Claims: O 2

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

Only the Standard two-week-interval treatment showed a statistically significant improvement over the Baseline treatment - Only the Standard two-week-interval treatment showed a statistically significant improvement over the Baseline treatment
Only the subjective (perceived) support dimension of social support mediates empathy and prosocial behavior - Only the subjective (perceived) support dimension of social support mediates empathy and prosocial behavior
Only the well-specified text-only prompt produced a correct quantitative result from o4-mini, while underspecified prompts led to numerical errors and misleading final results - Only the well-specified text-only prompt produced a correct quantitative result from o4-mini, while underspecified prompts led to numerical errors and misleading final results
Only three of twelve identified OLI studies met WWC group design standards - Only three of twelve identified OLI studies met WWC group design standards
Only two intercultural communication items (IC1, IC2) were removed from the global competence model, attributed to limited intercultural exposure - Only two intercultural communication items (IC1, IC2) were removed from the global competence model, attributed to limited intercultural exposure
Onto-semiotic analysis of Starbird's intuitive integral presentation identifies five epistemic configurations of practices, objects and processes - Onto-semiotic analysis of Starbird's intuitive integral presentation identifies five epistemic configurations of practices, objects and processes
OnYourMark tutoring did not produce significantly better performance on the NWEA MAP - OnYourMark tutoring did not produce significantly better performance on the NWEA MAP
Open AI collaboration yielded the highest supported writing quality, while bounded AI support yielded the highest independent no-AI Week 8 performance - Open AI collaboration yielded the highest supported writing quality, while bounded AI support yielded the highest independent no-AI Week 8 performance
Open ChatGPT support increases college students' final decision confidence relative to independent decision-making, and reflection attenuates the boost - Open ChatGPT support increases college students' final decision confidence relative to independent decision-making, and reflection attenuates the boost
Open ChatGPT support produces stronger self-serving attribution bias than ChatGPT support with reflection - Open ChatGPT support produces stronger self-serving attribution bias than ChatGPT support with reflection
Open classroom climate is positively related to enjoyment and negatively related to anxiety and boredom in civic education, with no relation to shame - Open classroom climate is positively related to enjoyment and negatively related to anxiety and boredom in civic education, with no relation to shame
Open collaboration exceeded bounded support in offloading at all four layers, with the largest differences at the idea and reasoning layers - Open collaboration exceeded bounded support in offloading at all four layers, with the largest differences at the idea and reasoning layers
Open collaboration involved more prompts, greater text incorporation, less self-generated text, and deeper idea and reasoning offloading than bounded support - Open collaboration involved more prompts, greater text incorporation, less self-generated text, and deeper idea and reasoning offloading than bounded support
Open Court Reading© has potentially positive effects on comprehension for beginning readers in grades 1–3, with a small extent of evidence - Open Court Reading© has potentially positive effects on comprehension for beginning readers in grades 1–3, with a small extent of evidence
Open Court Reading© has potentially positive effects on general reading achievement for beginning readers, with a small extent of evidence - Open Court Reading© has potentially positive effects on general reading achievement for beginning readers, with a small extent of evidence
Open education is asserted to lack a solid theoretical or philosophical foundation - Open education is asserted to lack a solid theoretical or philosophical foundation
Open inquiry affects students' motivation, though one reviewed study found no significant difference in collaborative attitudes - Open inquiry affects students' motivation, though one reviewed study found no significant difference in collaborative attitudes
Open inquiry enhances students' science literacy and related skills such as environmental literacy, argumentation, autonomy and reflection - Open inquiry enhances students' science literacy and related skills such as environmental literacy, argumentation, autonomy and reflection
Open inquiry enhances students' scientific and thinking skills, including metacognitive and creative thinking - Open inquiry enhances students' scientific and thinking skills, including metacognitive and creative thinking
Open inquiry implementation faces challenges requiring classroom management, flexible teaching, teacher-student interaction and teacher support - Open inquiry implementation faces challenges requiring classroom management, flexible teaching, teacher-student interaction and teacher support
Open inquiry improves students' conceptual understanding of science, supported by seven reviewed studies - Open inquiry improves students' conceptual understanding of science, supported by seven reviewed studies
Open inquiry positively influences students' attitudes towards science, including satisfaction, collaboration and self-confidence - Open inquiry positively influences students' attitudes towards science, including satisfaction, collaboration and self-confidence
Open issues for dynamic assessment include cost-effectiveness, training, reliability and validity, and generalization - Open issues for dynamic assessment include cost-effectiveness, training, reliability and validity, and generalization
Open questions for learnity graphs include validation, legitimacy, grading avoidance, algorithmic guidance balance, and privacy - Open questions for learnity graphs include validation, legitimacy, grading avoidance, algorithmic guidance balance, and privacy
Open response format is associated with higher Alpha than multiple choice in knowledge tests - Open response format is associated with higher Alpha than multiple choice in knowledge tests
Open-ended feeling reports were validated against rating scales: students who mentioned a feeling rated it and its opposite significantly differently, with moderate-to-large effects (0.44 ≤ |d| ≤ 1.50) - Open-ended feeling reports were validated against rating scales: students who mentioned a feeling rated it and its opposite significantly differently, with moderate-to-large effects (0.44 ≤ |d| ≤ 1.50
