Claims: T 4

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• The assessment violates IRT assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence, which the authors identify as a likely cause of the method discrepancy - The assessment violates IRT assumptions of unidimensionality and local independence, which the authors identify as a likely cause of the method discrepancy
• The assessment's engagement feature had a consistently positive impact under both in-person and remote proctoring - The assessment's engagement feature had a consistently positive impact under both in-person and remote proctoring
• The assisting self-explanation prompt effect: assisting prompts elicit high-quality self-explanations and deep understanding - The assisting self-explanation prompt effect: assisting prompts elicit high-quality self-explanations and deep understanding
• The association between ADHD and DESR is not fully explained by comorbid psychiatric disorders - The association between ADHD and DESR is not fully explained by comorbid psychiatric disorders
• The association between antibullying attitudes and intervention likelihood does not differ by form of bullying - The association between antibullying attitudes and intervention likelihood does not differ by form of bullying
• The association between confidence and help seeking is weaker than the association between confidence and withholding answers - The association between confidence and help seeking is weaker than the association between confidence and withholding answers
• The association between early reliance and negative impact strengthens as evaluation literacy increases - The association between early reliance and negative impact strengthens as evaluation literacy increases
• The association between expertise and the valence of noticing and of alternatives holds after controlling for subject, grade level, minority status, and gender - The association between expertise and the valence of noticing and of alternatives holds after controlling for subject, grade level, minority status, and gender
• The association between family SES and children's reading is partially mediated, statistically, in parallel by phonological awareness and vocabulary knowledge - The association between family SES and children's reading is partially mediated, statistically, in parallel by phonological awareness and vocabulary knowledge
• The association between feeling unsafe and test scores holds across multiple robustness checks - The association between feeling unsafe and test scores holds across multiple robustness checks
• The association between health literacy and health task performance is substantially reduced after adjusting for cognitive abilities - The association between health literacy and health task performance is substantially reduced after adjusting for cognitive abilities
• The association between math anxiety and math performance is significant in Grade 3 after accounting for general anxiety - The association between math anxiety and math performance is significant in Grade 3 after accounting for general anxiety
• The association between musical training and school performance appears general and non-specific across subjects, with no evidence for special links to single domains - The association between musical training and school performance appears general and non-specific across subjects, with no evidence for special links to single domains
• The association between network dropout and adolescents' own dropout does not significantly differ by gender or by regular versus special education sector - The association between network dropout and adolescents' own dropout does not significantly differ by gender or by regular versus special education sector
• The association between nonsymbolic magnitude comparison and multiplication facts is similar across trial types (OTS/ANS range and congruency), and the symbolic comparison association is similar across numerical distances - The association between nonsymbolic magnitude comparison and multiplication facts is similar across trial types (OTS/ANS range and congruency), and the symbolic comparison association is similar acros
• The association between numerical magnitude processing and subtraction is more prominent for items eliciting indirect addition than for direct subtraction items - The association between numerical magnitude processing and subtraction is more prominent for items eliciting indirect addition than for direct subtraction items
• The association between one-digit comparison and mathematics achievement decreases across grades, while the two-digit association remains stable - The association between one-digit comparison and mathematics achievement decreases across grades, while the two-digit association remains stable
• The association between perceived neighborhood safety and GPA is moderated by observer-rated neighborhood disorder and by neighborhood affluence - The association between perceived neighborhood safety and GPA is moderated by observer-rated neighborhood disorder and by neighborhood affluence
• The association between perceiving science as interesting and emotional engagement is stronger in grades 4, 6, 7, 8, and 12 than in grade 3, with the steepest increase in the grade-6 transition year - The association between perceiving science as interesting and emotional engagement is stronger in grades 4, 6, 7, 8, and 12 than in grade 3, with the steepest increase in the grade-6 transition year
• The association between phonological awareness and fact retrieval is prominent in multiplication but largely absent in subtraction at the subgroup level - The association between phonological awareness and fact retrieval is prominent in multiplication but largely absent in subtraction at the subgroup level
• The association between preschool competencies and fifth grade achievement does not differ across the achievement distribution - The association between preschool competencies and fifth grade achievement does not differ across the achievement distribution
• The association between proximal events and dropout is moderated by event severity and students' prior vulnerability - The association between proximal events and dropout is moderated by event severity and students' prior vulnerability
• The association between public regard and intrinsic motivation differs by gender, and between status and motivation differs by ethnicity - The association between public regard and intrinsic motivation differs by gender, and between status and motivation differs by ethnicity
• The association between RT propensity and learning rate is moderated by prior proficiency: slower propensities predict greater learning efficiency for higher-proficiency students but are weakly negative for lower-proficiency students - The association between RT propensity and learning rate is moderated by prior proficiency: slower propensities predict greater learning efficiency for higher-proficiency students but are weakly negati
• The association between school discipline and social-emotional self-control is stronger for older students - The association between school discipline and social-emotional self-control is stronger for older students
• The association between sleep duration and school performance is nonlinear (p = 0.04) in generalized additive models - The association between sleep duration and school performance is nonlinear (p = 0.04) in generalized additive models
• The association between sleep problems and poor school performance is partly mediated by children's internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, with a direct effect remaining only for persistent DIMS - The association between sleep problems and poor school performance is partly mediated by children's internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, with a direct effect remaining only for pers
• The association between tutor questioning and impasse recovery decays as impasses persist, while addressing the student's error becomes more beneficial - The association between tutor questioning and impasse recovery decays as impasses persist, while addressing the student's error becomes more beneficial
• The association of total literacy with physical activity is not statistically significant after adjustment for income and chronic medical conditions - The association of total literacy with physical activity is not statistically significant after adjustment for income and chronic medical conditions
• The ASTRA benchmark yields measurable condition-differentiated patterns consistent with its simulation assumptions - The ASTRA benchmark yields measurable condition-differentiated patterns consistent with its simulation assumptions
• The attention-guiding effect of narration-plus-animation is phase-dependent: target-language attention drops significantly after the animation ends - The attention-guiding effect of narration-plus-animation is phase-dependent: target-language attention drops significantly after the animation ends
• The attitude-achievement paradox: disadvantaged minority youth may show low achievement despite high motivation to achieve upward mobility through schooling - The attitude-achievement paradox: disadvantaged minority youth may show low achievement despite high motivation to achieve upward mobility through schooling
• The attitude–proficiency association is strongest for attitudes toward the language itself and weakest for attitudes toward speakers - The attitude–proficiency association is strongest for attitudes toward the language itself and weakest for attitudes toward speakers
• The augmentation effect on cooperative play replicated in Study 2, with a large playset-by-behavior interaction and no overlap in confidence intervals - The augmentation effect on cooperative play replicated in Study 2, with a large playset-by-behavior interaction and no overlap in confidence intervals
• The author concludes that much remains to be done before group intelligence tests can be fully relied upon for trustworthy placing of individual pupils - The author concludes that much remains to be done before group intelligence tests can be fully relied upon for trustworthy placing of individual pupils
• The author judges the tests reveal class members' ability to do school work almost as accurately as months of teacher observation, supporting use for borderline promotion cases - The author judges the tests reveal class members' ability to do school work almost as accurately as months of teacher observation, supporting use for borderline promotion cases
• The author of a 1997 conference paper reports finding no research supporting reverse transfer of skills from literacy to oral language - The author of a 1997 conference paper reports finding no research supporting reverse transfer of skills from literacy to oral language
• The author predicts the six elemental tests will not vary with age in children old enough to apply themselves, roughly five to ten years - The author predicts the six elemental tests will not vary with age in children old enough to apply themselves, roughly five to ten years
• The author reports that prompt phrasing and the specific foundational model had secondary impact on final material quality compared with the structure of the workflow itself. - The author reports that prompt phrasing and the specific foundational model had secondary impact on final material quality compared with the structure of the workflow itself.
