Claims: M 2

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• Meaningful pointing gestures produced higher retention scores than beat gestures (review attributes this to Beege et al., 2020) - Meaningful pointing gestures produced higher retention scores than beat gestures (review attributes this to Beege et al., 2020)
• Meaningful-task rehabilitation produced up to 30% improvement in impaired arm-movement performance versus control - Meaningful-task rehabilitation produced up to 30% improvement in impaired arm-movement performance versus control
• Measurable vocal outputs do not by themselves carry fixed pedagogical meaning; their significance depends on interpretation in context - Measurable vocal outputs do not by themselves carry fixed pedagogical meaning; their significance depends on interpretation in context
• Measurement and structural invariance of the phonological processing model holds across typical learners and children with reading disorder - Measurement and structural invariance of the phonological processing model holds across typical learners and children with reading disorder
• Measurement error bias inflates peer spillover effects while attenuating the BFLPE; controls strengthen the BFLPE and weaken the spillover effect - Measurement error bias inflates peer spillover effects while attenuating the BFLPE; controls strengthen the BFLPE and weaken the spillover effect
• Measurement error in the mediator reduces statistical power for mediator-achievement association estimates - Measurement error in the mediator reduces statistical power for mediator-achievement association estimates
• Measurement invariance across gender is supported, but full structural equivalence is rejected, with differences localized to transformational-leadership paths - Measurement invariance across gender is supported, but full structural equivalence is rejected, with differences localized to transformational-leadership paths
• Measurement invariance of secondary students' perceptions of instructional quality is examined and supported - Measurement invariance of secondary students' perceptions of instructional quality is examined and supported
• Measurement methods moderate SRL–EF correlations, with indirect measures correlating higher than direct measures - Measurement methods moderate SRL–EF correlations, with indirect measures correlating higher than direct measures
• Measurement models based on vaguely quantified behavioral frequency reports differ in structure from those based on numerically quantified reports - Measurement models based on vaguely quantified behavioral frequency reports differ in structure from those based on numerically quantified reports
• Measurement noninvariance across over- versus underchallenged situations showed small dMACS effect sizes for the two non-reference boredom items - Measurement noninvariance across over- versus underchallenged situations showed small dMACS effect sizes for the two non-reference boredom items
• Measurement of AHS in preservice teachers is heterogeneous and often relies on brief subscales of broader SRL questionnaires with variable reliability - Measurement of AHS in preservice teachers is heterogeneous and often relies on brief subscales of broader SRL questionnaires with variable reliability
• Measurement precision is strongest for students in the middle of the Spanish score distribution, with CSEM near the 3.3 RIT target - Measurement precision is strongest for students in the middle of the Spanish score distribution, with CSEM near the 3.3 RIT target
• Measurement units for changes in learners are essential to an adequate science of education, since most educational practice problems depend on the amount of some change. - Measurement units for changes in learners are essential to an adequate science of education, since most educational practice problems depend on the amount of some change.
• Measures of everyday functioning and independent living correlate with psychometric cognition, with stronger relations for fluid reasoning than for crystallized knowledge - Measures of everyday functioning and independent living correlate with psychometric cognition, with stronger relations for fluid reasoning than for crystallized knowledge
• Measures of individual children's experiences within the ECEC group predict child development outcomes with higher effect sizes than global quality measures - Measures of individual children's experiences within the ECEC group predict child development outcomes with higher effect sizes than global quality measures
• Measures of presence, enjoyment, entitativity, and realism increased over a 10-week networked-VR course, suggesting XRCL advantages may grow as participants adapt - Measures of presence, enjoyment, entitativity, and realism increased over a 10-week networked-VR course, suggesting XRCL advantages may grow as participants adapt
• Measures of the magnitude representation (ratio and distance effects) do not discriminate children with DD from matched controls - Measures of the magnitude representation (ratio and distance effects) do not discriminate children with DD from matched controls
• Measuring outcomes at the individual versus group level did not significantly moderate CSCL script effects - Measuring outcomes at the individual versus group level did not significantly moderate CSCL script effects
• Measuring SEL involves a tradeoff between measuring narrower discrete skills and measuring broader competencies - Measuring SEL involves a tradeoff between measuring narrower discrete skills and measuring broader competencies
• Measuring the impact of math instruction and interventions is key to improving students' overall math performance - Measuring the impact of math instruction and interventions is key to improving students' overall math performance
• Media comparison results favor games in some studies but favor slideshows for games with intrusive narrative themes - Media comparison results favor games in some studies but favor slideshows for games with intrusive narrative themes
• Media comparison studies produce uninterpretable "no significant difference" findings.
• Media effects on learning are not homogeneous across knowledge categories - Media effects on learning are not homogeneous across knowledge categories
• Media-rich videos combining text, pictures and voiceovers are rated more engaging than text-only videos - Media-rich videos combining text, pictures and voiceovers are rated more engaging than text-only videos
• Median achievement losses from spring 2020 school closures were similar for mathematics (−0.10 SD) and reading (−0.09 SD), though individual studies found subject-specific differences - Median achievement losses from spring 2020 school closures were similar for mathematics (−0.10 SD) and reading (−0.09 SD), though individual studies found subject-specific differences
• Median Alpha scores increase each year of high school, by about 15, 10 and 4 points across the successive year intervals - Median Alpha scores increase each year of high school, by about 15, 10 and 4 points across the successive year intervals
• Median scores on the Kansas Silent Reading Tests are available for more than 100,000 pupils across 160 cities, organized by grade and region. - Median scores on the Kansas Silent Reading Tests are available for more than 100,000 pupils across 160 cities, organized by grade and region.
• Median student engagement with MOOC videos falls sharply as video length increases beyond 6 minutes - Median student engagement with MOOC videos falls sharply as video length increases beyond 6 minutes
• Mediated structured play yields relatively robust evidence of efficacy, varying by interventionist, target and measured outcome - Mediated structured play yields relatively robust evidence of efficacy, varying by interventionist, target and measured outcome
• Mediation effects of self-disclosure preference on interpersonal behaviors are significant in HK adolescents but largely non-significant in US adolescents, where maladaptive coping mediates toward more bullying - Mediation effects of self-disclosure preference on interpersonal behaviors are significant in HK adolescents but largely non-significant in US adolescents, where maladaptive coping mediates toward mor
• Mediation of the intervention's effect via teacher expectations approached significance only for African American students - Mediation of the intervention's effect via teacher expectations approached significance only for African American students
• Mediator-outcome association analyses can identify teacher practice mediators most associated with student learning - Mediator-outcome association analyses can identify teacher practice mediators most associated with student learning
• Medical students in the high-stakes TBL format perceive questions as more difficult and less fair than dental students in the revised format - Medical students in the high-stakes TBL format perceive questions as more difficult and less fair than dental students in the revised format
• Medical students using an interactive whiteboard with a structured argument template show deeper collaborative and regulatory discourse and better patient-management outcomes than students using traditional whiteboards - Medical students using an interactive whiteboard with a structured argument template show deeper collaborative and regulatory discourse and better patient-management outcomes than students using tradi
• Medication use does not affect creativity measures in adults with ADHD - Medication use does not affect creativity measures in adults with ADHD
• Meditation expertise follows an inverted-U: moderate practice hours show greater attention-network activation than novices, while very high hours show reduced activation - Meditation expertise follows an inverted-U: moderate practice hours show greater attention-network activation than novices, while very high hours show reduced activation
• Meditation shows significant but predominantly small effects on social competence, with teacher-facilitated programmes showing more significant effects - Meditation shows significant but predominantly small effects on social competence, with teacher-facilitated programmes showing more significant effects
• Mediterranean Diet adherence alone shows no significant association with self-regulation, but helps in combination with other habits - Mediterranean Diet adherence alone shows no significant association with self-regulation, but helps in combination with other habits
• Medium moderated disfluency effects on reasoning: disfluent text fostered calibration and performance on screen but not on paper - Medium moderated disfluency effects on reasoning: disfluent text fostered calibration and performance on screen but not on paper
• Medium of presentation interacts with font fluency: disfluent font yields higher success rates on computer but lower on paper - Medium of presentation interacts with font fluency: disfluent font yields higher success rates on computer but lower on paper
• Medium slant is 9.76 per cent less legible than vertical writing, while mixed writing is 4.26 per cent more legible than extreme slant - Medium slant is 9.76 per cent less legible than vertical writing, while mixed writing is 4.26 per cent more legible than extreme slant
• Meeting four or more implementation fidelity criteria is associated with course grades about 0.24 points higher than expected, a 0.58 grade-point swing versus meeting only two criteria. - Meeting four or more implementation fidelity criteria is associated with course grades about 0.24 points higher than expected, a 0.58 grade-point swing versus meeting only two criteria.
• Memory and motivation represent independent neuropsychological domains in children with ADHD - Memory and motivation represent independent neuropsychological domains in children with ADHD
• Memory deficits associated with childhood trauma in healthy adults are not secondary to psychiatric or medical illness - Memory deficits associated with childhood trauma in healthy adults are not secondary to psychiatric or medical illness
• Memory metacognitive efficiency correlates with Wechsler Memory Scale scores, but perceptual metacognition does not - Memory metacognitive efficiency correlates with Wechsler Memory Scale scores, but perceptual metacognition does not
• Memory metacognitive efficiency shows a non-significant negative relationship with age - Memory metacognitive efficiency shows a non-significant negative relationship with age
• Memory recall declines over the 12-hour retention interval between encoding and retrieval - Memory recall declines over the 12-hour retention interval between encoding and retrieval
• Memory-based strategy use continues to increase from childhood through adolescence into adulthood - Memory-based strategy use continues to increase from childhood through adolescence into adulthood
• Memory-decay-based models fit fact-learning datasets better than models insensitive to memory decay - Memory-decay-based models fit fact-learning datasets better than models insensitive to memory decay
• Men have a 3.60 times higher risk than women of majoring in PEMC sciences and a 0.74 times lower risk of majoring in health fields, with predicted PEMC probabilities of 14.9% for men versus 4.7% for women - Men have a 3.60 times higher risk than women of majoring in PEMC sciences and a 0.74 times lower risk of majoring in health fields, with predicted PEMC probabilities of 14.9% for men versus 4.7% for w
• Men reported higher monitoring judgments on health math problems than women, even accounting for performance accuracy - Men reported higher monitoring judgments on health math problems than women, even accounting for performance accuracy
• Men scored higher than women on rated divergent thinking creativity in this sample, with no sex differences in fluid intelligence or the executive functions. - Men scored higher than women on rated divergent thinking creativity in this sample, with no sex differences in fluid intelligence or the executive functions.
