopes yield different diagnoses, with full trajectory credit withheld because part of the interpretation remains tutor-owned - In the S0-54 tutoring episode, the learner reaches the correct posterior (1/6) yet the three Stage 2 evidence scopes yield different diagnoses, with full trajectory credit withheld because part of the
In the same subset, in-service PD shows a medium effect at the corresponding classroom level (ES = 0.45) - In the same subset, in-service PD shows a medium effect at the corresponding classroom level (ES = 0.45)
In the scanned textbooks, statistics terms such as cluster and outlier are defined vaguely before any examples, and more formal criteria are never developed - In the scanned textbooks, statistics terms such as cluster and outlier are defined vaguely before any examples, and more formal criteria are never developed
In the second assessment stage, ChatGPT-4o feedback was significantly higher than peer group feedback in constructiveness, accuracy and concreteness - In the second assessment stage, ChatGPT-4o feedback was significantly higher than peer group feedback in constructiveness, accuracy and concreteness
In the SEM, GenAI dependence is positively associated with critical thinking (β = 0.492), human–AI collaboration quality (β = 0.538), and research creativity (β = 0.064), with satisfactory model fit - In the SEM, GenAI dependence is positively associated with critical thinking (β = 0.492), human–AI collaboration quality (β = 0.538), and research creativity (β = 0.064), with satisfactory model fit
In the shallow-model ablation, class balancing lowered every metric, oversampling did not improve overall performance, and semantic embeddings raised ROC-AUC but lowered accuracy and F1 - In the shallow-model ablation, class balancing lowered every metric, oversampling did not improve overall performance, and semantic embeddings raised ROC-AUC but lowered accuracy and F1
In the simulation, task complexity and task difficulty explain the majority of variance in the individual-learner WD statistic, with some effect of task specificity - In the simulation, task complexity and task difficulty explain the majority of variance in the individual-learner WD statistic, with some effect of task specificity
In the sole Salem-Keizer study, team recommendations split evenly between social supports and surveillance, with racial differences in recommendation types - In the sole Salem-Keizer study, team recommendations split evenly between social supports and surveillance, with racial differences in recommendation types
In the spring 2015 pilot, 19 of 27 teacher-survey measures met the 0.80 reliability threshold and all but one met 0.70; the Early Childhood Discipline measure was removed - In the spring 2015 pilot, 19 of 27 teacher-survey measures met the 0.80 reliability threshold and all but one met 0.70; the Early Childhood Discipline measure was removed
In the SRI quasi-experimental evaluation, students in high-quality Linked Learning pathways earned more credits, dropped out less, graduated on time more, and showed better ELA proficiency and college-going than peers - In the SRI quasi-experimental evaluation, students in high-quality Linked Learning pathways earned more credits, dropped out less, graduated on time more, and showed better ELA proficiency and college
In the SRL-AIDE group, MCS explicitness showed a larger pre-post gain (d = 2.08) than KC explicitness (d = 1.03), and SRL-AIDE's KC gain exceeded the comparison group's (d = 1.03 vs d = 0.31) - In the SRL-AIDE group, MCS explicitness showed a larger pre-post gain (d = 2.08) than KC explicitness (d = 1.03), and SRL-AIDE's KC gain exceeded the comparison group's (d = 1.03 vs d = 0.31)
In the structural equation model, both supports directly predict innovative competence and strongly predict the mediators - In the structural equation model, both supports directly predict innovative competence and strongly predict the mediators
In the Study 2 replication, the effect of the heterogeneity simulation on school-heterogeneity beliefs narrowly missed statistical significance - In the Study 2 replication, the effect of the heterogeneity simulation on school-heterogeneity beliefs narrowly missed statistical significance
In the study data, mean spring grade-2 math RIT was 190.6 with linear spring-to-spring growth of 14.5 RIT, and mean fall-to-spring gain in grade-2 math was 13.4 RIT - In the study data, mean spring grade-2 math RIT was 190.6 with linear spring-to-spring growth of 14.5 RIT, and mean fall-to-spring gain in grade-2 math was 13.4 RIT
In the supporting RCT, Read Well® was delivered as a mastery-paced core reading program for about three months alongside a 90-minute daily literacy block - In the supporting RCT, Read Well® was delivered as a mastery-paced core reading program for about three months alongside a 90-minute daily literacy block
In the SWEET pediatric registry, centres with ready access to psychological services showed lower rates of ketoacidosis and slightly lower HbA1c levels - In the SWEET pediatric registry, centres with ready access to psychological services showed lower rates of ketoacidosis and slightly lower HbA1c levels
In the TAM structural model, satisfaction mediated sustained use: usability strongly predicted usefulness (β = 0.93), usefulness predicted satisfaction (β = 0.76), but usefulness did not directly predict use intention (β = 0.02, p = .896) - In the TAM structural model, satisfaction mediated sustained use: usability strongly predicted usefulness (β = 0.93), usefulness predicted satisfaction (β = 0.76), but usefulness did not directly pred
In the tested structural model, contextual support positively predicts trust calibration and collaborative regulation, trust calibration positively predicts collaborative regulation and perceived transfer gains, and collaborative regulation shows the strongest association with perceived transfer gains - In the tested structural model, contextual support positively predicts trust calibration and collaborative regulation, trust calibration positively predicts collaborative regulation and perceived tran
In the third year, children acquire moral judgments about whether one should help, judging helping obligatory in simple situations - In the third year, children acquire moral judgments about whether one should help, judging helping obligatory in simple situations
In the Torgesen et al. (2006) RCT, SpellRead™ showed indeterminate effects for fifth graders, with no statistically significant or substantively important effects in any domain after six months - In the Torgesen et al.
