Claims: U

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• U-shaped dynamics: partnership-vigilance and offloading-transformation relationships are convex, with benefits accelerating only beyond a threshold of engagement - U-shaped dynamics: partnership-vigilance and offloading-transformation relationships are convex, with benefits accelerating only beyond a threshold of engagement
• U.S. civic engagement and civics knowledge fall short of the democratic-preparation goal of schooling - U.S.
• U.S. ECE governance is fragmented across multiple federal and state agencies, creating an incoherent patchwork of programs - U.S.
• U.S. high schools with high enrollments of students from low-income families are less likely to offer advanced mathematics courses than low-poverty schools - U.S.
• U.S. high schools with high enrollments of students from low-income families are less likely to offer advanced science courses than low-poverty schools - U.S.
• U.S. high schools with high student of color enrollment are less likely to offer advanced mathematics courses than schools with low student of color enrollment - U.S.
• U.S. high schools with high student of color enrollment are less likely to offer advanced science courses than schools with low student of color enrollment - U.S.
• U.S. public school closure rates dipped during the pandemic and rebounded to essentially pre-pandemic levels by 2024-25 - U.S.
• U.S. recertification policy relies heavily on seat-time CEUs: 44 states require them while only six require performance indicators for licensure renewal - U.S.
• U.S. school funding is highly inequitable: districts serving the most students of color spend $1,800 less per student, and wealthier districts spend two to three times what the poorest can - U.S.
• U.S. teacher attrition averages 8–9% annually, about twice the rate of Canada, Finland, and Singapore, and drives roughly 9 in 10 annual hires - U.S.
• U.S. teacher shortages are nationwide and worsening, with over 300,000 positions unfilled or filled by uncertified teachers in 2023 - U.S.
• U.S. teachers earned only 77% of what other college graduates earned in 2021, even after adjusting for the work year - U.S.
• UBMS provides intensive academic instruction in math and science - UBMS provides intensive academic instruction in math and science
• UCI/SEDET's 122 technical reports in 2025 yielded 286 formal recommendations and concerned cases and matters totaling US$ 94.8 million, with an August peak of US$ 19.1 million absorbed without bottlenecks - UCI/SEDET's 122 technical reports in 2025 yielded 286 formal recommendations and concerned cases and matters totaling US$ 94.8 million, with an August peak of US$ 19.1 million absorbed without bottlen
• UCLA's IMPACT early childhood pathway prepared 50 fully licensed teachers across four cohorts, with 87% retained in the district for at least 3 years - UCLA's IMPACT early childhood pathway prepared 50 fully licensed teachers across four cohorts, with 87% retained in the district for at least 3 years
• UCLA-CS reports high teacher retention and above-district student and parent satisfaction alongside its academic outcomes - UCLA-CS reports high teacher retention and above-district student and parent satisfaction alongside its academic outcomes
• UCSMP Algebra has potentially positive effects on general mathematics achievement for secondary students, with a small extent of evidence - UCSMP Algebra has potentially positive effects on general mathematics achievement for secondary students, with a small extent of evidence
• UCSMP Algebra has potentially positive effects on the algebra domain, with mixed findings across two studies and a small extent of evidence - UCSMP Algebra has potentially positive effects on the algebra domain, with mixed findings across two studies and a small extent of evidence
• UCSMP Algebra shows mixed effects on the algebra domain: one study finds a statistically significant positive effect and one finds an indeterminate effect - UCSMP Algebra shows mixed effects on the algebra domain: one study finds a statistically significant positive effect and one finds an indeterminate effect
• UEQ-S user-experience ratings were positive across tasks except one hedonic item on Task 1, with pragmatic qualities rated higher than hedonic - UEQ-S user-experience ratings were positive across tasks except one hedonic item on Task 1, with pragmatic qualities rated higher than hedonic
• Ukrainian education managers' personal AI readiness significantly exceeds their perceived system readiness (d = 0.73) - Ukrainian education managers' personal AI readiness significantly exceeds their perceived system readiness (d = 0.73)
• Ukrainian educators show high AI adoption (84%) but only 11% can identify specialized AI services beyond ChatGPT - Ukrainian educators show high AI adoption (84%) but only 11% can identify specialized AI services beyond ChatGPT
• Ultimate attainment and optimal-period length do not reliably differ across major native-language groups, with slightly more evidence for differences in learning curves - Ultimate attainment and optimal-period length do not reliably differ across major native-language groups, with slightly more evidence for differences in learning curves
• Ultimate attainment is similar for learners who begin by 10-12 years of age and declines continuously thereafter - Ultimate attainment is similar for learners who begin by 10-12 years of age and declines continuously thereafter
• Unaided access to multiple document reading functions alone does not improve comprehension over a traditional pdf viewer - Unaided access to multiple document reading functions alone does not improve comprehension over a traditional pdf viewer
• Unanimous-fail panels alone reduced benchmark activation by approximately 40% on average for three Critical evaluators, but were insufficient on their own - Unanimous-fail panels alone reduced benchmark activation by approximately 40% on average for three Critical evaluators, but were insufficient on their own
• Unattended Musical Rain streams were better reconstructed than unattended linguistic distractors in both groups, with stronger MuR encoding in monolinguals - Unattended Musical Rain streams were better reconstructed than unattended linguistic distractors in both groups, with stronger MuR encoding in monolinguals
• Unbalanced participation in dyads is negatively correlated with learning gains - Unbalanced participation in dyads is negatively correlated with learning gains
• Uncertainty is a central feature of challenges in transdisciplinary learning for sustainability, encompassing both emotional and cognitive dimensions - Uncertainty is a central feature of challenges in transdisciplinary learning for sustainability, encompassing both emotional and cognitive dimensions
• Uncertainty types across the three reasoning domains were found to interrelate in students' citizen science activity - Uncertainty types across the three reasoning domains were found to interrelate in students' citizen science activity
• Uncertainty values of more certain elements and their verbal scientific justifications were remembered better than those of uncertain elements - Uncertainty values of more certain elements and their verbal scientific justifications were remembered better than those of uncertain elements
• Uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle continue developing into adulthood while fornix integrity is age-invariant from age 5, and uncinate integrity relates to recall - Uncinate fasciculus and cingulum bundle continue developing into adulthood while fornix integrity is age-invariant from age 5, and uncinate integrity relates to recall
• Unclear policy, workload pressure, and lack of mechanisms to monitor student AI use undermined staff confidence and perceived fairness during AIAS implementation - Unclear policy, workload pressure, and lack of mechanisms to monitor student AI use undermined staff confidence and perceived fairness during AIAS implementation
• Unconscious and conscious thought produce similar idea generation in number and average creativity (Experiment 1) - Unconscious and conscious thought produce similar idea generation in number and average creativity (Experiment 1)
• Unconscious thinkers better select both their most and least creative idea (Experiment 2 replication) - Unconscious thinkers better select both their most and least creative idea (Experiment 2 replication)
• Unconscious thinkers outperform conscious thinkers and immediate responders in selecting their most creative idea (Experiment 1) - Unconscious thinkers outperform conscious thinkers and immediate responders in selecting their most creative idea (Experiment 1)
• Unconstrained topic writing produces frivolous resolutions that perpetuate non-argumentative practices - Unconstrained topic writing produces frivolous resolutions that perpetuate non-argumentative practices
• Uncontrolled estimates of retention effects on dropout are larger than propensity-adjusted estimates, suggesting confounding inflates naive associations - Uncontrolled estimates of retention effects on dropout are larger than propensity-adjusted estimates, suggesting confounding inflates naive associations
• Uncriticalness on hard novel tasks appears as many wrong answers relative to omissions and as eagerness to learn answers from authority rather than one's own checks - Uncriticalness on hard novel tasks appears as many wrong answers relative to omissions and as eagerness to learn answers from authority rather than one's own checks
• Undecidable labels before discussion predict accuracy gains from AI agent discussions, but persistent undecidable labels after discussion signal smaller gains - Undecidable labels before discussion predict accuracy gains from AI agent discussions, but persistent undecidable labels after discussion signal smaller gains
• Under a dominant α-process, the normalized gain contains no pretest-score term and is uncorrelated with pretest score if α is uncorrelated with pretest score - Under a dominant α-process, the normalized gain contains no pretest-score term and is uncorrelated with pretest score if α is uncorrelated with pretest score
• Under a five-band discretization of difficulty, the simulated-respondent model reaches quadratic weighted kappa 0.835 versus 0.692 (MetaMath) and 0.625 (MathBERT) - Under a five-band discretization of difficulty, the simulated-respondent model reaches quadratic weighted kappa 0.835 versus 0.692 (MetaMath) and 0.625 (MathBERT)
• Under a fixed budget, a higher ICC(1) of the outcome variable shifts the optimal design toward more classes and fewer students per class and reduces maximum power - Under a fixed budget, a higher ICC(1) of the outcome variable shifts the optimal design toward more classes and fewer students per class and reduces maximum power