• Men show significantly lower autonomous regulation than women among adult learners - Men show significantly lower autonomous regulation than women among adult learners
• Menstrual cycle phase did not significantly moderate stress effects on cognitive flexibility - Menstrual cycle phase did not significantly moderate stress effects on cognitive flexibility
• Mental differences between bright and dull pupils can be ascertained by means of simple group tests - Mental differences between bright and dull pupils can be ascertained by means of simple group tests
• Mental effort and judgments of learning show a medium-sized negative correlation, moderated by regulation mode and task type - Mental effort and judgments of learning show a medium-sized negative correlation, moderated by regulation mode and task type
• Mental effort and study time increase with a topic's element interactivity level, making them indicators of element interactivity - Mental effort and study time increase with a topic's element interactivity level, making them indicators of element interactivity
• Mental effort correlates negatively with self-assessments regardless of whether learners receive up-front cue information - Mental effort correlates negatively with self-assessments regardless of whether learners receive up-front cue information
• Mental effort did not explain the testing effect: retrieval practice effort did not predict delayed test scores - Mental effort did not explain the testing effect: retrieval practice effort did not predict delayed test scores
• Mental effort is more suitably modeled as a non-linear than linear predictor of learning outcomes in most re-analyzed studies - Mental effort is more suitably modeled as a non-linear than linear predictor of learning outcomes in most re-analyzed studies
• Mental effort relates to article viewing time linearly; no evidence against the linear model was found - Mental effort relates to article viewing time linearly; no evidence against the linear model was found
• Mental effort relates to response time in a J-shaped quadratic rather than linear pattern - Mental effort relates to response time in a J-shaped quadratic rather than linear pattern
• Mental effort relates to self-rated certainty in a cubic (declining–flat–declining) rather than linear pattern - Mental effort relates to self-rated certainty in a cubic (declining–flat–declining) rather than linear pattern
• Mental growth curves of superior children diverge from those of average children and resemble physical growth curves - Mental growth curves of superior children diverge from those of average children and resemble physical growth curves
• Mental Health First Aid training improved school staff mental health knowledge, attitudes and confidence in helping colleagues - Mental Health First Aid training improved school staff mental health knowledge, attitudes and confidence in helping colleagues
• Mental health, especially depression, is probably the single most decisive factor in refugee language learning - Mental health, especially depression, is probably the single most decisive factor in refugee language learning
• Mental imagery shows no direct relation to school achievement among non-leisure readers, though a ceiling effect limits this null finding - Mental imagery shows no direct relation to school achievement among non-leisure readers, though a ceiling effect limits this null finding
• Mental index ratings on the group test showed close correspondence over a two-year interval (r = .72, rank correlation .77) among 46 retested children - Mental index ratings on the group test showed close correspondence over a two-year interval (r = .72, rank correlation .77) among 46 retested children
• Mental representation is not amenable to direct explicit instruction because UG and parsers operate only on input data - Mental representation is not amenable to direct explicit instruction because UG and parsers operate only on input data
• Mental rotation ability moderates the alignment benefit: higher-ability participants benefit more from recording–expected angle alignment - Mental rotation ability moderates the alignment benefit: higher-ability participants benefit more from recording–expected angle alignment
• Mental simulation benefits cognitive tasks more than motor or strength tasks - Mental simulation benefits cognitive tasks more than motor or strength tasks
• Mental simulation practice improves performance relative to no practice, with reported effect sizes of 0.48 to 0.68 - Mental simulation practice improves performance relative to no practice, with reported effect sizes of 0.48 to 0.68
• Mental simulation training improved general reading comprehension in Grade 3, with a significant training group × time interaction varying by grade - Mental simulation training improved general reading comprehension in Grade 3, with a significant training group × time interaction varying by grade
• Mental simulation training increased children's reading motivation in both grades, while control-group motivation showed no significant change - Mental simulation training increased children's reading motivation in both grades, while control-group motivation showed no significant change
• Mental tests are useful for appraising an individual only when the examiner can psychologize about the results and establish rapport with the subject - Mental tests are useful for appraising an individual only when the examiner can psychologize about the results and establish rapport with the subject
• Mental tests have decided limitations: they miss motivation, persistence, and emotional life, and intelligence ratios are subject to change - Mental tests have decided limitations: they miss motivation, persistence, and emotional life, and intelligence ratios are subject to change
• Mentee fidelity on HSLS:09 test split: attribution transmits far better than decisions, and 98.8% of narrations pass the faithfulness audit - Mentee fidelity on HSLS:09 test split: attribution transmits far better than decisions, and 98.8% of narrations pass the faithfulness audit
• Mentee participation in a school-wide positive behaviour support program (Program Achieve) enabled confident implementation of learned strategies in other lessons - Mentee participation in a school-wide positive behaviour support program (Program Achieve) enabled confident implementation of learned strategies in other lessons
• Mentor modelling and a school-wide behaviour program's strategies transferred to the mentee's classroom management practices - Mentor modelling and a school-wide behaviour program's strategies transferred to the mentee's classroom management practices
• Mentor teachers' own evaluation ratings were positively related to their student teachers' first-year effectiveness as teachers-of-record - Mentor teachers' own evaluation ratings were positively related to their student teachers' first-year effectiveness as teachers-of-record
• Mentored inquiry with staged mechanistic sensemaking supports the transition from intuitive to formal equation reasoning
• Mentoring and coaching programs are associated with stronger principal practices, higher teacher ratings, and better student outcomes - Mentoring and coaching programs are associated with stronger principal practices, higher teacher ratings, and better student outcomes
• Mentoring experiences did not differ statistically significantly across districts with different poverty, achievement, or rurality levels - Mentoring experiences did not differ statistically significantly across districts with different poverty, achievement, or rurality levels
• Mentoring of late-career teachers is typically treated as a one-way relationship in which only the mentee learns, not a shared learning experience - Mentoring of late-career teachers is typically treated as a one-way relationship in which only the mentee learns, not a shared learning experience
• Mentoring relationships in undergraduate research are highly influential in students' campus connection, retention in their major, and persistence to graduation - Mentoring relationships in undergraduate research are highly influential in students' campus connection, retention in their major, and persistence to graduation
• Mentoring residents improves mentors' own teaching practice - Mentoring residents improves mentors' own teaching practice
• Mentoring strongly influences new teachers' decisions to stay in or leave teaching (review attribution) - Mentoring strongly influences new teachers' decisions to stay in or leave teaching (review attribution)
• Mentors from marginalised groups are asked to perform disproportionally more mentoring than scholars from privileged backgrounds - Mentors from marginalised groups are asked to perform disproportionally more mentoring than scholars from privileged backgrounds
• Mentors of color were especially valuable to apprentices of color, who wanted more intentional mentor matching - Mentors of color were especially valuable to apprentices of color, who wanted more intentional mentor matching
• Mentorship was important to apprentices, but mentor quality and time with mentors varied across programs - Mentorship was important to apprentices, but mentor quality and time with mentors varied across programs
• Mere exposure to the target language does not automatically lead to native-like communicative competence in adult learners - Mere exposure to the target language does not automatically lead to native-like communicative competence in adult learners
• Merely adding an expert example concept map does not add to the value of students creating their own concept maps for this population - Merely adding an expert example concept map does not add to the value of students creating their own concept maps for this population
• Merely delaying instruction until after problem solving does not improve conceptual understanding when no additional measures trigger knowledge-gap awareness or deep-feature discovery - Merely delaying instruction until after problem solving does not improve conceptual understanding when no additional measures trigger knowledge-gap awareness or deep-feature discovery
• Merely having access to AI advice nearly eliminates people's willingness to suspend judgment under uncertainty, even when the advice is wrong - Merely having access to AI advice nearly eliminates people's willingness to suspend judgment under uncertainty, even when the advice is wrong
• Merely having taken the Kansas Silent Reading Test once does not greatly influence a pupil's second score. - Merely having taken the Kansas Silent Reading Test once does not greatly influence a pupil's second score.
• Merely modifying teaching methods in medical and dental schools has limited merit for steering students' learning approaches; no one-size-fits-all teaching method exists - Merely modifying teaching methods in medical and dental schools has limited merit for steering students' learning approaches; no one-size-fits-all teaching method exists
• Merely selecting words by clicking on them, without any memorability instructions, enhanced their recall (a choice effect) - Merely selecting words by clicking on them, without any memorability instructions, enhanced their recall (a choice effect)
• Merely viewing an AI-generated writing example improved writing skill as much as actively practicing with the AI tool, with benefits persisting one day later - Merely viewing an AI-generated writing example improved writing skill as much as actively practicing with the AI tool, with benefits persisting one day later
• Merging different technical understandings of Minecraft items into shared nomenclature enabled parallel division of building work (Extract 2) - Merging different technical understandings of Minecraft items into shared nomenclature enabled parallel division of building work (Extract 2)
• Merit award winners were nearly three times as likely to leave their school the following year (16.9% vs 5.9%), mostly leaving the district - Merit award winners were nearly three times as likely to leave their school the following year (16.9% vs 5.9%), mostly leaving the district
• Merrill's instructional design principles and feedback features did not significantly moderate the effects of ICT-supported writing interventions - Merrill's instructional design principles and feedback features did not significantly moderate the effects of ICT-supported writing interventions
• Messages mentioning or discussing theory, containing minor or extensive summaries, or including content moderating reflect significantly higher levels of knowledge construction. - Messages mentioning or discussing theory, containing minor or extensive summaries, or including content moderating reflect significantly higher levels of knowledge construction.