In the treatment condition, both epistemic curiosity and situational interest increased after problem presentation and decreased after the explanatory text - In the treatment condition, both epistemic curiosity and situational interest increased after problem presentation and decreased after the explanatory text
In the Tucson funds of knowledge project, teachers visiting language minority households found funds of knowledge to be abundant and diverse. - In the Tucson funds of knowledge project, teachers visiting language minority households found funds of knowledge to be abundant and diverse.
In the Tucson household ethnography, exchanges within households' social networks were often reciprocal and built mutual trust through shared practical activities. - In the Tucson household ethnography, exchanges within households' social networks were often reciprocal and built mutual trust through shared practical activities.
In the underlying laboratory study, only expository instruction combined with probes produced CVS learning, with transfer limited by grade level - In the underlying laboratory study, only expository instruction combined with probes produced CVS learning, with transfer limited by grade level
In the vast majority of 22 KIPP middle schools, impacts on students' state assessment scores in math and reading are positive, statistically significant, and educationally substantial - In the vast majority of 22 KIPP middle schools, impacts on students' state assessment scores in math and reading are positive, statistically significant, and educationally substantial
In the Vaughn, Cirino, et al. (2006) trial, no reading measure reached statistical significance, but five of seven effect sizes were substantively important - In the Vaughn, Cirino, et al.
In the Vaughn, Mathes, et al. (2006) trial, Enhanced Proactive Reading students significantly outperformed comparison students on Word Attack and Passage Comprehension - In the Vaughn, Mathes, et al.
In the VR (guided exploration) mode, assimilator and accommodator learners did not differ significantly in gain score - In the VR (guided exploration) mode, assimilator and accommodator learners did not differ significantly in gain score
In the whole sample, preference for self-disclosure with AI chatbots is associated with higher adaptive coping and lower maladaptive coping, linking to more prosocial behavior and less bullying - In the whole sample, preference for self-disclosure with AI chatbots is associated with higher adaptive coping and lower maladaptive coping, linking to more prosocial behavior and less bullying
In the worked sample analysis of faculty professional development data, AMOVA yielded a final value of 3.00, a 'Proficient' level, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis - In the worked sample analysis of faculty professional development data, AMOVA yielded a final value of 3.00, a 'Proficient' level, leading to rejection of the null hypothesis
In the Yerkes-Bridges alteration of the Binet Scale, equal point increments are assigned to digit-span steps whose growth intervals, as placed in the Binet Scale, are approximately 1, 3, 3, and 4 years. - In the Yerkes-Bridges alteration of the Binet Scale, equal point increments are assigned to digit-span steps whose growth intervals, as placed in the Binet Scale, are approximately 1, 3, 3, and 4 year
In their first year, 65.1% of the 410 students in Quantway and Statway College with Corequisite earned a grade of C or better and college-level math credit in a single term - In their first year, 65.1% of the 410 students in Quantway and Statway College with Corequisite earned a grade of C or better and college-level math credit in a single term
In this experiment, drafts—human-written or AI-generated—anchored the final essay, with AI-generated drafts revised somewhat more but underlying phrases largely retained across conditions. - In this experiment, drafts—human-written or AI-generated—anchored the final essay, with AI-generated drafts revised somewhat more but underlying phrases largely retained across conditions.
In this experiment, self-controlled learners showed no difference in error between trials on which they requested knowledge of results and trials on which they did not, whereas yoked learners had lower error on no-KR trials. - In this experiment, self-controlled learners showed no difference in error between trials on which they requested knowledge of results and trials on which they did not, whereas yoked learners had lowe
In this inquiry, student pairs work better than groups of three because larger groups risk disengaging members - In this inquiry, student pairs work better than groups of three because larger groups risk disengaging members
In this sample the best-performing university students calibrated slightly worse than the lowest-performing students, so no unskilled-and-unaware effect was supported - In this sample the best-performing university students calibrated slightly worse than the lowest-performing students, so no unskilled-and-unaware effect was supported
In three simulated design-studio scenarios, 109 classified evidence rows were produced, with 85 (78.0%) assigned to higher-order Bloom categories - In three simulated design-studio scenarios, 109 classified evidence rows were produced, with 85 (78.0%) assigned to higher-order Bloom categories
In time-series field studies of behavior modification, all 17 quasi-d feedback effects were positive with a mean quasi-d of 1.69 - In time-series field studies of behavior modification, all 17 quasi-d feedback effects were positive with a mean quasi-d of 1.69
In toddlerhood, interference suppression correlates with expressive vocabulary after controlling for age, whereas response inhibition does not - In toddlerhood, interference suppression correlates with expressive vocabulary after controlling for age, whereas response inhibition does not
In Torgesen et al. (2010), LiPS produced statistically significant positive effects on word accuracy/fluency, phonemic decoding, phonological awareness, and spelling versus a basal reading program - In Torgesen et al.