Open-ended learner feedback revealed four themes: trust in AI scaffolding, feedback clarity, engagement, and task authenticity - Open-ended learner feedback revealed four themes: trust in AI scaffolding, feedback clarity, engagement, and task authenticity
Open-ended planning prompts at the start of a MOOC increase course completion by 29% - Open-ended planning prompts at the start of a MOOC increase course completion by 29%
Open-ended questions in preschool settings encourage individual thinking and developmentally significant sustained dialog - Open-ended questions in preschool settings encourage individual thinking and developmentally significant sustained dialog
Open-ended student feedback highlighted relevance and conciseness as benefits of personalized AI videos, alongside concerns about unnaturalness, uncanny-valley discomfort, and trust - Open-ended student feedback highlighted relevance and conciseness as benefits of personalized AI videos, alongside concerns about unnaturalness, uncanny-valley discomfort, and trust
Open-ended tasks are associated with higher disciplinary engagement in the same observation interval - Open-ended tasks are associated with higher disciplinary engagement in the same observation interval
Open-ended tasks produce higher AI literacy performance than structured tasks - Open-ended tasks produce higher AI literacy performance than structured tasks
Open-mindedness facets show no significant unique associations with student-rated teaching quality or teacher enthusiasm in bifactor-(S-1) models - Open-mindedness facets show no significant unique associations with student-rated teaching quality or teacher enthusiasm in bifactor-(S-1) models
Open-skill exercises yield larger executive function benefits than closed-skill exercises for inhibitory control and working memory - Open-skill exercises yield larger executive function benefits than closed-skill exercises for inhibitory control and working memory
Open-source LLMs show persistent phonology deficits despite adequate mastery of other subskills - Open-source LLMs show persistent phonology deficits despite adequate mastery of other subskills
Open-weight (DeepSeek) and proprietary (OpenAI) rubrics produced equivalent grading outcomes in every assignment-approach comparison except Assignment 1 free-form - Open-weight (DeepSeek) and proprietary (OpenAI) rubrics produced equivalent grading outcomes in every assignment-approach comparison except Assignment 1 free-form
OpenAI's GPT-2 Output Detector distinguished real student essays from ChatGPT-generated essays on the same subjects in a December 2022 trial - OpenAI's GPT-2 Output Detector distinguished real student essays from ChatGPT-generated essays on the same subjects in a December 2022 trial
Openness and need for relatedness are associated with teachers' AI use indirectly through pedagogical AI competence, with relatedness negatively associated with competence - Openness and need for relatedness are associated with teachers' AI use indirectly through pedagogical AI competence, with relatedness negatively associated with competence
Openness in education shifts the focus from content (OER) to practices (OEP) - Openness in education shifts the focus from content (OER) to practices (OEP)
Openness partially mediates effects of extraversion and novelty tolerance, and fully mediates general uncertainty tolerance, on well-being decline - Openness partially mediates effects of extraversion and novelty tolerance, and fully mediates general uncertainty tolerance, on well-being decline
Openness protects against well-being decline only when emotional stability is average or high - Openness protects against well-being decline only when emotional stability is average or high
Openness shows larger correlations with achievement in language than in STEM subject domains, a pattern that holds for both grades and test scores - Openness shows larger correlations with achievement in language than in STEM subject domains, a pattern that holds for both grades and test scores
Openness to experience predicts creative metaphor quality, and controlling for personality reduces Gc's creative-metaphor effect to zero - Openness to experience predicts creative metaphor quality, and controlling for personality reduces Gc's creative-metaphor effect to zero
Openness to experience predicts creativity but not fluid intelligence, and further reduces the residual intelligence–creativity correlation to a trend. - Openness to experience predicts creativity but not fluid intelligence, and further reduces the residual intelligence–creativity correlation to a trend.
Openness to material feedback is proposed as the single organizing dimension behind the FRA differences between science and generative models - Openness to material feedback is proposed as the single organizing dimension behind the FRA differences between science and generative models
OpenSciEd classrooms showed greater science achievement growth than non-OpenSciEd classrooms in one district comparison - OpenSciEd classrooms showed greater science achievement growth than non-OpenSciEd classrooms in one district comparison
OpenSciEd curriculum design goals, especially coherence from the student perspective, come into tension during unit design - OpenSciEd curriculum design goals, especially coherence from the student perspective, come into tension during unit design
OpenSciEd enactment faces key challenges: project fatigue, unit length and pacing, pseudoagency, and gaps in student sensemaking practices - OpenSciEd enactment faces key challenges: project fatigue, unit length and pacing, pseudoagency, and gaps in student sensemaking practices
OpenSciEd grade 7 units align with some data-practice frameworks but are less aligned with digital tools, large data sets, and full data cycles - OpenSciEd grade 7 units align with some data-practice frameworks but are less aligned with digital tools, large data sets, and full data cycles
OpenSciEd materials equitably support student participation and engagement across racial, gender, and linguistic groups, per field-test SEET and teacher-report data - OpenSciEd materials equitably support student participation and engagement across racial, gender, and linguistic groups, per field-test SEET and teacher-report data
OpenSciEd practitioners' highest-priority needs group into six areas: student engagement, classroom culture, assessment, materials adaptation, planning/reflection time, and teacher capacity. - OpenSciEd practitioners' highest-priority needs group into six areas: student engagement, classroom culture, assessment, materials adaptation, planning/reflection time, and teacher capacity.