• Messages merely mentioning sources, containing organisational moderating, or introducing new points reflect significantly lower levels of knowledge construction, while discussing sources shows no significant difference. - Messages merely mentioning sources, containing organisational moderating, or introducing new points reflect significantly lower levels of knowledge construction, while discussing sources shows no sign
• Meta-analyses establish that ADHD is associated with poorer performance on tasks measuring inhibition, working memory, planning, and vigilance in children, with overall similar impairment patterns in adults and a strong association with reaction time variability - Meta-analyses establish that ADHD is associated with poorer performance on tasks measuring inhibition, working memory, planning, and vigilance in children, with overall similar impairment patterns in
• Meta-analyses find parental involvement associated with better student outcomes, effect sizes 0.2 to 0.75 standard deviations - Meta-analyses find parental involvement associated with better student outcomes, effect sizes 0.2 to 0.75 standard deviations
• Meta-analyses identify a distributed frontoparietal network for flexible switching including vlPFC, dlPFC, ACC, right AI, parietal and subcortical regions - Meta-analyses identify a distributed frontoparietal network for flexible switching including vlPFC, dlPFC, ACC, right AI, parietal and subcortical regions
• Meta-analyses report a small but significant advantage of non-interactive teaching over control, with large between-study variability - Meta-analyses report a small but significant advantage of non-interactive teaching over control, with large between-study variability
• Meta-analyses reveal little or no systematic relation between age and job performance, with a meta-analytic correlation of 0.06 - Meta-analyses reveal little or no systematic relation between age and job performance, with a meta-analytic correlation of 0.06
• Meta-analyses show prior academic self-concept predicts subsequent achievement, controlling prior achievement - Meta-analyses show prior academic self-concept predicts subsequent achievement, controlling prior achievement
• Meta-analyses testing the matching hypothesis show a negligible overall effect of matching teaching to students' learning styles (d = 0.04) - Meta-analyses testing the matching hypothesis show a negligible overall effect of matching teaching to students' learning styles (d = 0.04)
• Meta-analysis beyond education found human-AI integration performed worse than the better performer alone in 58% of studies - Meta-analysis beyond education found human-AI integration performed worse than the better performer alone in 58% of studies
• Meta-analysis of 164 studies found assisted inquiry more effective than explicit instruction - Meta-analysis of 164 studies found assisted inquiry more effective than explicit instruction
• Meta-analysis shows no significant difference in cognitive outcomes between multigrade and single-grade classes - Meta-analysis shows no significant difference in cognitive outcomes between multigrade and single-grade classes
• Meta-analysis yields a lower feedback effect (d = 0.48) than the Visible Learning meta-synthesis (d = 0.79), with three synthesized values overestimated - Meta-analysis yields a lower feedback effect (d = 0.48) than the Visible Learning meta-synthesis (d = 0.79), with three synthesized values overestimated
• Meta-analytic average Cronbach's Alpha of domain-specific knowledge tests is 0.85 with expected item intercorrelation of 0.22 - Meta-analytic average Cronbach's Alpha of domain-specific knowledge tests is 0.85 with expected item intercorrelation of 0.22
• Meta-analytic effect sizes for cognitive-motivational techniques are substantial: multimedia d = 1.01 overall, elaborative feedback d = 0.71 recall, intrinsic integration d = 0.62 - Meta-analytic effect sizes for cognitive-motivational techniques are substantial: multimedia d = 1.01 overall, elaborative feedback d = 0.71 recall, intrinsic integration d = 0.62
• Meta-analytic evidence attributes average COVID learning losses of roughly -0.09 to -0.18 SD, larger in mathematics than reading - Meta-analytic evidence attributes average COVID learning losses of roughly -0.09 to -0.18 SD, larger in mathematics than reading
• Meta-analytic evidence indicates intelligent tutoring systems yield positive learning outcomes compared with non-ITS conditions - Meta-analytic evidence indicates intelligent tutoring systems yield positive learning outcomes compared with non-ITS conditions
• Meta-analytic evidence on GenAI and critical thinking shows a positive mean association with a prediction interval spanning harm to benefit - Meta-analytic evidence on GenAI and critical thinking shows a positive mean association with a prediction interval spanning harm to benefit
• Meta-analytic evidence reviewed reports medium-to-large positive effects of AI-enabled adaptive learning on cognitive outcomes (g = 0.50–0.70) - Meta-analytic evidence reviewed reports medium-to-large positive effects of AI-enabled adaptive learning on cognitive outcomes (g = 0.50–0.70)
• Meta-analytic evidence supports autonomy's universality, with student and teacher autonomy predicting better outcomes across cultures - Meta-analytic evidence supports autonomy's universality, with student and teacher autonomy predicting better outcomes across cultures
• Meta-analytic findings show small-to-medium relations between EF and academic performance, with cognitive flexibility showing the strongest effects - Meta-analytic findings show small-to-medium relations between EF and academic performance, with cognitive flexibility showing the strongest effects
• Meta-analytic longitudinal evidence shows achievement affects later motivation about twice as strongly as motivation affects later achievement, with both pooled effects small - Meta-analytic longitudinal evidence shows achievement affects later motivation about twice as strongly as motivation affects later achievement, with both pooled effects small
• Meta-analytic path analyses show math and verbal achievements correlate highly positively while the corresponding self-concepts correlate near zero, with significant negative cross-domain paths - Meta-analytic path analyses show math and verbal achievements correlate highly positively while the corresponding self-concepts correlate near zero, with significant negative cross-domain paths
• Meta-analytic path analysis supports model hypotheses but shows substantial unexplained heterogeneity across studies - Meta-analytic path analysis supports model hypotheses but shows substantial unexplained heterogeneity across studies
• Meta-behavioral pattern extraction outperforms knowledge-concept-based collaborative extraction, which fails to consistently boost performance due to data sparsity - Meta-behavioral pattern extraction outperforms knowledge-concept-based collaborative extraction, which fails to consistently boost performance due to data sparsity
• Meta-level (meta-strategic and epistemic) talk in the two conditions followed a comparable pattern until reflective activities were introduced, after which the patterns differed - Meta-level (meta-strategic and epistemic) talk in the two conditions followed a comparable pattern until reflective activities were introduced, after which the patterns differed
• Meta-procedural requests are prominent in student discourse with a Socratic AI tutor: Next Step Guidance is the second-most common discourse move despite the tutor being designed not to direct students - Meta-procedural requests are prominent in student discourse with a Socratic AI tutor: Next Step Guidance is the second-most common discourse move despite the tutor being designed not to direct student
• Meta-regression identifies exercise type, age, and study quality as significant moderators of chronic exercise effects on executive function - Meta-regression identifies exercise type, age, and study quality as significant moderators of chronic exercise effects on executive function
• Meta-reviews reach contradictory conclusions on whether AI reliance harms or helps critical thinking, with substantial design limitations limiting generalizability - Meta-reviews reach contradictory conclusions on whether AI reliance harms or helps critical thinking, with substantial design limitations limiting generalizability
• Metacognition and comprehension strategy use are weakly to moderately associated with intertextual integration among K-12 students - Metacognition and comprehension strategy use are weakly to moderately associated with intertextual integration among K-12 students
• Metacognition assessment is shifting from self-report questionnaires toward process-oriented multimodal methods, which face validity and data-alignment challenges - Metacognition assessment is shifting from self-report questionnaires toward process-oriented multimodal methods, which face validity and data-alignment challenges
• Metacognition correlates with meta-awareness in the gradually increasing complexity group in Round 2, but not in the consistently high complexity group - Metacognition correlates with meta-awareness in the gradually increasing complexity group in Round 2, but not in the consistently high complexity group
• Metacognition intervention effects persist at follow-up (g = 0.29) in young children - Metacognition intervention effects persist at follow-up (g = 0.29) in young children
• Metacognition interventions enhance children's self-efficacy only at follow-up, suggesting effects unfold over a protracted period - Metacognition interventions enhance children's self-efficacy only at follow-up, suggesting effects unfold over a protracted period
• Metacognition interventions enhance cognitive and academic outcomes in typically developing children up to age 12 at immediate post-test (g = 0.48) - Metacognition interventions enhance cognitive and academic outcomes in typically developing children up to age 12 at immediate post-test (g = 0.48)
• Metacognition interventions positively impact children's executive functions, a novel outcome in this literature - Metacognition interventions positively impact children's executive functions, a novel outcome in this literature
• Metacognition is significantly and positively associated with EFL students' critical thinking skills (Model 2) - Metacognition is significantly and positively associated with EFL students' critical thinking skills (Model 2)
• Metacognition is significantly and positively related to EFL students' academic writing performance (Model 1) - Metacognition is significantly and positively related to EFL students' academic writing performance (Model 1)
• Metacognition is significantly positively correlated with math performance in adolescence (pooled r = .37) - Metacognition is significantly positively correlated with math performance in adolescence (pooled r = .37)
• Metacognition may limit creativity during the generative stage but facilitate it during the exploratory stage - Metacognition may limit creativity during the generative stage but facilitate it during the exploratory stage
• Metacognition mediates the relationship between EF and SRL - Metacognition mediates the relationship between EF and SRL
• Metacognition positively affects the use of all four study strategies, with medium effects on metacognitive, deep cognitive and resource management strategies and a small effect on surface strategies - Metacognition positively affects the use of all four study strategies, with medium effects on metacognitive, deep cognitive and resource management strategies and a small effect on surface strategies
• Metacognition profile classifications differ between second and fourth graders - Metacognition profile classifications differ between second and fourth graders
• Metacognitive ability improves across adolescence, with a logarithmic age trajectory - Metacognitive ability improves across adolescence, with a logarithmic age trajectory
• Metacognitive ability increases with age during adolescence and plateaus in adulthood when task performance is held constant - Metacognitive ability increases with age during adolescence and plateaus in adulthood when task performance is held constant
• Metacognitive ability was not correlated with task difficulty or perceptual sensitivity (d′) - Metacognitive ability was not correlated with task difficulty or perceptual sensitivity (d′)
• Metacognitive activities mediate the effects of metacognitive scaffolds on both domain and metacognitive knowledge - Metacognitive activities mediate the effects of metacognitive scaffolds on both domain and metacognitive knowledge
• Metacognitive activity alone does not equate to effective regulation; unaccompanied metacognitive processes may be counterproductive - Metacognitive activity alone does not equate to effective regulation; unaccompanied metacognitive processes may be counterproductive
• Metacognitive activity scores were neither associated with verbal ability nor with Internet experience - Metacognitive activity scores were neither associated with verbal ability nor with Internet experience