In trait-change interventions, participants who completed more trait-relevant behavioural challenges showed greater trait change over 15 weeks - In trait-change interventions, participants who completed more trait-relevant behavioural challenges showed greater trait change over 15 weeks
In TTS dialogue-based lessons, the teacher–teacher format significantly moderates the motivation effects of both the CE factor (positive) and the RCE factor (negative) - In TTS dialogue-based lessons, the teacher–teacher format significantly moderates the motivation effects of both the CE factor (positive) and the RCE factor (negative)
In twenty-five of thirty-four cases where girls mentioned parents regarding occupation, the parents' wishes differed decidedly from the girls' own - In twenty-five of thirty-four cases where girls mentioned parents regarding occupation, the parents' wishes differed decidedly from the girls' own
In two federal youth initiatives, the same liaisons provided evaluation technical assistance to both the grantee service-providing group and the local evaluator - In two federal youth initiatives, the same liaisons provided evaluation technical assistance to both the grantee service-providing group and the local evaluator
In two online comparisons, a rubric changed what peer reviewers commented on (one study) and helped peer raters place writing in quality tiers, most for complex criteria (the other); the first study says the rubric restrained reflective thinking
In two reviewed studies, CB-PA improvements in attention measures were moderated by other variables such as cognitive engagement and timing - In two reviewed studies, CB-PA improvements in attention measures were moderated by other variables such as cognitive engagement and timing
In two secondary-school writing studies, peer reviewers' own performance predicted how helpful their feedback was but not how accurately it identified problems
In two-year public institutions, white students had a lower retention rate (50.2 percent) than Hispanic students (55.1 percent) because a higher share of white students transferred to four-year institutions - In two-year public institutions, white students had a lower retention rate (50.2 percent) than Hispanic students (55.1 percent) because a higher share of white students transferred to four-year instit
In UCI/SEDET's first year under the method (2025), average processing time fell 50%, cases processed rose 31%, documents 67%, technical reports 85%, and dispatches 60% - In UCI/SEDET's first year under the method (2025), average processing time fell 50%, cases processed rose 31%, documents 67%, technical reports 85%, and dispatches 60%
In unguided GenAI collaboration, ethnic minority preparatory students’ strategy talk co-occurred with passive sharing and uncritical acceptance, forming a plan-and-paste loop - In unguided GenAI collaboration, ethnic minority preparatory students’ strategy talk co-occurred with passive sharing and uncritical acceptance, forming a plan-and-paste loop
In university physics education, AI has been applied for tutoring and explanations, formative feedback and scaffolding, collaborative problem solving, simulation and modeling, instructional design, and AI literacy development - In university physics education, AI has been applied for tutoring and explanations, formative feedback and scaffolding, collaborative problem solving, simulation and modeling, instructional design, an
In university students, walks or sitting in natural settings after cognitive fatigue improve some attention and working memory measures, with null results for others - In university students, walks or sitting in natural settings after cognitive fatigue improve some attention and working memory measures, with null results for others
In verbal protocols, references concentrated on the model (44.4%) and graph (39.4%) with few to the equation (16.1%), and students referenced multiple representations on 42.6% of questions - In verbal protocols, references concentrated on the model (44.4%) and graph (39.4%) with few to the equation (16.1%), and students referenced multiple representations on 42.6% of questions
In very safe neighborhoods, curiosity does not differ between lower-resourced and higher-resourced children, while a gap appears in fairly safe neighborhoods - In very safe neighborhoods, curiosity does not differ between lower-resourced and higher-resourced children, while a gap appears in fairly safe neighborhoods
In Virginia, Hispanic/Latino children labeled English Learners with low kindergarten literacy were 20 percent less likely to achieve grade-3 reading proficiency than similar peers - In Virginia, Hispanic/Latino children labeled English Learners with low kindergarten literacy were 20 percent less likely to achieve grade-3 reading proficiency than similar peers
In VR-based facilitated model-based reasoning about gene regulation, the model's function was examined most frequently, followed by structure and then behavior - In VR-based facilitated model-based reasoning about gene regulation, the model's function was examined most frequently, followed by structure and then behavior
In Wallin's St. Louis psycho-educational clinic, of 430 referred cases, 25.9% of 320 boys and 40% of 110 girls were found feeble-minded, with almost twice as many backward and retarded as feeble-minded. - In Wallin's St.
In water-jug problems, presenting information about available moves and their consequences did not enhance planning, though looping moves reliably decreased - In water-jug problems, presenting information about available moves and their consequences did not enhance planning, though looping moves reliably decreased
In weaving, performed algorithms emerged as repeated youth-material movements one dimension at a time, producing reliable fabric outputs - In weaving, performed algorithms emerged as repeated youth-material movements one dimension at a time, producing reliable fabric outputs
In web-based high-school distance education, e-teachers widened the object of their teaching activity toward more independent and engaged forms of learning - In web-based high-school distance education, e-teachers widened the object of their teaching activity toward more independent and engaged forms of learning
In Western states during 2022–23, multilingual learners' chronic absence averaged 34.3 percent versus 28.9 percent for all students - In Western states during 2022–23, multilingual learners' chronic absence averaged 34.3 percent versus 28.9 percent for all students
In wiki-supported ESL literature circles, the high-performing group engaged in content regulation through cognitive activities while the low-performing group used only self-regulation of content. - In wiki-supported ESL literature circles, the high-performing group engaged in content regulation through cognitive activities while the low-performing group used only self-regulation of content.
