Claims: S 8

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Study crafting is fostered by study resources via engagement and improves engagement and well-being, including in a randomized intervention - Study crafting is fostered by study resources via engagement and improves engagement and well-being, including in a randomized intervention
• Study demands lead to exhaustion and self-undermining behaviors, instigating a loss spiral - Study demands lead to exhaustion and self-undermining behaviors, instigating a loss spiral
• Study designs and statistical analyses in literacy resilience research are often insufficient to distinguish promotive, protective, and skill-enhancing factors - Study designs and statistical analyses in literacy resilience research are often insufficient to distinguish promotive, protective, and skill-enhancing factors
• Study designs that randomly assign students within schools involve trade-offs, illustrated by the Teach For America evaluation experience - Study designs that randomly assign students within schools involve trade-offs, illustrated by the Teach For America evaluation experience
• Study helps, questions and directions in four sets of literary readers for grades IV-VIII were decidedly formal in nature - Study helps, questions and directions in four sets of literary readers for grades IV-VIII were decidedly formal in nature
• Study performance moderated the training effect: high-achieving students benefited at posttest, low performers did not - Study performance moderated the training effect: high-achieving students benefited at posttest, low performers did not
• Study preferences exist and show some stability, but this alone does not justify learning-styles assessment in education - Study preferences exist and show some stability, but this alone does not justify learning-styles assessment in education
• Study quality (risk of bias) and publication year do not moderate the attitude–proficiency association - Study quality (risk of bias) and publication year do not moderate the attitude–proficiency association
• Study quality, publication source, locality, socioeconomic status, years in multigrade classes, and publication year did not significantly predict multigrade cognitive effects - Study quality, publication source, locality, socioeconomic status, years in multigrade classes, and publication year did not significantly predict multigrade cognitive effects
• Study region significantly moderates the ANS-well-being correlation among K-12 youth, with the abstract reporting a stronger association in East Asian contexts - Study region significantly moderates the ANS-well-being correlation among K-12 youth, with the abstract reporting a stronger association in East Asian contexts
• Study resources buffer the negative impact of study demands on student psychological well-being - Study resources buffer the negative impact of study demands on student psychological well-being
• Study setting significantly moderates GenAI productivity effects: laboratory experiments show large significant gains (g = 0.73) while enterprise (g = 0.19) and open-source (g = 0.01) effects are substantially smaller and non-significant. - Study setting significantly moderates GenAI productivity effects: laboratory experiments show large significant gains (g = 0.73) while enterprise (g = 0.19) and open-source (g = 0.01) effects are subs
• Study time allocation becomes more strategic with age: older learners allocate relatively more time to difficult items, and the easy-difficult allocation gap is larger in the untimed condition - Study time allocation becomes more strategic with age: older learners allocate relatively more time to difficult items, and the easy-difficult allocation gap is larger in the untimed condition
• Studying a word list in two different rooms yields about 40% more recall than studying it twice in the same room when tested in a new room - Studying a word list in two different rooms yields about 40% more recall than studying it twice in the same room when tested in a new room
• Studying double-content examples before video-based analyses hindered student teachers' noticing and reasoning compared to studying without them - Studying double-content examples before video-based analyses hindered student teachers' noticing and reasoning compared to studying without them
• Studying flashcards in pairs raised negative affect in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, which added an icebreaker and relaxed feedback rules - Studying flashcards in pairs raised negative affect in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2, which added an icebreaker and relaxed feedback rules
• Studying instructional and video modeling examples improved heredity problem-solving performance and self-assessment accuracy from pretest to posttest - Studying instructional and video modeling examples improved heredity problem-solving performance and self-assessment accuracy from pretest to posttest
• Studying one's highest-curiosity items produced better recall than studying lowest-curiosity items - Studying one's highest-curiosity items produced better recall than studying lowest-curiosity items
• Studying solved problems improves algebra achievement compared to solving practice problems alone, though the evidence base is rated minimal and one study found negative effects - Studying solved problems improves algebra achievement compared to solving practice problems alone, though the evidence base is rated minimal and one study found negative effects
• Studying theoretical content with text-based cases yields a small advantage in productive scientific knowledge application over studying the same content with theoretical models - Studying theoretical content with text-based cases yields a small advantage in productive scientific knowledge application over studying the same content with theoretical models
