Claims: M 4

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Most surveyed ed tech developers report their products are informed by research, but purchasers struggle to evaluate that research - Most surveyed ed tech developers report their products are informed by research, but purchasers struggle to evaluate that research
Most surveyed faculty report some AI use, primarily chatbots, with research use exceeding teaching use - Most surveyed faculty report some AI use, primarily chatbots, with research use exceeding teaching use
Most surveyed job-seeking CS students applied to at least one Big Tech company, with significant subgroup differences in application rates - Most surveyed job-seeking CS students applied to at least one Big Tech company, with significant subgroup differences in application rates
Most surveyed marketing educators use GAI as a tool, followed by teammate and tutor, and 64% incorporate AI in their courses - Most surveyed marketing educators use GAI as a tool, followed by teammate and tutor, and 64% incorporate AI in their courses
Most surveyed participants reported they had not enjoyed mathematics classes in the past - Most surveyed participants reported they had not enjoyed mathematics classes in the past
Most surveyed power-and-energy respondents would use a power-specific hands-on AI tutorial, and few rate generic image-based AI examples as very relevant - Most surveyed power-and-energy respondents would use a power-specific hands-on AI tutorial, and few rate generic image-based AI examples as very relevant
Most surveyed teachers make small customizations to OpenSciEd materials often or daily, commonly to shorten lessons, increase engagement, support prior knowledge and increase relevance - Most surveyed teachers make small customizations to OpenSciEd materials often or daily, commonly to shorten lessons, increase engagement, support prior knowledge and increase relevance
Most surveyed teachers planned to transfer what they learned during pandemic distance teaching to adapt future in-person teaching - Most surveyed teachers planned to transfer what they learned during pandemic distance teaching to adapt future in-person teaching
Most surveyed teachers report accounting for learner prior knowledge and material complexity in instructional design - Most surveyed teachers report accounting for learner prior knowledge and material complexity in instructional design
Most surveyed teachers reported that TLC experiences deepened their understanding of the NGSS dimensions and 3D approaches - Most surveyed teachers reported that TLC experiences deepened their understanding of the NGSS dimensions and 3D approaches
Most teacher programs required significant time, effort, and resources, with mean program attrition of 12.69% and rates reaching 66.67%, suggesting time demands may limit real-world translation - Most teacher programs required significant time, effort, and resources, with mean program attrition of 12.69% and rates reaching 66.67%, suggesting time demands may limit real-world translation
Most teacher survey domains and scales used by DCPS meaningfully differentiate among schools - Most teacher survey domains and scales used by DCPS meaningfully differentiate among schools
Most teacher well-being interventions target individual actions rather than community well-being - Most teacher well-being interventions target individual actions rather than community well-being
Most teacher-created lessons did not rely substantially on existing OER, with teachers preferring Google search over OER repositories - Most teacher-created lessons did not rely substantially on existing OER, with teachers preferring Google search over OER repositories
Most teachers and administrators report that the REACH observation process supports teacher professional growth and improved instructional conversations - Most teachers and administrators report that the REACH observation process supports teacher professional growth and improved instructional conversations
Most teachers and principals reported satisfaction with professional opportunities, school environment, and the TIF program - Most teachers and principals reported satisfaction with professional opportunities, school environment, and the TIF program
Most teachers believe their REACH evaluation relies too heavily on student growth and question the fairness of the growth assessments - Most teachers believe their REACH evaluation relies too heavily on student growth and question the fairness of the growth assessments
Most teachers in China's middle schools used traditional grammar-focused methods in the late 1980s - Most teachers in China's middle schools used traditional grammar-focused methods in the late 1980s
Most teachers in the 11 SIG schools participated in ELL-related professional development, but it accounted for less than 20 percent of their total PD hours - Most teachers in the 11 SIG schools participated in ELL-related professional development, but it accounted for less than 20 percent of their total PD hours
Most teachers judged their REACH evaluators fair and able to assess instruction accurately - Most teachers judged their REACH evaluators fair and able to assess instruction accurately
Most teachers participate in informal professional development activities, which generate more satisfaction than formal in-service days - Most teachers participate in informal professional development activities, which generate more satisfaction than formal in-service days
Most teachers report precise identification of OER sources plus at least two diffusion improvements when implementing a diffusion strategy - Most teachers report precise identification of OER sources plus at least two diffusion improvements when implementing a diffusion strategy
Most teachers, students, and principals reported positive perceptions of the Playworks program - Most teachers, students, and principals reported positive perceptions of the Playworks program
Most teacher–student regulation combinations produce friction rather than congruence, with constructive and destructive forms - Most teacher–student regulation combinations produce friction rather than congruence, with constructive and destructive forms
Most teens at any given time chose the hanging out space, though staff reported a substantial number also engaged in geeking out activities - Most teens at any given time chose the hanging out space, though staff reported a substantial number also engaged in geeking out activities
Most TTI teachers stayed on the job even after incentive payments ended - Most TTI teachers stayed on the job even after incentive payments ended
Most TTI teachers stayed on the job even after transfer payments ended - Most TTI teachers stayed on the job even after transfer payments ended
Most Turkish IRT-based scale development studies did not check the unidimensionality or local independence assumptions - Most Turkish IRT-based scale development studies did not check the unidimensionality or local independence assumptions
Most U.S. 8th graders read below proficiency: 69 percent fall below the proficient level and 26 percent below the basic level on the 2007 NAEP reading assessment - Most U.S.