• The authors argue AI web agents have the potential to accelerate advancements in online learning by giving fast, low-cost insights - The authors argue AI web agents have the potential to accelerate advancements in online learning by giving fast, low-cost insights
• The authors argue deliberative democracy theory needs elaboration to reflect real-life politics - The authors argue deliberative democracy theory needs elaboration to reflect real-life politics
• The authors argue formative feedback is critical for making student behaviour 'seen' in asynchronous online learning where the teacher is not physically present - The authors argue formative feedback is critical for making student behaviour 'seen' in asynchronous online learning where the teacher is not physically present
• The authors argue instructor presence is unlikely to improve learning outcomes unless the instructor's visible behavior provides information learners can directly use for the task - The authors argue instructor presence is unlikely to improve learning outcomes unless the instructor's visible behavior provides information learners can directly use for the task
• The authors argue meaningful learning is possible outside environments labeled constructivist, including lectures - The authors argue meaningful learning is possible outside environments labeled constructivist, including lectures
• The authors argue partnership in course design is a promising avenue for LIS educators to begin decolonizing classroom hierarchies - The authors argue partnership in course design is a promising avenue for LIS educators to begin decolonizing classroom hierarchies
• The authors argue physical activity opportunities during the school day are being reduced despite evidence fitness may benefit scholastic achievement - The authors argue physical activity opportunities during the school day are being reduced despite evidence fitness may benefit scholastic achievement
• The authors argue that analysing interpretations of video situations gives a more reliable view of teachers’ conceptions than self-report Likert questionnaires - The authors argue that analysing interpretations of video situations gives a more reliable view of teachers’ conceptions than self-report Likert questionnaires
• The authors argue that analyzing power imbalances, misshapen structures, and hidden assumptions are familiar critical thinking tasks for hesitant readers - The authors argue that analyzing power imbalances, misshapen structures, and hidden assumptions are familiar critical thinking tasks for hesitant readers
• The authors argue that constructivists talking about constructivist learning environments is not necessarily a paradox - The authors argue that constructivists talking about constructivist learning environments is not necessarily a paradox
• The authors argue the factor-analytic evidence is not strong enough to rename expectancy-value theory as expectancy-value-cost theory - The authors argue the factor-analytic evidence is not strong enough to rename expectancy-value theory as expectancy-value-cost theory
• The authors argue the IRLA may help bridge screening and intensive, systematic instruction - The authors argue the IRLA may help bridge screening and intensive, systematic instruction
• The authors assert that complete case records provide the only accurate criterion of what an institution has accomplished - The authors assert that complete case records provide the only accurate criterion of what an institution has accomplished
• The authors assert that innovative assessment measures capture POG competencies more fully than traditional standardized tests - The authors assert that innovative assessment measures capture POG competencies more fully than traditional standardized tests
• The authors assert that selection of personnel is the most important single consideration in institutions for young offenders - The authors assert that selection of personnel is the most important single consideration in institutions for young offenders
• The authors assert that Systems Review participation builds SEA teams' capacity for shared purpose, decision-making, and adaptive change management - The authors assert that Systems Review participation builds SEA teams' capacity for shared purpose, decision-making, and adaptive change management
• The authors attribute rural children's superiority to city-school conditions: lack of correlation between the urban community and the school and inflexibility of the grade system - The authors attribute rural children's superiority to city-school conditions: lack of correlation between the urban community and the school and inflexibility of the grade system
• The authors attribute the spaced-practice knowledge benefit to deeper learning or transfer, because quiz and final-test items were never repeated - The authors attribute the spaced-practice knowledge benefit to deeper learning or transfer, because quiz and final-test items were never repeated
• The authors call for formal research that systematically identifies educators' implementation concerns and evaluates effective ways to communicate the science of learning - The authors call for formal research that systematically identifies educators' implementation concerns and evaluates effective ways to communicate the science of learning
• The authors claim that making teachers' own mistakes, struggles, and fears central to the curriculum lessens students' fear of making mistakes in a new endeavor - The authors claim that making teachers' own mistakes, struggles, and fears central to the curriculum lessens students' fear of making mistakes in a new endeavor
• The authors conclude Inspection Time has strong potential as a single marker test sensitive to the time course of alcohol intoxication - The authors conclude Inspection Time has strong potential as a single marker test sensitive to the time course of alcohol intoxication
• The authors conclude real-time AI feedback reduces extraneous cognitive load and mitigates fear of failure with expensive laboratory equipment - The authors conclude real-time AI feedback reduces extraneous cognitive load and mitigates fear of failure with expensive laboratory equipment
• The authors conclude that guidance combined with the possibility to manipulate objects supports acquisition of knowledge and skills in a domain - The authors conclude that guidance combined with the possibility to manipulate objects supports acquisition of knowledge and skills in a domain
• The authors conclude that MAP reading and mathematics CAT constructs are invariant across five time points in ten states (except Indiana mathematics), though their mathematics tables show strong-invariance CFI drops above 0.01 in most states - The authors conclude that MAP reading and mathematics CAT constructs are invariant across five time points in ten states (except Indiana mathematics), though their mathematics tables show strong-invar
• The authors conclude that students in Just-in-Time Teaching courses better understand Newton's Third Law after instruction than students in traditional lecture courses - The authors conclude that students in Just-in-Time Teaching courses better understand Newton's Third Law after instruction than students in traditional lecture courses
• The authors concluded transfer of motivational engagement from entertainment gaming to educational contexts was unlikely - The authors concluded transfer of motivational engagement from entertainment gaming to educational contexts was unlikely
• The authors declined requests to name specific technologies or focus the standards on AI, citing rapid technological change - The authors declined requests to name specific technologies or focus the standards on AI, citing rapid technological change
• The authors estimate that clearly stating the meaning of gauss would have saved each learner about 30 minutes, much irritation, and at least ten per cent in errors - The authors estimate that clearly stating the meaning of gauss would have saved each learner about 30 minutes, much irritation, and at least ten per cent in errors
• The authors hypothesize a possible vicious cycle in which stress-induced self-control losses generate further stressful life events - The authors hypothesize a possible vicious cycle in which stress-induced self-control losses generate further stressful life events
• The authors hypothesize DD children's first deficit is dysfunction in building the exact representation of symbolic numbers, with reduced ANS acuity as a consequence rather than a cause - The authors hypothesize DD children's first deficit is dysfunction in building the exact representation of symbolic numbers, with reduced ANS acuity as a consequence rather than a cause
• The authors hypothesize that brain-reading cortical thickness correlations are positive in early reading acquisition and negative at later, consolidated stages - The authors hypothesize that brain-reading cortical thickness correlations are positive in early reading acquisition and negative at later, consolidated stages
• The authors hypothesize that differences in curriculum design could explain the achievement results of the experimental study - The authors hypothesize that differences in curriculum design could explain the achievement results of the experimental study
• The authors hypothesize that self-regulated learning acts as a mediating factor linking video annotation advantages to acting performance improvement - The authors hypothesize that self-regulated learning acts as a mediating factor linking video annotation advantages to acting performance improvement
• The authors hypothesize that violent role-playing games appear to engage individuals in ethical reasoning that may foster empathy, tolerance, and understanding rather than inuring them to violence - The authors hypothesize that violent role-playing games appear to engage individuals in ethical reasoning that may foster empathy, tolerance, and understanding rather than inuring them to violence
• The authors interpret blind participants' number-space congruency processing as restricted to a controlled, working-memory-dependent cognitive level - The authors interpret blind participants' number-space congruency processing as restricted to a controlled, working-memory-dependent cognitive level
• The authors interpret higher spatial language quality with daughters as possibly reflecting a perceived need to provide conceptual support - The authors interpret higher spatial language quality with daughters as possibly reflecting a perceived need to provide conceptual support
• The authors interpret stereotype threat as a partial explanation for the standardized-test achievement gap between low- and high-SES students - The authors interpret stereotype threat as a partial explanation for the standardized-test achievement gap between low- and high-SES students
• The authors interpret the combined middle-and-high-school college gains as possibly driven by college preparatory culture and college-related supports at KIPP high schools - The authors interpret the combined middle-and-high-school college gains as possibly driven by college preparatory culture and college-related supports at KIPP high schools
• The authors interpret the maltreatment–ADHD association as partly complicated by symptom overlap between ADHD and PTSD, which may make the two conditions difficult to distinguish - The authors interpret the maltreatment–ADHD association as partly complicated by symptom overlap between ADHD and PTSD, which may make the two conditions difficult to distinguish
• The authors interpret the null result as partly reflecting a tension between adaptive mastery learning and curricular coverage: students who master early topics slowly may not reach later topics tested by the state assessment - The authors interpret the null result as partly reflecting a tension between adaptive mastery learning and curricular coverage: students who master early topics slowly may not reach later topics teste
• The authors interpret the same-offense discipline gap as suggesting possible implicit bias against Black students and students with disabilities - The authors interpret the same-offense discipline gap as suggesting possible implicit bias against Black students and students with disabilities
• The authors judge insufficient instructional intensity (dosage) as the primary factor behind the null result of learning strategies instruction in adult education - The authors judge insufficient instructional intensity (dosage) as the primary factor behind the null result of learning strategies instruction in adult education
• The authors observe that more specific physical descriptions in generation prompts tend to produce more physically coherent AI-generated motion - The authors observe that more specific physical descriptions in generation prompts tend to produce more physically coherent AI-generated motion
• The authors of one course-based design study conclude, without printed measures, that structured AI integration can enhance students' digital literacy, content retention and critical thinking - The authors of one course-based design study conclude, without printed measures, that structured AI integration can enhance students' digital literacy, content retention and critical thinking
• The authors of one physics-course study attribute its technology-supported gains to the student-centred, active-engagement pedagogy the technology was used within - The authors of one physics-course study attribute its technology-supported gains to the student-centred, active-engagement pedagogy the technology was used within
• The authors of one robot-projection study interpret co-located AI guidance as most useful when instructions and task share a spatial frame, as in drawing - The authors of one robot-projection study interpret co-located AI guidance as most useful when instructions and task share a spatial frame, as in drawing
• The authors of three case studies (roughly 28 students) argue that a place-based augmented reality game, Mad City Mystery, holds potential for engaging students in scientific argumentation - The authors of three case studies (roughly 28 students) argue that a place-based augmented reality game, Mad City Mystery, holds potential for engaging students in scientific argumentation
• The authors propose aerobic fitness as a possible predictor of developmental cortical thinning and a pathway to enhanced cognition and scholastic performance - The authors propose aerobic fitness as a possible predictor of developmental cortical thinning and a pathway to enhanced cognition and scholastic performance
• The authors propose, without testing it here, that competitive environments may provide clear goals, structures, and rewards that foster engagement, particularly for students less familiar with such environments - The authors propose, without testing it here, that competitive environments may provide clear goals, structures, and rewards that foster engagement, particularly for students less familiar with such e
• The authors provide a method for identifying partial test-taking engagement, supported by validation evidence - The authors provide a method for identifying partial test-taking engagement, supported by validation evidence
• The authors report five twenty-minute screenshare sessions can surface more actionable design insights than a 100-person survey - The authors report five twenty-minute screenshare sessions can surface more actionable design insights than a 100-person survey
• The authors report that fourteen weeks of contract-required work improves writing quality enough to warrant a B - The authors report that fourteen weeks of contract-required work improves writing quality enough to warrant a B
• The authors report that teachers' lives are enriched by students' deeper understanding of their own stories and openness to authentic stories of others - The authors report that teachers' lives are enriched by students' deeper understanding of their own stories and openness to authentic stories of others
• The authors report that the kinesthetic experience enhances student understanding and that a student project provides evidence of the approach's effectiveness - The authors report that the kinesthetic experience enhances student understanding and that a student project provides evidence of the approach's effectiveness
• The authors' data supports that Calculus 1 need not be a prerequisite for lower-level CS courses - The authors' data supports that Calculus 1 need not be a prerequisite for lower-level CS courses
• The authors' findings add to evidence that expanding-interval schedules are not more effective than fixed-interval schedules of practice - The authors' findings add to evidence that expanding-interval schedules are not more effective than fixed-interval schedules of practice
• The automated scoring system's agreement with human raters varied widely by dimension, with information fidelity showing a weak, non-significant correlation - The automated scoring system's agreement with human raters varied widely by dimension, with information fidelity showing a weak, non-significant correlation
• The autonomy support–structure relationship is moderated by data collection method and school level - The autonomy support–structure relationship is moderated by data collection method and school level
• The autonomy-supportive intervention program increased students' classroom engagement and decreased their disengagement over the semester - The autonomy-supportive intervention program increased students' classroom engagement and decreased their disengagement over the semester
• The autonomy-supportive intervention program successfully changed teachers' instructional behavior, confirmed by both rater-scored and student-perceived manipulation checks - The autonomy-supportive intervention program successfully changed teachers' instructional behavior, confirmed by both rater-scored and student-perceived manipulation checks
• The availability of AI assistants improved the quality of submitted admissions essays, particularly mechanical aspects and especially for international applicants - The availability of AI assistants improved the quality of submitted admissions essays, particularly mechanical aspects and especially for international applicants
• The average child develops more drawing ability before entering school than during the entire eight years of elementary school - The average child develops more drawing ability before entering school than during the entire eight years of elementary school
• The average effect across all four behavior outcome measures in the Page & D'Agostino study is positive and statistically significant (effect size 0.40) - The average effect across all four behavior outcome measures in the Page & D'Agostino study is positive and statistically significant (effect size 0.40)
• The average effect of verified AI materials attenuates when the lowest pre-intervention marks are removed, while the threshold effect at the upper-second boundary is robust - The average effect of verified AI materials attenuates when the lowest pre-intervention marks are removed, while the threshold effect at the upper-second boundary is robust
• The average improvement index for Arthur in English language development is +11 percentile points, ranging from –5 to +17 across findings - The average improvement index for Arthur in English language development is +11 percentile points, ranging from –5 to +17 across findings
• The average improvement index for New Chance on completing school is +8 percentile points - The average improvement index for New Chance on completing school is +8 percentile points
• The average range of visual attention for isolated letters lies between 4 and 5 letters (4.82), with only slight individual differences - The average range of visual attention for isolated letters lies between 4 and 5 letters (4.82), with only slight individual differences
• The average student demonstrated positive math and reading gains during the 2020-2021 school year - The average student demonstrated positive math and reading gains during the 2020-2021 school year
• The average student needs an estimated 4.1 additional months of schooling to catch up in reading - The average student needs an estimated 4.1 additional months of schooling to catch up in reading
• The average student needs an estimated 4.5 additional months of schooling to catch up in math - The average student needs an estimated 4.5 additional months of schooling to catch up in math
• The average student needs the equivalent of 4.8 additional months of schooling to catch up in reading and 4.3 months in math - The average student needs the equivalent of 4.8 additional months of schooling to catch up in reading and 4.3 months in math
• The average TIF bonus was about 4% of average teacher salary, below the 5% recommended by TIF grant guidance for substantial bonuses - The average TIF bonus was about 4% of average teacher salary, below the 5% recommended by TIF grant guidance for substantial bonuses
• The AVP's generated text matches its intended internal disclosure level about twice as often as the static baseline (0.651 vs. 0.311 agreement) - The AVP's generated text matches its intended internal disclosure level about twice as often as the static baseline (0.651 vs.