• Studying with the material available during post-testing yielded higher post-test and delayed retention scores but worse transfer than retention-based studying - Studying with the material available during post-testing yielded higher post-test and delayed retention scores but worse transfer than retention-based studying
• Studying worked examples between two rounds of a computer puzzle game produced significantly greater knowledge map improvement than no worked examples for adult players - Studying worked examples between two rounds of a computer puzzle game produced significantly greater knowledge map improvement than no worked examples for adult players
• Studying worked examples improves novices' algebra performance on problems with the same structure as the examples
• Studying worked examples is more effective and more efficient than problem solving for novice learners (the worked example effect) - Studying worked examples is more effective and more efficient than problem solving for novice learners (the worked example effect)
• Subgroup advantages for low performers and Title I students exceed full-sample effects in two qualifying studies - Subgroup advantages for low performers and Title I students exceed full-sample effects in two qualifying studies
• Subgroup analyses indicate school staff identification and referral services and informal networks both contribute to learning-mode differences in children’s SSI applications - Subgroup analyses indicate school staff identification and referral services and informal networks both contribute to learning-mode differences in children’s SSI applications
• Subgroup categories such as FRL eligibility and multilingual learner status mask wide within-category variation - Subgroup categories such as FRL eligibility and multilingual learner status mask wide within-category variation
• Subgroup score differences largely reflect differing opportunities to learn, not inherent group traits - Subgroup score differences largely reflect differing opportunities to learn, not inherent group traits
• Subject discipline significantly moderates CSCL script effects on collaboration skills, while study duration and measurement level do not significantly moderate effects - Subject discipline significantly moderates CSCL script effects on collaboration skills, while study duration and measurement level do not significantly moderate effects
• Subject distribution is uneven, with E-commerce contributing five answers and Machine Learning 88 of 485 - Subject distribution is uneven, with E-commerce contributing five answers and Machine Learning 88 of 485
• Subject domain moderates the adaptive teaching effect: benefits in languages, none in STEM or humanities - Subject domain moderates the adaptive teaching effect: benefits in languages, none in STEM or humanities
• Subject matter interviews reveal barriers to evidence use in government: untimely evidence, research not geared to decision-makers, limited understanding of evidence, and organizational influences - Subject matter interviews reveal barriers to evidence use in government: untimely evidence, research not geared to decision-makers, limited understanding of evidence, and organizational influences
• Subject significantly moderates effects, with AI-enabled personalized STEM education most effective in comprehensive courses (g = 2.161) - Subject significantly moderates effects, with AI-enabled personalized STEM education most effective in comprehensive courses (g = 2.161)
• Subject similarity moderates dimensional comparison effects: far comparisons (e.g., math vs. verbal) yield strong contrast effects, near comparisons yield weaker contrast or assimilation effects - Subject similarity moderates dimensional comparison effects: far comparisons (e.g., math vs.
• Subjective cognitive load questionnaires show satisfactory internal consistency across the four most frequently used instruments in experimental multimedia learning research - Subjective cognitive load questionnaires show satisfactory internal consistency across the four most frequently used instruments in experimental multimedia learning research
• Subjective confidence ratings did not differ between performance quartiles for university or secondary school students, failing to replicate Miller and Geraci - Subjective confidence ratings did not differ between performance quartiles for university or secondary school students, failing to replicate Miller and Geraci
• Subjective effort ratings are affected by invalid cues and only weakly valid as cues to judged learning outcomes - Subjective effort ratings are affected by invalid cues and only weakly valid as cues to judged learning outcomes
• Subjective effort ratings are sensitive to variations in task complexity, with higher ratings for complex tasks - Subjective effort ratings are sensitive to variations in task complexity, with higher ratings for complex tasks
• Subjective experience on the easiest RAPM items matches that of insight problems, while difficult items resemble analytic problems - Subjective experience on the easiest RAPM items matches that of insight problems, while difficult items resemble analytic problems
• Subjective fatigue states under prolonged mental work included failure to hold and banish partial products, lethargy, and labored breathing - Subjective fatigue states under prolonged mental work included failure to hold and banish partial products, lethargy, and labored breathing
• Subjective symptoms are an unreliable measure of fatigue, and physiological tests have not yet yielded a reliable measurement method (Offner) - Subjective symptoms are an unreliable measure of fatigue, and physiological tests have not yet yielded a reliable measurement method (Offner)