Most U.S. colleges had adopted written generative AI policies by late 2024, with 69% defining appropriate versus inappropriate AI use in coursework - Most U.S.
Most U.S. elementary school principals report access to professional development content identified as important for building leadership capacity - Most U.S.
Most U.S. schools of choice are operated by public school districts, with about 6.5 million students enrolled in a chosen public school - Most U.S.
Most U.S. schools report teachers are not sufficiently trained to use technology, and half of teachers cite lack of training as a major obstacle - Most U.S.
Most U.S. states offer a stand-alone early childhood teaching credential, but fewer than half require lead public preschool teachers to hold one - Most U.S.
Most undergraduate students in computer science–related programs are unaware of their institution's GenAI regulations (62.25% not aware; 25.83% aware) - Most undergraduate students in computer science–related programs are unaware of their institution's GenAI regulations (62.25% not aware; 25.83% aware)
Most university AI policies are written as neutral suggested guidelines rather than strongly subjective or objective mandates - Most university AI policies are written as neutral suggested guidelines rather than strongly subjective or objective mandates
Most unrestricted-mode interactions were direct answer retrieval: 52.9% of exercise interactions were copy-paste of the question, and participant answers were linguistically near-identical to chatbot text in 25.3% of cases - Most unrestricted-mode interactions were direct answer retrieval: 52.9% of exercise interactions were copy-paste of the question, and participant answers were linguistically near-identical to chatbot
Most validated RCR measures assess a single learning outcome, with attitudes most common and only four measures testing knowledge - Most validated RCR measures assess a single learning outcome, with attitudes most common and only four measures testing knowledge
Most variance in preschoolers' letter-writing skills is due to differences between students rather than between letters - Most variance in preschoolers' letter-writing skills is due to differences between students rather than between letters
Most variance in state achievement goals and emotions is situational (within-person) rather than between-person - Most variance in state achievement goals and emotions is situational (within-person) rather than between-person
Most variance in students' epistemic emotions was situational (within-person) fluctuation, with 18–37% due to between-person variability. - Most variance in students' epistemic emotions was situational (within-person) fluctuation, with 18–37% due to between-person variability.
Most variance in students' momentary classroom emotions lies at the within-person level, yet person-aggregated state measures are fairly reliable (ICC(2) from 0.735 to 0.901) - Most variance in students' momentary classroom emotions lies at the within-person level, yet person-aggregated state measures are fairly reliable (ICC(2) from 0.735 to 0.901)
Most variation in digit span performance is within-person rather than between-person - Most variation in digit span performance is within-person rather than between-person
Most variation in teacher evaluation scores is within schools rather than between schools - Most variation in teacher evaluation scores is within schools rather than between schools
Most Way2Work Maryland participants (92 percent) had at least one work experience, 74 percent had at least two with one paid, and 44 percent had at least three with one paid - Most Way2Work Maryland participants (92 percent) had at least one work experience, 74 percent had at least two with one paid, and 44 percent had at least three with one paid
Most work-based learning participants have been CTE students despite district intent to expand access - Most work-based learning participants have been CTE students despite district intent to expand access
Most working-group district leaders reported planning or already implementing concrete SEL changes within two months of the Melbourne convening - Most working-group district leaders reported planning or already implementing concrete SEL changes within two months of the Melbourne convening
Most young Latino children show emerging ethnic identity, with self-identification most prevalent (75%) and knowledge least prevalent (about 20%) - Most young Latino children show emerging ethnic identity, with self-identification most prevalent (75%) and knowledge least prevalent (about 20%)
Mothers and fathers show no difference in spatial language use with their children, and children produce similar spatial language with each parent - Mothers and fathers show no difference in spatial language use with their children, and children produce similar spatial language with each parent
Mothers' cognitive support during problem-solving did not predict children's later cognitive flexibility - Mothers' cognitive support during problem-solving did not predict children's later cognitive flexibility
Mothers' early autonomy support uniquely predicts children's executive functions at 54 months over and above warmth, cognitive stimulation, and covariates - Mothers' early autonomy support uniquely predicts children's executive functions at 54 months over and above warmth, cognitive stimulation, and covariates
Mothers' engagement in positive activities with children remains stable over early childhood while fathers' engagement shows significant linear growth - Mothers' engagement in positive activities with children remains stable over early childhood while fathers' engagement shows significant linear growth
Mothers' ethnic cultural knowledge is associated with more socialization toward both independence and respeto - Mothers' ethnic cultural knowledge is associated with more socialization toward both independence and respeto
Mothers' initial engagement positively predicts children's behavioral self-control - Mothers' initial engagement positively predicts children's behavioral self-control
Mothers' initial growth mindset positively predicted children's growth mindset two-and-a-half years later - Mothers' initial growth mindset positively predicted children's growth mindset two-and-a-half years later
Motion picture methods showed no advantage over older visual methods in the McClusky comparison - Motion picture methods showed no advantage over older visual methods in the McClusky comparison
Motivation and engagement relate cyclically: prior motivation predicts subsequent engagement and prior engagement predicts subsequent motivation - Motivation and engagement relate cyclically: prior motivation predicts subsequent engagement and prior engagement predicts subsequent motivation
Motivation correlates positively and significantly with L2 willingness to communicate among Turkish EFL preparatory students - Motivation correlates positively and significantly with L2 willingness to communicate among Turkish EFL preparatory students