• The axiom dataset is work-local: 1,448 of 1,455 axioms map to exactly one work - The axiom dataset is work-local: 1,448 of 1,455 axioms map to exactly one work
• The balance of resource and limiting factors determines Classroom Carrying Capacity (theoretical argument) - The balance of resource and limiting factors determines Classroom Carrying Capacity (theoretical argument)
• The baseline and capacitated facility location formulations of school aggregation are formally equivalent - The baseline and capacitated facility location formulations of school aggregation are formally equivalent
• The baseline country difference in GenAI pedagogical readiness was explained by exposure and institutional conditions: the Kazakhstan coefficient fell from B = 0.205 to a non-significant B = 0.041 - The baseline country difference in GenAI pedagogical readiness was explained by exposure and institutional conditions: the Kazakhstan coefficient fell from B = 0.205 to a non-significant B = 0.041
• The Bayesian context layer applies stronger posterior personalization to students with fewer training clips, correlating clip count with KL divergence from the prior (r=-0.748, p=0.001) - The Bayesian context layer applies stronger posterior personalization to students with fewer training clips, correlating clip count with KL divergence from the prior (r=-0.748, p=0.001)
• The beginner tutor was unnerved by a dominant, critical student and by posting complexity, did not respond at times, and made no active contribution in the end phase - The beginner tutor was unnerved by a dominant, critical student and by posting complexity, did not respond at times, and made no active contribution in the end phase
• The belief that the United States exclusively dominates the AI arena is challenged by the rapid ascent of China - The belief that the United States exclusively dominates the AI arena is challenged by the rapid ascent of China
• The Bell Chemistry Test correlates moderately with semester marks and teachers' estimates, and is judged a fairly good measure of class knowledge but unreliable for an individual. - The Bell Chemistry Test correlates moderately with semester marks and teachers' estimates, and is judged a fairly good measure of class knowledge but unreliable for an individual.
• The BELL summer program increases the extent to which parents encourage their children to read during the subsequent school year - The BELL summer program increases the extent to which parents encourage their children to read during the subsequent school year
• The belonging-NEET association does not vary by achievement, gender, SES, place, Indigenous/immigrant status, or cohort - The belonging-NEET association does not vary by achievement, gender, SES, place, Indigenous/immigrant status, or cohort
• The belonging–outcome association is stronger in some cultural groups than others: reported moderation by ethnicity and by individualism–collectivism - The belonging–outcome association is stronger in some cultural groups than others: reported moderation by ethnicity and by individualism–collectivism
• The benchmark procedure is stable under stochastic decoding, with a maximum accuracy standard deviation of 0.43% over 20 repeated runs - The benchmark procedure is stable under stochastic decoding, with a maximum accuracy standard deviation of 0.43% over 20 repeated runs
• The benefit of high- versus low-contrast sampling depends on the dataset - The benefit of high- versus low-contrast sampling depends on the dataset
• The benefit of physical guidance for spatial learning increases with age - The benefit of physical guidance for spatial learning increases with age
• The benefit of worked examples over problem-solving increases with decreasing shifting ability, reproducing Schwaighofer et al. (2016) - The benefit of worked examples over problem-solving increases with decreasing shifting ability, reproducing Schwaighofer et al.
• The benefits of retrieval practice do not depend on an exact match between initial retrieval practice conditions and the final test format - The benefits of retrieval practice do not depend on an exact match between initial retrieval practice conditions and the final test format
• The benefits of rubrics on self-assessment accuracy do not depend on the inferential level of the assessment criteria - The benefits of rubrics on self-assessment accuracy do not depend on the inferential level of the assessment criteria
• The Berea College Promise Neighborhood serves an area where 81 percent of students qualified for free or reduced-price school meals in 2010 - The Berea College Promise Neighborhood serves an area where 81 percent of students qualified for free or reduced-price school meals in 2010
• The Berea College Promise Neighborhood serves counties with per capita income significantly lower than state and national averages - The Berea College Promise Neighborhood serves counties with per capita income significantly lower than state and national averages
• The best AES models per FRISCO dimension reached strong agreement for Situation (QWK 0.728) and Clarity (QWK 0.763) but only fair agreement for Focus, Reason, and Inference in Indonesian physics essays - The best AES models per FRISCO dimension reached strong agreement for Situation (QWK 0.728) and Clarity (QWK 0.763) but only fair agreement for Focus, Reason, and Inference in Indonesian physics essay
• The best AI tutors exceeded human mean learning gains in Quantitative domains while human tutoring led pooled AI means in all Verbal domains - The best AI tutors exceeded human mean learning gains in Quantitative domains while human tutoring led pooled AI means in all Verbal domains
• The best GRPO variant also achieves the highest Conversation Depth (0.722), suggesting stronger scaffolding accompanies deeper semantic progression - The best GRPO variant also achieves the highest Conversation Depth (0.722), suggesting stronger scaffolding accompanies deeper semantic progression
• The best LLMs perform below the best student contestants in the real-time proxy riddle round - The best LLMs perform below the best student contestants in the real-time proxy riddle round
• The best math-predicting model is specific to mathematics; reading requires a different model - The best math-predicting model is specific to mathematics; reading requires a different model
• The better the five foundations are integrated, the greater the probability of success in the designed setting - The better the five foundations are integrated, the greater the probability of success in the designed setting
• The better-performing early math curricula raised achievement for several student subgroups, including students in low-scoring and high-poverty schools - The better-performing early math curricula raised achievement for several student subgroups, including students in low-scoring and high-poverty schools
• The between-cohort exam gain is attributable only to a composite intervention (autograding plus corrections plus expanded office hours), not to LaTA alone - The between-cohort exam gain is attributable only to a composite intervention (autograding plus corrections plus expanded office hours), not to LaTA alone
• The BFLPE exists in both elementary-school and secondary-school contexts - The BFLPE exists in both elementary-school and secondary-school contexts
• The BFLPE from elementary school diminishes after transition to secondary school and is no longer discernible after one year - The BFLPE from elementary school diminishes after transition to secondary school and is no longer discernible after one year
• The BFLPE generalizes across countries, cultures, settings, and long-term follow-ups - The BFLPE generalizes across countries, cultures, settings, and long-term follow-ups
• The BFLPE is domain-specific: school-average achievement affects academic self-concept but not global self-esteem or non-academic self-concept - The BFLPE is domain-specific: school-average achievement affects academic self-concept but not global self-esteem or non-academic self-concept
• The BFLPE is one of the most robust findings in educational psychology, with negative school-average achievement effects on ASC in 181 of 191 PISA samples - The BFLPE is one of the most robust findings in educational psychology, with negative school-average achievement effects on ASC in 181 of 191 PISA samples
• The Bias Index significantly predicts all four WIAT-II achievement measures, with over-confidence associated with lower achievement - The Bias Index significantly predicts all four WIAT-II achievement measures, with over-confidence associated with lower achievement
• The bias-adjusted mean moderator effect in STEM education meta-analyses is g = 0.27 with substantial heterogeneity, and the published record shows overwhelming evidence of publication-bias-type selection - The bias-adjusted mean moderator effect in STEM education meta-analyses is g = 0.27 with substantial heterogeneity, and the published record shows overwhelming evidence of publication-bias-type select
• The BICS-before-CALP sequence is typical for immigrant children but not universal: high L2 CALP can precede fluent L2 BICS in certain situations - The BICS-before-CALP sequence is typical for immigrant children but not universal: high L2 CALP can precede fluent L2 BICS in certain situations
• The Bidea^ dimension was the most frequent (45.87% of total discourse), with Bfact^ dominant in Grade 5 Science and Bopinion^ dominant in Grade 10 Liberal Studies - The Bidea^ dimension was the most frequent (45.87% of total discourse), with Bfact^ dominant in Grade 5 Science and Bopinion^ dominant in Grade 10 Liberal Studies
• The bidirectional letter-knowledge–phonological-awareness relation extends to supra-phonemic tasks, indicating an earlier developmental origin than previously reported - The bidirectional letter-knowledge–phonological-awareness relation extends to supra-phonemic tasks, indicating an earlier developmental origin than previously reported
• The bidirectional relation between letter-name knowledge and phonological awareness was independent of maturation and correlated developmental trajectories - The bidirectional relation between letter-name knowledge and phonological awareness was independent of maturation and correlated developmental trajectories
• The Big-Fish-Little-Pond effect on mathematics self-concept is negative and statistically significant in all three countries under a fully specified doubly latent model - The Big-Fish-Little-Pond effect on mathematics self-concept is negative and statistically significant in all three countries under a fully specified doubly latent model
• The bilingual advantage in perspective taking appears at the 180° and 270° observer positions but not at the 90° position - The bilingual advantage in perspective taking appears at the 180° and 270° observer positions but not at the 90° position
• The bilingual advantage on hard items cannot be attributed to SES differences - The bilingual advantage on hard items cannot be attributed to SES differences
• The bilingual advantage on hard Symbol Math items replicated in Experiment 2 with executive control and SES measures - The bilingual advantage on hard Symbol Math items replicated in Experiment 2 with executive control and SES measures
• The bilingual children rarely engaged in intersentential code-switching during home interactions - The bilingual children rarely engaged in intersentential code-switching during home interactions
• The bilingual cultural map functioned as a boundary object supporting divergent interpretations across students, museum educators, and end-users without requiring semantic consensus - The bilingual cultural map functioned as a boundary object supporting divergent interpretations across students, museum educators, and end-users without requiring semantic consensus
• The bilingual effect tends to emerge in more complex experimental tasks with higher control demands - The bilingual effect tends to emerge in more complex experimental tasks with higher control demands
• The bimanual finger-oscillation symmetry tendency is perceptual rather than neuromuscular: the symmetrical pattern stays stable across congruous and incongruous hand positions while the parallel pattern disintegrates with speed - The bimanual finger-oscillation symmetry tendency is perceptual rather than neuromuscular: the symmetrical pattern stays stable across congruous and incongruous hand positions while the parallel patte
• The Binet scale can be understood and applied by the average teacher or school principal as readily as current pedagogical tests - The Binet scale can be understood and applied by the average teacher or school principal as readily as current pedagogical tests
• The Binet scale is heavily verbal — 43 of its 54 tests use words rather than acts — a criticism Ayres raises and the reviewer partially rebuts - The Binet scale is heavily verbal — 43 of its 54 tests use words rather than acts — a criticism Ayres raises and the reviewer partially rebuts