OpenStax Kinetic shifted from gift cards to shareable digital badges to incentivize adult learners to participate in research studies - OpenStax Kinetic shifted from gift cards to shareable digital badges to incentivize adult learners to participate in research studies
Operation Warp Speed illustrates that purpose-built agile R&D structures can compress time-to-impact during systemic disruption - Operation Warp Speed illustrates that purpose-built agile R&D structures can compress time-to-impact during systemic disruption
Operational resolution records require workflow-semantic checks before interpretation: one administrator accounts for 72.7% of attributed human resolutions, most administrative closures occur in synchronous bulk events, and the accepted_derived field encodes resolver identity rather than acceptance - Operational resolution records require workflow-semantic checks before interpretation: one administrator accounts for 72.7% of attributed human resolutions, most administrative closures occur in synch
Operational skills correlate moderately with Internet habitual use, while navigation and evaluation skills correlate only with informational activities - Operational skills correlate moderately with Internet habitual use, while navigation and evaluation skills correlate only with informational activities
Operationalization of variables, setting, and work-relatedness of the CE activity moderate the relationships between SRL strategies and associated factors - Operationalization of variables, setting, and work-relatedness of the CE activity moderate the relationships between SRL strategies and associated factors
Opportunities to gain the agentive identity of “agents of change” are intertwined with a macro- and meso-level geopolitical matrix of power - Opportunities to gain the agentive identity of “agents of change” are intertwined with a macro- and meso-level geopolitical matrix of power
Opportunity Culture schools spur schoolwide academic growth even in classrooms not led by Opportunity Culture teachers - Opportunity Culture schools spur schoolwide academic growth even in classrooms not led by Opportunity Culture teachers
Opposites performance correlates positively with information and vocabulary, most strongly with range of information - Opposites performance correlates positively with information and vocabulary, most strongly with range of information
Optimal clustering of five-channel CPS sequences detected three types of collaborative patterns among graduate student groups - Optimal clustering of five-channel CPS sequences detected three types of collaborative patterns among graduate student groups
Optimal play in coordination games requires estimating a partner's degree of recursion and one's certainty in that estimate - Optimal play in coordination games requires estimating a partner's degree of recursion and one's certainty in that estimate
Optimal RAG configuration differs by discipline: STEM subjects perform best with 512-character chunks and temperature 0.3 (faithfulness 0.97), while humanities require 1000-character chunks and temperature 0.1 (context recall 1.00, faithfulness 0.98) - Optimal RAG configuration differs by discipline: STEM subjects perform best with 512-character chunks and temperature 0.3 (faithfulness 0.97), while humanities require 1000-character chunks and temper
Optimal task design determined in laboratory studies may depend on learners' level of effort-by-allocation - Optimal task design determined in laboratory studies may depend on learners' level of effort-by-allocation
Optimizing prompts can vastly improve the accuracy of LLM outputs, but critical evaluation of the resulting outputs still requires domain expertise. - Optimizing prompts can vastly improve the accuracy of LLM outputs, but critical evaluation of the resulting outputs still requires domain expertise.
Opting out can improve thinking efficiency by cutting wasted effort on doomed attempts - Opting out can improve thinking efficiency by cutting wasted effort on doomed attempts
Opting out has disadvantages: it can obscure implicit knowledge, enable excessive opting out, and complicate assessment - Opting out has disadvantages: it can obscure implicit knowledge, enable excessive opting out, and complicate assessment
Opting out of tasks can indicate effective effort regulation, not merely low motivation (Sidi & Ackerman, 2024 review) - Opting out of tasks can indicate effective effort regulation, not merely low motivation (Sidi & Ackerman, 2024 review)
Optional 'What is Biology Good For?' essays achieved >75% weekly participation and >90% of students reported they made science relevance clear - Optional 'What is Biology Good For?' essays achieved >75% weekly participation and >90% of students reported they made science relevance clear
Optional IBM Quantum hardware execution supplied extra evidence but did not remove substantial AI assistance, as ChatGPT generated the code and could interpret returned noisy data - Optional IBM Quantum hardware execution supplied extra evidence but did not remove substantial AI assistance, as ChatGPT generated the code and could interpret returned noisy data
Oral and explanation-based evaluation of AI-leveraged projects is complicated because students may break down on counterfactual questions even when they did the work - Oral and explanation-based evaluation of AI-leveraged projects is complicated because students may break down on counterfactual questions even when they did the work
Oral and silent text reading fluency correlate strongly in children but only moderately in adolescents, and a standardized oral word reading test relates to silent reading differently by group - Oral and silent text reading fluency correlate strongly in children but only moderately in adolescents, and a standardized oral word reading test relates to silent reading differently by group
Oral assessments are recommended as a strategy to maintain academic integrity against AI use - Oral assessments are recommended as a strategy to maintain academic integrity against AI use
Oral assessments can induce more anxiety than written ones, yet many students still prefer them - Oral assessments can induce more anxiety than written ones, yet many students still prefer them
Oral communicative competence relates to peer acceptance only for boys and not to peer rejection, indicating gender as a moderator - Oral communicative competence relates to peer acceptance only for boys and not to peer rejection, indicating gender as a moderator
Oral explaining yields more accurate meta-comprehension judgments than written explaining and retrieval practice - Oral explaining yields more accurate meta-comprehension judgments than written explaining and retrieval practice