In Yao students, metacognitive knowledge and vocabulary breadth showed a common growth trend: higher initial MCK predicted higher initial VK, and faster MCK growth predicted faster VK growth - In Yao students, metacognitive knowledge and vocabulary breadth showed a common growth trend: higher initial MCK predicted higher initial VK, and faster MCK growth predicted faster VK growth
In Year 1, teens left on their own did not automatically connect with structured workshops; adult mentors reaching out socially changed this - In Year 1, teens left on their own did not automatically connect with structured workshops; adult mentors reaching out socially changed this
In Year 2, the PD programme showed neither short-term effects for newly trained teachers nor long-term effects for previously trained teachers - In Year 2, the PD programme showed neither short-term effects for newly trained teachers nor long-term effects for previously trained teachers
In Yoakum's pattern-tapping study, errors tended to appear in groups whose number, spacing, size, and place depended on the subject's initial physiological condition - In Yoakum's pattern-tapping study, errors tended to appear in groups whose number, spacing, size, and place depended on the subject's initial physiological condition
In Yoshii's study, text + picture glosses beat text-only glosses only on a definition-supply test, with no L1 versus L2 gloss difference - In Yoshii's study, text + picture glosses beat text-only glosses only on a definition-supply test, with no L1 versus L2 gloss difference
In youth performing an n-back task without feedback, bilateral ventral striatum activates more strongly to correct than incorrect responses - In youth performing an n-back task without feedback, bilateral ventral striatum activates more strongly to correct than incorrect responses
In-between explaining did not improve metacomprehension accuracy relative to other conditions in either experiment - In-between explaining did not improve metacomprehension accuracy relative to other conditions in either experiment
In-between explaining enhanced university students' conceptual knowledge more than after-study explaining (Experiment 1) - In-between explaining enhanced university students' conceptual knowledge more than after-study explaining (Experiment 1)
In-between explaining triggered more monitoring of knowledge gaps than after-study explaining (Experiment 1) - In-between explaining triggered more monitoring of knowledge gaps than after-study explaining (Experiment 1)
In-between learning activities increased invested mental effort in reading the second text unit (Experiment 2) - In-between learning activities increased invested mental effort in reading the second text unit (Experiment 2)
In-breadth explorative learning experiences, especially on-site and hands-on activities, invite adolescents to adopt new interests and try out new identity positions - In-breadth explorative learning experiences, especially on-site and hands-on activities, invite adolescents to adopt new interests and try out new identity positions
In-class attention and complex spatial ability (MRT) predict seventh-grade mathematics achievement above and beyond prior mathematical knowledge - In-class attention and complex spatial ability (MRT) predict seventh-grade mathematics achievement above and beyond prior mathematical knowledge
In-class chat engagement significantly predicts higher test scores in MAIC courses - In-class chat engagement significantly predicts higher test scores in MAIC courses
In-context examples improve LLM Bloom classification: three-shot and ten-shot prompting outperform zero-shot across datasets - In-context examples improve LLM Bloom classification: three-shot and ten-shot prompting outperform zero-shot across datasets
In-context learning did not consistently improve LLM annotation reliability over zero-shot prompting for engagement coding - In-context learning did not consistently improve LLM annotation reliability over zero-shot prompting for engagement coding
In-context learning with few-shot examples and explanations does not unlock Beyond-K-5 reasoning for the 5B LittleLearner - In-context learning with few-shot examples and explanations does not unlock Beyond-K-5 reasoning for the 5B LittleLearner
In-depth semantic knowledge penetrates early visual processing, reducing the P100 component and aiding recognition of blurred objects - In-depth semantic knowledge penetrates early visual processing, reducing the P100 component and aiding recognition of blurred objects
In-game avoidable mistakes in TEAMUP are significantly and markedly explained by team cohesiveness, not by team structure variables - In-game avoidable mistakes in TEAMUP are significantly and markedly explained by team cohesiveness, not by team structure variables
In-game time and distance are not very useful indicators of team quality because they are largely driven by team structure - In-game time and distance are not very useful indicators of team quality because they are largely driven by team structure
In-game willingness to solve hard levels with complex code is positively associated with posttest coding knowledge, controlling for pretest - In-game willingness to solve hard levels with complex code is positively associated with posttest coding knowledge, controlling for pretest
In-group/out-group bias serves both cognitive efficiency and self-enhancement simultaneously - In-group/out-group bias serves both cognitive efficiency and self-enhancement simultaneously
In-person but not online self-regulated multiple-choice students completed fewer restudy trials before their first practice test than cued-recall students. - In-person but not online self-regulated multiple-choice students completed fewer restudy trials before their first practice test than cued-recall students.