• Under a matched 2,300-sample SFT budget, K12-Train-Text outperforms eight mainstream instruction-tuning corpora on GaokaoBench and EduEval across two base models - Under a matched 2,300-sample SFT budget, K12-Train-Text outperforms eight mainstream instruction-tuning corpora on GaokaoBench and EduEval across two base models
• Under a realistic estimator, remaining error originates upstream rather than from the distillation step - Under a realistic estimator, remaining error originates upstream rather than from the distillation step
• Under a simulated load of 100 concurrent users, Taklif.AI averaged 30 seconds end-to-end response time per request - Under a simulated load of 100 concurrent users, Taklif.AI averaged 30 seconds end-to-end response time per request
• Under analytic phonics teaching, boys matched girls in word reading but had inferior spelling and reading comprehension - Under analytic phonics teaching, boys matched girls in word reading but had inferior spelling and reading comprehension
• Under bias-adjusted planning assumptions, approximately 14 independent moderator effect sizes per moderator level are needed for 80% power, and about 60.2% of corpus effect sizes fell below this threshold - Under bias-adjusted planning assumptions, approximately 14 independent moderator effect sizes per moderator level are needed for 80% power, and about 60.2% of corpus effect sizes fell below this thres
• Under blind conditions, students rated GenAI feedback more positively than tutor-generated feedback, with a statistically significant difference only on Genuineness favouring GenAI - Under blind conditions, students rated GenAI feedback more positively than tutor-generated feedback, with a statistically significant difference only on Genuineness favouring GenAI
• Under Boston's Controlled Choice plan, 90 percent of students received a first- or second-choice school and fewer than 10 percent were mandatorily assigned - Under Boston's Controlled Choice plan, 90 percent of students received a first- or second-choice school and fewer than 10 percent were mandatorily assigned
• Under busy or normal queue load, the New Student First (NSF) strategy significantly increases the percentage of students who receive help compared with FCFS, LWF, and VLWF - Under busy or normal queue load, the New Student First (NSF) strategy significantly increases the percentage of students who receive help compared with FCFS, LWF, and VLWF
• Under causally valid, tuned settings, code-level embeddings do not consistently improve performance: rectified Code-DKT underperforms tuned DKT on several assignments, while ECKT remains competitive - Under causally valid, tuned settings, code-level embeddings do not consistently improve performance: rectified Code-DKT underperforms tuned DKT on several assignments, while ECKT remains competitive
• Under certain conditions, literature education may foster adolescent students’ insight into human nature - Under certain conditions, literature education may foster adolescent students’ insight into human nature
• Under Chain-of-Thought prompting, higher Bloom-level classification accuracy correlates with lower category consistency in generated questions - Under Chain-of-Thought prompting, higher Bloom-level classification accuracy correlates with lower category consistency in generated questions
• Under controlled synthetic MNAR bias, TSDR-equipped models improve across the entire bias spectrum, with the RMSE advantage diminishing beyond gamma > 0.8 - Under controlled synthetic MNAR bias, TSDR-equipped models improve across the entire bias spectrum, with the RMSE advantage diminishing beyond gamma > 0.8
• Under defense-in-depth, all 171 multi-layer bypass events are rated severity S0 (no impact) because the tutor system prompt and provider filter absorbed residual leakage - Under defense-in-depth, all 171 multi-layer bypass events are rated severity S0 (no impact) because the tutor system prompt and provider filter absorbed residual leakage
• Under deployment-free inference, at least one EVOL variant achieves the best test EP in every dataset–length setting across three datasets and eight baselines - Under deployment-free inference, at least one EVOL variant achieves the best test EP in every dataset–length setting across three datasets and eight baselines
• Under enduring constraint, disengagement may reflect accurate calibration to low translation fidelity rather than low self-efficacy - Under enduring constraint, disengagement may reflect accurate calibration to low translation fidelity rather than low self-efficacy
• Under EO 1110's first year, the majority of CSU entering first-year students were placed in Category II in both Written Communication (74 percent) and Mathematics/Quantitative Reasoning (63 percent) - Under EO 1110's first year, the majority of CSU entering first-year students were placed in Category II in both Written Communication (74 percent) and Mathematics/Quantitative Reasoning (63 percent)
• Under EO 1110, students in QR placement categories III and IV attempted and earned more baccalaureate credits in their first year than comparable 'not college ready' students did in 2017 - Under EO 1110, students in QR placement categories III and IV attempted and earned more baccalaureate credits in their first year than comparable 'not college ready' students did in 2017
• Under extreme fatigue, mental multiplication efficiency ends at a definite, relatively abruptly appearing point rather than tailing off by degrees - Under extreme fatigue, mental multiplication efficiency ends at a definite, relatively abruptly appearing point rather than tailing off by degrees
• Under FSM metrics, GPT-3.5-Turbo outperforms GPT-4o-Mini, reversing that model's higher rank on coding-oriented leaderboards - Under FSM metrics, GPT-3.5-Turbo outperforms GPT-4o-Mini, reversing that model's higher rank on coding-oriented leaderboards
• Under GenAI power dynamics, many instructors updated teaching practices to retain authority and promote student accountability - Under GenAI power dynamics, many instructors updated teaching practices to retain authority and promote student accountability
• Under general reading instructions, pre-service teachers significantly overestimate their application test performance - Under general reading instructions, pre-service teachers significantly overestimate their application test performance
• Under high extraneous load (hint presentation and L and rL condition), no test-score increases were observed on identical or near-transfer problems - Under high extraneous load (hint presentation and L and rL condition), no test-score increases were observed on identical or near-transfer problems
• Under identical LoRA hyperparameters and training data, the 27B Gemma model outperforms the 70B LLaMA model on every computed essay-scoring metric - Under identical LoRA hyperparameters and training data, the 27B Gemma model outperforms the 70B LLaMA model on every computed essay-scoring metric
• Under illustrative property thresholds, no prompting strategy passes all measured AIAA properties in every model-blueprint cell; few-shot anchoring passes only 2 of 9 cells - Under illustrative property thresholds, no prompting strategy passes all measured AIAA properties in every model-blueprint cell; few-shot anchoring passes only 2 of 9 cells
• Under linguistically difficult instruction, higher language ability is associated with lower expectancies of success — the opposite direction of the hypothesized moderation - Under linguistically difficult instruction, higher language ability is associated with lower expectancies of success — the opposite direction of the hypothesized moderation
• Under LLM evaluators, structured rubrics produced larger negative deviations from the human baseline than free-form rubrics, the opposite direction of the human-evaluator pattern - Under LLM evaluators, structured rubrics produced larger negative deviations from the human baseline than free-form rubrics, the opposite direction of the human-evaluator pattern
• Under many circumstances, studying worked examples produced superior learning compared to active problem solving, as suggested by previous research - Under many circumstances, studying worked examples produced superior learning compared to active problem solving, as suggested by previous research
• Under NCLB, CPS transfer demand far exceeded available seats, and school classifications were unstable - Under NCLB, CPS transfer demand far exceeded available seats, and school classifications were unstable
• Under New Jersey's original passing thresholds, first-attempt passing was more likely on the HiSET and TASC than on the GED after controlling for grade 8 test scores - Under New Jersey's original passing thresholds, first-attempt passing was more likely on the HiSET and TASC than on the GED after controlling for grade 8 test scores
• Under normal conditions children with ADHD show deficits in vigilance, visual search and divided attention relative to TD children - Under normal conditions children with ADHD show deficits in vigilance, visual search and divided attention relative to TD children
• Under persona simulation with hidden ground-truth mastery, Adaptive sessions yield lower final-belief mastery MAE (0.12) than Random-topic (0.16) and Frozen (0.20) controls, and belief updates shrink as estimates converge - Under persona simulation with hidden ground-truth mastery, Adaptive sessions yield lower final-belief mastery MAE (0.12) than Random-topic (0.16) and Frozen (0.20) controls, and belief updates shrink
• Under REACH fewer teachers received ratings in the top two categories than under the prior checklist system - Under REACH fewer teachers received ratings in the top two categories than under the prior checklist system
• Under reading-only, students with more misconceptions achieved better comprehension, but completing a think sheet removed this effect of misconceptions on comprehension - Under reading-only, students with more misconceptions achieved better comprehension, but completing a think sheet removed this effect of misconceptions on comprehension
• Under sequential presentation with Likert ratings for every word, no memory benefit emerged for items judged likely to be forgotten; negative ratings predicted the poorest recall - Under sequential presentation with Likert ratings for every word, no memory benefit emerged for items judged likely to be forgotten; negative ratings predicted the poorest recall
• Under single-pass deployment, Fs+CoT prompting yields the strongest agreement with teacher mean scores for music-analysis essay scoring (r = 0.795, ICC (2,1) = 0.657) - Under single-pass deployment, Fs+CoT prompting yields the strongest agreement with teacher mean scores for music-analysis essay scoring (r = 0.795, ICC (2,1) = 0.657)