Oral explanations contain more personal references and more concepts than written explanations, but not more elaborations - Oral explanations contain more personal references and more concepts than written explanations, but not more elaborations
Oral language measures of syntax, listening comprehension, and oral vocabulary do not predict which English learners will struggle with learning to read - Oral language measures of syntax, listening comprehension, and oral vocabulary do not predict which English learners will struggle with learning to read
Oral language skills did not significantly and positively predict the development of decoding skills during French first grade - Oral language skills did not significantly and positively predict the development of decoding skills during French first grade
Oral non-interactive teaching can enhance learning more than written teaching for complex materials - Oral non-interactive teaching can enhance learning more than written teaching for complex materials
Oral word-reading fluency instruction shows a high effect size of 0.66, but evidence rests on a single study - Oral word-reading fluency instruction shows a high effect size of 0.66, but evidence rests on a single study
Order of worked examples and problem solving had no significant effect on application and transfer scores in experimental design or graphing - Order of worked examples and problem solving had no significant effect on application and transfer scores in experimental design or graphing
Order-of-merit judgment serves as the criterion by which vocational tests and scales are established - Order-of-merit judgment serves as the criterion by which vocational tests and scales are established
Organisational structures play a pervasive moderating role in the relationship between teacher social capital and its outcomes - Organisational structures play a pervasive moderating role in the relationship between teacher social capital and its outcomes
Organization-simulation knowledge practices support interdisciplinary learning
Organizational cues during a lecture have a large effect on understanding of lecture structure and memory for details - Organizational cues during a lecture have a large effect on understanding of lecture structure and memory for details
Organizational empowerment through clear role positioning and multidisciplinary support enables sustained training transfer - Organizational empowerment through clear role positioning and multidisciplinary support enables sustained training transfer
Organizational error management culture relates positively to company performance - Organizational error management culture relates positively to company performance
Organizational pictures tend to increase test performance compared to text-only items - Organizational pictures tend to increase test performance compared to text-only items
Organizational support positively predicts both AI literacy and technological self-efficacy among university faculty - Organizational support positively predicts both AI literacy and technological self-efficacy among university faculty
Organizational-level support targeted four areas: coordination and leadership, professional norms, monitoring of instruction and learning, and resources - Organizational-level support targeted four areas: coordination and leadership, professional norms, monitoring of instruction and learning, and resources
Organized (vs. non-organized) youth sport participation is associated with lower adult creativity - Organized (vs.
Organized PD groups reported fewer negative emotions than teachers learning informally - Organized PD groups reported fewer negative emotions than teachers learning informally
Organizing performance measures into outcomes, impacts, and processes provides rich, fair, and diagnostically useful information - Organizing performance measures into outcomes, impacts, and processes provides rich, fair, and diagnostically useful information
Organizing principles for a shared workspace emerge from implicit negotiation of conventions among group members - Organizing principles for a shared workspace emerge from implicit negotiation of conventions among group members
Orienting charts can be learned with unusual ease and without deliberate memorization while performing learning tasks - Orienting charts can be learned with unusual ease and without deliberate memorization while performing learning tasks
Originality is almost never invoked in builders' spoken acceptance verdicts, and defects as well as defaults exit the loop by acceptance without verification - Originality is almost never invoked in builders' spoken acceptance verdicts, and defects as well as defaults exit the loop by acceptance without verification
Originality outperformed Turnitin in overall accuracy and macro-average recall on a balanced EFL-relevant dataset, but both showed limited consistency across classes - Originality outperformed Turnitin in overall accuracy and macro-average recall on a balanced EFL-relevant dataset, but both showed limited consistency across classes
Originality showed a borderline non-significant trend toward higher accuracy on professional than EFL student writing, while Turnitin showed no significant difference - Originality showed a borderline non-significant trend toward higher accuracy on professional than EFL student writing, while Turnitin showed no significant difference
Orthographic long-term memory deficits in dysgraphia are centered in the left posterior inferior frontal region or left ventral temporal cortex - Orthographic long-term memory deficits in dysgraphia are centered in the left posterior inferior frontal region or left ventral temporal cortex
Orthographic specificity moderates comprehension-based switching costs: language-specific orthography can abolish or alter mixing and switch costs - Orthographic specificity moderates comprehension-based switching costs: language-specific orthography can abolish or alter mixing and switch costs
Orthographic working memory deficits in dysgraphia arise primarily from lesions of the left parietal cortex centered on the intraparietal sulcus - Orthographic working memory deficits in dysgraphia arise primarily from lesions of the left parietal cortex centered on the intraparietal sulcus
Other types of federal financial aid did not fully make up for the decline in PLUS borrowing at HBCUs - Other types of federal financial aid did not fully make up for the decline in PLUS borrowing at HBCUs
Other-made choices produce similar or better motivation and performance than self-made choices for East Asian youth, contrary to Western choice findings - Other-made choices produce similar or better motivation and performance than self-made choices for East Asian youth, contrary to Western choice findings
Other-reports of teacher personality are more strongly associated with teacher outcomes than self-reports - Other-reports of teacher personality are more strongly associated with teacher outcomes than self-reports