Motivation did not interact with visuospatial attention effects on post-stimulus visual evoked potentials to imperative stimuli - Motivation did not interact with visuospatial attention effects on post-stimulus visual evoked potentials to imperative stimuli
Motivation did not significantly predict L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading - Motivation did not significantly predict L2 incidental vocabulary acquisition through reading
Motivation filtering reversed the estimated Black-White fall-to-fall growth gap direction in later grades - Motivation filtering reversed the estimated Black-White fall-to-fall growth gap direction in later grades
Motivation generally increases SPT accuracy, but some goals can motivate inaccuracy - Motivation generally increases SPT accuracy, but some goals can motivate inaccuracy
Motivation modulates anticipatory attentional processing: high-interest stimuli produced larger LDAP-period amplitude over right parieto-occipital cortex - Motivation modulates anticipatory attentional processing: high-interest stimuli produced larger LDAP-period amplitude over right parieto-occipital cortex
Motivation prompts shift feedback tone: unmotivated students receive enthusiastic, collaborative encouragement while motivated students receive direct, higher-level critique - Motivation prompts shift feedback tone: unmotivated students receive enthusiastic, collaborative encouragement while motivated students receive direct, higher-level critique
Motivation theories in education have converged on a learner-centered focus over recent decades - Motivation theories in education have converged on a learner-centered focus over recent decades
Motivation theories underspecify causal mechanisms, so empirical findings on mediation cannot refute or challenge them - Motivation theories underspecify causal mechanisms, so empirical findings on mediation cannot refute or challenge them
Motivation's effect on later mathematical performance is indirect, mediated by executive functioning and early numeracy skills - Motivation's effect on later mathematical performance is indirect, mediated by executive functioning and early numeracy skills
Motivation, affect, and learner beliefs shape whether AI evidence is accepted, resisted, or used in singing training - Motivation, affect, and learner beliefs shape whether AI evidence is accepted, resisted, or used in singing training
Motivation, internet connectivity, and hardware/software problems were widespread challenges in remote STEM courses - Motivation, internet connectivity, and hardware/software problems were widespread challenges in remote STEM courses
Motivational and affective dimensions remain underrepresented in multimodal SRL research despite theoretical consensus on their importance - Motivational and affective dimensions remain underrepresented in multimodal SRL research despite theoretical consensus on their importance
Motivational apprenticeship progresses through three phases from expert-directed to learner-directed control - Motivational apprenticeship progresses through three phases from expert-directed to learner-directed control
Motivational changes in the first half of the semester predicted end-of-term study program satisfaction, exam performance, and course dropout - Motivational changes in the first half of the semester predicted end-of-term study program satisfaction, exam performance, and course dropout
Motivational constructs explain more variance in school grades than in standardized test scores - Motivational constructs explain more variance in school grades than in standardized test scores
Motivational Disengagement, reported by 270 participants, captures reduced initiative and eroding confidence linked to AI reliance - Motivational Disengagement, reported by 270 participants, captures reduced initiative and eroding confidence linked to AI reliance
Motivational impairments in reinforcement sensitivity are uncommon (22% impaired) and equally prevalent in both ADHD subtypes - Motivational impairments in reinforcement sensitivity are uncommon (22% impaired) and equally prevalent in both ADHD subtypes
Motivational interventions can lower perceived cognitive load and improve retention and transfer, indicating load perception is partly independent of task difficulty - Motivational interventions can lower perceived cognitive load and improve retention and transfer, indicating load perception is partly independent of task difficulty
Motivational orientation is strongly associated with the role students assign to GenAI: intrinsically motivated students most often position it as an instructor, extrinsically motivated students as a replacement tool - Motivational orientation is strongly associated with the role students assign to GenAI: intrinsically motivated students most often position it as an instructor, extrinsically motivated students as a
Motivational outcomes are the most consistently positive dimension across AI-GBL studies - Motivational outcomes are the most consistently positive dimension across AI-GBL studies
Motivational processes are proposed to be instrumental for essential as well as generative processing - Motivational processes are proposed to be instrumental for essential as well as generative processing
Motivational processes explain unique variance in achievement beyond intelligence and personality, totaling about a quarter of explained variance - Motivational processes explain unique variance in achievement beyond intelligence and personality, totaling about a quarter of explained variance
Motivational profiles were associated with mental effort while studying the video modeling examples, but not with posttest mental effort - Motivational profiles were associated with mental effort while studying the video modeling examples, but not with posttest mental effort
Motivational relevance conferred by conceptual knowledge prioritizes visual processing, as shown by moderators of the other-race effect - Motivational relevance conferred by conceptual knowledge prioritizes visual processing, as shown by moderators of the other-race effect
Motivational SRL factors correlate with but do not directly predict Japanese EFL learners' proficiency - Motivational SRL factors correlate with but do not directly predict Japanese EFL learners' proficiency
Motivational variables rarely explain more than 10% of the variance in behavior and outcomes - Motivational variables rarely explain more than 10% of the variance in behavior and outcomes
Motor activities combined with high integration and high relevance produce the largest positive effects on memory, per a meta-analysis cited by the review - Motor activities combined with high integration and high relevance produce the largest positive effects on memory, per a meta-analysis cited by the review
Motor coordination uniquely predicts written language achievement, and ADHD symptom severity negatively predicts written language, in children with and without ADHD - Motor coordination uniquely predicts written language achievement, and ADHD symptom severity negatively predicts written language, in children with and without ADHD
Motor development milestone timing varies by cultural childcare practice, but functional motor competence equalizes by middle childhood.