• The Binet-Simon and Yerkes Point Scale ratings of children run parallel and are practically identical up to age ten - The Binet-Simon and Yerkes Point Scale ratings of children run parallel and are practically identical up to age ten
• The Binet-Simon scale accurately graded fairly minute individual differences in mental ability within same-age groups, as validated against teacher and principal judgments - The Binet-Simon scale accurately graded fairly minute individual differences in mental ability within same-age groups, as validated against teacher and principal judgments
• The Binet-Simon scale is a valuable diagnostic tool for classifying defective children when used by a trained examiner but dangerous in untrained hands - The Binet-Simon scale is a valuable diagnostic tool for classifying defective children when used by a trained examiner but dangerous in untrained hands
• The Binet-Simon scale measured intelligence development from ages seven to eleven with at least 96 per cent efficiency under the study's conditions - The Binet-Simon scale measured intelligence development from ages seven to eleven with at least 96 per cent efficiency under the study's conditions
• The blended workshop group increased digital competence more than the face-to-face group after the workshops - The blended workshop group increased digital competence more than the face-to-face group after the workshops
• The Bloom classification UI shows low perceived workload and high usability in a 50-participant user study - The Bloom classification UI shows low perceived workload and high usability in a 50-participant user study
• The Bloom-driven framework generalizes to social-science questions, with automated rubrics agreeing strongly with experts on usability but only modestly on Bloom level - The Bloom-driven framework generalizes to social-science questions, with automated rubrics agreeing strongly with experts on usability but only modestly on Bloom level
• The blueprint asserts that K-12 systems are well positioned to advance students into entry-level career credentials and employment - The blueprint asserts that K-12 systems are well positioned to advance students into entry-level career credentials and employment
• The board-game group showed greater pre-post improvement than controls in reading fluency, maths fluency and calculus in grades two to six - The board-game group showed greater pre-post improvement than controls in reading fluency, maths fluency and calculus in grades two to six
• The book argues that quality assessments can provide accurate and timely information to maximize student learning, in contrast to punitive testing rhetoric - The book argues that quality assessments can provide accurate and timely information to maximize student learning, in contrast to punitive testing rhetoric
• The book-organization benefit transfers to Llama3-8B, where Full outperforms RandomConcat (+0.86) and Natural Books (+1.51) - The book-organization benefit transfers to Llama3-8B, where Full outperforms RandomConcat (+0.86) and Natural Books (+1.51)
• The BPNSFS 3×2 six-facet structure (three needs × satisfaction/frustration) fits Australian school-leader data excellently and better than models collapsing valence - The BPNSFS 3×2 six-facet structure (three needs × satisfaction/frustration) fits Australian school-leader data excellently and better than models collapsing valence
• The BPP intervention was followed by a large reduction in bullying victimisation at the research school relative to the control school - The BPP intervention was followed by a large reduction in bullying victimisation at the research school relative to the control school
• The BPSS logic model sets reduced discipline disparities as a long-term student outcome for THRIVE and AIIM districts - The BPSS logic model sets reduced discipline disparities as a long-term student outcome for THRIVE and AIIM districts
• The BPSS logic model targets increased college readiness among Arkansas student populations with persistent outcome disparities - The BPSS logic model targets increased college readiness among Arkansas student populations with persistent outcome disparities
• The brain regions showing fitness-related thinning overlap with regions undergoing typical developmental cortical thinning between ages 5 and 11 - The brain regions showing fitness-related thinning overlap with regions undergoing typical developmental cortical thinning between ages 5 and 11
• The brief compared pandemic achievement gains to pre-pandemic trends for students low- or high-achieving at the pandemic's start - The brief compared pandemic achievement gains to pre-pandemic trends for students low- or high-achieving at the pandemic's start
• The brief compares the scale and impact of summer school with other interventions such as tutoring - The brief compares the scale and impact of summer school with other interventions such as tutoring
• The brief evaluates how summer program design and implementation aligned with recommended best practices - The brief evaluates how summer program design and implementation aligned with recommended best practices
• The brief examines how outcomes were affected for students who were or were not ready for 8th-grade Algebra - The brief examines how outcomes were affected for students who were or were not ready for 8th-grade Algebra
• The brief investigated the degree to which students' reading and math test scores became more variable as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic - The brief investigated the degree to which students' reading and math test scores became more variable as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic
• The brief reports that adult learners often need high-touch support such as navigators through enrollment and financial aid - The brief reports that adult learners often need high-touch support such as navigators through enrollment and financial aid
• The brief reports that adult learners' priorities differ from traditional-age students', making appropriate messages critical to engaging them - The brief reports that adult learners' priorities differ from traditional-age students', making appropriate messages critical to engaging them
• The brief reports that online tools can engage prospective adult learners and make enrollment convenient given work and family demands - The brief reports that online tools can engage prospective adult learners and make enrollment convenient given work and family demands
• The brief suggests charter high schools may boost both postsecondary attainment and long-run earnings - The brief suggests charter high schools may boost both postsecondary attainment and long-run earnings
• The Bright Beginnings preschool curriculum shows no discernible effects on preschool children's school readiness across oral language, print knowledge, phonological processing, and math domains - The Bright Beginnings preschool curriculum shows no discernible effects on preschool children's school readiness across oral language, print knowledge, phonological processing, and math domains
• The Buffalo Promise Neighborhood serves a predominantly minority, high-poverty community - The Buffalo Promise Neighborhood serves a predominantly minority, high-poverty community
• The build-a-language-model-from-scratch strand was not delivered: team projects absorbed the class time it needed, leaving only an optional reading - The build-a-language-model-from-scratch strand was not delivered: team projects absorbed the class time it needed, leaving only an optional reading
• The bullying-achievement and mediation associations are moderated by design, assessment method, country, age and bullying type - The bullying-achievement and mediation associations are moderated by design, assessment method, country, age and bullying type
• The Burgess test correlates more highly with rate and comprehension composites (0.82 and 0.80) than any other single test, and pairs well with the Thorndike-McCall - The Burgess test correlates more highly with rate and comprehension composites (0.82 and 0.80) than any other single test, and pairs well with the Thorndike-McCall
• The burnout–dropout intentions association is moderated by burnout dimension, being highest for cynicism - The burnout–dropout intentions association is moderated by burnout dimension, being highest for cynicism
• The burnout–dropout intentions association is moderated by level of study, being higher for postgraduate students - The burnout–dropout intentions association is moderated by level of study, being higher for postgraduate students
• The Business Case Discussion gives admissions readers evidence of applicants' business mindsets, defined as cognitive and intrapersonal skills rather than business expertise - The Business Case Discussion gives admissions readers evidence of applicants' business mindsets, defined as cognitive and intrapersonal skills rather than business expertise
• The buy-in typology was derived from 39 interviewed principals, whose evaluation attitudes in the table are described as mostly positive - The buy-in typology was derived from 39 interviewed principals, whose evaluation attitudes in the table are described as mostly positive
• The CAC proof of concept compiled 27 biology problems successfully, accumulating 188 Declarative Memory entries, but failed on the 28th problem - The CAC proof of concept compiled 27 biology problems successfully, accumulating 188 Declarative Memory entries, but failed on the 28th problem
• The Cal-Learn evaluation met WWC evidence standards only with reservations because survey exclusions were based on conditions that could have been affected by the financial incentives - The Cal-Learn evaluation met WWC evidence standards only with reservations because survey exclusions were based on conditions that could have been affected by the financial incentives
• The Cambridge Oracy Assessment Toolkit was developed and validated with children and teachers in English secondary schools - The Cambridge Oracy Assessment Toolkit was developed and validated with children and teachers in English secondary schools
• The card list elicits ranking from judges unwilling to write names in order of merit - The card list elicits ranking from judges unwilling to write names in order of merit
• The case-based intervention was perceived as connecting theory to practice more strongly than the model-based comparison intervention - The case-based intervention was perceived as connecting theory to practice more strongly than the model-based comparison intervention
• The CATALST simulation-based statistics course achieved a high pass rate comparable to or better than the traditional course at the same institution - The CATALST simulation-based statistics course achieved a high pass rate comparable to or better than the traditional course at the same institution
• The category distribution of student questions varies substantially across different simulations - The category distribution of student questions varies substantially across different simulations
• The CBE and COLO engines met content specifications and recovered true scores well for the nine simulated MAP Growth tests - The CBE and COLO engines met content specifications and recovered true scores well for the nine simulated MAP Growth tests
• The CBSL pilot aimed to strengthen grantee capacity through scoping, provider matching, cohort learning, and thought partnership - The CBSL pilot aimed to strengthen grantee capacity through scoping, provider matching, cohort learning, and thought partnership
• The CEA learning model has a significant simultaneous effect on EFL students' speaking performance and feedback literacy - The CEA learning model has a significant simultaneous effect on EFL students' speaking performance and feedback literacy
• The center-based early educator workforce is more racially and ethnically diverse than the TK–12 workforce, with 66% identifying as people of color versus 39% - The center-based early educator workforce is more racially and ethnically diverse than the TK–12 workforce, with 66% identifying as people of color versus 39%
• The central executive component of working memory is the most important domain-general predictor of later-grade mathematics achievement - The central executive component of working memory is the most important domain-general predictor of later-grade mathematics achievement
• The central executive coordinates WM subsystems and supports higher-level language-learning functions such as attention switching and strategy switching - The central executive coordinates WM subsystems and supports higher-level language-learning functions such as attention switching and strategy switching
• The CF–KG hybrid model achieves higher offline NDCG than all eight baselines on the MARS English subset, reaching about 0.625 at epoch 40 - The CF–KG hybrid model achieves higher offline NDCG than all eight baselines on the MARS English subset, reaching about 0.625 at epoch 40