• Under situationally increased self-enhancement motivation, people prefer positive feedback regardless of its perceived accuracy - Under situationally increased self-enhancement motivation, people prefer positive feedback regardless of its perceived accuracy
• Under TAIA the teacher enacted an inquiry-centered instructional loop with repeated within-phase support sequences, identified through lag sequential analysis - Under TAIA the teacher enacted an inquiry-centered instructional loop with repeated within-phase support sequences, identified through lag sequential analysis
• Under task-involving feedback, pre-task person praise reduces motivation and indirectly lowers task performance; under ego-involving feedback it indirectly raises performance - Under task-involving feedback, pre-task person praise reduces motivation and indirectly lowers task performance; under ego-involving feedback it indirectly raises performance
• Under Tennessee's 2015 co-requisite remediation policy, completing SAILS no longer produced any boost in college credits - Under Tennessee's 2015 co-requisite remediation policy, completing SAILS no longer produced any boost in college credits
• Under the 2025 MAP Growth norms, the same reading RIT score can rank higher in achievement percentile due to national declines in achievement - Under the 2025 MAP Growth norms, the same reading RIT score can rank higher in achievement percentile due to national declines in achievement
• Under the 2025 norms, higher math growth expectations lower conditional growth percentiles for higher-growth students - Under the 2025 norms, higher math growth expectations lower conditional growth percentiles for higher-growth students
• Under the components model in ECLS-K, working memory is the most closely associated EF component with math, but only at time point 1 does it show a positive residual correlation beyond latent EF - Under the components model in ECLS-K, working memory is the most closely associated EF component with math, but only at time point 1 does it show a positive residual correlation beyond latent EF
• Under the fixed protocol, hosted LLMs produce the largest gain on Spanish thematic classification, with thematic macro F1 rising from 0.46 (TF-IDF) to roughly 0.82-0.86 for the two hosted LLMs - Under the fixed protocol, hosted LLMs produce the largest gain on Spanish thematic classification, with thematic macro F1 rising from 0.46 (TF-IDF) to roughly 0.82-0.86 for the two hosted LLMs
• Under the i3 scale-up grant, TFA planned to grow its corps by 80 percent and aimed for a majority of its teachers to be rated highly effective by the 2014-2015 school year - Under the i3 scale-up grant, TFA planned to grow its corps by 80 percent and aimed for a majority of its teachers to be rated highly effective by the 2014-2015 school year
• Under the initial rubric with direct evaluation, machine raters systematically underestimate openness while relevance and clarity align near-perfectly - Under the initial rubric with direct evaluation, machine raters systematically underestimate openness while relevance and clarity align near-perfectly
• Under the Leitner Queue Network model, raising the rate of new-item introduction beyond a threshold causes a phase transition in learning rate, which a Mechanical Turk vocabulary experiment reproduced. - Under the Leitner Queue Network model, raising the rate of new-item introduction beyond a threshold causes a phase transition in learning rate, which a Mechanical Turk vocabulary experiment reproduced
• Under the Leitner Queue Network optimization, easy items call for roughly uniform time across decks, while more difficult items call for more time on lower decks. - Under the Leitner Queue Network optimization, easy items call for roughly uniform time across decks, while more difficult items call for more time on lower decks.
• Under the mean-recall approximation, the maximum achievable learning rate is convex in the learner's review frequency budget, suggesting increasing returns at lower budgets. - Under the mean-recall approximation, the maximum achievable learning rate is convex in the learner's review frequency budget, suggesting increasing returns at lower budgets.
• Under the mean-recall approximation, the optimal Leitner Queue Network review schedule spends more time on lower decks than on higher decks. - Under the mean-recall approximation, the optimal Leitner Queue Network review schedule spends more time on lower decks than on higher decks.
• Under the mean-recall approximation, the optimal Leitner Queue Network schedule increases the expected delay between reviews as an item moves up through the decks. - Under the mean-recall approximation, the optimal Leitner Queue Network schedule increases the expected delay between reviews as an item moves up through the decks.
• Under the new thresholds, two-thirds of GED takers and more than half of HiSET and TASC takers passed on the first attempt, and three-quarters of all takers ever passed each exam - Under the new thresholds, two-thirds of GED takers and more than half of HiSET and TASC takers passed on the first attempt, and three-quarters of all takers ever passed each exam
• Under the reported settings, K-Means++ achieved the best internal clustering indices, though the K-Means baseline used a single initialization - Under the reported settings, K-Means++ achieved the best internal clustering indices, though the K-Means baseline used a single initialization
• Under the same teacher model, AgenticMath outperforms prior data-generation methods, indicating gains arise from framework design rather than teacher strength - Under the same teacher model, AgenticMath outperforms prior data-generation methods, indicating gains arise from framework design rather than teacher strength
• Under unclear presentation, a more complex concept structure lessens students' ability to identify concepts - Under unclear presentation, a more complex concept structure lessens students' ability to identify concepts
• Under-identification of SPED placement occurred two years after EL classification - Under-identification of SPED placement occurred two years after EL classification
• Underconfidence-with-practice effect: learners overestimate learning after one study trial but underestimate it after repeated restudying - Underconfidence-with-practice effect: learners overestimate learning after one study trial but underestimate it after repeated restudying
• Undergraduate business students strongly support integrating GenAI knowledge and application into higher education curricula - Undergraduate business students strongly support integrating GenAI knowledge and application into higher education curricula
• Undergraduate computing students evaluate GenAI analogies by structural correspondence between source and target domain, flagging specific mapping breakdowns rather than judging holistically - Undergraduate computing students evaluate GenAI analogies by structural correspondence between source and target domain, flagging specific mapping breakdowns rather than judging holistically
• Undergraduate computing students report help-seeking avoidance and anxiety, with 62.5% sometimes avoiding asking for help even when needed and 75% reporting anxiety when not understanding a topic - Undergraduate computing students report help-seeking avoidance and anxiety, with 62.5% sometimes avoiding asking for help even when needed and 75% reporting anxiety when not understanding a topic
• Undergraduate course satisfaction dropped sharply after courses moved fully online during COVID-19, with very satisfied students falling from 51 percent to 19 percent - Undergraduate course satisfaction dropped sharply after courses moved fully online during COVID-19, with very satisfied students falling from 51 percent to 19 percent
• Undergraduate health professional students report more positive satisfaction with flipped class learning than with traditional class learning (SMD = 0.48), at low certainty - Undergraduate health professional students report more positive satisfaction with flipped class learning than with traditional class learning (SMD = 0.48), at low certainty
• Undergraduate learners rated CyberAGENTS positively, with scenario authenticity highest and challenge difficulty alignment lowest - Undergraduate learners rated CyberAGENTS positively, with scenario authenticity highest and challenge difficulty alignment lowest
• Undergraduate LLM reliance classifies into four types — Strategic (34.3%), Instrumental (30.9%), Dialogic (30.4%), and Dependent (4.5%) — using a threshold-based classification rule - Undergraduate LLM reliance classifies into four types — Strategic (34.3%), Instrumental (30.9%), Dialogic (30.4%), and Dependent (4.5%) — using a threshold-based classification rule
• Undergraduate physics students react highly positively to the IF-AT format - Undergraduate physics students react highly positively to the IF-AT format
• Undergraduate researchers' disciplinary identity differs based on the internal motivators of intellectual interest and grit - Undergraduate researchers' disciplinary identity differs based on the internal motivators of intellectual interest and grit
• Undergraduate researchers' disciplinary identity differs by demographic characteristics - Undergraduate researchers' disciplinary identity differs by demographic characteristics
• Undergraduate students classify common GenAI ethical scenarios with high accuracy, with a pronounced ceiling effect - Undergraduate students classify common GenAI ethical scenarios with high accuracy, with a pronounced ceiling effect
• Undergraduate students debugging analog circuits under exam pressure preferentially used images to capture the physical circuit and the exam assignment when conversing with LLMs - Undergraduate students debugging analog circuits under exam pressure preferentially used images to capture the physical circuit and the exam assignment when conversing with LLMs
• Undergraduate students hold mixed views on whether using GenAI for coursework constitutes plagiarism, ranging from not misconduct to serious misconduct - Undergraduate students hold mixed views on whether using GenAI for coursework constitutes plagiarism, ranging from not misconduct to serious misconduct
• Undergraduate students learning nanoscience with agent-based models show greater gains in explanatory knowledge than students learning with visualization videos - Undergraduate students learning nanoscience with agent-based models show greater gains in explanatory knowledge than students learning with visualization videos