Motor imagery training improves motor performance in DCD, with children showing the most severe initial motor deficits benefiting the most - Motor imagery training improves motor performance in DCD, with children showing the most severe initial motor deficits benefiting the most
Motor skill interventions for DCD improve motor, cognitive, and emotional outcomes, with dose (duration and frequency) influencing treatment effects and interventions of at least 9 weeks tending to be more effective - Motor skill interventions for DCD improve motor, cognitive, and emotional outcomes, with dose (duration and frequency) influencing treatment effects and interventions of at least 9 weeks tending to be
Movement conditions outperform non-movement controls during the practice phase on both position and instruction scores - Movement conditions outperform non-movement controls during the practice phase on both position and instruction scores
Movement in and out of social and economic exposure (mobility) across childhood has implications for educational and cognitive outcomes, with upward and downward changes differing in benefit and risk - Movement in and out of social and economic exposure (mobility) across childhood has implications for educational and cognitive outcomes, with upward and downward changes differing in benefit and risk
Movement-feature performance predicted javelin throwing distance, with the bracing step contributing most - Movement-feature performance predicted javelin throwing distance, with the bracing step contributing most
Movement-meaning congruency is the only moderator consistently associated with stronger embodied vocabulary learning effects across both research designs - Movement-meaning congruency is the only moderator consistently associated with stronger embodied vocabulary learning effects across both research designs
Moving oral assessments online reduced required support staff hours from almost 8 days to 3 days - Moving oral assessments online reduced required support staff hours from almost 8 days to 3 days
Moving the link to the STAR framework from the top of the page to beneath the STAR score improved the school report card site's usability - Moving the link to the STAR framework from the top of the page to beneath the STAR score improved the school report card site's usability
MPathic-VR training produces a significant advantage on the OSCE nonverbal communication scale, suggesting particular value for acquiring nonverbal skills - MPathic-VR training produces a significant advantage on the OSCE nonverbal communication scale, suggesting particular value for acquiring nonverbal skills
MPathic-VR-trained students achieve significantly higher composite scores than computer-based learning students on a subsequent advanced communication OSCE, several days later - MPathic-VR-trained students achieve significantly higher composite scores than computer-based learning students on a subsequent advanced communication OSCE, several days later
mPFC activity during schema-related encoding predicts normalized second-year course grades, with no such relation for MTL activity - mPFC activity during schema-related encoding predicts normalized second-year course grades, with no such relation for MTL activity
MR of less successful outcome groups focused more on low-level cognitive activity in Finnish high school and Australian veterinary contexts - MR of less successful outcome groups focused more on low-level cognitive activity in Finnish high school and Australian veterinary contexts
MTP-S produced a positive, statistically significant effect on general achievement in the post-intervention year with a new student cohort - MTP-S produced a positive, statistically significant effect on general achievement in the post-intervention year with a new student cohort
MTP-S showed no statistically significant effect on general achievement during the intervention year - MTP-S showed no statistically significant effect on general achievement during the intervention year
Much bodily-material coordination in touchscreen collaboration occurs in the space off the screen - Much bodily-material coordination in touchscreen collaboration occurs in the space off the screen
Much remains unknown about charter school performance, particularly at the elementary level - Much remains unknown about charter school performance, particularly at the elementary level
Much student-consultation activity embeds unwitting manipulation of students rather than genuine voice - Much student-consultation activity embeds unwitting manipulation of students rather than genuine voice
Multi-age classes show no significant cognitive or noncognitive differences from single-age classes - Multi-age classes show no significant cognitive or noncognitive differences from single-age classes
Multi-agent AI standardized patient training improved final OSCE-aligned examination scores compared with a structured non-LLM control condition - Multi-agent AI standardized patient training improved final OSCE-aligned examination scores compared with a structured non-LLM control condition
Multi-agent scaffolding showed no significant difference from the structured control in binary diagnostic accuracy or worksheet completion - Multi-agent scaffolding showed no significant difference from the structured control in binary diagnostic accuracy or worksheet completion
Multi-agent tutoring architectures show superior behaviour modelling and feedback compared to single-agent or rule-based tutors - Multi-agent tutoring architectures show superior behaviour modelling and feedback compared to single-agent or rule-based tutors
Multi-institutional case study analysis of five Australian higher education institutions revealed a lack of governance-level information on student assessment and integrity - Multi-institutional case study analysis of five Australian higher education institutions revealed a lack of governance-level information on student assessment and integrity
Multi-layer defense significantly reduces bypass relative to regex-only filtering (69.65% to 46.34%), confirmed by exact McNemar test - Multi-layer defense significantly reduces bypass relative to regex-only filtering (69.65% to 46.34%), confirmed by exact McNemar test
Multi-modal representations created during collaboration act as metaphors that shape joint reasoning and meaning making - Multi-modal representations created during collaboration act as metaphors that shape joint reasoning and meaning making
Multi-session game conditions outperform nongame conditions while single-session games do not, though total play duration shows no association with effect size - Multi-session game conditions outperform nongame conditions while single-session games do not, though total play duration shows no association with effect size