In-person learning in Pennsylvania LEAs expanded as the 2020–2021 school year progressed - In-person learning in Pennsylvania LEAs expanded as the 2020–2021 school year progressed
In-person proctored nursing cohorts achieved significantly higher HESI scores and NCLEX readiness than remotely proctored (ProctorU) cohorts - In-person proctored nursing cohorts achieved significantly higher HESI scores and NCLEX readiness than remotely proctored (ProctorU) cohorts
In-scanner sentence judgment accuracy correlates significantly with standardized reading fluency and phonological awareness scores across both groups - In-scanner sentence judgment accuracy correlates significantly with standardized reading fluency and phonological awareness scores across both groups
In-scanner sentence judgment accuracy declines with faster word presentation rates, and dyslexic readers' accuracy declines disproportionately across rates - In-scanner sentence judgment accuracy declines with faster word presentation rates, and dyslexic readers' accuracy declines disproportionately across rates
In-school suspension rates nearly doubled for African American high school students between 2008-09 and 2013-14 while remaining steady for other groups - In-school suspension rates nearly doubled for African American high school students between 2008-09 and 2013-14 while remaining steady for other groups
In-service mathematics teachers in the online TPACK program shifted from teacher-centered to valuing student-centered instructional strategies for teaching with technologies - In-service mathematics teachers in the online TPACK program shifted from teacher-centered to valuing student-centered instructional strategies for teaching with technologies
In-service PD shows a small effect on child development (ES = 0.14) in studies reporting both quality and child outcomes - In-service PD shows a small effect on child development (ES = 0.14) in studies reporting both quality and child outcomes
In-service professional development for ECEC teachers produces a medium improvement in externally rated process quality (ES = 0.68) - In-service professional development for ECEC teachers produces a medium improvement in externally rated process quality (ES = 0.68)
In-service science educators use AI far less in subject-specific DiKoLAN areas (SIM, DAP, DAQ) than in general areas - In-service science educators use AI far less in subject-specific DiKoLAN areas (SIM, DAP, DAQ) than in general areas
In-service secondary science educators score a mean of 16.7 of 30 points on a validated general AI literacy test - In-service secondary science educators score a mean of 16.7 of 30 points on a validated general AI literacy test
In-service teachers more often followed socioemotional challenges with monitoring, and the groups differed in recurrent self-loops of controlling versus monitoring - In-service teachers more often followed socioemotional challenges with monitoring, and the groups differed in recurrent self-loops of controlling versus monitoring
In-service teachers used motivational regulation significantly more frequently than pre-service teachers during collaborative problem-solving - In-service teachers used motivational regulation significantly more frequently than pre-service teachers during collaborative problem-solving
In-session autonomy, competence and intrinsic motivation are higher during basketball mathematics than during classroom mathematics - In-session autonomy, competence and intrinsic motivation are higher during basketball mathematics than during classroom mathematics
In-situ analysis of challenge episodes reveals a wide range of cognitive, motivational, emotional, and socially oriented micro-level challenges in collaborative learning - In-situ analysis of challenge episodes reveals a wide range of cognitive, motivational, emotional, and socially oriented micro-level challenges in collaborative learning
Inaccurate and disjointed information from third-party transcript integrations was a pervasive onboarding problem - Inaccurate and disjointed information from third-party transcript integrations was a pervasive onboarding problem
Inaccurate prior beliefs undermine readers' ability to question online misinformation - Inaccurate prior beliefs undermine readers' ability to question online misinformation
Inadequate evidence synthesis skills left nearly 70% of pharmacy students and practitioners reporting lack of confidence in applying evidence in patient care - Inadequate evidence synthesis skills left nearly 70% of pharmacy students and practitioners reporting lack of confidence in applying evidence in patient care
Inadequate responders to fourth-grade reading intervention show lower verbal knowledge and listening comprehension than adequate responders and typical readers - Inadequate responders to fourth-grade reading intervention show lower verbal knowledge and listening comprehension than adequate responders and typical readers
Inadequate responders were more likely to have identified disabilities and limited English proficiency than adequate responders or typical readers - Inadequate responders were more likely to have identified disabilities and limited English proficiency than adequate responders or typical readers
Inappropriate mealtime behavior was maintained by escape and attention - Inappropriate mealtime behavior was maintained by escape and attention
Inattention is the only psychopathology symptom dimension associated with slow processing speed, and it does not explain the associations with ASD or psychosis - Inattention is the only psychopathology symptom dimension associated with slow processing speed, and it does not explain the associations with ASD or psychosis
Inattention moderates how baseline competence frustration and baseline autonomy translate into perceived AI benefits, weakening both positive associations - Inattention moderates how baseline competence frustration and baseline autonomy translate into perceived AI benefits, weakening both positive associations
Inattentive symptoms are positively associated with sad affect recognition errors while hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are negatively associated - Inattentive symptoms are positively associated with sad affect recognition errors while hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are negatively associated
Inattentive symptoms are significantly positively correlated with fearful and vocal channel affect recognition errors - Inattentive symptoms are significantly positively correlated with fearful and vocal channel affect recognition errors
Incentives significantly improved calibration accuracy only among lower-achieving students in a college-course quasi-experiment - Incentives significantly improved calibration accuracy only among lower-achieving students in a college-course quasi-experiment
Incidental multimodal exposure produces better explicit translation-recognition performance on previously exposed words than on new words in beginner FL learners - Incidental multimodal exposure produces better explicit translation-recognition performance on previously exposed words than on new words in beginner FL learners
Incidental vocabulary acquisition through comprehensible input is more powerful than intentional vocabulary learning - Incidental vocabulary acquisition through comprehensible input is more powerful than intentional vocabulary learning
Incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading is slow and unpredictable: there is no way to predict which words will be learned, when, nor to what degree - Incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading is slow and unpredictable: there is no way to predict which words will be learned, when, nor to what degree
Incidental vocabulary exposure produces reliable learning, but learners pick up only a small share of the unknown words they meet
Incidental vocabulary gains show retention problems, with losses over time moderated by feedback timing and topic interest - Incidental vocabulary gains show retention problems, with losses over time moderated by feedback timing and topic interest
Incidental vocabulary learning anxiety positively predicts L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading - Incidental vocabulary learning anxiety positively predicts L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading
Incidental vocabulary learning through viewing TV was affected by frequency of occurrence, prior vocabulary knowledge, and cognateness - Incidental vocabulary learning through viewing TV was affected by frequency of occurrence, prior vocabulary knowledge, and cognateness
Incidental word learning from context occurred equally from a narrative text and an expository text - Incidental word learning from context occurred equally from a narrative text and an expository text
Incidentally acquired vocabulary is retained over time while intentionally learned (focus-on-form) words are rapidly forgotten - Incidentally acquired vocabulary is retained over time while intentionally learned (focus-on-form) words are rapidly forgotten
Included intervention studies varied considerably in design, methods, quality and transferability - Included intervention studies varied considerably in design, methods, quality and transferability
Included qualitative studies find smaller special education class sizes are the preferred option because they allow more individualised instruction time and increased teacher attention - Included qualitative studies find smaller special education class sizes are the preferred option because they allow more individualised instruction time and increased teacher attention
Included reports are methodologically robust overall but weak on implementation fidelity, which was assessed in only about half of the programs - Included reports are methodologically robust overall but weak on implementation fidelity, which was assessed in only about half of the programs
Included research studies suggest TES with land-based and experiential pedagogies deepens student engagement in post-secondary education - Included research studies suggest TES with land-based and experiential pedagogies deepens student engagement in post-secondary education
Included studies conceptualized TPD in ten distinct themes, most often as improvement of instructional practices (20 studies) - Included studies conceptualized TPD in ten distinct themes, most often as improvement of instructional practices (20 studies)
Included studies show considerable variation in the cut-off criteria used to identify students with co-occurring mathematics and reading difficulties - Included studies show considerable variation in the cut-off criteria used to identify students with co-occurring mathematics and reading difficulties
Included studies suggest engagement increases when adaptive platform activities are tailored to learners' personal needs and emotional state - Included studies suggest engagement increases when adaptive platform activities are tailored to learners' personal needs and emotional state
Included whole-school ASP interventions concentrate on violence prevention (especially bullying), while promoting a positive emotional and relational school climate is the least investigated focus - Included whole-school ASP interventions concentrate on violence prevention (especially bullying), while promoting a positive emotional and relational school climate is the least investigated focus
Including agent role descriptions improves the classroom Manager Agent's decision precision - Including agent role descriptions improves the classroom Manager Agent's decision precision
Including control and value variables substantially reduced the effects of student- and class-level achievement on enjoyment, consistent with control-value theory - Including control and value variables substantially reduced the effects of student- and class-level achievement on enjoyment, consistent with control-value theory
Including demographic variables as predictors can reduce actionability by de-emphasizing correlated actionable risk factors and by discounting intervention effects - Including demographic variables as predictors can reduce actionability by de-emphasizing correlated actionable risk factors and by discounting intervention effects
Including grader bias and reliability as features improves prediction of future course participation from AUC 0.93 to 0.98, capturing an engagement dimension missed by assignment grade - Including grader bias and reliability as features improves prediction of future course participation from AUC 0.93 to 0.98, capturing an engagement dimension missed by assignment grade
Including late pretest data in RCT analyses can bias post-test impact estimates because pretests are collected after random assignment - Including late pretest data in RCT analyses can bias post-test impact estimates because pretests are collected after random assignment
Including or excluding calibration status 10 items in scoring has a negligible impact on Spanish student RIT scores for monolingual and bilingual students - Including or excluding calibration status 10 items in scoring has a negligible impact on Spanish student RIT scores for monolingual and bilingual students
Including spring first-time enrollees changes CPS graduates' immediate college enrollment rates by no more than two percentage points in any cohort - Including spring first-time enrollees changes CPS graduates' immediate college enrollment rates by no more than two percentage points in any cohort
Including student-reported SRL promotion is critical for finding indirect teacher-to-student motivation links: teacher-report-only models show none, student-report-only models show significant indirect effects - Including student-reported SRL promotion is critical for finding indirect teacher-to-student motivation links: teacher-report-only models show none, student-report-only models show significant indirec
Including subsidized child care, California enrolled about 37% of all 4-year-olds in publicly funded early childhood programs in 2019–20 and 55% in 2023–24 - Including subsidized child care, California enrolled about 37% of all 4-year-olds in publicly funded early childhood programs in 2019–20 and 55% in 2023–24
Including track indicators and classroom achievement controls simultaneously reduces precision of value-added estimates - Including track indicators and classroom achievement controls simultaneously reduces precision of value-added estimates
Including track indicators in value-added models may reduce tracking-related bias for high school reading teachers - Including track indicators in value-added models may reduce tracking-related bias for high school reading teachers
Including typical student solutions in explicit instruction showed no significant effect on conceptual knowledge in the Bayesian-reasoning replication - Including typical student solutions in explicit instruction showed no significant effect on conceptual knowledge in the Bayesian-reasoning replication