• Undergraduate students reported using relatively effective strategies (elaboration, organisation, spacing) more than less effective ones, with elaboration most endorsed and self-testing least endorsed - Undergraduate students reported using relatively effective strategies (elaboration, organisation, spacing) more than less effective ones, with elaboration most endorsed and self-testing least endorsed
• Undergraduate students were the most studied academic level in AIEd higher education research, at 72% of studies - Undergraduate students were the most studied academic level in AIEd higher education research, at 72% of studies
• Undergraduate students' preferences for AI feedback characteristics differ significantly from an equal distribution for tone, length, format, and focus, but not for timing - Undergraduate students' preferences for AI feedback characteristics differ significantly from an equal distribution for tone, length, format, and focus, but not for timing
• Undergraduate students’ genAI knowledge contains specific confident misconceptions, most prevalently that AI chatbots perform web searches - Undergraduate students’ genAI knowledge contains specific confident misconceptions, most prevalently that AI chatbots perform web searches
• Undergraduates learning IoT tasks in VR with ChatGPT-integrated feedback reached significantly higher cognitive levels on memory, understanding, and application tasks than peers receiving traditional VR feedback - Undergraduates learning IoT tasks in VR with ChatGPT-integrated feedback reached significantly higher cognitive levels on memory, understanding, and application tasks than peers receiving traditional
• Undergraduates report very high overall satisfaction with instruction management in the cloud-based constructivism and connectivism learning model - Undergraduates report very high overall satisfaction with instruction management in the cloud-based constructivism and connectivism learning model
• Underlining and adjunct questions may hinder rather than help recall in young readers, reflecting a comprehension rather than a metacomprehension deficit - Underlining and adjunct questions may hinder rather than help recall in young readers, reflecting a comprehension rather than a metacomprehension deficit
• Underlying all AI risks in education is that generative AI behavior is difficult to explain, inspect, or predict due to its statistical mechanisms - Underlying all AI risks in education is that generative AI behavior is difficult to explain, inspect, or predict due to its statistical mechanisms
• Underlying assumptions dictate how the five foundations are operationalized in a learning environment - Underlying assumptions dictate how the five foundations are operationalized in a learning environment
• Undermatch among CPS four-year college-goers rose from 42.7 percent in 2003 to 57.7 percent in 2013 before rebounding after 2013 - Undermatch among CPS four-year college-goers rose from 42.7 percent in 2003 to 57.7 percent in 2013 before rebounding after 2013
• Undermatch occurs when students attend a college less selective than their high school academic achievement would allow - Undermatch occurs when students attend a college less selective than their high school academic achievement would allow
• Underprepared teachers are two to three times more likely to leave than prepared teachers, driving a revolving door in high-poverty schools - Underprepared teachers are two to three times more likely to leave than prepared teachers, driving a revolving door in high-poverty schools
• Underrepresented racial and first-generation students systematically report fewer institutional belonging opportunities than white and continuing-generation peers - Underrepresented racial and first-generation students systematically report fewer institutional belonging opportunities than white and continuing-generation peers
• Understandability alone is insufficient to establish trust for some teachers, who require real classroom experience - Understandability alone is insufficient to establish trust for some teachers, who require real classroom experience
• Understanding how a student develops social-emotionally over intermediate school can improve identification of students not on track to succeed in high school - Understanding how a student develops social-emotionally over intermediate school can improve identification of students not on track to succeed in high school
• Understanding kindergarten expectations and acquiring tools to support children at home were especially beneficial for families without prior preschool or structured school experience - Understanding kindergarten expectations and acquiring tools to support children at home were especially beneficial for families without prior preschool or structured school experience
• Understanding rational numbers is not indiscriminately difficult for students - Understanding rational numbers is not indiscriminately difficult for students
• Understanding Stewart's formal definition of the definite integral demands mobilizing a system of prior knowledge across a network of semiotic functions - Understanding Stewart's formal definition of the definite integral demands mobilizing a system of prior knowledge across a network of semiotic functions
• Understandings of valued thinking have been dominated by the voices of White, predominantly male scholars - Understandings of valued thinking have been dominated by the voices of White, predominantly male scholars
• Underuse of effective strategies may stem from false beliefs, lack of awareness, and the counter-intuitive nature of the strategies - Underuse of effective strategies may stem from false beliefs, lack of awareness, and the counter-intuitive nature of the strategies
• Undifferentiated GenAI integrity rules convert linguistic disadvantage into integrity risk for EAL students - Undifferentiated GenAI integrity rules convert linguistic disadvantage into integrity risk for EAL students
• Unedited voice prompts have lower odds of first-attempt success than text prompts on two of three Prompt Problems - Unedited voice prompts have lower odds of first-attempt success than text prompts on two of three Prompt Problems
• Uneven GenAI access across teams creates a two-speed culture pressuring teams without access despite equally demanding work - Uneven GenAI access across teams creates a two-speed culture pressuring teams without access despite equally demanding work
• Unexcused absences quadruple from eighth to ninth grade, explaining most of the drop in grades and pass rates across all student groups - Unexcused absences quadruple from eighth to ninth grade, explaining most of the drop in grades and pass rates across all student groups
• Unexpected session-level associations: task goals positively predicted joy, relational goals negatively predicted learning and boredom, and learning goals negatively predicted overall rating and positively predicted boredom - Unexpected session-level associations: task goals positively predicted joy, relational goals negatively predicted learning and boredom, and learning goals negatively predicted overall rating and posit
• Unexpectedly, students in classrooms characterized by high Instructional Support rated their teachers less positively over time - Unexpectedly, students in classrooms characterized by high Instructional Support rated their teachers less positively over time
• Unfamiliar problem contexts and vocabulary distract students from the mathematics and reasoning a problem requires - Unfamiliar problem contexts and vocabulary distract students from the mathematics and reasoning a problem requires
• Unfettered GPT-4 access during practice harms subsequent unassisted exam performance in high school mathematics - Unfettered GPT-4 access during practice harms subsequent unassisted exam performance in high school mathematics
• Unfocused communicative tasks elicit significantly more meaning negotiation than focused tasks among intermediate EFL learners - Unfocused communicative tasks elicit significantly more meaning negotiation than focused tasks among intermediate EFL learners
• Unfocused tasks elicit significantly more confirmation checks and clarification requests than focused tasks - Unfocused tasks elicit significantly more confirmation checks and clarification requests than focused tasks
• Unfunded pension debt diverts state spending from current students, reaching roughly $16,000 per student in California, $10,000 in Texas, and $15,500 in Florida - Unfunded pension debt diverts state spending from current students, reaching roughly $16,000 per student in California, $10,000 in Texas, and $15,500 in Florida
• Ungraded practice tests function as a legitimate mediating practice that empowers learners and redefines the instructor's authority - Ungraded practice tests function as a legitimate mediating practice that empowers learners and redefines the instructor's authority
• Unguided inquiry students overestimate their hypothesis quality in the transfer task more than video modeling students - Unguided inquiry students overestimate their hypothesis quality in the transfer task more than video modeling students
• Unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are popular and intuitively appealing but ignore human cognitive architecture and the empirical evidence - Unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are popular and intuitively appealing but ignore human cognitive architecture and the empirical evidence
• Unidimensional measurement of SPT leaves the SPT–conflict resolution relationship unclear - Unidimensional measurement of SPT leaves the SPT–conflict resolution relationship unclear
• Uniform (redundant) contexts yield higher semantic similarity ratings than diverse contexts - Uniform (redundant) contexts yield higher semantic similarity ratings than diverse contexts
• Uniform AI integration across a classroom is likely to widen the gap between better- and less-prepared students - Uniform AI integration across a classroom is likely to widen the gap between better- and less-prepared students
• Uniform two-week spacing between distillations yielded the greatest benefit among the tested schedules, ranking Standard, Mixed, Frontloaded, then Baseline - Uniform two-week spacing between distillations yielded the greatest benefit among the tested schedules, ranking Standard, Mixed, Frontloaded, then Baseline
• Unilevel OLS regression and four-level multilevel analysis of the same content analysis data yield differing p-values, especially for parameters that are not highly significant. - Unilevel OLS regression and four-level multilevel analysis of the same content analysis data yield differing p-values, especially for parameters that are not highly significant.