Multi-session game interventions show significantly larger learning benefits than single-session interventions, while total play duration shows no association with effect size - Multi-session game interventions show significantly larger learning benefits than single-session interventions, while total play duration shows no association with effect size
Multi-step AI operations, not AI use alone, are positively associated with creativity of final design work - Multi-step AI operations, not AI use alone, are positively associated with creativity of final design work
Multi-strategy adversarial evaluation lowers RPLA robustness scores by 0.174–0.203 points relative to a single-strategy baseline across three personas - Multi-strategy adversarial evaluation lowers RPLA robustness scores by 0.174–0.203 points relative to a single-strategy baseline across three personas
Multi-tool GenAI users report higher support, reliance, and benefit than single-tool users, but lower confidence working without GenAI - Multi-tool GenAI users report higher support, reliance, and benefit than single-tool users, but lower confidence working without GenAI
Multi-turn interaction amplifies pedagogical harm: mean harm rises 6-11 percentage points across subjects and pedagogical-relationship harm surges from 17.7% to 77.8% - Multi-turn interaction amplifies pedagogical harm: mean harm rises 6-11 percentage points across subjects and pedagogical-relationship harm surges from 17.7% to 77.8%
Multi-turn reflective interaction does not restore selective updating and destabilizes weaker simulators - Multi-turn reflective interaction does not restore selective updating and destabilizes weaker simulators
Multi-turn RL training in simulated clinical encounters improves diagnostic accuracy under adversarial conditions, raising rubric-based accuracy from 81.0% to 88.0% - Multi-turn RL training in simulated clinical encounters improves diagnostic accuracy under adversarial conditions, raising rubric-based accuracy from 81.0% to 88.0%
Multi-turn teaching by LLM teacher agents yields larger student gains than knowledge-point exposure alone - Multi-turn teaching by LLM teacher agents yields larger student gains than knowledge-point exposure alone
Multicultural approach to education may increase cultural sensitivity and reduce race-related stressors (review attribution) - Multicultural approach to education may increase cultural sensitivity and reduce race-related stressors (review attribution)
Multiculturalist discourse prioritizes diversity over universal frameworks and recommends curricula of self-understanding, encounter with the Other, and intercultural competency - Multiculturalist discourse prioritizes diversity over universal frameworks and recommends curricula of self-understanding, encounter with the Other, and intercultural competency
Multidigit numeral interpretation improves with age, with second graders outperforming first graders and kindergarteners - Multidigit numeral interpretation improves with age, with second graders outperforming first graders and kindergarteners
Multidigit skills deficits differentiate number difficulty groups more clearly than single digit processing or domain-general deficits - Multidigit skills deficits differentiate number difficulty groups more clearly than single digit processing or domain-general deficits
Multidimensional IRT scores that account for latent variable covariances over time produce better recovery of growth parameters in longitudinal growth models than sum scores and other IRT approaches - Multidimensional IRT scores that account for latent variable covariances over time produce better recovery of growth parameters in longitudinal growth models than sum scores and other IRT approaches
Multidimensional latent variable models rarely support more than about four to six latent variables, limiting fine-grained SKIVE modeling - Multidimensional latent variable models rarely support more than about four to six latent variables, limiting fine-grained SKIVE modeling
Multidisciplinary teams often provide home language support and delay referral to rule out lack of opportunity to learn before evaluating ML children - Multidisciplinary teams often provide home language support and delay referral to rule out lack of opportunity to learn before evaluating ML children
Multidistrict SELPAs without a large district received higher per pupil special education funding and had higher preK and K–12 inclusion rates than those with a large district - Multidistrict SELPAs without a large district received higher per pupil special education funding and had higher preK and K–12 inclusion rates than those with a large district
Multifaceted interventions targeting different barriers to change are more likely to be effective than single interventions - Multifaceted interventions targeting different barriers to change are more likely to be effective than single interventions
Multifunctionist students use a broader range of function types than Simplist and Repetitivist students - Multifunctionist students use a broader range of function types than Simplist and Repetitivist students
Multigrade classes show negative weighted effects for science and social studies but not English as a foreign language - Multigrade classes show negative weighted effects for science and social studies but not English as a foreign language
Multigraph closeness centrality is the most consistent of the three configurations for correlating closeness with performance, though less robust than degree and eigenvector centralities - Multigraph closeness centrality is the most consistent of the three configurations for correlating closeness with performance, though less robust than degree and eigenvector centralities
Multigraph indegree centrality is consistently and positively correlated with student performance across 12 PBL courses, with stronger correlations than other configurations in eight courses - Multigraph indegree centrality is consistently and positively correlated with student performance across 12 PBL courses, with stronger correlations than other configurations in eight courses
Multigraph outdegree centrality is the most robust participation indicator, with significant positive correlations in all courses, while weighted outdegree was negatively correlated in two courses - Multigraph outdegree centrality is the most robust participation indicator, with significant positive correlations in all courses, while weighted outdegree was negatively correlated in two courses
multilevel-predictive-pattern-similar-across-orthographies