• Metacognitive analysis activities were positively associated with transfer, but metacognitive activities showed no association with essay quality - Metacognitive analysis activities were positively associated with transfer, but metacognitive activities showed no association with essay quality
• Metacognitive and composite SRL strategy measures show the strongest relationships with learning performance in continuing education - Metacognitive and composite SRL strategy measures show the strongest relationships with learning performance in continuing education
• Metacognitive and strategic scaffold-use subgroups solved more problems correctly than moderate and low-use subgroups - Metacognitive and strategic scaffold-use subgroups solved more problems correctly than moderate and low-use subgroups
• Metacognitive and strategic scaffolding show larger effects in PBL-STEM than conceptual scaffolding - Metacognitive and strategic scaffolding show larger effects in PBL-STEM than conceptual scaffolding
• Metacognitive avatar scaffolds increase students' proportion of metacognitive activities, with no significant difference between scaffold types - Metacognitive avatar scaffolds increase students' proportion of metacognitive activities, with no significant difference between scaffold types
• Metacognitive awareness among multidisciplinary university students emerges as two dimensions: knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition - Metacognitive awareness among multidisciplinary university students emerges as two dimensions: knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition
• Metacognitive awareness is weakly correlated with intelligence and independently predicts performance (review-reported) - Metacognitive awareness is weakly correlated with intelligence and independently predicts performance (review-reported)
• Metacognitive awareness of VSTM performance becomes less accurate with age but remains well above chance across the adult life span - Metacognitive awareness of VSTM performance becomes less accurate with age but remains well above chance across the adult life span
• Metacognitive awareness shapes whether learners use ChatGPT reflectively or copy shallowly, and metacognitive support sustains self-regulated learning - Metacognitive awareness shapes whether learners use ChatGPT reflectively or copy shallowly, and metacognitive support sustains self-regulated learning
• Metacognitive components differ in developmental trajectory: planning and evaluation grow in quantity and quality, orientation quantity decreases, and elaboration grows in frequency but not quality - Metacognitive components differ in developmental trajectory: planning and evaluation grow in quantity and quality, orientation quantity decreases, and elaboration grows in frequency but not quality
• Metacognitive confidence about credit correlates with financial behaviors and advice giving, but knowledge performance does not correlate with behavior - Metacognitive confidence about credit correlates with financial behaviors and advice giving, but knowledge performance does not correlate with behavior
• Metacognitive confidence judgments and control predict English vocabulary performance from the beginning to the end of the school year in primary school children - Metacognitive confidence judgments and control predict English vocabulary performance from the beginning to the end of the school year in primary school children
• Metacognitive confidence moderates the effect of thought valence on academic performance: confidence amplifies positive thoughts' benefits and negative thoughts' harm - Metacognitive confidence moderates the effect of thought valence on academic performance: confidence amplifies positive thoughts' benefits and negative thoughts' harm
• Metacognitive confidence triggers intention offloading independently of objective memory need - Metacognitive confidence triggers intention offloading independently of objective memory need
• Metacognitive development exhibits equifinality: multiple viable trajectories challenge linear developmental models - Metacognitive development exhibits equifinality: multiple viable trajectories challenge linear developmental models
• Metacognitive efficiency at Grade 1 predicts children's performance improvement 10 months later in both a linguistic and a non-linguistic task - Metacognitive efficiency at Grade 1 predicts children's performance improvement 10 months later in both a linguistic and a non-linguistic task
• Metacognitive efficiency shows partial domain-general structure: strong shared metacognition between lexical decision and emotion recognition tasks - Metacognitive efficiency shows partial domain-general structure: strong shared metacognition between lexical decision and emotion recognition tasks
• Metacognitive evaluations of effort and performance, rather than objective performance, drive spontaneous offloading - Metacognitive evaluations of effort and performance, rather than objective performance, drive spontaneous offloading
• Metacognitive feedback disrupted the tendency to repeat answer offloading across consecutive items without changing whether participants engaged with the assistant - Metacognitive feedback disrupted the tendency to repeat answer offloading across consecutive items without changing whether participants engaged with the assistant
• Metacognitive judgement positively predicts perceived individual performance in CPS, which mediates perceived group performance - Metacognitive judgement positively predicts perceived individual performance in CPS, which mediates perceived group performance
• Metacognitive knowledge and intentions to use effective strategies do not reliably translate into actual strategy use (intention-behavior gap) - Metacognitive knowledge and intentions to use effective strategies do not reliably translate into actual strategy use (intention-behavior gap)
• Metacognitive knowledge scores increased cumulatively over time, and the time-by-ethnic-group interaction showed Han and Yao students followed different MCK development trends - Metacognitive knowledge scores increased cumulatively over time, and the time-by-ethnic-group interaction showed Han and Yao students followed different MCK development trends
• Metacognitive knowledge was examined as a component of writing proficiency alongside linguistic knowledge and fluency - Metacognitive knowledge was examined as a component of writing proficiency alongside linguistic knowledge and fluency
• Metacognitive measures show large variability, and online measures relate to each other more than to offline measures - Metacognitive measures show large variability, and online measures relate to each other more than to offline measures
• Metacognitive monitoring bias and precision modulate when students stop studying relative to their goals - Metacognitive monitoring bias and precision modulate when students stop studying relative to their goals
• Metacognitive monitoring bias during competitive Kahoots did not differ by competitive preference, though bias shifted across time - Metacognitive monitoring bias during competitive Kahoots did not differ by competitive preference, though bias shifted across time
• Metacognitive monitoring declines under high working memory load, suggesting functional dependence of MC on WM - Metacognitive monitoring declines under high working memory load, suggesting functional dependence of MC on WM
• Metacognitive monitoring deficits are unlikely to be the primary source of academic performance differences between native and non-native speaking students - Metacognitive monitoring deficits are unlikely to be the primary source of academic performance differences between native and non-native speaking students
• Metacognitive postdiction skills are related to mathematical accuracy throughout the whole elementary school period (Grades 1–6) - Metacognitive postdiction skills are related to mathematical accuracy throughout the whole elementary school period (Grades 1–6)
• Metacognitive prompting did not significantly change the overall frequency of metacognitive SRL activities in main categories and subcategories - Metacognitive prompting did not significantly change the overall frequency of metacognitive SRL activities in main categories and subcategories
• Metacognitive prompting did not significantly support young learners’ recall learning performance - Metacognitive prompting did not significantly support young learners’ recall learning performance
• Metacognitive prompting increases domain-general metacognitive SRL activities (goal specification and strategic planning) in young learners in a CBLE - Metacognitive prompting increases domain-general metacognitive SRL activities (goal specification and strategic planning) in young learners in a CBLE
• Metacognitive prompts during collaboration improve communication of knowledge and its underlying assumptions - Metacognitive prompts during collaboration improve communication of knowledge and its underlying assumptions
• Metacognitive prompts improve learning
• Metacognitive reflection training improves young children's DCCS performance, with behavioral and neural changes - Metacognitive reflection training improves young children's DCCS performance, with behavioral and neural changes
• Metacognitive regulation of interactive metadiscourse strategies significantly predicts L2 argumentative writing performance, explaining about 11.3% of variance - Metacognitive regulation of interactive metadiscourse strategies significantly predicts L2 argumentative writing performance, explaining about 11.3% of variance
• Metacognitive regulation of learning imposes additional cognitive load (metacognitive load) on top of the load of actual learning - Metacognitive regulation of learning imposes additional cognitive load (metacognitive load) on top of the load of actual learning
• Metacognitive scaffolding added to computer-based executive attention training produces larger intelligence gains in preschoolers than regular training or an untrained active control - Metacognitive scaffolding added to computer-based executive attention training produces larger intelligence gains in preschoolers than regular training or an untrained active control
• Metacognitive scaffolding did not significantly affect group performance of collaborating triads, though the effect size indicated a small to medium positive effect - Metacognitive scaffolding did not significantly affect group performance of collaborating triads, though the effect size indicated a small to medium positive effect
• Metacognitive scaffolding during guided invention improved conceptual features, dataset ranking accuracy, and learning-strategy behaviors over unguided invention - Metacognitive scaffolding during guided invention improved conceptual features, dataset ranking accuracy, and learning-strategy behaviors over unguided invention
• Metacognitive scaffolding had no significant effect on individual domain knowledge (recall, knowledge tests, or transfer), with effect sizes close to zero - Metacognitive scaffolding had no significant effect on individual domain knowledge (recall, knowledge tests, or transfer), with effect sizes close to zero
• Metacognitive scaffolding plus executive attention training yields significant increases in the N2 ERP component associated with conflict processing in preschoolers - Metacognitive scaffolding plus executive attention training yields significant increases in the N2 ERP component associated with conflict processing in preschoolers
• Metacognitive scaffolding produced a small significant positive effect on the individual metacognitive knowledge students acquired - Metacognitive scaffolding produced a small significant positive effect on the individual metacognitive knowledge students acquired
• Metacognitive self-regulation mediates the relationships between all three AI interaction mechanisms and both higher-order outcomes - Metacognitive self-regulation mediates the relationships between all three AI interaction mechanisms and both higher-order outcomes
• Metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d') in the visual modality is highest among Chinese speakers and lowest among Arabic speakers, with no group differences in the auditory modality - Metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d') in the visual modality is highest among Chinese speakers and lowest among Arabic speakers, with no group differences in the auditory modality
• Metacognitive sensitivity increases with age between 5 and 8 years, similarly across number and emotion domains - Metacognitive sensitivity increases with age between 5 and 8 years, similarly across number and emotion domains
• Metacognitive sensitivity is domain-specific in early childhood: number-domain and emotion-domain measures are uncorrelated - Metacognitive sensitivity is domain-specific in early childhood: number-domain and emotion-domain measures are uncorrelated
• Metacognitive skillfulness develops alongside, but not fully dependent on, intellectual ability, in line with the monotonic development hypothesis - Metacognitive skillfulness develops alongside, but not fully dependent on, intellectual ability, in line with the monotonic development hypothesis