• Subjective task value shows a positive connection with time management, but expectancies for success and costs remain largely unexamined - Subjective task value shows a positive connection with time management, but expectancies for success and costs remain largely unexamined
• Subjectively oriented reasoning emerged in the giving-birth context but disappeared in the die-rolling task - Subjectively oriented reasoning emerged in the giving-birth context but disappeared in the die-rolling task
• Subjects appreciated the peer review intervention (average 4.0) while rating the chat session less positively (average 3.1) - Subjects appreciated the peer review intervention (average 4.0) while rating the chat session less positively (average 3.1)
• Subjects given image instructions include more nondiagnostic features in their drawings of concepts than subjects given discriminate instructions - Subjects given image instructions include more nondiagnostic features in their drawings of concepts than subjects given discriminate instructions
• Subjects highest in numeracy draw valid causal inferences from data better than less numerate subjects when the data are politically uncharged (skin rash treatment framing) - Subjects highest in numeracy draw valid causal inferences from data better than less numerate subjects when the data are politically uncharged (skin rash treatment framing)
• Subjects most often attributed their iteration to new insights or discovering that initial choices were not the best - Subjects most often attributed their iteration to new insights or discovering that initial choices were not the best
• Subjects with a more developed schema for a body of knowledge show higher recall for materials related to that knowledge - Subjects with a more developed schema for a body of knowledge show higher recall for materials related to that knowledge
• Submissions receiving valid LLM-generated test-case feedback had higher pass rates, but valid test cases were not associated with fewer subsequent submissions - Submissions receiving valid LLM-generated test-case feedback had higher pass rates, but valid test cases were not associated with fewer subsequent submissions
• Subscales of the adapted Internet Skills Scale show acceptable internal consistency, lowest for the Operational subscale - Subscales of the adapted Internet Skills Scale show acceptable internal consistency, lowest for the Operational subscale
• Subskill taxonomies in the literature come from both empirical investigations and theory, with no consensus on the number of subskills - Subskill taxonomies in the literature come from both empirical investigations and theory, with no consensus on the number of subskills
• Substance abuse infractions declined by about 80% at both Roswell community schools during 2023–24 - Substance abuse infractions declined by about 80% at both Roswell community schools during 2023–24
• Substantial between-class differences exist in the accuracy with which intensive ESL students use structures such as progressive -ing and adjective–noun order in noun phrases - Substantial between-class differences exist in the accuracy with which intensive ESL students use structures such as progressive -ing and adjective–noun order in noun phrases
• Substantial differences existed between the time distribution of trace-extracted and think aloud-coded SRL processes: 41.66% of session duration had no think aloud code while only 3.19% had no trace process - Substantial differences existed between the time distribution of trace-extracted and think aloud-coded SRL processes: 41.66% of session duration had no think aloud code while only 3.19% had no trace p
• Substantial differences in attaining academic indicators of postsecondary readiness occurred for most student groups, with the largest number between Black and White students, NSLP-eligible and ineligible students, and students entering grade 6 after age 13 - Substantial differences in attaining academic indicators of postsecondary readiness occurred for most student groups, with the largest number between Black and White students, NSLP-eligible and inelig
• Substantial existing research addresses the effectiveness of many types and formats of peer tutoring in colleges and universities - Substantial existing research addresses the effectiveness of many types and formats of peer tutoring in colleges and universities
• Substantial improvement in outcomes: breakthroughs change learning or life trajectories rather than improving incrementally - Substantial improvement in outcomes: breakthroughs change learning or life trajectories rather than improving incrementally
• Substantial overlap exists between bright and dull groups: 48 per cent of poor pupils match the lowest good-group record - Substantial overlap exists between bright and dull groups: 48 per cent of poor pupils match the lowest good-group record
• Substantial proportions of students self-report cheating and misconduct during exams, with higher rates in high schools than colleges - Substantial proportions of students self-report cheating and misconduct during exams, with higher rates in high schools than colleges
• Substantial research exists on SSA accuracy, with known influencing factors and teaching implications - Substantial research exists on SSA accuracy, with known influencing factors and teaching implications
• Substantial unexplained heterogeneity characterises short-term effects of targeted K-6 interventions - Substantial unexplained heterogeneity characterises short-term effects of targeted K-6 interventions
• Substantial variability exists in the specific components used across self-management interventions despite established effectiveness - Substantial variability exists in the specific components used across self-management interventions despite established effectiveness