Multilingual gap: the multi-layer defense bypasses 73.5% of PT-BR injection samples versus 25.1% of English samples - Multilingual gap: the multi-layer defense bypasses 73.5% of PT-BR injection samples versus 25.1% of English samples
Multilingual learners gained more in higher-tier programs than non-multilingual learners, with Tier 5 gains of 2.6–2.8 additional months - Multilingual learners gained more in higher-tier programs than non-multilingual learners, with Tier 5 gains of 2.6–2.8 additional months
Multilingual learners in California are disproportionately represented in special education, especially in the Specific Learning Disability category - Multilingual learners in California are disproportionately represented in special education, especially in the Specific Learning Disability category
Multimedia design interventions yield small average improvements in cognitive load management (g = 0.22), with personalisation and modality showing the largest effects - Multimedia design interventions yield small average improvements in cognitive load management (g = 0.22), with personalisation and modality showing the largest effects
Multimedia design principles improve learning by g = 0.38 on average across the 11 largest reviews, an effect the authors call moderate, with large differences between principles - Multimedia design principles improve learning by g = 0.38 on average across the 11 largest reviews, an effect the authors call moderate, with large differences between principles
Multimedia enhancing features increase attention to print in single-language e-books in both English and Mandarin - Multimedia enhancing features increase attention to print in single-language e-books in both English and Mandarin
Multimedia features improved story comprehension in dual-language e-books (marginal trend) but not in single-language e-books - Multimedia features improved story comprehension in dual-language e-books (marginal trend) but not in single-language e-books
Multimedia feedback produces higher posttest performance than text-only feedback on conditional probability problems - Multimedia feedback produces higher posttest performance than text-only feedback on conditional probability problems
Multimedia feedback yields higher overall accuracy during practice with feedback, but without iterative improvement over scenarios - Multimedia feedback yields higher overall accuracy during practice with feedback, but without iterative improvement over scenarios
Multimedia glosses improve EFL students' immediate vocabulary acquisition relative to reading the same texts without glosses - Multimedia glosses improve EFL students' immediate vocabulary acquisition relative to reading the same texts without glosses
Multimedia glosses improve EFL students' vocabulary retention two weeks after treatment relative to no glosses - Multimedia glosses improve EFL students' vocabulary retention two weeks after treatment relative to no glosses
Multimedia initial instruction lowers students' perceived difficulty of problems across instruction, practice, and posttest phases - Multimedia initial instruction lowers students' perceived difficulty of problems across instruction, practice, and posttest phases
Multimedia initial instruction shows no detectable benefit over text-only instruction on posttest performance - Multimedia initial instruction shows no detectable benefit over text-only instruction on posttest performance
Multimedia initial instruction, but not multimedia feedback, increases students' spontaneous diagram generation across learning phases - Multimedia initial instruction, but not multimedia feedback, increases students' spontaneous diagram generation across learning phases
Multimedia introductory activities are rated as more interesting and instructive than fun, while traditional activities are rated similarly on all three features - Multimedia introductory activities are rated as more interesting and instructive than fun, while traditional activities are rated similarly on all three features
Multimedia learning principles are not clearly attributable to the multicomponent model or to applied multimedia theories - Multimedia learning principles are not clearly attributable to the multicomponent model or to applied multimedia theories
Multimedia motivational introductory messages produce better immediate knowledge-test outcomes than traditional teaching aids in elementary Nature and Society lessons - Multimedia motivational introductory messages produce better immediate knowledge-test outcomes than traditional teaching aids in elementary Nature and Society lessons
Multimedia Principle Improves Learning
Multimedia treatment, prior science level, and unit pre-test level each independently influence electricity achievement, with no significant two-way or three-way interactions - Multimedia treatment, prior science level, and unit pre-test level each independently influence electricity achievement, with no significant two-way or three-way interactions
Multimedia-learning misconceptions are highly prevalent among student teachers, with the learning-styles misconception endorsed most commonly (84%) - Multimedia-learning misconceptions are highly prevalent among student teachers, with the learning-styles misconception endorsed most commonly (84%)
Multimedia-only stories benefit story comprehension, whereas stories that also include interactive features do not - Multimedia-only stories benefit story comprehension, whereas stories that also include interactive features do not
Multimodal behavioral profiles of dyads' collaborative learning are identifiable by integrating video, audio, and log data, with emergent processes more explanatory than individual behaviors - Multimodal behavioral profiles of dyads' collaborative learning are identifiable by integrating video, audio, and log data, with emergent processes more explanatory than individual behaviors
Multimodal data can reverse the interpretation of silence in collaborative problem-solving - Multimodal data can reverse the interpretation of silence in collaborative problem-solving
Multimodal data collection is increasingly common but analyses rarely align data streams temporally - Multimodal data collection is increasingly common but analyses rarely align data streams temporally
Multimodal input consistently improves accuracy but not F1, model size correlates moderately with performance, and reasoning models show mixed results - Multimodal input consistently improves accuracy but not F1, model size correlates moderately with performance, and reasoning models show mixed results