• Metacognitive skills initially develop in separate domains and later become generalized across domains, but the transfer processes remain unknown - Metacognitive skills initially develop in separate domains and later become generalized across domains, but the transfer processes remain unknown
• Metacognitive strategies and prior coding experience significantly predict CT profile membership, with metacognition contributing more strongly - Metacognitive strategies and prior coding experience significantly predict CT profile membership, with metacognition contributing more strongly
• Metacognitive strategies and products of metacognitive processes were more diverse and frequent in reading strategy instruction groups than in the no-instruction group - Metacognitive strategies and products of metacognitive processes were more diverse and frequent in reading strategy instruction groups than in the no-instruction group
• Metacognitive strategies correlate strongly with problem-solving skills, and behavioural metrics correlate with task performance - Metacognitive strategies correlate strongly with problem-solving skills, and behavioural metrics correlate with task performance
• Metacognitive strategies directly and positively predict writing performance in both L1 and L2 task-situated writing - Metacognitive strategies directly and positively predict writing performance in both L1 and L2 task-situated writing
• Metacognitive Strategies Improve Learning
• Metacognitive strategies predict L2 writing more strongly than L1 writing - Metacognitive strategies predict L2 writing more strongly than L1 writing
• Metacognitive strategies, effort regulation, and coping with problems significantly predict Japanese EFL learners' proficiency - Metacognitive strategies, effort regulation, and coping with problems significantly predict Japanese EFL learners' proficiency
• Metacognitive strategy instruction, which includes comprehension monitoring, improves academic performance by a medium amount, and in one non-randomised study comprehension-monitoring training raised low achievers' reading scores
• Metacognitive strategy use correlates positively with EFL reading comprehension achievement (r = .54) - Metacognitive strategy use correlates positively with EFL reading comprehension achievement (r = .54)
• Metacognitive strategy use correlates with comprehension non-monotonically across grades, which the model attributes to unconscious self-regulation in experienced learners - Metacognitive strategy use correlates with comprehension non-monotonically across grades, which the model attributes to unconscious self-regulation in experienced learners
• Metaconceptual teaching activities shifted all four 7th-grade participants from alternative conceptions to scientifically accurate understanding of the republic - Metaconceptual teaching activities shifted all four 7th-grade participants from alternative conceptions to scientifically accurate understanding of the republic
• Metal detector effectiveness depends heavily on the human element: training, correct operation and functioning equipment - Metal detector effectiveness depends heavily on the human element: training, correct operation and functioning equipment
• Metal detector use disproportionately affects students of color, who are more likely to pass through detectors daily - Metal detector use disproportionately affects students of color, who are more likely to pass through detectors daily
• Metal detector use in US schools has held steady or slightly decreased since the 1990s despite renewed calls after the Parkland shooting - Metal detector use in US schools has held steady or slightly decreased since the 1990s despite renewed calls after the Parkland shooting
• Metal detectors impose substantial equipment, personnel, training and time costs on schools - Metal detectors impose substantial equipment, personnel, training and time costs on schools
• Metalinguistic feedback and recasts, but not clarification requests, significantly improve Iranian EFL learners' wh-question performance on an immediate post-test - Metalinguistic feedback and recasts, but not clarification requests, significantly improve Iranian EFL learners' wh-question performance on an immediate post-test
• Metalinguistic feedback outperforms recasts on the immediate post-test, but the two do not differ significantly on the delayed post-test - Metalinguistic feedback outperforms recasts on the immediate post-test, but the two do not differ significantly on the delayed post-test
• Metalinguistic feedback produced system learning, generalizing to verbs not included in the treatment - Metalinguistic feedback produced system learning, generalizing to verbs not included in the treatment
• Metalinguistic feedback's gains on wh-question performance decline over a ten-day delay while recast gains hold, leaving the two no different - Metalinguistic feedback's gains on wh-question performance decline over a ten-day delay while recast gains hold, leaving the two no different
• Metalinguistic written CF was equivalent, not superior, to non-metalinguistic direct CF, contrasting with previous studies whose metalinguistic CF also contained correct forms. - Metalinguistic written CF was equivalent, not superior, to non-metalinguistic direct CF, contrasting with previous studies whose metalinguistic CF also contained correct forms.
• Metaphoric competence is proposed to be central to all aspects of language use, including grammatical and sociolinguistic competence - Metaphoric competence is proposed to be central to all aspects of language use, including grammatical and sociolinguistic competence
• Methods derived from all four theoretical perspectives contribute to achievement gain under certain conditions - Methods derived from all four theoretical perspectives contribute to achievement gain under certain conditions
• Methods for estimating impacts when treatment effects vary apply to randomized controlled trials and are also applicable to quasi-experimental designs - Methods for estimating impacts when treatment effects vary apply to randomized controlled trials and are also applicable to quasi-experimental designs
• Methods used to identify giftedness in gifted-underachievement research vary widely, with most studies relying on a single measure - Methods used to identify giftedness in gifted-underachievement research vary widely, with most studies relying on a single measure
• Mexican American children used more heritage language at home while Korean American children used more English - Mexican American children used more heritage language at home while Korean American children used more English
• Mexico's measurement models differed from all other countries, so Mexico was excluded and the study reports seven countries - Mexico's measurement models differed from all other countries, so Mexico was excluded and the study reports seven countries
• MI theory lacks empirical theory-testing research supporting its intelligences as autonomous faculties - MI theory lacks empirical theory-testing research supporting its intelligences as autonomous faculties
• MI Write's automated feedback is most useful to students when it supplements, not replaces, teacher feedback - MI Write's automated feedback is most useful to students when it supplements, not replaces, teacher feedback
• MiC district achievement on the CAASPP in mathematics generally followed the same statewide pattern from 2015 to 2018, with MiC districts slightly more homogeneous than non-selected districts - MiC district achievement on the CAASPP in mathematics generally followed the same statewide pattern from 2015 to 2018, with MiC districts slightly more homogeneous than non-selected districts
• MiC middle schools outperformed prediction in 2016 and 2017 but the advantage faded by 2018, while non-selected comparison districts improved significantly - MiC middle schools outperformed prediction in 2016 and 2017 but the advantage faded by 2018, while non-selected comparison districts improved significantly
• Michigan's GSRP participants showed better kindergarten readiness, fewer grade repetitions, better reading and math proficiency, and better on-time graduation rates than non-participants, per a HighScope longitudinal evaluation - Michigan's GSRP participants showed better kindergarten readiness, fewer grade repetitions, better reading and math proficiency, and better on-time graduation rates than non-participants, per a HighSc
• Micro productive failure (problem solving before instruction) improved sixth-graders' isomorphic algebraic procedural problem solving, with the advantage stable across one-day and one-week delays - Micro productive failure (problem solving before instruction) improved sixth-graders' isomorphic algebraic procedural problem solving, with the advantage stable across one-day and one-week delays
• Micro productive failure showed no effect on conceptual explanation, but a condition × time interaction emerged as the I-PS mean advantage at one day reversed at one week - Micro productive failure showed no effect on conceptual explanation, but a condition × time interaction emerged as the I-PS mean advantage at one day reversed at one week
• Micro-analytic self-report questions predict exam performance better than the MSLQ, which did not correlate with exam scores - Micro-analytic self-report questions predict exam performance better than the MSLQ, which did not correlate with exam scores
• Micro-credentials function as motivational aids and carry perceived risks around credibility, visibility, and privacy - Micro-credentials function as motivational aids and carry perceived risks around credibility, visibility, and privacy
• Micro-credentials incorporate prominent features of effective professional development: they are content-focused, job-embedded, and incorporate active learning - Micro-credentials incorporate prominent features of effective professional development: they are content-focused, job-embedded, and incorporate active learning
• Micro-interventions work by targeting the cognitive appraisal sequence: altering primary appraisal of threat and bolstering secondary appraisal of coping resources - Micro-interventions work by targeting the cognitive appraisal sequence: altering primary appraisal of threat and bolstering secondary appraisal of coping resources
• Microblogging and mobile blogging promote target-language interaction, cultural understanding, and a sense of community among language learners - Microblogging and mobile blogging promote target-language interaction, cultural understanding, and a sense of community among language learners
• Microcounseling has been shown effective in teaching numerous behaviorally defined interviewer skills - Microcounseling has been shown effective in teaching numerous behaviorally defined interviewer skills
• MicroDYN is a stronger predictor of the in-game problem solving estimates than Raven's, with the rule-application facet more relevant than rule acquisition - MicroDYN is a stronger predictor of the in-game problem solving estimates than Raven's, with the rule-application facet more relevant than rule acquisition
• Microgenetic analysis showed the reflection condition diverged from the control condition in Weakening-Other usage only after reflective activities were introduced - Microgenetic analysis showed the reflection condition diverged from the control condition in Weakening-Other usage only after reflective activities were introduced
• Microsystem conditions such as poverty and unmet basic needs undermine learners' availability to learn - Microsystem conditions such as poverty and unmet basic needs undermine learners' availability to learn
• Mid-adolescents show attenuated right vlPFC response to rejection-themed words relative to adults - Mid-adolescents show attenuated right vlPFC response to rejection-themed words relative to adults
• Mid-range degradation is conditioned on task-specific adaptation: it is most severe for few-shot LLMs with few examples, decreases with more task-specific data, and is mildest for the fine-tuned encoder - Mid-range degradation is conditioned on task-specific adaptation: it is most severe for few-shot LLMs with few examples, decreases with more task-specific data, and is mildest for the fine-tuned encod
• Mid-year entry continues to negatively influence stable students' math performance beyond the year of exposure - Mid-year entry continues to negatively influence stable students' math performance beyond the year of exposure
• Mid-year entry effects on stable students are not driven by mid-year entrants' characteristics - Mid-year entry effects on stable students are not driven by mid-year entrants' characteristics
• Mid-year harm avoidance symptoms positively predict end-of-year oral reading fluency for boys and girls - Mid-year harm avoidance symptoms positively predict end-of-year oral reading fluency for boys and girls
• Mid-year promotions after retention neither helped nor harmed students' tested achievement in basic skills - Mid-year promotions after retention neither helped nor harmed students' tested achievement in basic skills