• Substantial variability in maternal talk existed within this primarily low-SES sample, and maternal talk was uncorrelated with SES - Substantial variability in maternal talk existed within this primarily low-SES sample, and maternal talk was uncorrelated with SES
• Substitute teachers are a heterogeneous group whose work conditions and experiences are less than satisfactory, exacerbated by a lack of targeted support - Substitute teachers are a heterogeneous group whose work conditions and experiences are less than satisfactory, exacerbated by a lack of targeted support
• Substitute teachers enable school improvement efforts by freeing other teachers' time for professional learning, administrative duties, and personal matters - Substitute teachers enable school improvement efforts by freeing other teachers' time for professional learning, administrative duties, and personal matters
• Substituting tasks with generative AI may promote inclusion and free time for more demanding activities, but risks foundational-skill loss and presupposes prior knowledge - Substituting tasks with generative AI may promote inclusion and free time for more demanding activities, but risks foundational-skill loss and presupposes prior knowledge
• Substitutive offloaders show severe performance decline when external stores become unavailable, while duplicative offloaders maintain accuracy - Substitutive offloaders show severe performance decline when external stores become unavailable, while duplicative offloaders maintain accuracy
• Subtle indirect cueing feedback tends to have higher impacts on learning outcomes than other forms of feedback, per research the review cites - Subtle indirect cueing feedback tends to have higher impacts on learning outcomes than other forms of feedback, per research the review cites
• Subtle teacher guidance, not imposition, enables interdisciplinary integration in small-group deliberation
• Subtraction fluency predicts third-grade multiplication fluency on par with addition fluency, with a similar emergent working memory association - Subtraction fluency predicts third-grade multiplication fluency on par with addition fluency, with a similar emergent working memory association
• Success Boston Coaching has potentially positive effects on academic achievement, with a significant effect in one study and an indeterminate effect in the other - Success Boston Coaching has potentially positive effects on academic achievement, with a significant effect in one study and an indeterminate effect in the other
• Success Boston Coaching has potentially positive effects on progressing in college, based on two quasi-experimental studies meeting WWC standards with reservations - Success Boston Coaching has potentially positive effects on progressing in college, based on two quasi-experimental studies meeting WWC standards with reservations
• Success in developing the canonical solution is not a necessary condition for learning from generation, but failure is not claimed to be indispensable either - Success in developing the canonical solution is not a necessary condition for learning from generation, but failure is not claimed to be indispensable either
• Success in PBL requires students to set goals, monitor, reflect, and sustain motivation across the whole project, yet many students do not do these processes naturally - Success in PBL requires students to set goals, monitor, reflect, and sustain motivation across the whole project, yet many students do not do these processes naturally
• Success rates decrease monotonically from easy to medium to hard difficulty levels across all models - Success rates decrease monotonically from easy to medium to hard difficulty levels across all models
• Success rates varied substantially across and within institutions, with within-institution section variability slightly less than between-institution variability - Success rates varied substantially across and within institutions, with within-institution section variability slightly less than between-institution variability
• Success schools' student GPAs did not show much improvement in the first two years - Success schools' student GPAs did not show much improvement in the first two years
• Successes of form-focused manipulation of input in adult L2 are illusory with respect to linguistic competence, affecting only performance - Successes of form-focused manipulation of input in adult L2 are illusory with respect to linguistic competence, affecting only performance
• Successful aging comprises six features and creative activity contributes to it - Successful aging comprises six features and creative activity contributes to it
• Successful AI integration in Arab EL2 classrooms consistently depends on teacher mediation, institutional support, and responsible-use practices - Successful AI integration in Arab EL2 classrooms consistently depends on teacher mediation, institutional support, and responsible-use practices
• Successful and unsuccessful complex problem solvers differ in transition frequencies between questions and decisions - Successful and unsuccessful complex problem solvers differ in transition frequencies between questions and decisions
• Successful and unsuccessful listening performance in this study is associated with learners' strategic behaviour rather than with heritage or non-heritage status - Successful and unsuccessful listening performance in this study is associated with learners' strategic behaviour rather than with heritage or non-heritage status
• Successful discoverers regulate learning more systematically, planning experiments and monitoring progress, while unsuccessful learners work unsystematically - Successful discoverers regulate learning more systematically, planning experiments and monitoring progress, while unsuccessful learners work unsystematically