• The CF–KG hybrid model achieves the highest hit rate among all compared methods, rising from 0.718 to 0.751 across training - The CF–KG hybrid model achieves the highest hit rate among all compared methods, rising from 0.718 to 0.751 across training
• The CF–KG model attains the highest coverage (0.736) and cross-domain accuracy (0.741) among all compared recommenders - The CF–KG model attains the highest coverage (0.736) and cross-domain accuracy (0.741) among all compared recommenders
• The change in tools caused the most disruption in e-teachers' activity system, replacing body language and visual cues with text and voice mediation - The change in tools caused the most disruption in e-teachers' activity system, replacing body language and visual cues with text and voice mediation
• The change on the object being verbally described was the most detected change, seen by 10 of 12 participants (83.33%) - The change on the object being verbally described was the most detected change, seen by 10 of 12 participants (83.33%)
• The charter school sector grew to more than 6,800 schools serving nearly 3 million students across forty states and DC by 2015–16 - The charter school sector grew to more than 6,800 schools serving nearly 3 million students across forty states and DC by 2015–16
• The charter-school sector has grown to nearly 7,000 schools serving nearly 3 million students since 1992 - The charter-school sector has grown to nearly 7,000 schools serving nearly 3 million students since 1992
• The Charting Reform surveys reached 266 elementary schools and 40 high schools in Chicago in Spring 1994 - The Charting Reform surveys reached 266 elementary schools and 40 high schools in Chicago in Spring 1994
• The chatbot often provided more scaffold types than requested, and supplying classified question scope to the chatbot raised scaffold precision above .60 - The chatbot often provided more scaffold types than requested, and supplying classified question scope to the chatbot raised scaffold precision above .60
• The ChatGPT group achieves significantly greater essay score improvement than the other three groups - The ChatGPT group achieves significantly greater essay score improvement than the other three groups
• The chi-square significance test for NC-DIF is overly sensitive at large sample sizes, requiring an empirical cutoff value - The chi-square significance test for NC-DIF is overly sensitive at large sample sizes, requiring an empirical cutoff value
• The Chicago Annenberg Challenge had little impact on student academic achievement: rates of gain in Annenberg schools did not differ significantly from non-Annenberg schools - The Chicago Annenberg Challenge had little impact on student academic achievement: rates of gain in Annenberg schools did not differ significantly from non-Annenberg schools
• The Chicago Annenberg Challenge underwent rapid organizational learning, reshaping from a community-organizing collaborative into a formal activist foundation - The Chicago Annenberg Challenge underwent rapid organizational learning, reshaping from a community-organizing collaborative into a formal activist foundation
• The Chicago School Readiness Project, a classroom-based RCT, improved low-income children's executive function and academic skills with effect sizes of 0.34 to 0.63 - The Chicago School Readiness Project, a classroom-based RCT, improved low-income children's executive function and academic skills with effect sizes of 0.34 to 0.63
• The Chicago-versus-rest-of-Illinois gap in ISAT math also narrows in upper grades, but less than in reading - The Chicago-versus-rest-of-Illinois gap in ISAT math also narrows in upper grades, but less than in reading
• The Child Development Project/CSC shows potentially positive effects on student behavior, with an average improvement index of +8 percentile points - The Child Development Project/CSC shows potentially positive effects on student behavior, with an average improvement index of +8 percentile points
• The choice of longitudinal statistical model can determine whether reciprocal motivation-achievement relations are found - The choice of longitudinal statistical model can determine whether reciprocal motivation-achievement relations are found
• The choice of magnitude comparison measure type carries methodological implications for studies of children's mathematical development - The choice of magnitude comparison measure type carries methodological implications for studies of children's mathematical development
• The choice of online versus offline measures of SRL moderates the strength of the relationship between SRL processes and achievement - The choice of online versus offline measures of SRL moderates the strength of the relationship between SRL processes and achievement
• The choice of which assessment to use as the outcome measure matters more for value-added estimates than any student or peer control-variable specification choice - The choice of which assessment to use as the outcome measure matters more for value-added estimates than any student or peer control-variable specification choice
• The CHSRI graduation advantage was concentrated among students least likely to graduate, exceeding six percentage points in the lowest stratum versus about two in the highest - The CHSRI graduation advantage was concentrated among students least likely to graduate, exceeding six percentage points in the lowest stratum versus about two in the highest
• The CIS case management component showed no evidence of improving student suspensions, attendance, or academic achievement - The CIS case management component showed no evidence of improving student suspensions, attendance, or academic achievement
• The claim that high-variability practice imposes germane load rests on post-hoc explanation and does not always replicate - The claim that high-variability practice imposes germane load rests on post-hoc explanation and does not always replicate
• The class achieved the highest average score in the unified Grade 3a EFL exam among seven classes, and its average moved from just above the second-highest class in Cycle 2 to four points higher in Cycle 3 - The class achieved the highest average score in the unified Grade 3a EFL exam among seven classes, and its average moved from just above the second-highest class in Cycle 2 to four points higher in Cy
• The classroom management dimension is most consistently and strongly related to teachers' value-added scores across instruments, subjects, and grades - The classroom management dimension is most consistently and strongly related to teachers' value-added scores across instruments, subjects, and grades
• The classroom testing effect increases with the number of test repetitions on the same content. - The classroom testing effect increases with the number of test repetitions on the same content.
• The classroom testing effect transfers to mismatched test formats, but consistent quiz–exam formats yield a significantly larger effect (g = 0.531 vs. g = 0.399). - The classroom testing effect transfers to mismatched test formats, but consistent quiz–exam formats yield a significantly larger effect (g = 0.531 vs.
• The classroom training improves inhibitory control as measured by the Tongue Task - The classroom training improves inhibitory control as measured by the Tongue Task
• The classroom training improves Theory of Mind performance - The classroom training improves Theory of Mind performance
• The classroom training is associated with a greater DCCS flexibility gain in the experimental group, though the printed ANOVA table reports a non-significant interaction - The classroom training is associated with a greater DCCS flexibility gain in the experimental group, though the printed ANOVA table reports a non-significant interaction
• The clearest AI-assisted advantages appeared on the stakeholder engagement, alternatives, implementation, and monitoring decision-making steps - The clearest AI-assisted advantages appeared on the stakeholder engagement, alternatives, implementation, and monitoring decision-making steps
• The climate × immigrant status interaction is robust across alternative specifications, sampling weights, and multiple imputation - The climate × immigrant status interaction is robust across alternative specifications, sampling weights, and multiple imputation
• The CLIP text-image alignment score failed to capture fine-tuning improvements, contradicting KID, CMMD, and human judgment - The CLIP text-image alignment score failed to capture fine-tuning improvements, contradicting KID, CMMD, and human judgment
• The closed-loop adaptation law is stable only when the adaptation gain is small relative to behavioural responsiveness - The closed-loop adaptation law is stable only when the adaptation gain is small relative to behavioural responsiveness
• The closer training content is to authentic clinical scenarios, the smoother its translation into practice - The closer training content is to authentic clinical scenarios, the smoother its translation into practice
• The CLT-based design produced higher effective learning scores at retention and transfer, while achievement effective learning scores were nearly equal between groups - The CLT-based design produced higher effective learning scores at retention and transfer, while achievement effective learning scores were nearly equal between groups
• The CMA-A math finding in the PCER study is not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons - The CMA-A math finding in the PCER study is not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons
• The co-designed AI-enabled SST meeting agenda tool saw mixed district-wide adoption despite enthusiasm in facilitated meetings - The co-designed AI-enabled SST meeting agenda tool saw mixed district-wide adoption despite enthusiasm in facilitated meetings
• The Coach's hint budget was managed poorly: students split into early-spenders and savers, and within the Coach condition only those with a deliberate hint strategy scored higher - The Coach's hint budget was managed poorly: students split into early-spenders and savers, and within the Coach condition only those with a deliberate hint strategy scored higher
• The cognitive architecture has been used to design a variety of novel instructional procedures - The cognitive architecture has been used to design a variety of novel instructional procedures
• The cognitive load module encodes cross-domain learning burden into student state representations as a low-to-high load gradient - The cognitive load module encodes cross-domain learning burden into student state representations as a low-to-high load gradient
• The cohort covariate's contribution to explained variance in all three writing measures fell well below the small-effect threshold - The cohort covariate's contribution to explained variance in all three writing measures fell well below the small-effect threshold
• The cohort's baseline perception profile shows high endorsement of critical-thinking risk and training interest and substantially more cautious trust for complex-task use than for accuracy - The cohort's baseline perception profile shows high endorsement of critical-thinking risk and training interest and substantially more cautious trust for complex-task use than for accuracy
• The collective generative AI intervention's effect on relevance as identification with math persisted one week later through its immediate effect - The collective generative AI intervention's effect on relevance as identification with math persisted one week later through its immediate effect
• The collective intelligence of groups is higher when members have greater social sensitivity - The collective intelligence of groups is higher when members have greater social sensitivity
• The collective working memory effect: group learning is more efficient than individual learning for high-complexity tasks, but individual learning is more efficient for low-complexity tasks - The collective working memory effect: group learning is more efficient than individual learning for high-complexity tasks, but individual learning is more efficient for low-complexity tasks
• The colloquial ambiguity of the words short and long in a worksheet question sustains the intuition that less distance implies less time - The colloquial ambiguity of the words short and long in a worksheet question sustains the intuition that less distance implies less time
• The combination of moving the STAR link and reporting points possible produced the best performance on all measures - The combination of moving the STAR link and reporting points possible produced the best performance on all measures
• The combination of online metacognition measures with complex math assessments is associated with the largest effect sizes - The combination of online metacognition measures with complex math assessments is associated with the largest effect sizes