• Unimodal classification confuses Key Stage 4 with Key Stage 3, while the best multimodal model classifies Key Stages 4 and 5 perfectly - Unimodal classification confuses Key Stage 4 with Key Stage 3, while the best multimodal model classifies Key Stages 4 and 5 perfectly
• Unintentional learning of word associations occurs when items co-occur in the focus of attention - Unintentional learning of word associations occurs when items co-occur in the focus of attention
• Unit values from 100 first-year normal school girls are strikingly like those obtained from the 25 advanced university subjects, suggesting maturity differences may not change relative difficulty proportions. - Unit values from 100 first-year normal school girls are strikingly like those obtained from the 25 advanced university subjects, suggesting maturity differences may not change relative difficulty prop
• Unit-test-based evaluation shows consistently negative correlations with human judgment, disproportionately penalizing complex high-quality interactive designs - Unit-test-based evaluation shows consistently negative correlations with human judgment, disproportionately penalizing complex high-quality interactive designs
• United States next generation science standards emphasize learning about complex systems as a core feature of science learning - United States next generation science standards emphasize learning about complex systems as a core feature of science learning
• Universal college-prep coursework did not prepare more students for college: upper-level math credits and four-year college entrance showed no overall gains - Universal college-prep coursework did not prepare more students for college: upper-level math credits and four-year college entrance showed no overall gains
• Universal formal schooling is an historically recent phenomenon - Universal formal schooling is an historically recent phenomenon
• Universal PreK school-based classrooms are about as diverse as first-grade classrooms, while means-tested and community-based classrooms are more segregated - Universal PreK school-based classrooms are about as diverse as first-grade classrooms, while means-tested and community-based classrooms are more segregated
• Universal school-based SEL programs improve students' behaviour, with a small and, in recent randomised trials, negligible effect on academic achievement
• Universal screening data from a small sample of full-implementation schools show fall-to-spring benchmark gains in reading and most math grades, largest in kindergarten, but behavior data show losses and the data are inconclusive - Universal screening data from a small sample of full-implementation schools show fall-to-spring benchmark gains in reading and most math grades, largest in kindergarten, but behavior data show losses
• Universal screening data from full-implementation schools show average fall-to-spring gains in reading and math, largest in kindergarten - Universal screening data from full-implementation schools show average fall-to-spring gains in reading and math, largest in kindergarten
• Universal self-regulation interventions improve self-regulation in children and adolescents, with a pooled effect size of d = 0.42 (95% CI, 0.32-0.53) on task performance scores. - Universal self-regulation interventions improve self-regulation in children and adolescents, with a pooled effect size of d = 0.42 (95% CI, 0.32-0.53) on task performance scores.
• Universities already use incipient AI such as IBM Watson to provide student advice around the clock, reducing administrative staffing needs - Universities already use incipient AI such as IBM Watson to provide student advice around the clock, reducing administrative staffing needs
• Universities converge on caution toward AI-detection systems, warning against using detection scores as dispositive evidence of misconduct - Universities converge on caution toward AI-detection systems, warning against using detection scores as dispositive evidence of misconduct
• Universities converge on disclosure and attribution expectations as the condition distinguishing legitimate AI assistance from misrepresentation - Universities converge on disclosure and attribution expectations as the condition distinguishing legitimate AI assistance from misrepresentation
• Universities converge on privacy-oriented data guardrails, warning against entering sensitive data into consumer AI tools and encouraging institutionally approved services - Universities converge on privacy-oriented data guardrails, warning against entering sensitive data into consumer AI tools and encouraging institutionally approved services
• Universities disabling AI detection cite false-positive risk at scale, and detector influence persists in individual grading, journal screening, and institutions without policy revision - Universities disabling AI detection cite false-positive risk at scale, and detector influence persists in individual grading, journal screening, and institutions without policy revision
• Universities pair academic-integrity guidance with AI literacy and student readiness supports, treating literacy as strategic rather than punitive - Universities pair academic-integrity guidance with AI literacy and student readiness supports, treating literacy as strategic rather than punitive
• Universities remaining at early AI-adoption stages risk reactive policies, fragmented practice, and misalignment between assessment and real-world practice - Universities remaining at early AI-adoption stages risk reactive policies, fragmented practice, and misalignment between assessment and real-world practice
• Universities widely view AI as a strategic priority but few have formalised senior AI leadership roles, per the EDUCAUSE survey the review reports - Universities widely view AI as a strategic priority but few have formalised senior AI leadership roles, per the EDUCAUSE survey the review reports
• Universities' GenAI policies widely embrace core ethical and governance principles but often overlook inclusion, equity, and sustainability issues such as internet access, gender parity in AI, and environmental impact - Universities' GenAI policies widely embrace core ethical and governance principles but often overlook inclusion, equity, and sustainability issues such as internet access, gender parity in AI, and env
• University academic staff express substantial concerns about academic integrity, ethics, and erosion of skills such as critical thinking and creativity in relation to GenAI. - University academic staff express substantial concerns about academic integrity, ethics, and erosion of skills such as critical thinking and creativity in relation to GenAI.
• University administrations endorse contradictory positions on GenAI, encouraging faculty integration while treating AI-generated work as misconduct - University administrations endorse contradictory positions on GenAI, encouraging faculty integration while treating AI-generated work as misconduct
• University AI policies overwhelmingly use weaker, suggestive language rather than strong directive language - University AI policies overwhelmingly use weaker, suggestive language rather than strong directive language
• University AI policies score higher on delegation boundaries than on evidence standards - University AI policies score higher on delegation boundaries than on evidence standards
• University AI policy themes fall into three main categories: usage and education, technology and tools, and governance and potential risks - University AI policy themes fall into three main categories: usage and education, technology and tools, and governance and potential risks
• University examination questions concentrate at the lower cognitive levels of Bloom's Taxonomy, dominated by comprehension and knowledge - University examination questions concentrate at the lower cognitive levels of Bloom's Taxonomy, dominated by comprehension and knowledge
• University High School's suspensions dropped 78% and fights fell from more than 10 per semester to one in the 2023–24 school year after adopting the community school strategy - University High School's suspensions dropped 78% and fights fell from more than 10 per semester to one in the 2023–24 school year after adopting the community school strategy
• University instructors' achievement goals differentially predict positive affect, attitudes towards help, and self-reported teaching quality, with effects invariant across status groups. - University instructors' achievement goals differentially predict positive affect, attitudes towards help, and self-reported teaching quality, with effects invariant across status groups.
• University instructors' performance goals split into four classes: appearance and normative components, each approach and avoidance. - University instructors' performance goals split into four classes: appearance and normative components, each approach and avoidance.
• University learners of Italian in two surveys report ideal-self motivation rather than instrumental motivation; a contrast with their teachers' view is reported but not confirmed in the text read. - Two university surveys find learners of Italian motivated mainly by an imagined future self who speaks the language and little by expected usefulness; the claim that their teachers stress usefulness i
• University of Houston residency completers retain in teaching at rates above state averages (93% after year one; 3- and 5-year retention 10 and 7 points above state averages for the 2019 cohort) - University of Houston residency completers retain in teaching at rates above state averages (93% after year one; 3- and 5-year retention 10 and 7 points above state averages for the 2019 cohort)
• University philosophy teachers prioritize fostering students' intellectual growth over transmitting content - University philosophy teachers prioritize fostering students' intellectual growth over transmitting content
• University scholarship ratings ran about 16 per cent below high-school ratings for the same students, ranking them only two-thirds as high per hour of study, a gap the authors link to discouragement and withdrawal - University scholarship ratings ran about 16 per cent below high-school ratings for the same students, ranking them only two-thirds as high per hour of study, a gap the authors link to discouragement a
• University students achieved a significantly higher correct rate answering data questions with data comics than with conventional visualisations - University students achieved a significantly higher correct rate answering data questions with data comics than with conventional visualisations
• University students adapt their behavioral processing of discrepant science content as a function of their epistemic cognition and discrepancy type - University students adapt their behavioral processing of discrepant science content as a function of their epistemic cognition and discrepancy type
• University students and teachers perceive anger, boredom and fear as the most salient negative emotions in learning, with students mentioning sadness and self-conscious emotions more than faculty - University students and teachers perceive anger, boredom and fear as the most salient negative emotions in learning, with students mentioning sadness and self-conscious emotions more than faculty
• University students held positive attitudes toward GAI in DST creation but expressed moderate concern about over-reliance and low concern about reduced social interaction - University students held positive attitudes toward GAI in DST creation but expressed moderate concern about over-reliance and low concern about reduced social interaction
• University students in Communication and Education programs show low familiarity with media literacy, media education, and educommunication terms - University students in Communication and Education programs show low familiarity with media literacy, media education, and educommunication terms
• University students make limited use of digital technologies to self-regulate their learning despite being frequent technology users - University students make limited use of digital technologies to self-regulate their learning despite being frequent technology users
• University students overwhelmingly report goals to change at least one Big Five trait, but agreeableness may be the hardest trait to shift - University students overwhelmingly report goals to change at least one Big Five trait, but agreeableness may be the hardest trait to shift
• University students remain highly on-task throughout 70-minute lectures, refuting the 15–20 minute attention-span myth - University students remain highly on-task throughout 70-minute lectures, refuting the 15–20 minute attention-span myth