• Successful encoding of schema-related information recruits the mPFC whereas successful encoding of schema-unrelated information recruits the medial temporal lobe - Successful encoding of schema-related information recruits the mPFC whereas successful encoding of schema-unrelated information recruits the medial temporal lobe
• Successful groups respond more appropriately to proposals and maintain joint attention better than less successful groups, and their members outperform on individual mastery and transfer tests - Successful groups respond more appropriately to proposals and maintain joint attention better than less successful groups, and their members outperform on individual mastery and transfer tests
• Successful hypermedia learners showed more orientation and planning before processing content, deeper elaboration, constant monitoring, and evaluation compared to less successful students - Successful hypermedia learners showed more orientation and planning before processing content, deeper elaboration, constant monitoring, and evaluation compared to less successful students
• Successful low-prior-knowledge inquiry learners managed cognitive load by exploring simple circuits first and pausing during learning - Successful low-prior-knowledge inquiry learners managed cognitive load by exploring simple circuits first and pausing during learning
• Successful program completion increased participants' self-confidence, self-esteem, and autonomy, which aided their settlement and integration into Canadian society - Successful program completion increased participants' self-confidence, self-esteem, and autonomy, which aided their settlement and integration into Canadian society
• Successful readers out-use less successful readers on global and support strategies but not problem-solving strategies - Successful readers out-use less successful readers on global and support strategies but not problem-solving strategies
• Successful seventh-grade co-invention teams spent a much larger share of their embodied making actions on model making and experimenting than the unsuccessful team - Successful seventh-grade co-invention teams spent a much larger share of their embodied making actions on model making and experimenting than the unsuccessful team
• Successful transcriptions of videos using Dirac notation, eigenstate derivations, and vector calculus indicate generalized capability beyond introductory physics - Successful transcriptions of videos using Dirac notation, eigenstate derivations, and vector calculus indicate generalized capability beyond introductory physics
• Successful transition from intermediate to secondary school depends on both academic preparation and social-emotional learning skills suited to a more independent environment - Successful transition from intermediate to secondary school depends on both academic preparation and social-emotional learning skills suited to a more independent environment
• Successful two- and three-year-olds initiate distraction and withholding behaviours very early, within the first 10 seconds of delay on average - Successful two- and three-year-olds initiate distraction and withholding behaviours very early, within the first 10 seconds of delay on average
• Successful use of mastery learning has powerful but mixed effects on teacher variables, including more positive attitudes, altered attributions, and reduced teaching confidence - Successful use of mastery learning has powerful but mixed effects on teacher variables, including more positive attitudes, altered attributions, and reduced teaching confidence
• Successful writing requires that the writer first become a sufficiently skillful reader to estimate the effect of the text on a prospective audience - Successful writing requires that the writer first become a sufficiently skillful reader to estimate the effect of the text on a prospective audience
• Successfully transitioning from intermediate school to secondary school is pivotal for students to remain on track to graduate - Successfully transitioning from intermediate school to secondary school is pivotal for students to remain on track to graduate
• Successive cohort indicators are subject to false performance gains, and the paper assesses which school evaluation methods provide useful accountability information - Successive cohort indicators are subject to false performance gains, and the paper assesses which school evaluation methods provide useful accountability information
• Successive processing measures show the fewest significant correlations with other speeded measures, particularly in Chinese and Greek groups - Successive processing measures show the fewest significant correlations with other speeded measures, particularly in Chinese and Greek groups
• Successively fading out worked solution steps is effective for facilitating the transition from learning from worked examples to problem solving, compared to example-problem pairs - Successively fading out worked solution steps is effective for facilitating the transition from learning from worked examples to problem solving, compared to example-problem pairs
• Successor Prep school outcomes appeared similar to other KIPP schools, though substantial differences cannot be ruled out - Successor Prep school outcomes appeared similar to other KIPP schools, though substantial differences cannot be ruled out
• Suddenness and Certainty ratings decrease as RAPM item difficulty increases, with Certainty showing a strong effect - Suddenness and Certainty ratings decrease as RAPM item difficulty increases, with Certainty showing a strong effect
• Sufficient clinical feedback predicts TPA passing for preservice candidates but not for internship candidates - Sufficient clinical feedback predicts TPA passing for preservice candidates but not for internship candidates
• Suh et al. (2019) found a positive but non-significant effect on course passing rate (effect size 0.80) and a negative non-significant effect on final exam score - Suh et al.