• The combined condition had higher learning gains than individual-only and collaborative-only conditions, but only among 4th grade students - The combined condition had higher learning gains than individual-only and collaborative-only conditions, but only among 4th grade students
• The combined FCI, FMCE, and EMCS item bank covers all 14 learning objectives with at least six items each, mostly single- or two-LO items - The combined FCI, FMCE, and EMCS item bank covers all 14 learning objectives with at least six items each, mostly single- or two-LO items
• The combined theory-driven and data-driven validation approach improved the match rate between trace-based SRL processes and think aloud data from 38.97% to 54.24% (training) and 34.54% to 55.09% (testing) - The combined theory-driven and data-driven validation approach improved the match rate between trace-based SRL processes and think aloud data from 38.97% to 54.24% (training) and 34.54% to 55.09% (tes
• The combined training-plus-diary condition improved specific SRL components: SRL knowledge, metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies (elaboration, organisation, critical thinking), and resource management strategies (time-management, effort regulation) - The combined training-plus-diary condition improved specific SRL components: SRL knowledge, metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies (elaboration, organisation, critical thinking), and resource
• The commentary identifies challenges of integrating central motivational constructs - The commentary identifies challenges of integrating central motivational constructs
• The commentary poses harmony as IDC's boldest and most challenging concept for Western readers - The commentary poses harmony as IDC's boldest and most challenging concept for Western readers
• The comorbid RD+MD group is more impaired than groups with RD only or MD only on seven of ten neuropsychological composites - The comorbid RD+MD group is more impaired than groups with RD only or MD only on seven of ten neuropsychological composites
• The comparison of decimal fractions undergoes developmental changes over the course of learning - The comparison of decimal fractions undergoes developmental changes over the course of learning
• The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' belief in the changeability of abilities immediately and at follow-ups in both groups - The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' belief in the changeability of abilities immediately and at follow-ups in both groups
• The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' belief in the positive interdependence of mathematical and verbal abilities immediately and at follow-ups in both groups - The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' belief in the positive interdependence of mathematical and verbal abilities immediately and at follow-ups in both groups
• The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' math self-concept immediately after participation in both an intervention group and a waiting-list control group - The COMPASS intervention significantly increases students' math self-concept immediately after participation in both an intervention group and a waiting-list control group
• The compensatory hypothesis focuses on short-term interactions among EF, MC, SR and SRL that predict learning outcomes - The compensatory hypothesis focuses on short-term interactions among EF, MC, SR and SRL that predict learning outcomes
• The competence paradox: broadly capable LLMs cannot genuinely unknow expert knowledge when simulating novices - The competence paradox: broadly capable LLMs cannot genuinely unknow expert knowledge when simulating novices
• The competence paradox: creative competence positively supports intention but shows a significant negative direct effect on actual use behavior - The competence paradox: creative competence positively supports intention but shows a significant negative direct effect on actual use behavior
• The competency model of AI literacy functions as a Freirean banking model, training users to adapt rather than transform - The competency model of AI literacy functions as a Freirean banking model, training users to adapt rather than transform
• The competency–knowledge integration relationships differ between scientific and economic samples: reflexivity is significant only in the scientific sample, while tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty and perspective taking are significant only in the economic sample - The competency–knowledge integration relationships differ between scientific and economic samples: reflexivity is significant only in the scientific sample, while tolerance of ambiguity and uncertaint
• The completion impact of financial incentives for teen parents comes almost entirely from GED receipt rather than high school diploma receipt, and the GED effect was statistically significant only for Cal-Learn - The completion impact of financial incentives for teen parents comes almost entirely from GED receipt rather than high school diploma receipt, and the GED effect was statistically significant only for
• The complexity of coaching responsibilities may fragment the coaching process and reduce its impact - The complexity of coaching responsibilities may fragment the coaching process and reduce its impact
• The complexity of successful instrumental genesis translates into severe barriers to adopting CSCL technologies, pedagogies, chronotypes, and educational philosophies in established school institutions - The complexity of successful instrumental genesis translates into severe barriers to adopting CSCL technologies, pedagogies, chronotypes, and educational philosophies in established school institution
• The component analysis of the five literacy measures yielded a speed factor (word and nonword reading speed) and an accuracy factor (word and nonword reading accuracy), with spelling analysed separately due to less clear-cut loadings - The component analysis of the five literacy measures yielded a speed factor (word and nonword reading speed) and an accuracy factor (word and nonword reading accuracy), with spelling analysed separate
• The comprehension-skill difference in inference making persists after controlling for memory for the text and delayed retention of the knowledge base - The comprehension-skill difference in inference making persists after controlling for memory for the text and delayed retention of the knowledge base
• The comprehensive psychological need satisfaction configuration (competence core) has the highest coverage for high learning engagement, with GAI use unconstrained - The comprehensive psychological need satisfaction configuration (competence core) has the highest coverage for high learning engagement, with GAI use unconstrained
• The computer-based implementation showed no significant difference from individual paper-based work with brief written answers - The computer-based implementation showed no significant difference from individual paper-based work with brief written answers
• The concept model of vocabulary instruction produced larger gains in content-area vocabulary test performance than the definition/sentence-writing model for all six middle school students with learning disabilities - The concept model of vocabulary instruction produced larger gains in content-area vocabulary test performance than the definition/sentence-writing model for all six middle school students with learnin
• The concept-map interface let teachers generate scaffolds matching their content focuses, class activities, and teaching styles - The concept-map interface let teachers generate scaffolds matching their content focuses, class activities, and teaching styles
• The Conceptualization phase divides into two alternative sub-phases, Questioning and Hypothesis Generation - The Conceptualization phase divides into two alternative sub-phases, Questioning and Hypothesis Generation
• The Concerted Interpretation group reported significantly higher self-regulation than Delegated Reasoning, with no profile differences in co-regulation or socially-shared regulation - The Concerted Interpretation group reported significantly higher self-regulation than Delegated Reasoning, with no profile differences in co-regulation or socially-shared regulation
• The condition-dependent response profile of ToM brain regions is quantitatively weaker in blind than sighted children - The condition-dependent response profile of ToM brain regions is quantitatively weaker in blind than sighted children
• The conditional growth index serves as a descriptive indicator of student learning progress - The conditional growth index serves as a descriptive indicator of student learning progress
• The confidence-rating impairment on ambiguous transfer items persists among participants who met the learning criterion - The confidence-rating impairment on ambiguous transfer items persists among participants who met the learning criterion
• The CONIC model proposes conscientiousness and interest can partly compensate for one another in explaining academic effort and achievement - The CONIC model proposes conscientiousness and interest can partly compensate for one another in explaining academic effort and achievement
• The connective and is multifunctional in L1 essays, functioning as resultive and other relations, which may explain its lower frequency in L2 writing - The connective and is multifunctional in L1 essays, functioning as resultive and other relations, which may explain its lower frequency in L2 writing
• The consensus distinction characterises curiosity as active seeking of specific unknown information and interest as pleasurable, in-depth seeking in already-known domains - The consensus distinction characterises curiosity as active seeking of specific unknown information and interest as pleasurable, in-depth seeking in already-known domains
• The consonants-in-noise model predicts concurrent reading in school-aged children and reliably classifies externally diagnosed learning disability, being most effective at clearing children as unlikely to have an LD - The consonants-in-noise model predicts concurrent reading in school-aged children and reliably classifies externally diagnosed learning disability, being most effective at clearing children as unlikel
• The constant-friction AI video yields a fitted friction coefficient (µ ≈ 0.169) consistent with literature values for wood on smooth or waxed surfaces - The constant-friction AI video yields a fitted friction coefficient (µ ≈ 0.169) consistent with literature values for wood on smooth or waxed surfaces
• The constellation of dominant motivation theories in educational psychology has changed very little over recent decades - The constellation of dominant motivation theories in educational psychology has changed very little over recent decades
• The content of MOOC students' plans forecasts completion, with time-focused plans predicting lower completion - The content of MOOC students' plans forecasts completion, with time-focused plans predicting lower completion
• The Content Proximity spring 2022 pilot study examined validity, reliability, and test score comparability of MAP Growth assessments using the new item-selection algorithm - The Content Proximity spring 2022 pilot study examined validity, reliability, and test score comparability of MAP Growth assessments using the new item-selection algorithm
• The context of model-evaluation questions significantly influenced students' epistemic views, with fewer than half of students giving consistent answers across the SARS and dinosaur-extinction contexts - The context of model-evaluation questions significantly influenced students' epistemic views, with fewer than half of students giving consistent answers across the SARS and dinosaur-extinction context
• The context-learning effect did not significantly interact with reading comprehension ability, though the trend favored more able readers - The context-learning effect did not significantly interact with reading comprehension ability, though the trend favored more able readers
• The contextual-mean effect remains negative across every achievement decile and across MSC quantiles, with no systematic attenuation at the top - The contextual-mean effect remains negative across every achievement decile and across MSC quantiles, with no systematic attenuation at the top
• The contrast between implicit and explicit organization is the source of a fundamental conflict in writing - The contrast between implicit and explicit organization is the source of a fundamental conflict in writing
• The convenience and low opportunity cost of LLMs poses a risk of over-reliance, deskilling, and reduced judgment competence when learners outsource tasks that are essential learning opportunities. - The convenience and low opportunity cost of LLMs poses a risk of over-reliance, deskilling, and reduced judgment competence when learners outsource tasks that are essential learning opportunities.