• University students report a generally good understanding of GenAI technologies, with highest self-rated knowledge of limitations and lowest for emotional-intelligence limits - University students report a generally good understanding of GenAI technologies, with highest self-rated knowledge of limitations and lowest for emotional-intelligence limits
• University students report using all six regulation strategies, with reappraisal and competence development most common and situation selection least common - University students report using all six regulation strategies, with reappraisal and competence development most common and situation selection least common
• University students spent longer processing time watching two complementary videos than reading two complementary digital texts - University students spent longer processing time watching two complementary videos than reading two complementary digital texts
• University students visually prioritize the highest performance level (PL4) when first reading a rubric - University students visually prioritize the highest performance level (PL4) when first reading a rubric
• University students who choose e-textbooks report greater self-regulation of learning than students who choose print textbooks - University students who choose e-textbooks report greater self-regulation of learning than students who choose print textbooks
• University students who choose e-textbooks report greater use of cognitive strategies than students who choose print textbooks - University students who choose e-textbooks report greater use of cognitive strategies than students who choose print textbooks
• University students with high versus low GenAI literacy scores show significantly different ENA interaction structures during an AI-assisted abstract writing task - University students with high versus low GenAI literacy scores show significantly different ENA interaction structures during an AI-assisted abstract writing task
• University students without qualitative-reasoning experience improved their Cerrado ecology domain knowledge after interacting with VISIGARP - University students without qualitative-reasoning experience improved their Cerrado ecology domain knowledge after interacting with VISIGARP
• University students' engagement with AI tools tends to cluster at two extremes: avoidance and uncritical use - University students' engagement with AI tools tends to cluster at two extremes: avoidance and uncritical use
• University students' self-efficacy showed no significant change during a unit of short-term prompting in learning journals - University students' self-efficacy showed no significant change during a unit of short-term prompting in learning journals
• University students' use of GenAI for learning task completion is negatively associated with GenAI-assisted learning procrastination - University students' use of GenAI for learning task completion is negatively associated with GenAI-assisted learning procrastination
• University students' visual engagement in real lectures is higher than practitioners often expect and can remain high despite fluctuations - University students' visual engagement in real lectures is higher than practitioners often expect and can remain high despite fluctuations
• University-wide AI policies in US R1/R2 institutions are moderately positive in sentiment toward AI adoption - University-wide AI policies in US R1/R2 institutions are moderately positive in sentiment toward AI adoption
• Unknown words are read significantly longer than known control words in all four eye-tracking measures - Unknown words are read significantly longer than known control words in all four eye-tracking measures
• Unlike district schools, KIPP middle schools tend to replace exiting students with higher-achieving students - Unlike district schools, KIPP middle schools tend to replace exiting students with higher-achieving students
• Unmeasured factors such as reluctance to seem slow, over-certainty, and persistence in recalling complicate time-based memory measures - Unmeasured factors such as reluctance to seem slow, over-certainty, and persistence in recalling complicate time-based memory measures
• Unmediated pen input introduced new pen-specific barriers: lack of visual feedback on referential intent and high interaction cost of handwriting complex queries - Unmediated pen input introduced new pen-specific barriers: lack of visual feedback on referential intent and high interaction cost of handwriting complex queries
• Unmedicated children with ADHD aged 8-13 score higher than matched controls on TTCT-Figurative Fluency - Unmedicated children with ADHD aged 8-13 score higher than matched controls on TTCT-Figurative Fluency
• Unmedicated children with ADHD obtain a higher overall TTCT Creativity Index than controls - Unmedicated children with ADHD obtain a higher overall TTCT Creativity Index than controls
• Unmedicated children with ADHD score higher than controls on TTCT Creative Strengths - Unmedicated children with ADHD score higher than controls on TTCT Creative Strengths
• Unmedicated children with ADHD score higher than controls on TTCT-Figurative Originality - Unmedicated children with ADHD score higher than controls on TTCT-Figurative Originality
• Unmotivated examinees present a major threat to the validity of scores in low-stakes testing programs - Unmotivated examinees present a major threat to the validity of scores in low-stakes testing programs
• Unpredictability and lack of contingent caregiver responding in childhood is associated with increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and altered prefrontal-hippocampal-amygdala circuits - Unpredictability and lack of contingent caregiver responding in childhood is associated with increased adolescent externalizing behaviors and altered prefrontal-hippocampal-amygdala circuits
• Unpressured within-task planning improves accuracy only when attention is guided to form - Unpressured within-task planning improves accuracy only when attention is guided to form
• Unproctored exams produce significantly lower cheating rates than teacher-proctored exams in actual course exams without integrity reminders - Unproctored exams produce significantly lower cheating rates than teacher-proctored exams in actual course exams without integrity reminders
• Unprompted self-correction dominates negative feedback in NNS-NNS CMC interaction, interpreted as a face-saving preference - Unprompted self-correction dominates negative feedback in NNS-NNS CMC interaction, interpreted as a face-saving preference
• Unpublished status and higher method quality are associated with smaller estimated effects of dropout programs - Unpublished status and higher method quality are associated with smaller estimated effects of dropout programs
• Unrecognised prior-knowledge asymmetry and absent prior group experience negatively affect learning in complex collaborative tasks - Unrecognised prior-knowledge asymmetry and absent prior group experience negatively affect learning in complex collaborative tasks
• Unregistered apprenticeship programs had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter earnings, ranging from $3,368 to $3,490 - Unregistered apprenticeship programs had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter earnings, ranging from $3,368 to $3,490
• Unregistered apprenticeship programs had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter employment, ranging from 3.9 to 4.8 percentage points - Unregistered apprenticeship programs had positive, statistically significant impacts on ninth-quarter employment, ranging from 3.9 to 4.8 percentage points
• Unregistered apprenticeships had statistically significant ninth-quarter employment and earnings impacts specifically for advanced manufacturing - Unregistered apprenticeships had statistically significant ninth-quarter employment and earnings impacts specifically for advanced manufacturing
• Unreliability in an outcome measure reduces the statistical power of treatment-control comparisons - Unreliability in an outcome measure reduces the statistical power of treatment-control comparisons
• Unreliable AI-generated output is the most frequently reported technical limitation of AI-supported undergraduate EFL instruction, appearing in 22 of 54 studies (41%) - Unreliable AI-generated output is the most frequently reported technical limitation of AI-supported undergraduate EFL instruction, appearing in 22 of 54 studies (41%)
• Unscaffolded GenAI access did not significantly change pre-service teachers' self-regulated learning relative to traditional learning - Unscaffolded GenAI access did not significantly change pre-service teachers' self-regulated learning relative to traditional learning
• Unscaffolded GenAI access produced no significant advantage in pre-service teachers' AI readiness compared with traditional learning - Unscaffolded GenAI access produced no significant advantage in pre-service teachers' AI readiness compared with traditional learning
• Unscaffolded GenAI access was not associated with a significant difference in pre-service teachers' critical thinking relative to traditional learning - Unscaffolded GenAI access was not associated with a significant difference in pre-service teachers' critical thinking relative to traditional learning
• Unscaffolded problem-solving before instruction lets students entertain exploratory hypotheses at the expense of experiencing initial failures - Unscaffolded problem-solving before instruction lets students entertain exploratory hypotheses at the expense of experiencing initial failures
• Unschooled illiterate adults living in print-rich environments have good knowledge of the pragmatic functions and uses of written language but cannot read environmental print out of context - Unschooled illiterate adults living in print-rich environments have good knowledge of the pragmatic functions and uses of written language but cannot read environmental print out of context
• Unstructured ChatGPT use in programming education is linked to overreliance, reduced persistence, unreliable outputs, and academic integrity risks - Unstructured ChatGPT use in programming education is linked to overreliance, reduced persistence, unreliable outputs, and academic integrity risks
• Unstructured expert interviews miss up to 70% of the subtasks needed to describe a cognitive task - Unstructured expert interviews miss up to 70% of the subtasks needed to describe a cognitive task
• Unstructured LLM use contributes to epistemic narrowing by privileging convergent outputs and dominant viewpoints - Unstructured LLM use contributes to epistemic narrowing by privileging convergent outputs and dominant viewpoints
• Unstructured LLM use risks cognitive offloading that displaces effortful thought and weakens argument construction - Unstructured LLM use risks cognitive offloading that displaces effortful thought and weakens argument construction
• Unsuccessful retrieval attempts confer a smaller benefit to future performance than successful retrievals, whose advantage grows with item difficulty - Unsuccessful retrieval attempts confer a smaller benefit to future performance than successful retrievals, whose advantage grows with item difficulty
• Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of knowledge vectors recovers expert bundle structure without bundle labels - Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of knowledge vectors recovers expert bundle structure without bundle labels
• Up to 26% of teachers in the bottom value-added quintile under one specification are ranked higher under another specification - Up to 26% of teachers in the bottom value-added quintile under one specification are ranked higher under another specification
• Updated 2025 MAP Growth screening thresholds are set at the 35th percentile with adjustments for the Enhanced Item-Selection Algorithm - Updated 2025 MAP Growth screening thresholds are set at the 35th percentile with adjustments for the Enhanced Item-Selection Algorithm
• Updated norms are heavily weighted toward 2021/22 pandemic-era performance, with lower norm-group performance than the prior norms - Updated norms are heavily weighted toward 2021/22 pandemic-era performance, with lower norm-group performance than the prior norms
• Updating ability strongly predicts fluid intelligence, while shifting and inhibition do not significantly predict it. - Updating ability strongly predicts fluid intelligence, while shifting and inhibition do not significantly predict it.
• Updating ability, together with openness, explains a substantial part of the shared variance between fluid intelligence and creativity. - Updating ability, together with openness, explains a substantial part of the shared variance between fluid intelligence and creativity.