Including unverified transfers as dropouts yields dropout rates about 4 percent higher at age 19 and eliminates the downward trend - Including unverified transfers as dropouts yields dropout rates about 4 percent higher at age 19 and eliminates the downward trend
Inclusion in general is very unlikely to increase or decrease learning and psychosocial adjustment of children with special needs - Inclusion in general is very unlikely to increase or decrease learning and psychosocial adjustment of children with special needs
Inclusion of learners with special educational needs is typically implicit rather than explicitly designed even in advanced agentic AI systems - Inclusion of learners with special educational needs is typically implicit rather than explicitly designed even in advanced agentic AI systems
Inclusion of students with disabilities often falls short because efforts start from a place of exclusion, making students guests who must earn access - Inclusion of students with disabilities often falls short because efforts start from a place of exclusion, making students guests who must earn access
Inclusion shows a negligible, non-significant pooled difference for language and literacy learning outcomes - Inclusion shows a negligible, non-significant pooled difference for language and literacy learning outcomes
Inclusion shows a negligible, non-significant pooled difference for math learning outcomes - Inclusion shows a negligible, non-significant pooled difference for math learning outcomes
Inclusion shows a small, non-significant pooled advantage over segregated placement for overall psychosocial adjustment of children with SEN - Inclusion shows a small, non-significant pooled advantage over segregated placement for overall psychosocial adjustment of children with SEN
Inclusive CT learning engages students in critiquing bias in real technological systems - Inclusive CT learning engages students in critiquing bias in real technological systems
Inclusive school leadership plays a critical role in building teachers' capacity for school improvement - Inclusive school leadership plays a critical role in building teachers' capacity for school improvement
Inclusive, family-focused co-curricular events deepened relationships between educators and parents - Inclusive, family-focused co-curricular events deepened relationships between educators and parents
Income status negatively and educational level positively predict job search anxiety - Income status negatively and educational level positively predict job search anxiety
Incongruent dot comparison trials are less accurate and slower than congruent trials, consistent with an added inhibition step - Incongruent dot comparison trials are less accurate and slower than congruent trials, consistent with an added inhibition step
Incongruent items in school-topic tasks are generally associated with longer response times and lower accuracy, patterns consistent with inhibitory control recruitment - Incongruent items in school-topic tasks are generally associated with longer response times and lower accuracy, patterns consistent with inhibitory control recruitment
Inconsistency relates to creative process engagement through opposing indirect pathways: negative via hindrance appraisal and positive via challenge appraisal - Inconsistency relates to creative process engagement through opposing indirect pathways: negative via hindrance appraisal and positive via challenge appraisal
Inconsistent Action Takers and Feedback Appreciators showed an intention-action gap: high commitment to feedback but low actual action-taking - Inconsistent Action Takers and Feedback Appreciators showed an intention-action gap: high commitment to feedback but low actual action-taking
Inconsistent MUAC measurements, negative social influences, and phone sharing compromised uptake, especially among low interactors - Inconsistent MUAC measurements, negative social influences, and phone sharing compromised uptake, especially among low interactors
Inconsistent terminology across agencies and restrictive data-sharing rules are central barriers to identifying and serving highly mobile youth in both states - Inconsistent terminology across agencies and restrictive data-sharing rules are central barriers to identifying and serving highly mobile youth in both states
Incorporating academic learning into CTE requires substantial time, effort, and other resources - Incorporating academic learning into CTE requires substantial time, effort, and other resources
Incorporating example problems does not necessarily improve LLM teaching and can degrade it via a shift to example-specific error correction - Incorporating example problems does not necessarily improve LLM teaching and can degrade it via a shift to example-specific error correction
Incorporating measures of student growth into teacher evaluation systems remained an ongoing challenge for early adopter districts - Incorporating measures of student growth into teacher evaluation systems remained an ongoing challenge for early adopter districts
Incorporating more learning activity data reduced the potential bias caused by overreliance on demographic information - Incorporating more learning activity data reduced the potential bias caused by overreliance on demographic information
Incorporating teachers' revealed comparative advantage into teacher-replacement policy decisions would generate an estimated $3,000 in additional student lifetime earnings per classroom - Incorporating teachers' revealed comparative advantage into teacher-replacement policy decisions would generate an estimated $3,000 in additional student lifetime earnings per classroom
Incorporating the ACT into high-stakes accountability has not, by itself, produced instructional practices teaching more high-level skills - Incorporating the ACT into high-stakes accountability has not, by itself, produced instructional practices teaching more high-level skills
Incorrect inference generation is more common for elaborative than for coherence inference failures, indicating children are less aware which information is relevant for elaborative inferences - Incorrect inference generation is more common for elaborative than for coherence inference failures, indicating children are less aware which information is relevant for elaborative inferences
Incorrect information learned from a multiple-choice test is applied and reasoned with on conceptually related transfer questions - Incorrect information learned from a multiple-choice test is applied and reasoned with on conceptually related transfer questions
Increased frequency of habitual breakfast is consistently positively associated with academic performance in children and adolescents - Increased frequency of habitual breakfast is consistently positively associated with academic performance in children and adolescents
Increased information sharing appears to be the reason collaboration support enhances the added value of collaborative diagnosis - Increased information sharing appears to be the reason collaboration support enhances the added value of collaborative diagnosis
Increased motivation eliminated ADHD–TD differences on most attention measures but differences persisted in complex multitasking and commission errors - Increased motivation eliminated ADHD–TD differences on most attention measures but differences persisted in complex multitasking and commission errors