Multimodal LLMs grading handwritten student work achieved κ = 0.90 on arithmetic but κ ≈ 0.47 on interpreting student illustrations - Multimodal LLMs grading handwritten student work achieved κ = 0.90 on arithmetic but κ ≈ 0.47 on interpreting student illustrations
Multimodal LLMs outperform the OCR-based pipeline on visually dense slides, while the OCR pipeline produces comparable instruction on text-centric slides - Multimodal LLMs outperform the OCR-based pipeline on visually dense slides, while the OCR pipeline produces comparable instruction on text-centric slides
Multimodal prompts caused o4-mini to skip numerical integration and produce only qualitative final responses despite recovering much of the analytical structure - Multimodal prompts caused o4-mini to skip numerical integration and produce only qualitative final responses despite recovering much of the analytical structure
Multimodal SRL research shows a historical shift from unimodal toward integrated analytical designs, but motivational and affective dimensions remain underrepresented - Multimodal SRL research shows a historical shift from unimodal toward integrated analytical designs, but motivational and affective dimensions remain underrepresented
Multimodal XGBoost models achieved rubric-aligned scoring comparable to expert ratings, and no single modality approached multimodal performance - Multimodal XGBoost models achieved rubric-aligned scoring comparable to expert ratings, and no single modality approached multimodal performance
Multimodal, culturally grounded formative assessment supports engagement and agency
Multiple dimensions of school climate were associated with lower school absences, with stronger relationships after the pandemic than before - Multiple dimensions of school climate were associated with lower school absences, with stronger relationships after the pandemic than before
Multiple factors besides learning issues may shape PBL students' self-study decisions - Multiple factors besides learning issues may shape PBL students' self-study decisions
Multiple kinds of scaffolds are more effective than a unique scaffold for academic performance - Multiple kinds of scaffolds are more effective than a unique scaffold for academic performance
Multiple math tutoring approaches, including group and virtual tutoring, can boost students' math knowledge in grades 4–10 - Multiple math tutoring approaches, including group and virtual tutoring, can boost students' math knowledge in grades 4–10
Multiple non-academic competencies (leadership, sports-related skills, work habits, prosocial behavior, locus of control) appear to predict students' later success in higher education and the labor market - Multiple non-academic competencies (leadership, sports-related skills, work habits, prosocial behavior, locus of control) appear to predict students' later success in higher education and the labor ma
Multiple peer reviews produced greater improvement between draft and final paper than a single expert reviewer in a SWoRD evaluation - Multiple peer reviews produced greater improvement between draft and final paper than a single expert reviewer in a SWoRD evaluation
Multiple representations and explanations of math concepts aid student understanding, but faculty lack time to source or develop them - Multiple representations and explanations of math concepts aid student understanding, but faculty lack time to source or develop them
Multiple representations improve learning
Multiple sources of student information can be accumulated to estimate teacher effectiveness - Multiple sources of student information can be accumulated to estimate teacher effectiveness
Multiple student survey measures negatively predicted GPA; significant negative associations were otherwise rare - Multiple student survey measures negatively predicted GPA; significant negative associations were otherwise rare
Multiple sufficient configurations lead to high AI literacy performance (equifinality) - Multiple sufficient configurations lead to high AI literacy performance (equifinality)
Multiple text reading shows more stable retention than rereading: non-significantly higher one-week scores and a smaller decline from one day to one week - Multiple text reading shows more stable retention than rereading: non-significantly higher one-week scores and a smaller decline from one day to one week
Multiple trends point to a de-professionalization of teachers in both the North and the South - Multiple trends point to a de-professionalization of teachers in both the North and the South
Multiple workforce factors contributed to the growth of alternative teacher certification programs - Multiple workforce factors contributed to the growth of alternative teacher certification programs
Multiple-choice single-select items are less difficult than open-ended response questions, and delayed perceived task difficulty ratings relate more strongly to relative item difficulty for open-ended items - Multiple-choice single-select items are less difficult than open-ended response questions, and delayed perceived task difficulty ratings relate more strongly to relative item difficulty for open-ended
Multiple-choice state tests are prone to ceiling and floor effects and do not measure higher-order skills well - Multiple-choice state tests are prone to ceiling and floor effects and do not measure higher-order skills well
Multiple-choice testing improves later cued recall of prose facts, a benefit that persists though reduced after a one-week delay - Multiple-choice testing improves later cued recall of prose facts, a benefit that persists though reduced after a one-week delay
Multiple-choice testing increases the later production of multiple-choice lures as answers on cued recall tests, even under warning against guessing - Multiple-choice testing increases the later production of multiple-choice lures as answers on cued recall tests, even under warning against guessing
Multiple-hypothesis strategies improve performance only when simulation complexity is low - Multiple-hypothesis strategies improve performance only when simulation complexity is low
Multiple-strategy comprehension training appears to produce better comprehension than single-strategy training - Multiple-strategy comprehension training appears to produce better comprehension than single-strategy training
Multiplication employs fact retrieval processes to a larger extent than addition and subtraction, though the regressive difference is slight - Multiplication employs fact retrieval processes to a larger extent than addition and subtraction, though the regressive difference is slight
Multiplistic epistemic beliefs among psychology undergraduates follow an inversely U-shaped trajectory - Multiplistic epistemic beliefs among psychology undergraduates follow an inversely U-shaped trajectory