Otis scores proved of practical value over a two-year trial for guiding junior high pupils' choice between a foreign language and manual work - Otis scores proved of practical value over a two-year trial for guiding junior high pupils' choice between a foreign language and manual work
OUSD's open-access dual enrollment program maintains an 82 percent course pass rate among predominantly first-generation, low-income students and students of color - OUSD's open-access dual enrollment program maintains an 82 percent course pass rate among predominantly first-generation, low-income students and students of color
Out-of-field teaching is more common in high-poverty schools and lower tracks, concentrating the least qualified teachers with disadvantaged students - Out-of-field teaching is more common in high-poverty schools and lower tracks, concentrating the least qualified teachers with disadvantaged students
Out-of-school suspension decreased in 48 states and Washington, DC between 2011–12 and 2017–18, but in five states the decline came with an even larger increase in in-school suspensions - Out-of-school suspension decreased in 48 states and Washington, DC between 2011–12 and 2017–18, but in five states the decline came with an even larger increase in in-school suspensions
Out-of-school suspension rates in CPS high schools declined each year from 24 percent in 2009-10 to 16 percent in 2013-14 - Out-of-school suspension rates in CPS high schools declined each year from 24 percent in 2009-10 to 16 percent in 2013-14
Out-of-school suspensions decreased 41% at a middle school implementing PBIS under the TEAM Student framework - Out-of-school suspensions decreased 41% at a middle school implementing PBIS under the TEAM Student framework
Out-of-the-box LLMs agree with human essay grades far less than human raters agree with each other - Out-of-the-box LLMs agree with human essay grades far less than human raters agree with each other
Outcome convergence after collaboration is low, and higher for application-oriented than factual knowledge - Outcome convergence after collaboration is low, and higher for application-oriented than factual knowledge
Outcome differences between CHSRI new-start and redesigned schools were not statistically significant after accounting for incoming student differences - Outcome differences between CHSRI new-start and redesigned schools were not statistically significant after accounting for incoming student differences
Outcome feedback (mere knowledge of results) impedes learning of complex tasks in the multiple-cue probability learning paradigm - Outcome feedback (mere knowledge of results) impedes learning of complex tasks in the multiple-cue probability learning paradigm
Outcome measures are highly interrelated in children with cochlear implants - Outcome measures are highly interrelated in children with cochlear implants
Outcome proximity moderates the dose–response relation: distal outcomes outperform proximal outcomes at dosages at or below 5.43 h, while proximal outcomes exceed distal outcomes at or above 22.6 h - Outcome proximity moderates the dose–response relation: distal outcomes outperform proximal outcomes at dosages at or below 5.43 h, while proximal outcomes exceed distal outcomes at or above 22.6 h
Outcome turns on the structural location the synthetic position occupies, not the volume of use; population-level studies indexing use alone should record a washed-out average effect - Outcome turns on the structural location the synthetic position occupies, not the volume of use; population-level studies indexing use alone should record a washed-out average effect
Outcome type significantly moderates the FSR–outcome association, with persistence showing stronger correlations than achievement - Outcome type significantly moderates the FSR–outcome association, with persistence showing stronger correlations than achievement
Outcome-based accountability is only one of multiple forms of accountability, each invoking distinct motivational mechanisms - Outcome-based accountability is only one of multiple forms of accountability, each invoking distinct motivational mechanisms
Outcomes of students with disabilities improve when they receive specially designed instruction responsive to assessment data - Outcomes of students with disabilities improve when they receive specially designed instruction responsive to assessment data
Outdoor learning in nature reduces student stress (cortisol decline), but stress-restoration findings are mixed by measure and age - Outdoor learning in nature reduces student stress (cortisol decline), but stress-restoration findings are mixed by measure and age
Outdoor learning in nature significantly increases students' physical activity in most studies, with some null results - Outdoor learning in nature significantly increases students' physical activity in most studies, with some null results
Outlier rates in Spanish item calibration are extremely low, which the authors take as evidence of very high calibration quality - Outlier rates in Spanish item calibration are extremely low, which the authors take as evidence of very high calibration quality
Output-level Unicode soft barriers can achieve high copy-paste resistance, but effectiveness is highly model- and task-dependent - Output-level Unicode soft barriers can achieve high copy-paste resistance, but effectiveness is highly model- and task-dependent
Output-verification support is the least covered scenario in policy guidance - Output-verification support is the least covered scenario in policy guidance
Outsourcing productive struggle to AI risks cognitive debt, and reactive compliance-focused approaches are insufficient - Outsourcing productive struggle to AI risks cognitive debt, and reactive compliance-focused approaches are insufficient
Over 25 per cent of college students cannot spell common words, and 50 per cent fail on words such as accommodate and rhythm - Over 25 per cent of college students cannot spell common words, and 50 per cent fail on words such as accommodate and rhythm
Over 40 percent of Chicago Public Schools students drop out by age 19, with a slight downward trend across the 1991–1994 cohorts - Over 40 percent of Chicago Public Schools students drop out by age 19, with a slight downward trend across the 1991–1994 cohorts
Over 60% of the largest school districts reported zero school-related arrests, and no state had fully met ESSA school-policing report-card requirements - Over 60% of the largest school districts reported zero school-related arrests, and no state had fully met ESSA school-policing report-card requirements
Over 65% of surveyed states reported having a state school safety center, and over 96% of those centers were still operational - Over 65% of surveyed states reported having a state school safety center, and over 96% of those centers were still operational