• The ConvTutor–PedTutor helpfulness ordering is judge-contingent, reversing between the Opus and Sol judges on two of three tutor bases - The ConvTutor–PedTutor helpfulness ordering is judge-contingent, reversing between the Opus and Sol judges on two of three tutor bases
• The cooperative learning component's added benefit over direct instruction alone with CIRC materials was not statistically significant on main idea identification - The cooperative learning component's added benefit over direct instruction alone with CIRC materials was not statistically significant on main idea identification
• The coordinated school health approach saw scattered US adoption, hindered by pressures on administrators and lack of integration into School Improvement Plans - The coordinated school health approach saw scattered US adoption, hindered by pressures on administrators and lack of integration into School Improvement Plans
• The CoP extended its network's reach through national convenings, including a member-facilitated NIEA convention session - The CoP extended its network's reach through national convenings, including a member-facilitated NIEA convention session
• The core predictors of seventh-grade word reading achievement differ from those predicting seventh-grade mathematics achievement - The core predictors of seventh-grade word reading achievement differ from those predicting seventh-grade mathematics achievement
• The correlates of self-disclosure preference with AI chatbots diverge culturally: positive with adaptive coping in HK but not the US, and positively associated with maladaptive coping in the US but negatively in HK - The correlates of self-disclosure preference with AI chatbots diverge culturally: positive with adaptive coping in HK but not the US, and positively associated with maladaptive coping in the US but ne
• The correlation between conceptual understanding and procedural execution weakened over time, becoming largely independent after one year - The correlation between conceptual understanding and procedural execution weakened over time, becoming largely independent after one year
• The correlation between dot comparison performance and children's mathematics achievement is driven by incongruent, not congruent, trials - The correlation between dot comparison performance and children's mathematics achievement is driven by incongruent, not congruent, trials
• The correlation between mastery and relational goals is unusually strong (r = .64) in the Lao sample compared with Western teacher samples - The correlation between mastery and relational goals is unusually strong (r = .64) in the Lao sample compared with Western teacher samples
• The correlation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension is r = .536 in school-aged readers of English - The correlation between morphological awareness and reading comprehension is r = .536 in school-aged readers of English
• The correlations among understandability, trust, and acceptance strengthen during teacher–system interaction, indicating trust is dynamic - The correlations among understandability, trust, and acceptance strengthen during teacher–system interaction, indicating trust is dynamic
• The cost analysis suggests the ERWC is a modest investment whose upfront development and training costs become insignificant over time - The cost analysis suggests the ERWC is a modest investment whose upfront development and training costs become insignificant over time
• The cost-effectiveness ratio of ASSISTments is approximately $462.30 per student per standard deviation of long-term math achievement gain - The cost-effectiveness ratio of ASSISTments is approximately $462.30 per student per standard deviation of long-term math achievement gain
• The counting and cardinality coefficient is significantly larger than the coefficients for patterning, geometry, and measurement and data - The counting and cardinality coefficient is significantly larger than the coefficients for patterning, geometry, and measurement and data
• The course-specific MAP Growth norms were built from 747,936 test events administered to 342,821 students in Grades 6–12 across 50 states between Fall 2017 and Spring 2019. - The course-specific MAP Growth norms were built from 747,936 test events administered to 342,821 students in Grades 6–12 across 50 states between Fall 2017 and Spring 2019.
• The COVID cohort scored significantly lower than the control cohort across the whole study duration - The COVID cohort scored significantly lower than the control cohort across the whole study duration
• The COVID-19 pandemic changed public school kindergarten enrollment in ways with likely national classroom consequences - The COVID-19 pandemic changed public school kindergarten enrollment in ways with likely national classroom consequences
• The COVID-19 pandemic impacted historically underserved students more severely than their peers - The COVID-19 pandemic impacted historically underserved students more severely than their peers
• The COVID-19 pandemic influenced U.S. science achievement, as shown by trends in science test scores across seven school years from 2019 through 2024 - The COVID-19 pandemic influenced U.S.
• The COVID-affected cohort caught up to the control cohort in reading fluency one year after the pandemic - The COVID-affected cohort caught up to the control cohort in reading fluency one year after the pandemic
• The CP model fits seasonal achievement data better than a traditional polynomial growth model on RMSE, AIC, and BIC while reducing residual autocorrelation - The CP model fits seasonal achievement data better than a traditional polynomial growth model on RMSE, AIC, and BIC while reducing residual autocorrelation
• The CPM definition of slope is verbose, mentioning the unit-rate essence of slope only at the end of a long paragraph, which is unlikely to enhance English Learners' access - The CPM definition of slope is verbose, mentioning the unit-rate essence of slope only at the end of a long paragraph, which is unlikely to enhance English Learners' access
• The CPS four-year college enrollment rate rose from 33 percent in 2006 to 42 percent in 2014, slightly below the national rate - The CPS four-year college enrollment rate rose from 33 percent in 2006 to 42 percent in 2014, slightly below the national rate
• The CPS test score gap between African-American students and other ethnic groups widened over the decade because Asian, white, and Latino scores improved at faster rates - The CPS test score gap between African-American students and other ethnic groups widened over the decade because Asian, white, and Latino scores improved at faster rates
• The creativity research body shows a varied picture of measurement, with open-ended integrating and open-ended fragmenting tasks most frequently used - The creativity research body shows a varied picture of measurement, with open-ended integrating and open-ended fragmenting tasks most frequently used
• The creativity-related component of flexibility is spontaneous flexibility, the ability to generate diverse responses driven by internal stimuli - The creativity-related component of flexibility is spontaneous flexibility, the ability to generate diverse responses driven by internal stimuli
• The CRIS framework extends existing early warning systems beyond graduation and academic measures - The CRIS framework extends existing early warning systems beyond graduation and academic measures
• The cross-family LLM judge panel agrees with human domain experts on every judged axis, reaching the expert ceiling on answer-holding - The cross-family LLM judge panel agrees with human domain experts on every judged axis, reaching the expert ceiling on answer-holding
• The cross-lagged model holds equally for intervention and control groups and for boys and girls - The cross-lagged model holds equally for intervention and control groups and for boys and girls
• The cross-sectional ToM–achievement association remains significant after controlling for verbal ability, executive functions, non-verbal ability, and SES - The cross-sectional ToM–achievement association remains significant after controlling for verbal ability, executive functions, non-verbal ability, and SES
• The CTML research base grew from 45 experimental comparisons and 7 principles (2001) to 201 comparisons and 15 principles (2021) - The CTML research base grew from 45 experimental comparisons and 7 principles (2001) to 201 comparisons and 15 principles (2021)
• The cubic RSA findings were cross-validated on replication data from TIMSS 2015 (N = 169,269) and an SDT college-student dataset (N = 270) using the Academic Motivation Scale - The cubic RSA findings were cross-validated on replication data from TIMSS 2015 (N = 169,269) and an SDT college-student dataset (N = 270) using the Academic Motivation Scale
• The cue-diagnosticity intervention improved teachers' calibration: confidence and judgment accuracy became more aligned - The cue-diagnosticity intervention improved teachers' calibration: confidence and judgment accuracy became more aligned
• The cue-diagnosticity intervention steered cue utilization: diagnostic cue use increased and non-diagnostic cue use decreased - The cue-diagnosticity intervention steered cue utilization: diagnostic cue use increased and non-diagnostic cue use decreased
• The Cultivate Survey's impact question indicates whether students experience authentic voice and influence in school improvement - The Cultivate Survey's impact question indicates whether students experience authentic voice and influence in school improvement
• The current GenAI discourse promises efficiencies while automation of pedagogical design risks devaluing the educational process and undermining educator expertise - The current GenAI discourse promises efficiencies while automation of pedagogical design risks devaluing the educational process and undermining educator expertise
• The curriculum evaluation was the second report from a multi-year (2005-2013) IES-funded study of mathematics curricula - The curriculum evaluation was the second report from a multi-year (2005-2013) IES-funded study of mathematics curricula
• The customized agent's advantage in short-term task improvement emerges under directive feedback but not under Socratic feedback - The customized agent's advantage in short-term task improvement emerges under directive feedback but not under Socratic feedback
• The CVPromise catchment area was deliberately aligned with the attendance zone of Castle Park Elementary, a low-performing school in program improvement status - The CVPromise catchment area was deliberately aligned with the attendance zone of Castle Park Elementary, a low-performing school in program improvement status
• The CVT-based model is invariant across gender and area of study but only configurally invariant across countries - The CVT-based model is invariant across gender and area of study but only configurally invariant across countries
• The Danielson Framework identified far more teachers as low-performing than the prior CPS checklist (8 percent vs 0.3 percent) - The Danielson Framework identified far more teachers as low-performing than the prior CPS checklist (8 percent vs 0.3 percent)
• The DARPA Digital Tutor, an ITS for U.S. Navy information systems technicians, produced the largest effects in the data set (average ES of 1.97 and 3.18 in two summative evaluations) - The DARPA Digital Tutor, an ITS for U.S.
• The dashboard primarily focuses on grades 3 through 8 because remote and in-person MAP Growth results are largely comparable for grades 3 and up - The dashboard primarily focuses on grades 3 through 8 because remote and in-person MAP Growth results are largely comparable for grades 3 and up
• The dashboard reports median achievement percentiles normed to a nationally representative pre-COVID sample and projected proficiency against state cut scores - The dashboard reports median achievement percentiles normed to a nationally representative pre-COVID sample and projected proficiency against state cut scores
• The dashboard supports comparisons of achievement trends between student groups, including by school poverty level, with a recommendation to compare similar groups - The dashboard supports comparisons of achievement trends between student groups, including by school poverty level, with a recommendation to compare similar groups
• The dashboard's cohort view restricts results to students who consistently tested across selected terms, and those outcomes may be positively biased - The dashboard's cohort view restricts results to students who consistently tested across selected terms, and those outcomes may be positively biased
• The dashboard's cross-sectional view compares same-grade students across terms using the full sample of testers, but attrition is not random - The dashboard's cross-sectional view compares same-grade students across terms using the full sample of testers, but attrition is not random
• The Dashboard's largest rating advantage was on exploring response details (L1, Δ=1.30), while the two platforms were nearly comparable on broad trends (L2, Δ=0.20) and development over time (L6, Δ=0.10) - The Dashboard's largest rating advantage was on exploring response details (L1, Δ=1.30), while the two platforms were nearly comparable on broad trends (L2, Δ=0.20) and development over time (L6, Δ=0.