• Upper-elementary teachers have large effects on students' self-reported behavior in class, self-efficacy in math, and happiness in class that are similar in magnitude to their effects on math test scores - Upper-elementary teachers have large effects on students' self-reported behavior in class, self-efficacy in math, and happiness in class that are similar in magnitude to their effects on math test sco
• Upper-intermediate EFL learners taught with proactive FOF scored significantly higher on a grammar posttest than learners taught with reactive FOF - Upper-intermediate EFL learners taught with proactive FOF scored significantly higher on a grammar posttest than learners taught with reactive FOF
• Upper-level students most often reported contextual analysis, setting the purpose for reading, monitoring comprehension, and rereading - Upper-level students most often reported contextual analysis, setting the purpose for reading, monitoring comprehension, and rereading
• Upper-quartile and lower-quartile learning-gain players showed opposite correlations between cell-cycle activity and learning, and lower-quartile players had more far failures (7 vs 2.3 average cycles) - Upper-quartile and lower-quartile learning-gain players showed opposite correlations between cell-cycle activity and learning, and lower-quartile players had more far failures (7 vs 2.3 average cycles
• Upward Bound impact estimates are accompanied by extensive subgroup and sensitivity analyses - Upward Bound impact estimates are accompanied by extensive subgroup and sensitivity analyses
• Urban brick-and-mortar charter students in New Mexico outperform their TPS virtual twins in reading, while suburban, town, and rural charter students are on par - Urban brick-and-mortar charter students in New Mexico outperform their TPS virtual twins in reading, while suburban, town, and rural charter students are on par
• Urban charter schools and charters serving low-achieving, low-income students show the strongest positive achievement impacts - Urban charter schools and charters serving low-achieving, low-income students show the strongest positive achievement impacts
• Urban charter schools have more positive impacts on student achievement than other charter schools - Urban charter schools have more positive impacts on student achievement than other charter schools
• Urban Latina/o students largely defined mathematics narrowly as numbers and success via external measures - Urban Latina/o students largely defined mathematics narrowly as numbers and success via external measures
• Urban living is associated with higher activity in stress-related brain regions and reduced grey matter in dorsolateral prefrontal and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex after urban exposure during upbringing - Urban living is associated with higher activity in stress-related brain regions and reduced grey matter in dorsolateral prefrontal and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex after urban exposure during u
• URM students left biomedical fields at higher rates than majority students, an effect explained in part by their lower biology course grades - URM students left biomedical fields at higher rates than majority students, an effect explained in part by their lower biology course grades
• URM students were more likely than non-URM leavers to report leaving due to disenchantment rather than attraction - URM students were more likely than non-URM leavers to report leaving due to disenchantment rather than attraction
• US AI regulation shifted dramatically in early 2025: the AI Bill of Rights and Executive Order 14110 were revoked and replaced by a deregulation-focused executive order - US AI regulation shifted dramatically in early 2025: the AI Bill of Rights and Executive Order 14110 were revoked and replaced by a deregulation-focused executive order
• US and HK adolescents differ in conversation-topic preferences: HK adolescents more often prefer instrumental help-seeking and self-disclosure, while US adolescents more often report nothing to say to chatbots - US and HK adolescents differ in conversation-topic preferences: HK adolescents more often prefer instrumental help-seeking and self-disclosure, while US adolescents more often report nothing to say to
• US cohort achievement trends per decade are steeper in math (median 0.19sd) than in reading (median 0.04sd) across linked surveys - US cohort achievement trends per decade are steeper in math (median 0.19sd) than in reading (median 0.04sd) across linked surveys
• US K-12 teachers judge AI companion roles along a gradient from academic to intimate, ranking Romantic Partner most concerning and Tutor or Study Buddy most acceptable - US K-12 teachers judge AI companion roles along a gradient from academic to intimate, ranking Romantic Partner most concerning and Tutor or Study Buddy most acceptable
• US public education could lose $11.5 billion in annual state revenues by 2030–31 as enrollment declines, with 40 states and DC projected to see further declines - US public education could lose $11.5 billion in annual state revenues by 2030–31 as enrollment declines, with 40 states and DC projected to see further declines
• Usability problems — disorientation, distraction, and cognitive overload — hinder demonstrating effectiveness of self-controlled hypermedia learning - Usability problems — disorientation, distraction, and cognitive overload — hinder demonstrating effectiveness of self-controlled hypermedia learning
• Usability testing with educators and developers identified chatbot strengths for independent challenge-solving but limited feedback for low-participation learners - Usability testing with educators and developers identified chatbot strengths for independent challenge-solving but limited feedback for low-participation learners
• Usage amount moderated the effect of a formative assessment tool in Koedinger et al. (2010) - Usage amount moderated the effect of a formative assessment tool in Koedinger et al.
• Use of consonantal context in vowel spelling develops gradually, emerging around age 8 and peaking around age 11 - Use of consonantal context in vowel spelling develops gradually, emerging around age 8 and peaking around age 11
• Use of mixed methods in educational psychology journals increased after the 2019 Contemporary Educational Psychology special issue, with 54.4% of the 2016–2022 mixed methods articles published in 2020–2022 - Use of mixed methods in educational psychology journals increased after the 2019 Contemporary Educational Psychology special issue, with 54.4% of the 2016–2022 mixed methods articles published in 2020
• Use of the DRDP assessment in TK increased notably to 34% of LEAs while LEA-developed assessment use fell from 66% to 44% - Use of the DRDP assessment in TK increased notably to 34% of LEAs while LEA-developed assessment use fell from 66% to 44%
• Use of worked examples in the Cognitive Tutor Algebra course was discouraged by collaborating instructors - Use of worked examples in the Cognitive Tutor Algebra course was discouraged by collaborating instructors
• User acceptance of AI-driven decisions depends on explanation type, with sensitivity-analysis and certification explanations increasing acceptance - User acceptance of AI-driven decisions depends on explanation type, with sensitivity-analysis and certification explanations increasing acceptance
• User engagement with GAI tools is filtered through imagined affordances rather than direct encounter with software functionalities - User engagement with GAI tools is filtered through imagined affordances rather than direct encounter with software functionalities
• User localization success of text messaging is unqualified and fragile: some participants reduced use when costs rose or alternatives appeared - User localization success of text messaging is unqualified and fragile: some participants reduced use when costs rose or alternatives appeared
• User satisfaction with eco modes declines sharply from mode 1 (mean 3.64) to modes 4–5 (means 2.35 and 2.06) - User satisfaction with eco modes declines sharply from mode 1 (mean 3.64) to modes 4–5 (means 2.35 and 2.06)
• Users alter expectations and behavior based on perceived AI capabilities even when actual AI performance is unchanged (the placebo effect of AI) - Users alter expectations and behavior based on perceived AI capabilities even when actual AI performance is unchanged (the placebo effect of AI)
• Users experienced a trade-off between conversational depth and interaction efficiency between the fine-tuned and baseline chatbots - Users experienced a trade-off between conversational depth and interaction efficiency between the fine-tuned and baseline chatbots
• Users of a student success information system showed only a surface-level understanding of privacy, with FERPA serving as the extent of many interviewees' privacy knowledge - Users of a student success information system showed only a surface-level understanding of privacy, with FERPA serving as the extent of many interviewees' privacy knowledge
• Users rate chatbots easy to use with clear, relevant, largely accurate responses, but the intrusive pop-up design is the largest annoyance - Users rate chatbots easy to use with clear, relevant, largely accurate responses, but the intrusive pop-up design is the largest annoyance
• Users successfully localized the hard-to-use mobile text messaging technology into their daily lives despite poor developer localization - Users successfully localized the hard-to-use mobile text messaging technology into their daily lives despite poor developer localization
• Users' baseline ranking accuracy significantly predicts the quality of the AI assistant's advice - Users' baseline ranking accuracy significantly predicts the quality of the AI assistant's advice
• Users' baseline ranking accuracy significantly predicts their final ranking accuracy after AI collaboration, with no other significant effects - Users' baseline ranking accuracy significantly predicts their final ranking accuracy after AI collaboration, with no other significant effects
• Using a flexible functional form, the estimated benefit of improving a competency depends on a student's existing strengths and weaknesses in other competencies - Using a flexible functional form, the estimated benefit of improving a competency depends on a student's existing strengths and weaknesses in other competencies
• Using a shared reporting template across funded organizations promotes continuity and cross-solution comparison of reports - Using a shared reporting template across funded organizations promotes continuity and cross-solution comparison of reports
• Using a stair-step pattern of solar wind input conditions in the simulation portion of the lab led to much better student results than linearly varying conditions - Using a stair-step pattern of solar wind input conditions in the simulation portion of the lab led to much better student results than linearly varying conditions
• Using a trained StudentSim as the reward for chess tutor RL yields a tutor that expert human raters score best on accuracy, guidance quality, and personalization among the rewards studied - Using a trained StudentSim as the reward for chess tutor RL yields a tutor that expert human raters score best on accuracy, guidance quality, and personalization among the rewards studied
• Using AI to evaluate AI outputs was often challenging because AI act as yes people and humans struggled to agree on evaluation rubrics - Using AI to evaluate AI outputs was often challenging because AI act as yes people and humans struggled to agree on evaluation rubrics