Over 70% of operational SSSCs are situated within larger state agencies and are funded mainly through state appropriations and federal or state grants - Over 70% of operational SSSCs are situated within larger state agencies and are funded mainly through state appropriations and federal or state grants
Over 70% of participants in the field and station studies rated the app a 4 or 5 for supporting children's science learning - Over 70% of participants in the field and station studies rated the app a 4 or 5 for supporting children's science learning
Over 80% of pilot students agreed the AI proctor accurately understood their responses and scaffolded them appropriately - Over 80% of pilot students agreed the AI proctor accurately understood their responses and scaffolded them appropriately
Over 80% of surveyed students reported GenAI use driven primarily by perceived usefulness rather than policy - Over 80% of surveyed students reported GenAI use driven primarily by perceived usefulness rather than policy
Over 90 percent of Bristol teachers who participated in student-led mental health PD reported being more conscious of the experiences of students of color in school - Over 90 percent of Bristol teachers who participated in student-led mental health PD reported being more conscious of the experiences of students of color in school
Over 95% of student-authored questions included an explanation, mostly of good or excellent quality - Over 95% of student-authored questions included an explanation, mostly of good or excellent quality
Over 96 percent of surveyed low-performing schools adopted three SIG-promoted improvement practices: data-informed differentiated instruction, expanded technology access or computer-assisted instruction, and collaborative or leader-facilitated ongoing professional development - Over 96 percent of surveyed low-performing schools adopted three SIG-promoted improvement practices: data-informed differentiated instruction, expanded technology access or computer-assisted instructi
Over a decade of legally mandated synthetic phonics in England has not improved standardized reading outcomes (PIRLS, PISA, SATs) - Over a decade of legally mandated synthetic phonics in England has not improved standardized reading outcomes (PIRLS, PISA, SATs)
Over a full term, aggregated lecture time decreases linearly while independent study time follows a negative quadratic trajectory, rising until the end of the lecture period and then declining - Over a full term, aggregated lecture time decreases linearly while independent study time follows a negative quadratic trajectory, rising until the end of the lecture period and then declining
Over a quarter of benchmark tasks (23 of 80) defeat all six frontier models, with over 22% showing capability boundaries where scores swing by up to 90 points - Over a quarter of benchmark tasks (23 of 80) defeat all six frontier models, with over 22% showing capability boundaries where scores swing by up to 90 points
Over a third (36.7%) of borrowing teachers have worked multiple jobs because of student loans, and the share rises with monthly repayment amounts - Over a third (36.7%) of borrowing teachers have worked multiple jobs because of student loans, and the share rises with monthly repayment amounts
Over a third of images in middle school life science textbooks prompt students to compare visual units - Over a third of images in middle school life science textbooks prompt students to compare visual units
Over a third of RSE studies report no outcomes, and student outcome measurement prioritises knowledge - Over a third of RSE studies report no outcomes, and student outcome measurement prioritises knowledge
Over a three-year CB-PA intervention, the percent of time spent in MVPA was significantly associated with the percent of time on task (p < 0.01) - Over a three-year CB-PA intervention, the percent of time spent in MVPA was significantly associated with the percent of time on task (p < 0.01)
Over a whole term of chemistry and nature-study lessons, only the slightest indication existed that facts were remembered better by virtue of their position in the course - Over a whole term of chemistry and nature-study lessons, only the slightest indication existed that facts were remembered better by virtue of their position in the course
Over eight weeks, university learners receiving reinforcement learning-optimized oral practice sequencing attained normalized learning gains approximately 2.2 times higher than learners following fixed curricula - Over eight weeks, university learners receiving reinforcement learning-optimized oral practice sequencing attained normalized learning gains approximately 2.2 times higher than learners following fixe
Over four months and four sessions, LLM-group participants performed worse than Brain-only participants at neural, linguistic, and scoring levels - Over four months and four sessions, LLM-group participants performed worse than Brain-only participants at neural, linguistic, and scoring levels
Over four years, more than 250 ILC leaders provided multi-session professional learning to more than 32,000 California educators across more than 2,000 schools and at least 495 districts - Over four years, more than 250 ILC leaders provided multi-session professional learning to more than 32,000 California educators across more than 2,000 schools and at least 495 districts
Over half of principals were highly engaged in the new evaluation system, while disengaged principals cited its labor intensity amid simultaneous district initiatives - Over half of principals were highly engaged in the new evaluation system, while disengaged principals cited its labor intensity amid simultaneous district initiatives
Over half of WoW forum posts evince systems-based reasoning, most also showing understanding of feedback among system components - Over half of WoW forum posts evince systems-based reasoning, most also showing understanding of feedback among system components
Over one-third of PGR participants emphasised financial support for paid AI tools as necessary institutional support for responsible GenAI use - Over one-third of PGR participants emphasised financial support for paid AI tools as necessary institutional support for responsible GenAI use
Over six months, English vocabulary, relative monitoring accuracy and metacognitive control improved, and boredom increased, while enjoyment and anxiety showed no significant change - Over six months, English vocabulary, relative monitoring accuracy and metacognitive control improved, and boredom increased, while enjoyment and anxiety showed no significant change
Over the past decade (2003–2012), high school youth with an IEP became more engaged in school and extracurricular activities - Over the past decade (2003–2012), high school youth with an IEP became more engaged in school and extracurricular activities