• The data cannot be used to investigate end spurt because subjects were not told when each test would end - The data cannot be used to investigate end spurt because subjects were not told when each test would end
• The dataset's 12 question templates contain 47 criteria, with question maxima ranging from 5 to 16 marks - The dataset's 12 question templates contain 47 criteria, with question maxima ranging from 5 to 16 marks
• The DBN accommodation measure scores real conversation pairs higher than lexically matched constructed pairs, validating it as a measure of speech style accommodation - The DBN accommodation measure scores real conversation pairs higher than lexically matched constructed pairs, validating it as a measure of speech style accommodation
• The DC reform analysis used advanced statistical methods to account for pre-reform differences between DC and other areas and general trends afterward - The DC reform analysis used advanced statistical methods to account for pre-reform differences between DC and other areas and general trends afterward
• The DC reforms were associated with grade 8 math gains, especially for cohorts with more exposure, but not grade 8 reading gains - The DC reforms were associated with grade 8 math gains, especially for cohorts with more exposure, but not grade 8 reading gains
• The DC school reforms were associated with larger than expected improvements in grade 4 math and reading scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress - The DC school reforms were associated with larger than expected improvements in grade 4 math and reading scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress
• The DC school reforms were associated with learning gains in grade 8 math but not in grade 8 reading - The DC school reforms were associated with learning gains in grade 8 math but not in grade 8 reading
• The debt is incurred by deploying organizations but paid by users, patients, and citizens, making it an AI ethics problem - The debt is incurred by deploying organizations but paid by users, patients, and citizens, making it an AI ethics problem
• The decisive empirical test of AI-augmented instruction frameworks is whether students retain representational competence when AI support is withdrawn - The decisive empirical test of AI-augmented instruction frameworks is whether students retain representational competence when AI support is withdrawn
• The definitions of cognitive load used in cognitive load theory are not fully equivalent - The definitions of cognitive load used in cognitive load theory are not fully equivalent
• The degree of additional content-related support does not significantly moderate CSCL script effects on either outcome - The degree of additional content-related support does not significantly moderate CSCL script effects on either outcome
• The delayed erroneous-examples advantage replicated at one school but was not statistically significant at the other - The delayed erroneous-examples advantage replicated at one school but was not statistically significant at the other
• The delayed erroneous-examples benefit holds for both low and high prior knowledge students - The delayed erroneous-examples benefit holds for both low and high prior knowledge students
• The delayed-higher-than-immediate difference for cognitive load ratings replicates regardless of whether problem complexity increases or decreases across the sequence (Experiment 2) - The delayed-higher-than-immediate difference for cognitive load ratings replicates regardless of whether problem complexity increases or decreases across the sequence (Experiment 2)
• The Delegated Reasoning group significantly outperformed the Concerted Interpretation group on collaborative problem-solving task performance - The Delegated Reasoning group significantly outperformed the Concerted Interpretation group on collaborative problem-solving task performance
• The demanding subarea of teacher control shows near-zero or ambiguous correlations with motivation, engagement, and achievement, unlike the domineering subarea - The demanding subarea of teacher control shows near-zero or ambiguous correlations with motivation, engagement, and achievement, unlike the domineering subarea
• The demands of an information society make an explicit emphasis on general cognitive skills an educational priority - The demands of an information society make an explicit emphasis on general cognitive skills an educational priority
• The demonstration set yields a fair estimate of air permeability µair from coil data - The demonstration set yields a fair estimate of air permeability µair from coil data
• The demonstration-with-review tutorial outperformed the demonstration-only control on practice, immediate post-test and delayed post-test - The demonstration-with-review tutorial outperformed the demonstration-only control on practice, immediate post-test and delayed post-test
• The deployed empirically motivated weight vector outperforms equal, empathy-only, and exploration-only weightings in evaluator agreement, with exploration carrying most of the adaptive signal - The deployed empirically motivated weight vector outperforms equal, empathy-only, and exploration-only weightings in evaluator agreement, with exploration carrying most of the adaptive signal
• The deployment-literacy gap is structural: curriculum timelines of five to seven years cannot match agentic AI product cycles of months - The deployment-literacy gap is structural: curriculum timelines of five to seven years cannot match agentic AI product cycles of months
• The design of video modeling examples strongly affects training success: screen-recording examples were ineffective while writing-out examples were effective - The design of video modeling examples strongly affects training success: screen-recording examples were ineffective while writing-out examples were effective
• The design strained on later proof-heavy topics, and students asked for better artifacts rather than fewer tests - The design strained on later proof-heavy topics, and students asked for better artifacts rather than fewer tests
• The design-based approach yields a transparent, equitable GenAI policy and deeper instructor thinking about assessment - The design-based approach yields a transparent, equitable GenAI policy and deeper instructor thinking about assessment
• The detection gain comes from restoring the missing prompt-response relation, not merely assigning an assistant role: the full prefix outperforms the empty prompt by 14.73% and 12.57% AUROC on Qwen2.5-3B and 5.63% and 5.33% on Llama-3.1-8B - The detection gain comes from restoring the missing prompt-response relation, not merely assigning an assistant role: the full prefix outperforms the empty prompt by 14.73% and 12.57% AUROC on Qwen2.5
• The deterministic pattern detector achieves high pair precision (73.21%) with explicit abstention but covers only 32% of real queries - The deterministic pattern detector achieves high pair precision (73.21%) with explicit abstention but covers only 32% of real queries
• The deterministic reflection gate reliably distinguished low-effort defenses from substantive ones during validation, coaching filler answers rather than unlocking - The deterministic reflection gate reliably distinguished low-effort defenses from substantive ones during validation, coaching filler answers rather than unlocking
• The developmental precedence of EF over ToM persists from 4 to 5 years of age - The developmental precedence of EF over ToM persists from 4 to 5 years of age
• The Diagnostic Review class gained more writing points across three cycles than the Control class (Hedges' g = 1.12) - The Diagnostic Review class gained more writing points across three cycles than the Control class (Hedges' g = 1.12)
• The Diagnostic Review class scored higher on diagnostic accuracy, actionability, comprehension, revision quality, and self-assessment accuracy across all three cycles - The Diagnostic Review class scored higher on diagnostic accuracy, actionability, comprehension, revision quality, and self-assessment accuracy across all three cycles
• The different elements of the Engagement Framework are interrelated in practice, with gains in one dimension reinforcing others - The different elements of the Engagement Framework are interrelated in practice, with gains in one dimension reinforcing others
• The digit memory-span increases with age rather than with grade-promotion measures of intelligence, reaching a limit of six digits for most grammar and high school pupils - The digit memory-span increases with age rather than with grade-promotion measures of intelligence, reaching a limit of six digits for most grammar and high school pupils
• The digit series used was too short, with 73 of 970 trials reaching the maximum score of ten - The digit series used was too short, with 73 of 970 trials reaching the maximum score of ten
• The digital prompting literature uses 283 distinct prompt labels, most of which appear in only one publication - The digital prompting literature uses 283 distinct prompt labels, most of which appear in only one publication
• The dinosaur-extinction context evoked concerns about the value of knowledge and the limits of scientific methods, shaping students' model-evaluation justifications in context-specific ways - The dinosaur-extinction context evoked concerns about the value of knowledge and the limits of scientific methods, shaping students' model-evaluation justifications in context-specific ways
• The direct and indirect costs of schooling are often too high for hunter-gatherer families, constituting an economic barrier to attendance - The direct and indirect costs of schooling are often too high for hunter-gatherer families, constituting an economic barrier to attendance
• The direct association between GAI use and learning engagement is not statistically significant, while the indirect association through need satisfaction is significant but small - The direct association between GAI use and learning engagement is not statistically significant, while the indirect association through need satisfaction is significant but small
• The direct association between GenAI literacy and GenAI-assisted self-regulated learning behaviors remains significant after accounting for the mediators, indicating partial mediation - The direct association between GenAI literacy and GenAI-assisted self-regulated learning behaviors remains significant after accounting for the mediators, indicating partial mediation
• The direct effect of T1 decoding precursors on T2 reading comprehension held only when phonemic awareness and letter knowledge were both included, while RAN strengthened the prediction of decoding skills - The direct effect of T1 decoding precursors on T2 reading comprehension held only when phonemic awareness and letter knowledge were both included, while RAN strengthened the prediction of decoding ski
• The direct path from contextual support to perceived transfer gains was not statistically significant, whereas the chained indirect pathway through trust calibration and collaborative regulation was significant - The direct path from contextual support to perceived transfer gains was not statistically significant, whereas the chained indirect pathway through trust calibration and collaborative regulation was s
• The direct path from mathematics anxiety to word problem solving is non-significant once metacognition is modeled - The direct path from mathematics anxiety to word problem solving is non-significant once metacognition is modeled
• The discipline–self-control association is similar in magnitude across discipline components, gender, age, region, informant, reliability, and research design - The discipline–self-control association is similar in magnitude across discipline components, gender, age, region, informant, reliability, and research design
• The discipline–self-control association is stronger for general self-control than for cognitive self-control - The discipline–self-control association is stronger for general self-control than for cognitive self-control
• The discipline–self-control association is stronger when self-control is measured by self-report than by observation/tasks or other-informant reports - The discipline–self-control association is stronger when self-control is measured by self-report than by observation/tasks or other-informant reports
• The discriminative-contrast hypothesis treats spacing and interleaving as distinct effects, with interleaving benefits more likely for similar than dissimilar interleaved tasks - The discriminative-contrast hypothesis treats spacing and interleaving as distinct effects, with interleaving benefits more likely for similar than dissimilar interleaved tasks
• The Discussion phase, comprising Reflection and Communication, can occur at any point during inquiry-based learning and connects to all other phases - The Discussion phase, comprising Reflection and Communication, can occur at any point during inquiry-based learning and connects to all other phases
• The disgust film induction elevated disgust ratings comparably in young and older adults, with no age differences in reactivity or recovery after baseline - The disgust film induction elevated disgust ratings comparably in young and older adults, with no age differences in reactivity or recovery after baseline
• The disorientation strategy negatively predicted OMR performance in the moderate and ambivalent profiles but not in the positive profile - The disorientation strategy negatively predicted OMR performance in the moderate and ambivalent profiles but not in the positive profile
• The dissonant profile scores lowest of all profiles on knowledge about cognition, but does not differ from the unorganized-deep profile on regulation of cognition - The dissonant profile scores lowest of all profiles on knowledge about cognition, but does not differ from the unorganized-deep profile on regulation of cognition
• The distinct abilities structure of processing speed is invariant across Chinese, Canadian, and Greek cultural groups - The distinct abilities structure of processing speed is invariant across Chinese, Canadian, and Greek cultural groups
• The distraction-management dimension of homework management is unrelated to homework quality and not predicted by the homework management latent factor - The distraction-management dimension of homework management is unrelated to homework quality and not predicted by the homework management latent factor
• The distribution of highest-performing teachers across schools is statistically unlikely to be random, with significance for middle school teachers on both poverty and achievement groupings but for elementary teachers only on achievement groupings - The distribution of highest-performing teachers across schools is statistically unlikely to be random, with significance for middle school teachers on both poverty and achievement groupings but for el
• The distribution of individual study estimates is mostly null, with 168 positive, 320 null, and 43 negative findings at 90% confidence intervals. - The distribution of individual study estimates is mostly null, with 168 positive, 320 null, and 43 negative findings at 90% confidence intervals.