• Using all collected physiological features improves exam-grade prediction accuracy to 96% over the 80% achieved by prior EDA-only analyses - Using all collected physiological features improves exam-grade prediction accuracy to 96% over the 80% achieved by prior EDA-only analyses
• Using an LLM debugging assistant boosts a student's confidence and reduces frustration during debugging - Using an LLM debugging assistant boosts a student's confidence and reduces frustration during debugging
• Using at least one feature raised students' multiple choice question attempt rate to 89 percent and eliminated the drop on hard assignments, with a significant feature-use × difficulty interaction - Using at least one feature raised students' multiple choice question attempt rate to 89 percent and eliminated the drop on hard assignments, with a significant feature-use × difficulty interaction
• Using breaks between lectures for independent study is an independent positive predictor of daily study satisfaction beyond overall time investment - Using breaks between lectures for independent study is an independent positive predictor of daily study satisfaction beyond overall time investment
• Using ChatGPT during technology learning produces significantly higher post-test learning outcomes than conventional learning in a quasi-experiment of two classes of 31 students - Using ChatGPT during technology learning produces significantly higher post-test learning outcomes than conventional learning in a quasi-experiment of two classes of 31 students
• Using co-regulation strategies helped facilitators and youth build warm, trusting relationships - Using co-regulation strategies helped facilitators and youth build warm, trusting relationships
• Using Colorado Growth Model growth percentiles in place of value added would have altered evaluation consequences for 14% of DCPS teachers - Using Colorado Growth Model growth percentiles in place of value added would have altered evaluation consequences for 14% of DCPS teachers
• Using computerized systems as a differentiation tool has small to moderate positive effects on primary students' language and math performance - Using computerized systems as a differentiation tool has small to moderate positive effects on primary students' language and math performance
• Using CulturAIEd increased K-12 teachers' confidence in identifying opportunities for cultural responsiveness - Using CulturAIEd increased K-12 teachers' confidence in identifying opportunities for cultural responsiveness
• Using demographic variables as predictors risks reinforcing biases embedded in training labels, including self-fulfilling prophecies - Using demographic variables as predictors risks reinforcing biases embedded in training labels, including self-fulfilling prophecies
• Using generative AI as a dialogic partner for brainstorming, feedback, and co-construction can support constructive and interactive learning - Using generative AI as a dialogic partner for brainstorming, feedback, and co-construction can support constructive and interactive learning
• Using grade 6 math CST scale scores rather than proficiency status increases the accuracy of grade 8 algebra I placement decisions from 69 to 75 percent - Using grade 6 math CST scale scores rather than proficiency status increases the accuracy of grade 8 algebra I placement decisions from 69 to 75 percent
• Using graphical tools within a phased activity can enhance learners' dialogical skills, as illustrated with Digalo - Using graphical tools within a phased activity can enhance learners' dialogical skills, as illustrated with Digalo
• Using item response time metadata to measure students' social-emotional learning shows both promise and limitations - Using item response time metadata to measure students' social-emotional learning shows both promise and limitations
• Using Little Books in kindergarten produces potentially positive effects on general reading achievement, with all three delivery variations (home only, school only, and home and school) outperforming a comparison condition on the Metropolitan Readiness Test - Using Little Books in kindergarten produces potentially positive effects on general reading achievement, with all three delivery variations (home only, school only, and home and school) outperforming
• Using more representations of mathematical ideas is associated with increased student math achievement - Using more representations of mathematical ideas is associated with increased student math achievement
• Using multiple data sources, including site-specific data, helped schools develop a more comprehensive understanding of their school climate - Using multiple data sources, including site-specific data, helped schools develop a more comprehensive understanding of their school climate
• Using nationwide MAP Growth scores, the brief examines how many students ready for Algebra actually enrolled in it - Using nationwide MAP Growth scores, the brief examines how many students ready for Algebra actually enrolled in it
• Using observed mean test scores in place of latent means understates between-school variation but is otherwise unlikely to mislead - Using observed mean test scores in place of latent means understates between-school variation but is otherwise unlikely to mislead
• Using performance on each individual question as features yields only a small improvement over a single-ability logistic regression model - Using performance on each individual question as features yields only a small improvement over a single-ability logistic regression model
• Using predictive analytics while ignoring teacher knowledge may misidentify students at risk of dropping out and negatively influence teacher views - Using predictive analytics while ignoring teacher knowledge may misidentify students at risk of dropping out and negatively influence teacher views
• Using rubrics has a positive, moderate effect on students' academic performance (corrected g = 0.45; standardized mean change = 0.38) - Using rubrics has a positive, moderate effect on students' academic performance (corrected g = 0.45; standardized mean change = 0.38)
• Using the AI chatbot ADA significantly enhances ninth-graders' situational interest in mathematics compared with conventional differentiation materials - Using the AI chatbot ADA significantly enhances ninth-graders' situational interest in mathematics compared with conventional differentiation materials
• Using the AIED-U system yielded a positive indirect effect on learning gains through a reduction in the effort teachers reported - Using the AIED-U system yielded a positive indirect effect on learning gains through a reduction in the effort teachers reported
• Using the chatbot-based journaling system improves self-reported SRL strategy use from pre-survey to 12-week follow-up in all groups, including baseline - Using the chatbot-based journaling system improves self-reported SRL strategy use from pre-survey to 12-week follow-up in all groups, including baseline
• Using the Colorado Growth Model in place of a value-added model depresses evaluation scores for teachers with more English language learner students - Using the Colorado Growth Model in place of a value-added model depresses evaluation scores for teachers with more English language learner students
• Using the Colorado Growth Model in place of a value-added model increases evaluation scores for teachers of low-achieving students - Using the Colorado Growth Model in place of a value-added model increases evaluation scores for teachers of low-achieving students
• Using the directness penalty Rdir as a GRPO reward is counterproductive: it lowers SE by 0.200 and raises leakage by 10 percentage points relative to omitting it - Using the directness penalty Rdir as a GRPO reward is counterproductive: it lowers SE by 0.200 and raises leakage by 10 percentage points relative to omitting it
• Using the ePSRL Management System increases postgraduate online students' perceived awareness, understanding and application of self-regulated learning - Using the ePSRL Management System increases postgraduate online students' perceived awareness, understanding and application of self-regulated learning
• Using the ePSRL Management System shows no significant difference in mean assessment results or mean attempts per quiz between users and non-users - Using the ePSRL Management System shows no significant difference in mean assessment results or mean attempts per quiz between users and non-users
• Using the ITS reduced executive state-math anxiety and improved algebra learning across conditions - Using the ITS reduced executive state-math anxiety and improved algebra learning across conditions
• Using two modalities per se does not drive the benefit: sequential speech-then-gesture instruction performed no better than speech-only instruction - Using two modalities per se does not drive the benefit: sequential speech-then-gesture instruction performed no better than speech-only instruction
• Using typical measures of school performance may lead state and local decisionmakers astray when identifying schools for support - Using typical measures of school performance may lead state and local decisionmakers astray when identifying schools for support
• Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind adapted the Resilience, Rights & Respectful Relationships curriculum for intentional, direct SEL instruction with deaf students - Utah Schools for the Deaf and Blind adapted the Resilience, Rights & Respectful Relationships curriculum for intentional, direct SEL instruction with deaf students
• Utah's state education agency successfully piloted and tested its ESSA resource allocation review process with LEAs and schools in spring 2023. - Utah's state education agency successfully piloted and tested its ESSA resource allocation review process with LEAs and schools in spring 2023.
• Utility-value interventions enhance perceived utility value, engagement, performance, and persistence in introductory college science courses - Utility-value interventions enhance perceived utility value, engagement, performance, and persistence in introductory college science courses
• Utility-value interventions improve grades, with the largest gains for first-generation and underrepresented minority students, and can improve STEM persistence years later - Utility-value interventions improve grades, with the largest gains for first-generation and underrepresented minority students, and can improve STEM persistence years later
• Utterance-level micro-coding of reminiscing reveals outcome relationships that global coding may obscure, varying by participant gender and event type - Utterance-level micro-coding of reminiscing reveals outcome relationships that global coding may obscure, varying by participant gender and event type
• UV dosage shows a nonmonotonic pattern: one or three UV essays outperform two for grades and continuation - UV dosage shows a nonmonotonic pattern: one or three UV essays outperform two for grades and continuation
• UV writing assignments showed more personal focus, more social and cognitive process content, and higher articulated utility value than control summary assignments - UV writing assignments showed more personal focus, more social and cognitive process content, and higher articulated utility value than control summary assignments
• UVIs are more effective when students generate their own examples of utility, invest more engagement, and are given choices - UVIs are more effective when students generate their own examples of utility, invest more engagement, and are given choices