• Middle episodes of wiki text generation show a cumulative orientation, later with co-construction, in which students expand and re-elaborate each other's ideas - Middle episodes of wiki text generation show a cumulative orientation, later with co-construction, in which students expand and re-elaborate each other's ideas
• Middle grades principals have lasting effects on students' high school outcomes and young-adult life outcomes, beyond contemporaneous achievement effects - Middle grades principals have lasting effects on students' high school outcomes and young-adult life outcomes, beyond contemporaneous achievement effects
• Middle school achievement declines in spring 2022 appear to be mostly unchanged from earlier pandemic levels - Middle school achievement declines in spring 2022 appear to be mostly unchanged from earlier pandemic levels
• Middle school fraction magnitude knowledge fully mediates the relation between first-grade whole number magnitude knowledge and middle school fraction arithmetic - Middle school fraction magnitude knowledge fully mediates the relation between first-grade whole number magnitude knowledge and middle school fraction arithmetic
• Middle school girls framed Blackness as celebratory culture while high school girls emphasized individual efforts to overcome negative portrayals - Middle school girls framed Blackness as celebratory culture while high school girls emphasized individual efforts to overcome negative portrayals
• Middle school math teachers are more likely to make productive than nonproductive adaptations to curricula - Middle school math teachers are more likely to make productive than nonproductive adaptations to curricula
• Middle school mathematics teachers frame low persistence in i-Ready Math as an interaction among motivational, cognitive, and contextual factors, with four recurring themes - Middle school mathematics teachers frame low persistence in i-Ready Math as an interaction among motivational, cognitive, and contextual factors, with four recurring themes
• Middle school on-track status for college readiness is stable for most students across grades 6 to 8 - Middle school on-track status for college readiness is stable for most students across grades 6 to 8
• Middle school reading achievement in grades 6-8 remained stagnant after COVID-19 while math and elementary reading showed progress - Middle school reading achievement in grades 6-8 remained stagnant after COVID-19 while math and elementary reading showed progress
• Middle school reading achievement remained stagnant post-COVID, with the lowest-performing students falling further behind - Middle school reading achievement remained stagnant post-COVID, with the lowest-performing students falling further behind
• Middle school science students preferred all four learning modalities, with significantly higher preference for visual and sensorimotor means than for auditory means and agency support - Middle school science students preferred all four learning modalities, with significantly higher preference for visual and sensorimotor means than for auditory means and agency support
• Middle school SEL shows normative decline in self-efficacy and self-management but an increase in growth mindset - Middle school SEL shows normative decline in self-efficacy and self-management but an increase in growth mindset
• Middle school students and teachers broadly buy in to an AI system that visualizes classroom community agreements - Middle school students and teachers broadly buy in to an AI system that visualizes classroom community agreements
• Middle school students engaged directly and positively with AI-generated rubric feedback, including conversing with the AI - Middle school students engaged directly and positively with AI-generated rubric feedback, including conversing with the AI
• Middle school students experienced their craft performance as computational, connecting weaving and sewing to loops and coding - Middle school students experienced their craft performance as computational, connecting weaving and sewing to loops and coding
• Middle school students in GenAI-supported STEAM modules predominantly interact for STEAM knowledge/information retrieval, with minimal evaluation and reflection interactions - Middle school students in GenAI-supported STEAM modules predominantly interact for STEAM knowledge/information retrieval, with minimal evaluation and reflection interactions
• Middle school students in inquiry-based computer-based learning environments gain more conceptual understanding of force and energy than peers in regular inquiry-based classrooms - Middle school students in inquiry-based computer-based learning environments gain more conceptual understanding of force and energy than peers in regular inquiry-based classrooms
• Middle school students judge the direction of effect of multiplication and division of decimals below one below chance, while remaining highly accurate on all other operation-operand combinations - Middle school students judge the direction of effect of multiplication and division of decimals below one below chance, while remaining highly accurate on all other operation-operand combinations
• Middle school students used BrainPOP ESL far more than high school students and reported more positive experiences with the tool - Middle school students used BrainPOP ESL far more than high school students and reported more positive experiences with the tool
• Middle school students with intellectual disabilities taught problem-solving or study planning skills showed significantly more capacity on the targeted skill than students in the alternating control group - Middle school students with intellectual disabilities taught problem-solving or study planning skills showed significantly more capacity on the targeted skill than students in the alternating control
• Middle school students with the lowest baseline argumentative-writing scores showed the largest growth across essay attempts on an AES platform, while mid- and high-baseline students showed limited or no significant change - Middle school students with the lowest baseline argumentative-writing scores showed the largest growth across essay attempts on an AES platform, while mid- and high-baseline students showed limited or
• Middle school teachers envisioned AI chatbots as adaptive instructional scaffolds providing differentiated support responsive to students' varying needs - Middle school teachers envisioned AI chatbots as adaptive instructional scaffolds providing differentiated support responsive to students' varying needs
• Middle school's escalated executive function demands cause a crash for students with ADHD/EDF, and 504 plans rarely meet EDF needs - Middle school's escalated executive function demands cause a crash for students with ADHD/EDF, and 504 plans rarely meet EDF needs
• Middle schools with low-performing students with disabilities are disproportionately identified for Targeted Support and Improvement, accounting for 67% of TSI schools in one state - Middle schools with low-performing students with disabilities are disproportionately identified for Targeted Support and Improvement, accounting for 67% of TSI schools in one state
• Middle temporal gyrus activation in older listeners correlates with performance only in non-debilitating listening conditions, not in severe noise - Middle temporal gyrus activation in older listeners correlates with performance only in non-debilitating listening conditions, not in severe noise
• Middle-grade Idaho charter schools show the weakest growth while multi-level charters show the strongest reading growth - Middle-grade Idaho charter schools show the weakest growth while multi-level charters show the strongest reading growth
• Middle-grade students' reports of parent support declined during the remote/hybrid year and continued declining through 2022-23, ending 0.17 s.d. below 2011 levels - Middle-grade students' reports of parent support declined during the remote/hybrid year and continued declining through 2022-23, ending 0.17 s.d.
• Middle-school students progress through zones of mathematical play in a designed digital game, taking varied conceptual paths to the same goal
• Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher enjoyment than students taking the same trip as a 2D video - Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher enjoyment than students taking the same trip as a 2D video
• Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher interest than students taking the same trip as a 2D video - Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher interest than students taking the same trip as a 2D video
• Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher presence than students taking the same trip as a 2D video - Middle-school students taking a virtual field trip via a 3D HMD report higher presence than students taking the same trip as a 2D video
• Middle-schoolers judge a speaker presented as a researcher as more expert and more trustworthy than one presented as a consumer - Middle-schoolers judge a speaker presented as a researcher as more expert and more trustworthy than one presented as a consumer
• Midterm self-efficacy (comfort and confidence) did not differ between conditions after three assignments, though both varied significantly across algorithmic topics - Midterm self-efficacy (comfort and confidence) did not differ between conditions after three assignments, though both varied significantly across algorithmic topics
• Mild departures from the original scale can change a teacher's odds of being classified high- or low-performing by a factor of 5 - Mild departures from the original scale can change a teacher's odds of being classified high- or low-performing by a factor of 5
• Mild time pressure increases learning efficiency: recall per mean second of study time is higher in the timed than the untimed condition for all age groups - Mild time pressure increases learning efficiency: recall per mean second of study time is higher in the timed than the untimed condition for all age groups
• Milestone logic lets designers adapt TTX pacing to each team instead of delivering injects at predefined times. - Milestone logic lets designers adapt TTX pacing to each team instead of delivering injects at predefined times.
• Mimicking tracing and pointing gestures on a touchscreen during timed multimedia worked examples hindered adolescent learners' geometry learning - Mimicking tracing and pointing gestures on a touchscreen during timed multimedia worked examples hindered adolescent learners' geometry learning
• Min-counting becomes increasingly maladaptive as addition problem sizes increase - Min-counting becomes increasingly maladaptive as addition problem sizes increase
• Mind wandering can both prompt SRL and function as a regulatory strategy, and multimodal machine-learning sensing offers scalable assessment of attentive states - Mind wandering can both prompt SRL and function as a regulatory strategy, and multimodal machine-learning sensing offers scalable assessment of attentive states
• Mind wandering can function as a resource for regulation when learners have metacognitive awareness of attentional shifts - Mind wandering can function as a resource for regulation when learners have metacognitive awareness of attentional shifts
• Mind wandering episodes during incubation are correlated with individuals' ability to solve creative problems - Mind wandering episodes during incubation are correlated with individuals' ability to solve creative problems
• Mind-set interventions show weak overall effects on achievement, with some support that low-SES or academically at-risk students might benefit - Mind-set interventions show weak overall effects on achievement, with some support that low-SES or academically at-risk students might benefit
• Mindful-condition students completed fewer problem-solving steps and requested fewer hints per step than Cognitive-condition students - Mindful-condition students completed fewer problem-solving steps and requested fewer hints per step than Cognitive-condition students
• Mindful-condition students rated the pedagogical agent as more supportive and more concerned about their well-being on single items - Mindful-condition students rated the pedagogical agent as more supportive and more concerned about their well-being on single items
• Mindfulness and meditation interventions supported teacher well-being in 10 of 12 studies, with two studies showing non-significant changes - Mindfulness and meditation interventions supported teacher well-being in 10 of 12 studies, with two studies showing non-significant changes
• Mindfulness and stress management skills may produce positive effects on educator sleep, self-regulation, self-compassion, and job satisfaction - Mindfulness and stress management skills may produce positive effects on educator sleep, self-regulation, self-compassion, and job satisfaction
• Mindfulness and yoga interventions improved self-regulation in 4 of 8 interventions (50%), mostly applied within the adolescent age group. - Mindfulness and yoga interventions improved self-regulation in 4 of 8 interventions (50%), mostly applied within the adolescent age group.