Multisensory temporal precision in autism is linked to speech integration, language abilities, and clinical symptomatology - Multisensory temporal precision in autism is linked to speech integration, language abilities, and clinical symptomatology
Multisyllabic word-reading instruction for struggling readers in grades 4–9 has strong evidence, based on 32 studies - Multisyllabic word-reading instruction for struggling readers in grades 4–9 has strong evidence, based on 32 studies
Multitasking performance on NeuroRacer declines linearly across the adult lifespan from ages 20 to 79 - Multitasking performance on NeuroRacer declines linearly across the adult lifespan from ages 20 to 79
Multitasking training increased midline frontal theta power and frontal–posterior theta coherence in older adults only in the multitasking condition and only for the MTT group - Multitasking training increased midline frontal theta power and frontal–posterior theta coherence in older adults only in the multitasking condition and only for the MTT group
Multitasking training on adaptive NeuroRacer reduced older adults' multitasking costs beyond active and no-contact controls, exceeding untrained 20-year-olds, with gains persisting 6 months - Multitasking training on adaptive NeuroRacer reduced older adults' multitasking costs beyond active and no-contact controls, exceeding untrained 20-year-olds, with gains persisting 6 months
Multitasking training transferred to untrained working memory and sustained attention tasks in older adults, unlike control training - Multitasking training transferred to untrained working memory and sustained attention tasks in older adults, unlike control training
Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant overall group effect, and all outcome variables correlated positively in both groups - Multivariate analysis confirmed a significant overall group effect, and all outcome variables correlated positively in both groups
Multivoiced boundary crossing supports holistic nature connection and ethical reflection
Muscular fitness shows no association with academic performance in primary school children - Muscular fitness shows no association with academic performance in primary school children
MUSE tasks form coherent but non-redundant capability groups, with Jigsaw Puzzle a distinct compositional capability - MUSE tasks form coherent but non-redundant capability groups, with Jigsaw Puzzle a distinct compositional capability
Music interventions show moderately strong evidence for EF change including inhibitory control, possibly stronger with greater intensity and longevity - Music interventions show moderately strong evidence for EF change including inhibitory control, possibly stronger with greater intensity and longevity
Music training effects on fluency are largely null, with one case-control study reporting improved verbal fluency - Music training effects on fluency are largely null, with one case-control study reporting improved verbal fluency
Music training is associated with improved inhibitory control in children, though the largest studies found no executive function differences - Music training is associated with improved inhibitory control in children, though the largest studies found no executive function differences
Music training RCTs show improved verbal working memory (backward digit span), but not visuospatial or forward-span tasks - Music training RCTs show improved verbal working memory (backward digit span), but not visuospatial or forward-span tasks
Music training shows mixed effects on cognitive flexibility: positive in some preschool DCCS studies, null in ten others - Music training shows mixed effects on cognitive flexibility: positive in some preschool DCCS studies, null in ten others
Music was maintained to have disciplinary value as high as any other school subject and superior cultural value - Music was maintained to have disciplinary value as high as any other school subject and superior cultural value
Music-control mark difference emerges with training duration: no difference in grade 3, significant by grade 6, with control marks declining over grades - Music-control mark difference emerges with training duration: no difference in grade 3, significant by grade 6, with control marks declining over grades
Music-practicing children scored significantly better than controls in all school subjects except sports - Music-practicing children scored significantly better than controls in all school subjects except sports
Musical comprehension that improves on second hearing was attributed to developing motor attitudes, with negative findings on native motor endowment - Musical comprehension that improves on second hearing was attributed to developing motor attitudes, with negative findings on native motor endowment
Musical people react more by involuntary movements to unexpected stimuli, but strongly motor individuals are as common among non-musical as musical people - Musical people react more by involuntary movements to unexpected stimuli, but strongly motor individuals are as common among non-musical as musical people
Musical play intervention produced a significantly greater increase in teacher-reported self-regulation than usual music lessons in 6-year-olds - Musical play intervention produced a significantly greater increase in teacher-reported self-regulation than usual music lessons in 6-year-olds
Musical play intervention significantly increased children's metacognitive knowledge at interview compared with controls - Musical play intervention significantly increased children's metacognitive knowledge at interview compared with controls
Musical play intervention significantly increased children's metacognitive knowledge of strategies at interview - Musical play intervention significantly increased children's metacognitive knowledge of strategies at interview
Musical training remains a significant predictor of overall marks in multiple regression with income and grade, which have higher partial correlations - Musical training remains a significant predictor of overall marks in multiple regression with income and grade, which have higher partial correlations
Musicians with BLV detect bow drift only after tone deteriorates and adopt tension-increasing over-gripping as a protective strategy during self-practice - Musicians with BLV detect bow drift only after tone deteriorates and adopt tension-increasing over-gripping as a protective strategy during self-practice
Mutual understanding on the euro prevailed among participants in the Danish Deliberative Poll - Mutual understanding on the euro prevailed among participants in the Danish Deliberative Poll