Over three-quarters of international medical students used AI tools at least weekly and reported strong intentions to continue, valuing teacher-AI collaboration - Over three-quarters of international medical students used AI tools at least weekly and reported strong intentions to continue, valuing teacher-AI collaboration
Over two decades, Chicago teachers reported increasing program coherence and higher trust in their principals - Over two decades, Chicago teachers reported increasing program coherence and higher trust in their principals
Over two semesters the LearnAI deployment reached 18 courses (293 enrolled students) and 35 co-creation clients who produced 36 portfolio websites and over 20 deployed applications - Over two semesters the LearnAI deployment reached 18 courses (293 enrolled students) and 35 co-creation clients who produced 36 portfolio websites and over 20 deployed applications
Over-reliance on AI dialogue systems reduces students' critical and analytical thinking skills, especially when they become overly dependent on AI-generated content - Over-reliance on AI dialogue systems reduces students' critical and analytical thinking skills, especially when they become overly dependent on AI-generated content
Over-reliance on AI in chemical experimentation carries ethical considerations and pitfalls as AI automates routine tasks and alters how experiments are conceptualized - Over-reliance on AI in chemical experimentation carries ethical considerations and pitfalls as AI automates routine tasks and alters how experiments are conceptualized
Over-reliance on AI scaffolding risks learned helplessness, so focus should shift to fostering self-regulated AI interaction - Over-reliance on AI scaffolding risks learned helplessness, so focus should shift to fostering self-regulated AI interaction
Over-reliance on GAI risks weakening teaching and social presence and depriving students of foundational skill development - Over-reliance on GAI risks weakening teaching and social presence and depriving students of foundational skill development
Overage students at high schools with great racial equity climate are twice as likely to graduate in four years as those at schools with poor racial equity climate - Overage students at high schools with great racial equity climate are twice as likely to graduate in four years as those at schools with poor racial equity climate
Overall 3E, Empower, and Empathize scores were higher in the second AI-patient encounter, but the uncontrolled design precludes attributing this to training - Overall 3E, Empower, and Empathize scores were higher in the second AI-patient encounter, but the uncontrolled design precludes attributing this to training
Overall CPSE did not differ significantly between individual programming and RTC-based collaborative programming - Overall CPSE did not differ significantly between individual programming and RTC-based collaborative programming
Overall demand–AI-use alignment varies modestly across education systems, but task-specific association profiles show clear residual heterogeneity - Overall demand–AI-use alignment varies modestly across education systems, but task-specific association profiles show clear residual heterogeneity
Overall false positive and false negative error rates in teacher value-added performance classification are about 10 and 20 percent, respectively - Overall false positive and false negative error rates in teacher value-added performance classification are about 10 and 20 percent, respectively
Overall false positive error rates are about 10 percent and false negative error rates about 20 percent for value-added performance classifications - Overall false positive error rates are about 10 percent and false negative error rates about 20 percent for value-added performance classifications
Overall institutional support for academic engagement has an extremely strong positive relationship with overall academic engagement - Overall institutional support for academic engagement has an extremely strong positive relationship with overall academic engagement
Overall L2 motivation is a significant positive predictor of L2 self-efficacy among Iranian EFL learners - Overall L2 motivation is a significant positive predictor of L2 self-efficacy among Iranian EFL learners
Overall lexical processing latency at 36 months predicts receptive vocabulary at 60 months, but not over and above concurrent vocabulary - Overall lexical processing latency at 36 months predicts receptive vocabulary at 60 months, but not over and above concurrent vocabulary
Overall policy effects were concentrated among the lowest-ability students: larger credit gains but more failures and lower math GPAs, with ninth-grade test scores unaffected - Overall policy effects were concentrated among the lowest-ability students: larger credit gains but more failures and lower math GPAs, with ninth-grade test scores unaffected
Overall policy effects: lowest-ability students earned more ninth-grade credits but also failed more, and long-term outcomes were small to non-existent, with no increase in college entrance - Overall policy effects: lowest-ability students earned more ninth-grade credits but also failed more, and long-term outcomes were small to non-existent, with no increase in college entrance
Overall posttest performance does not differ between targeted and holistic retrieval conditions - Overall posttest performance does not differ between targeted and holistic retrieval conditions
Overall problem-solving performance did not differ significantly between DI-PS and PS-DI (p = .08) - Overall problem-solving performance did not differ significantly between DI-PS and PS-DI (p = .08)
Overall quality was similar across durations and across the 21-lecture held-out set unused during system development - Overall quality was similar across durations and across the 21-lecture held-out set unused during system development
Overall reading time did not differ between consistent and inconsistent texts, but participants judged consistent texts more accurately (d = 0.84), indicating inconsistencies were more often overlooked than falsely perceived - Overall reading time did not differ between consistent and inconsistent texts, but participants judged consistent texts more accurately (d = 0.84), indicating inconsistencies were more often overlooke
Overall therapist complementarity across the full therapeutic relationship does not differ significantly between successful and unsuccessful outcome groups - Overall therapist complementarity across the full therapeutic relationship does not differ significantly between successful and unsuccessful outcome groups
Overall U.S. teacher turnover is about 16% annually, with about 8% leaving the profession and about 8% moving schools - Overall U.S.