Increased participation in professional development was not significantly related to later gains in school orientation toward innovation - Increased participation in professional development was not significantly related to later gains in school orientation toward innovation
Increased per-pupil spending across all 12 years of public school is associated with more completed education, higher wages, and reduced adult poverty, with larger effects for low-income children - Increased per-pupil spending across all 12 years of public school is associated with more completed education, higher wages, and reduced adult poverty, with larger effects for low-income children
Increased perceptual fidelity fails to reliably improve serious game learning outcomes (the fidelity fallacy) - Increased perceptual fidelity fails to reliably improve serious game learning outcomes (the fidelity fallacy)
Increased physiological arousal and higher physiological synchrony relate to more monitoring with negative valence - Increased physiological arousal and higher physiological synchrony relate to more monitoring with negative valence
Increased physiological arousal relates to less monitoring with neutral valence - Increased physiological arousal relates to less monitoring with neutral valence
Increased retirements and resignations contributed to shortages in most large districts surveyed - Increased retirements and resignations contributed to shortages in most large districts surveyed
Increased score variability was primarily driven by spreading out at the bottom end of the achievement distribution - Increased score variability was primarily driven by spreading out at the bottom end of the achievement distribution
Increases in school funding can improve student outcomes when funds support the specific needs of students - Increases in school funding can improve student outcomes when funds support the specific needs of students
Increases in the percentage of students in the Harlem Fitness Zone were generally larger for boys than for girls - Increases in the percentage of students in the Harlem Fitness Zone were generally larger for boys than for girls
Increasing AgenticMath-generated training data from 7.5K to 22.5K samples yields consistent accuracy gains for Llama3-8B across benchmarks - Increasing AgenticMath-generated training data from 7.5K to 22.5K samples yields consistent accuracy gains for Llama3-8B across benchmarks
Increasing extrinsic motivation via reward and competition interacts with group membership in reducing attention-task differences between children with ADHD and TD children - Increasing extrinsic motivation via reward and competition interacts with group membership in reducing attention-task differences between children with ADHD and TD children
Increasing germane cognitive load is not a significant moderator of drawing support effects on comprehension - Increasing germane cognitive load is not a significant moderator of drawing support effects on comprehension
Increasing high school GPA by 0.4 points has a larger impact on four-year college graduation than increasing ACT by 2 points for CPS students of all academic qualifications - Increasing high school GPA by 0.4 points has a larger impact on four-year college graduation than increasing ACT by 2 points for CPS students of all academic qualifications
Increasing homework duration beyond fifteen minutes shows no clear benefit for mathematics or science achievement - Increasing homework duration beyond fifteen minutes shows no clear benefit for mathematics or science achievement
Increasing LoRA rank raises absolute ROUGE-L gains but produces diminishing returns in performance per million adapter parameters - Increasing LoRA rank raises absolute ROUGE-L gains but produces diminishing returns in performance per million adapter parameters
Increasing selectivity of teacher preparation entrance exams is not mutually exclusive with increasing diversity — nine states that raised selectivity saw education student diversity increase. - Increasing selectivity of teacher preparation entrance exams is not mutually exclusive with increasing diversity — nine states that raised selectivity saw education student diversity increase.
Incremental motivational frameworks in 2nd–3rd grade predict 4th grade math and reading comprehension but not reading decoding - Incremental motivational frameworks in 2nd–3rd grade predict 4th grade math and reading comprehension but not reading decoding
Incremental theory and performance goal orientation differ across university departments, but entity and learning goal orientation do not - Incremental theory and performance goal orientation differ across university departments, but entity and learning goal orientation do not
Independent data-analysis teams given the same data and question produced widely varying answers, illustrating analytic flexibility - Independent data-analysis teams given the same data and question produced widely varying answers, illustrating analytic flexibility
Independent evaluation found commercial AI-text detectors neither sufficiently accurate nor sufficiently reliable for high-stakes use - Independent evaluation found commercial AI-text detectors neither sufficiently accurate nor sufficiently reliable for high-stakes use
Independent expert teachers accepted 86% of generated STEM learning interactives, rating most as good or excellent, with biology simulations weakest on aesthetics and UX - Independent expert teachers accepted 86% of generated STEM learning interactives, rating most as good or excellent, with biology simulations weakest on aesthetics and UX
Independent LLM evaluators agreed on agent rankings but differed markedly in leniency, with ceiling effects compressing between-agent discrimination - Independent LLM evaluators agreed on agent rankings but differed markedly in leniency, with ceiling effects compressing between-agent discrimination
Independent return to purpose with evidence distinguished two gaining students across both teachers - Independent return to purpose with evidence distinguished two gaining students across both teachers
Independent-style preservice teachers score higher on open-mindedness than avoidant, collaborative, and competitive styles - Independent-style preservice teachers score higher on open-mindedness than avoidant, collaborative, and competitive styles
Indexing LLM-generated artifacts nearly doubles retrieval recall on analytical queries compared with transcript-only retrieval, while direct queries perform comparably across configurations - Indexing LLM-generated artifacts nearly doubles retrieval recall on analytical queries compared with transcript-only retrieval, while direct queries perform comparably across configurations
Indiana Markov simulation projects ARC reaches 74% of public K–12 schools and produces 992 robotics programs after 40 years at moderate optimism, versus 161 under natural growth - Indiana Markov simulation projects ARC reaches 74% of public K–12 schools and produces 992 robotics programs after 40 years at moderate optimism, versus 161 under natural growth
Indicator complexity varies from 1 to 23 measures (averaging just under seven), and states with more measures do not necessarily weight the indicator more - Indicator complexity varies from 1 to 23 measures (averaging just under seven), and states with more measures do not necessarily weight the indicator more