• Mindfulness interventions consisting of combinations of various mindfulness activities show the largest effects on youth mental health and well-being - Mindfulness interventions consisting of combinations of various mindfulness activities show the largest effects on youth mental health and well-being
• Mindfulness interventions delivered during late adolescence (15–18) show the largest effects on youth mental health and well-being outcomes - Mindfulness interventions delivered during late adolescence (15–18) show the largest effects on youth mental health and well-being outcomes
• Mindfulness interventions in schools show the largest between-group effects for cognitive performance (g = 0.80) and smaller significant effects for stress (g = 0.39) and resilience (g = 0.36) - Mindfulness interventions in schools show the largest between-group effects for cognitive performance (g = 0.80) and smaller significant effects for stress (g = 0.39) and resilience (g = 0.36)
• Mindfulness interventions show comparatively robust efficacy for preschool SR/EF, especially for outcomes requiring integrated mobilisation of EFs and SR - Mindfulness interventions show comparatively robust efficacy for preschool SR/EF, especially for outcomes requiring integrated mobilisation of EFs and SR
• Mindfulness practices are linked to academic improvements including reduced test anxiety, focus, and reading competence - Mindfulness practices are linked to academic improvements including reduced test anxiety, focus, and reading competence
• Mindfulness practices are linked to positive school climate outcomes including compassion, well-being, and self-regulation - Mindfulness practices are linked to positive school climate outcomes including compassion, well-being, and self-regulation
• Mindfulness training improves EFs most in 7–9 year-olds with initially poorer EFs, and yoga improves EFs where physical training alone does not - Mindfulness training improves EFs most in 7–9 year-olds with initially poorer EFs, and yoga improves EFs where physical training alone does not
• Mindfulness-based wellbeing initiatives have a positive effect on the wellbeing of primary and secondary educators - Mindfulness-based wellbeing initiatives have a positive effect on the wellbeing of primary and secondary educators
• MindMatters evaluations show improved resilience and school climate, with modest overall effects in the German secondary-school adaptation - MindMatters evaluations show improved resilience and school climate, with modest overall effects in the German secondary-school adaptation
• Mindset-culture mismatch is proposed to lower belonging most for students who strongly endorse a growth mindset - Mindset-culture mismatch is proposed to lower belonging most for students who strongly endorse a growth mindset
• Mindsets relate to kindergarteners' achievement indirectly through executive functions and classroom behavioral self-regulation as mediators - Mindsets relate to kindergarteners' achievement indirectly through executive functions and classroom behavioral self-regulation as mediators
• Mined misconception labels match personas' assigned misconceptions at F1 ≈ 0.56, a score that does not test whether generated questions elicit the named misconception - Mined misconception labels match personas' assigned misconceptions at F1 ≈ 0.56, a score that does not test whether generated questions elicit the named misconception
• Mini-meta-analysis: unproctored exams reduce both cheating rate and cheating extent across four studies, with no significant interactions with gender, course type, or reminders - Mini-meta-analysis: unproctored exams reduce both cheating rate and cheating extent across four studies, with no significant interactions with gender, course type, or reminders
• Minimal guidance is less effective for novices than explicit instruction
• Minimal human-like cues suffice to trigger automatic social reactions to embodied agents, though the role of visual social cues remains contested - Minimal human-like cues suffice to trigger automatic social reactions to embodied agents, though the role of visual social cues remains contested
• Minimal rigorous research is available on the development and implementation of teacher apprenticeship programs - Minimal rigorous research is available on the development and implementation of teacher apprenticeship programs
• Minimally guided instruction is less effective and less efficient than instruction that places a strong emphasis on guidance of the student learning process - Minimally guided instruction is less effective and less efficient than instruction that places a strong emphasis on guidance of the student learning process
• Minimally guided or unguided inquiry is less effective than explicit instruction, while adequately guided inquiry outperforms expository instruction (review attribution to Alfieri et al., 2011) - Minimally guided or unguided inquiry is less effective than explicit instruction, while adequately guided inquiry outperforms expository instruction (review attribution to Alfieri et al., 2011)
• Ministry of Education-affiliated students averaged 2.3 years to graduation, faster than PCAA (Head Start) and unaffiliated students - Ministry of Education-affiliated students averaged 2.3 years to graduation, faster than PCAA (Head Start) and unaffiliated students
• Minor rewording of structurally identical change problems raises children's success from 36% to 55% - Minor rewording of structurally identical change problems raises children's success from 36% to 55%
• Minoritized students reported lower belonging where peers endorsed more fixed mindset beliefs, with an asymmetric pattern - Minoritized students reported lower belonging where peers endorsed more fixed mindset beliefs, with an asymmetric pattern
• Minority of undergraduate health science students reported using GenAI for reflective writing, mostly to support rather than replace reflection - Minority of undergraduate health science students reported using GenAI for reflective writing, mostly to support rather than replace reflection
• Minority teacher turnover rates have been significantly higher than nonminority turnover, and the gap widened after 2004 - Minority teacher turnover rates have been significantly higher than nonminority turnover, and the gap widened after 2004
• Minority teachers are disproportionately employed in high-poverty, high-minority, urban public schools - Minority teachers are disproportionately employed in high-poverty, high-minority, urban public schools
• Minority teachers have lower observation scores than white teachers but no significant differences on value added - Minority teachers have lower observation scores than white teachers but no significant differences on value added
• Minority teachers who depart rarely cite retirement; dissatisfaction, pursuit of better jobs, and personal reasons dominate their reported turnover reasons - Minority teachers who depart rarely cite retirement; dissatisfaction, pursuit of better jobs, and personal reasons dominate their reported turnover reasons
• Minority teachers' lower observation scores are largely attributable to school characteristics, and no race/ethnicity differences appear on value-added scores - Minority teachers' lower observation scores are largely attributable to school characteristics, and no race/ethnicity differences appear on value-added scores
• Mirror-based self-observation of self-initiated body movements does not differentially affect number building performance during training or on the final math test - Mirror-based self-observation of self-initiated body movements does not differentially affect number building performance during training or on the final math test
• Mirroring dashboards improved teacher situational awareness while alerting-and-guiding dashboards reduced teacher workload and frustration - Mirroring dashboards improved teacher situational awareness while alerting-and-guiding dashboards reduced teacher workload and frustration
• Mirroring-condition teachers consulted the dashboard more often than guiding-condition teachers (137 vs 95 consultations) but missed aspects needing reaction - Mirroring-condition teachers consulted the dashboard more often than guiding-condition teachers (137 vs 95 consultations) but missed aspects needing reaction
• Mirroring-condition teachers relied more on indicator views while alerting and advising teachers opened more group overviews - Mirroring-condition teachers relied more on indicator views while alerting and advising teachers opened more group overviews
• Misalignment between learning-strategy modality and test modality can mask or distort the detected benefits of drawing - Misalignment between learning-strategy modality and test modality can mask or distort the detected benefits of drawing
• Misalignment profiles predict growth-oriented disengagement: students can endorse self-change while withdrawing when routes are perceived as infeasible - Misalignment profiles predict growth-oriented disengagement: students can endorse self-change while withdrawing when routes are perceived as infeasible
• Misclassification of moderating variables in the Xie et al. (2018) meta-analysis decreases the trustworthiness of its moderator analysis - Misclassification of moderating variables in the Xie et al.
• Misconception-based adaptive feedback reduced mathematics anxiety and supported motivation without cognitive outcome differences - Misconception-based adaptive feedback reduced mathematics anxiety and supported motivation without cognitive outcome differences
• Misconception-task accuracy increases with age between 12 and 15 years, with no age effect on reaction time - Misconception-task accuracy increases with age between 12 and 15 years, with no age effect on reaction time
• Misconceptions decreased over time in all three instructional methods, with no difference between methods - Misconceptions decreased over time in all three instructional methods, with no difference between methods
• Misconceptions did not impair transfer in the strong control condition, but learners with more misconceptions in the think-sheet group transferred better - Misconceptions did not impair transfer in the strong control condition, but learners with more misconceptions in the think-sheet group transferred better
• Misconceptions impair comprehension of a standard text, and both a refutation text and a think sheet compensate for this detrimental effect - Misconceptions impair comprehension of a standard text, and both a refutation text and a think sheet compensate for this detrimental effect
• Misconceptions were addressed in nine reviewed articles, all in science, via augmented activation, refutation texts, or analogical reasoning, though one study found activating inaccurate information may not be detrimental - Misconceptions were addressed in nine reviewed articles, all in science, via augmented activation, refutation texts, or analogical reasoning, though one study found activating inaccurate information m
• MisconceptionTutor achieves higher pedagogical quality (DAMR) than BaselineTutor on nearly all dimensions, with small-to-moderate effect sizes - MisconceptionTutor achieves higher pedagogical quality (DAMR) than BaselineTutor on nearly all dimensions, with small-to-moderate effect sizes
• MisconceptionTutor achieves substantially higher feedback relevance (RelScore) than BaselineTutor on every assignment - MisconceptionTutor achieves substantially higher feedback relevance (RelScore) than BaselineTutor on every assignment
• MisconceptionTutor's advantage in feedback success (SuccScore) is mixed: substantial on earlier assignments, diminishing or reversing on later ones - MisconceptionTutor's advantage in feedback success (SuccScore) is mixed: substantial on earlier assignments, diminishing or reversing on later ones
• Mismatch between recording angle and expected angle increases cognitive load both during video observation and during task execution - Mismatch between recording angle and expected angle increases cognitive load both during video observation and during task execution
• Missed observations left 24 percent of non-tenured teachers without a REACH rating, concentrated in a smaller number of schools undergoing organizational change - Missed observations left 24 percent of non-tenured teachers without a REACH rating, concentrated in a smaller number of schools undergoing organizational change
• Missing five days of school in the first semester of ninth grade decreases the likelihood of eventually graduating high school by 25 percentage points - Missing five days of school in the first semester of ninth grade decreases the likelihood of eventually graduating high school by 25 percentage points
• Missing prompt-element types significantly co-occur: failure to provide appropriate functionality explanation correlates strongly with missing expected output/return and with extraneous elements - Missing prompt-element types significantly co-occur: failure to provide appropriate functionality explanation correlates strongly with missing expected output/return and with extraneous elements
• Mission statements across the U15, Russell Group, and Ivy League exhibit Booth's rhetorical corruptions, with polished rhetoric of excellence obscuring concrete commitments - Mission statements across the U15, Russell Group, and Ivy League exhibit Booth's rhetorical corruptions, with polished rhetoric of excellence obscuring concrete commitments
• Missouri's Teacher Career Ladder program has at most a very small positive effect on student test scores - Missouri's Teacher Career Ladder program has at most a very small positive effect on student test scores
• Misspecification of theoretical diagnostic classification models and inaccurate Q-matrices impact classification accuracy - Misspecification of theoretical diagnostic classification models and inaccurate Q-matrices impact classification accuracy