Overall validity of eye-tracking measures of learning in IVR is limited, averaging 1.93 of 4, with data quality the weakest component - Overall validity of eye-tracking measures of learning in IVR is limited, averaging 1.93 of 4, with data quality the weakest component
Overconfidence (bias) decreased from pretest to posttest across all groups including control, with no group differences - Overconfidence (bias) decreased from pretest to posttest across all groups including control, with no group differences
Overheard adult speech is unrelated to 24-month vocabulary, unlike child-directed speech - Overheard adult speech is unrelated to 24-month vocabulary, unlike child-directed speech
Overhearing dialogue between virtual tutor and tutee produced more recall propositions, transfer questions, and deeper reasoning than monologue - Overhearing dialogue between virtual tutor and tutee produced more recall propositions, transfer questions, and deeper reasoning than monologue
Overlapping (nonlinear) epistemic belief profiles are a systematic phenomenon across grades and tracks, not limited to few students or specific contexts - Overlapping (nonlinear) epistemic belief profiles are a systematic phenomenon across grades and tracks, not limited to few students or specific contexts
Overlapping concepts (sharing post-test questions with other concepts) yield higher student scores and higher model R², and multi-task modeling across all concepts is detrimental for these concepts - Overlapping concepts (sharing post-test questions with other concepts) yield higher student scores and higher model R², and multi-task modeling across all concepts is detrimental for these concepts
Overlaying mass times calculated acceleration with net force from force plates provides a compelling visual connection to Newton's Second Law - Overlaying mass times calculated acceleration with net force from force plates provides a compelling visual connection to Newton's Second Law
Overreliance on AI is the most prevalent pedagogical limitation (27 studies, 50%), followed by reduced critical thinking (25 studies, 46%) - Overreliance on AI is the most prevalent pedagogical limitation (27 studies, 50%), followed by reduced critical thinking (25 studies, 46%)
Overreliance on AWE may lower learners' critical thinking and creativity - Overreliance on AWE may lower learners' critical thinking and creativity
Overreliance on dominant outcomes constrains learning and mathematical identity of students of color - Overreliance on dominant outcomes constrains learning and mathematical identity of students of color
Oversubscribed charter middle schools differ in features from charter schools that are not oversubscribed - Oversubscribed charter middle schools differ in features from charter schools that are not oversubscribed
Oversubscription is prevalent among charter middle schools, enabling lottery-based evaluation - Oversubscription is prevalent among charter middle schools, enabling lottery-based evaluation
Overt correction of errors speeds young children's learning compared with knowledge of correctness alone - Overt correction of errors speeds young children's learning compared with knowledge of correctness alone
Overt counting, especially min-counting, remained common in adolescents and strategy solution times followed the expected retrieval < decomposition < counting ordering - Overt counting, especially min-counting, remained common in adolescents and strategy solution times followed the expected retrieval < decomposition < counting ordering
Overt retrieval also outperforms covert retrieval for key terms, but with a smaller advantage than for definitions - Overt retrieval also outperforms covert retrieval for key terms, but with a smaller advantage than for definitions
Overt retrieval practice enhances interim recall of new List-5 material compared to restudy, and does not differ from JOLs with word stems - Overt retrieval practice enhances interim recall of new List-5 material compared to restudy, and does not differ from JOLs with word stems
Overt retrieval practice produces higher delayed recall of definitions than covert retrieval practice for learners studying declarative concepts - Overt retrieval practice produces higher delayed recall of definitions than covert retrieval practice for learners studying declarative concepts
Overweight or obese students who participated in Get Fit and Prevention had large and statistically significant increases in PACER laps two and three years later - Overweight or obese students who participated in Get Fit and Prevention had large and statistically significant increases in PACER laps two and three years later