• Mistral-7B reward model outperforms GPT2-XL on Hit@k ranking and Pairwise Accuracy for proxy preference discrimination, at higher computational cost - Mistral-7B reward model outperforms GPT2-XL on Hit@k ranking and Pairwise Accuracy for proxy preference discrimination, at higher computational cost
• Mistrust between teachers and parents remained a low-level roadblock in 2017, while lack of parental support had grown as a top roadblock for almost one-third of administrators - Mistrust between teachers and parents remained a low-level roadblock in 2017, while lack of parental support had grown as a top roadblock for almost one-third of administrators
• MITCA did not improve information-seeking and help management skills relative to traditional homework - MITCA did not improve information-seeking and help management skills relative to traditional homework
• MITCA homework prescription improved environmental management relative to traditional homework in primary students - MITCA homework prescription improved environmental management relative to traditional homework in primary students
• MITCA prevented the growth of self-regulatory deficits seen under traditional homework over twelve weeks - MITCA prevented the growth of self-regulatory deficits seen under traditional homework over twelve weeks
• Mitigating and normalizing the emotion recognizes it more than acknowledging-to-prevent but limits exploration to attributions that avoid critique of PD design - Mitigating and normalizing the emotion recognizes it more than acknowledging-to-prevent but limits exploration to attributions that avoid critique of PD design
• Mixed and exclusively soft disagreement episodes featured more extended turns and more perspectives than exclusively direct episodes - Mixed and exclusively soft disagreement episodes featured more extended turns and more perspectives than exclusively direct episodes
• Mixed courses show the largest effect among teaching types (ES = 1.34), and effects decline as group size increases beyond 2–3 members - Mixed courses show the largest effect among teaching types (ES = 1.34), and effects decline as group size increases beyond 2–3 members
• Mixed delivery early care systems experience fragmentation that creates barriers such as siloed funding, inefficient subsidies, and workforce turnover - Mixed delivery early care systems experience fragmentation that creates barriers such as siloed funding, inefficient subsidies, and workforce turnover
• Mixed dyads outperform matched dyads in meaning negotiation only in the L2 (proficiency pairing × language interaction) - Mixed dyads outperform matched dyads in meaning negotiation only in the L2 (proficiency pairing × language interaction)
• Mixed interprofessional group training promoted mutual respect, understanding of roles, and appreciation of teamwork among ED participants - Mixed interprofessional group training promoted mutual respect, understanding of roles, and appreciation of teamwork among ED participants
• Mixed methods articles were rare (2.55% of empirical articles) in five educational psychology journals from 2016 to 2022, with most articles quantitative - Mixed methods articles were rare (2.55% of empirical articles) in five educational psychology journals from 2016 to 2022, with most articles quantitative
• Mixed proficiency dyads negotiate for meaning more than matched proficiency dyads, irrespective of time and language - Mixed proficiency dyads negotiate for meaning more than matched proficiency dyads, irrespective of time and language
• Mixed utterances reflect the same amount of syntactic structure as monolingual utterances in the weaker language at the same recording - Mixed utterances reflect the same amount of syntactic structure as monolingual utterances in the weaker language at the same recording
• Mixed-ability groups generated a broader range of RSMs than all-low and all-high ability groups, relating to better uptake of the canonical formula - Mixed-ability groups generated a broader range of RSMs than all-low and all-high ability groups, relating to better uptake of the canonical formula
• Mixed-design ANOVAs reveal significant group-by-time interactions on visual discrimination sensitivity in both tasks - Mixed-design ANOVAs reveal significant group-by-time interactions on visual discrimination sensitivity in both tasks
• Mixed-disciplinary teacher making supports transdisciplinary epistemic liberation
• Mixing correct examples into student-model training resolves the misconception-accuracy trade-off, with correct examples as low as 25% preserving both properties - Mixing correct examples into student-model training resolves the misconception-accuracy trade-off, with correct examples as low as 25% preserving both properties
• Mixing group-wise and pair-wise contrastive sampling yields better hypotheses than either alone - Mixing group-wise and pair-wise contrastive sampling yields better hypotheses than either alone
• MLD children switch between direct subtraction and subtraction by addition only when the numerical distance between subtrahend and difference is large - MLD children switch between direct subtraction and subtraction by addition only when the numerical distance between subtrahend and difference is large
• MLD children's accuracy was low overall and varied by problem type and presentation format - MLD children's accuracy was low overall and varied by problem type and presentation format
• MLE mediation is reported as applicable and beneficial even when learners receive it late or face environmental, socio-economic or mental barriers - MLE mediation is reported as applicable and beneficial even when learners receive it late or face environmental, socio-economic or mental barriers
• mLearning students prefer video-based materials with each video under 5 minutes - mLearning students prefer video-based materials with each video under 5 minutes
• MLGM model fit failed for the Indiana mathematics test, the sole exception to invariance support - MLGM model fit failed for the Indiana mathematics test, the sole exception to invariance support
• MLLM performance on SVLAT is highly uneven across SciVis techniques, with Scientific Illustration most accessible and texture-based and integration-based visualizations revealing human-model gaps - MLLM performance on SVLAT is highly uneven across SciVis techniques, with Scientific Illustration most accessible and texture-based and integration-based visualizations revealing human-model gaps
• MLLMs show recurring failures in fine-grained quantitative estimation, often identifying the encoding and measurement strategy but misestimating precise values - MLLMs show recurring failures in fine-grained quantitative estimation, often identifying the encoding and measurement strategy but misestimating precise values
• MLM-script presentations fall between the other two groups: above the Textbook group but below the MLM group, as multimedia learning theory predicts - MLM-script presentations fall between the other two groups: above the Textbook group but below the MLM group, as multimedia learning theory predicts
• MLS-WEPs improved the quality of written explanations, with larger gains in fully correct explanations and reduced blank and concept-irrelevant responses - MLS-WEPs improved the quality of written explanations, with larger gains in fully correct explanations and reduced blank and concept-irrelevant responses
• MLS-WEPs intervention predicted higher Unit 1 calculation and explanation scores among English learners when controlling for prior knowledge - MLS-WEPs intervention predicted higher Unit 1 calculation and explanation scores among English learners when controlling for prior knowledge
• MLS-WEPs intervention predicted higher Unit 2 (functions) calculation and explanation scores when controlling for prior knowledge - MLS-WEPs intervention predicted higher Unit 2 (functions) calculation and explanation scores when controlling for prior knowledge
• MLU differs by about one word between the stronger and weaker language throughout development - MLU differs by about one word between the stronger and weaker language throughout development
• Mnemonic Instruction Improves Recall For Students With Disabilities
• Mobile apps increased timely, direct communication between parents and educators during remote schooling - Mobile apps increased timely, direct communication between parents and educators during remote schooling
• Mobile device use in primary classrooms produces a small, statistically significant positive pooled effect on literacy and numeracy outcomes compared with alternative devices or no device - Mobile device use in primary classrooms produces a small, statistically significant positive pooled effect on literacy and numeracy outcomes compared with alternative devices or no device
• Mobile eye tracking distinguishes five document types with 99 percent user-dependent and 74 percent user-independent recognition from about one minute of gaze data - Mobile eye tracking distinguishes five document types with 99 percent user-dependent and 74 percent user-independent recognition from about one minute of gaze data
• Mobile-application TE-DCTs capture nonverbal attention-getters in the large majority of both L1 and L2 responses across all scenarios - Mobile-application TE-DCTs capture nonverbal attention-getters in the large majority of both L1 and L2 responses across all scenarios
• Modality effect sizes differ across fields of study, with social science effects negative and science effects largest - Modality effect sizes differ across fields of study, with social science effects negative and science effects largest
• Modality principle: graphics with spoken text beat graphics with printed text for transfer - Modality principle: graphics with spoken text beat graphics with printed text for transfer
• Mode-specific advantages: SCMC favors productive and written L2 outcomes; FTF favors receptive and oral outcomes - Mode-specific advantages: SCMC favors productive and written L2 outcomes; FTF favors receptive and oral outcomes
• Model accuracy of vision-based proctoring systems can vary across demographics, lighting conditions, and hardware setups, potentially disadvantaging some students - Model accuracy of vision-based proctoring systems can vary across demographics, lighting conditions, and hardware setups, potentially disadvantaging some students
• Model accuracy on Bloom classification drops with question text length, with LLMs degrading least - Model accuracy on Bloom classification drops with question text length, with LLMs degrading least
• Model and prompt choice account for only a small share of misalignment error, which concentrates in transcript-conditioned higher-order interactions - Model and prompt choice account for only a small share of misalignment error, which concentrates in transcript-conditioned higher-order interactions
• Model and student error patterns on IVDA MCQs show limited question-level consistency but comparable difficulty distributions for easiest and hardest questions - Model and student error patterns on IVDA MCQs show limited question-level consistency but comparable difficulty distributions for easiest and hardest questions
• Model answers and self-assessment instructions do not improve monitoring accuracy after delayed diagramming - Model answers and self-assessment instructions do not improve monitoring accuracy after delayed diagramming
• Model answers combined with self-assessment instructions interactively improve monitoring-based regulation accuracy, with two model answers most effective - Model answers combined with self-assessment instructions interactively improve monitoring-based regulation accuracy, with two model answers most effective
• Model answers improve both monitoring-based and comprehension-based regulation accuracy - Model answers improve both monitoring-based and comprehension-based regulation accuracy
• Model family and instruction-tuning approach appear better predictors of tutoring quality than parameter count alone - Model family and instruction-tuning approach appear better predictors of tutoring quality than parameter count alone
• Model family and prompt format moderate the level of simulated ADHD persona expression - Model family and prompt format moderate the level of simulated ADHD persona expression
• Model gender and observer gender do not affect learning outcomes or near transfer from video modeling examples - Model gender and observer gender do not affect learning outcomes or near transfer from video modeling examples
• Model performance varies by task category, with Basic Geometry easiest and Spiral consistently the most challenging category - Model performance varies by task category, with Basic Geometry easiest and Spiral consistently the most challenging category
• Model progression benefits learning only in sufficiently complex simulations; in a simple domain it was less efficient than full complexity from the start - Model progression benefits learning only in sufficiently complex simulations; in a simple domain it was less efficient than full complexity from the start
• Model retraining on labeled OOD data provides the largest improvement in Bloom classification across models and datasets - Model retraining on labeled OOD data provides the largest improvement in Bloom classification across models and datasets
• Model scale alone does not induce Socratic behavior: unaligned Qwen-72B achieves 0% scaffolding effectiveness and 96.7% keyword leakage - Model scale alone does not induce Socratic behavior: unaligned Qwen-72B achieves 0% scaffolding effectiveness and 96.7% keyword leakage
• Model scale does not consistently improve pedagogical safety: within the Qwen2.5 family the 72B model beats the 7B on only 17 of 33 subject-dimension pairs - Model scale does not consistently improve pedagogical safety: within the Qwen2.5 family the 72B model beats the 7B on only 17 of 33 subject-dimension pairs
• Model selection experiments show newer models are not strict improvements, with component-specific effects on quality metrics - Model selection experiments show newer models are not strict improvements, with component-specific effects on quality metrics