• Summarization, highlighting, the keyword mnemonic, imagery for text, and rereading receive low utility assessments - Summarization, highlighting, the keyword mnemonic, imagery for text, and rereading receive low utility assessments
• Summary traces preserved task performance at the answer-only baseline while elevating subjective appraisal - Summary traces preserved task performance at the answer-only baseline while elevating subjective appraisal
• Summary writing produced no significant comprehension improvement and the most disputational talk, and did not significantly differ from completing a map in learning outcomes - Summary writing produced no significant comprehension improvement and the most disputational talk, and did not significantly differ from completing a map in learning outcomes
• Summary-statistic measures of metacognitive accuracy (gamma, type 2 ROC, meta-d′, meta-da) maintain a false positive rate consistent with the nominal 5% alpha level in group comparisons - Summary-statistic measures of metacognitive accuracy (gamma, type 2 ROC, meta-d′, meta-da) maintain a false positive rate consistent with the nominal 5% alpha level in group comparisons
• Summary-writing dyads produce more utterances overall, but most reflect mechanical dictation and copying rather than historical reasoning - Summary-writing dyads produce more utterances overall, but most reflect mechanical dictation and copying rather than historical reasoning
• Summative examinations have a dual function: measuring achieved learning while also shaping and supporting learning through engagement with tasks - Summative examinations have a dual function: measuring achieved learning while also shaping and supporting learning through engagement with tasks
• Summative setting-level indicators do not allow quick feedback on school practices, so schools set attendance goals and monitor them weekly or monthly to determine whether new practices are improving those indicators - Summative setting-level indicators do not allow quick feedback on school practices, so schools set attendance goals and monitor them weekly or monthly to determine whether new practices are improving
• Summed scoring and IRT pattern scoring produce very similar scale score means and failing rates within any equating procedure - Summed scoring and IRT pattern scoring produce very similar scale score means and failing rates within any equating procedure
• Summer Bridge gains were relatively uniform across demographic and achievement groups, with highest-risk third graders benefiting most - Summer Bridge gains were relatively uniform across demographic and achievement groups, with highest-risk third graders benefiting most
• Summer Bridge produced only small sustained effects: slightly larger two-year gains than comparable non-attendees, without changing learning trajectories - Summer Bridge produced only small sustained effects: slightly larger two-year gains than comparable non-attendees, without changing learning trajectories
• Summer Bridge produced short-term test-score gains and allowed more students to meet promotion cutoffs, particularly among sixth and eighth graders - Summer Bridge produced short-term test-score gains and allowed more students to meet promotion cutoffs, particularly among sixth and eighth graders
• Summer bridge programs have potentially positive effects on college degree attainment, with graduation rates of 70% for participants versus 67% for non-participants - Summer bridge programs have potentially positive effects on college degree attainment, with graduation rates of 70% for participants versus 67% for non-participants
• Summer Bridge's second chance substantially raised promotion rates: by August 1997, 68% of included third graders, 79% of sixth graders, and 83% of eighth graders had met the cutoff - Summer Bridge's second chance substantially raised promotion rates: by August 1997, 68% of included third graders, 79% of sixth graders, and 83% of eighth graders had met the cutoff
• Summer counseling has mixed effects on college access and enrollment for recent high school graduates, with a domain-average improvement index of +5 percentile points - Summer counseling has mixed effects on college access and enrollment for recent high school graduates, with a domain-average improvement index of +5 percentile points
• Summer counseling produces a small but statistically significant positive effect on credit accumulation and persistence (WWC rating: potentially positive effects) - Summer counseling produces a small but statistically significant positive effect on credit accumulation and persistence (WWC rating: potentially positive effects)
• Summer credit recovery increased the number of math, English Language Arts, science, and social science classes taken by newcomer EL students - Summer credit recovery increased the number of math, English Language Arts, science, and social science classes taken by newcomer EL students
• Summer credit recovery shows suggestive evidence of positive effects on English proficiency for newcomer ELs - Summer credit recovery shows suggestive evidence of positive effects on English proficiency for newcomer ELs
• Summer learning loss estimates changed significantly under filtering but not effort-moderated scoring - Summer learning loss estimates changed significantly under filtering but not effort-moderated scoring
• Summer learning loss findings call into question explanations based on summer program access and school-year length - Summer learning loss findings call into question explanations based on summer program access and school-year length
• Summer learning loss is common but not inevitable among K-12 students - Summer learning loss is common but not inevitable among K-12 students
• Summer learning loss patterns are used to project the potential impact of COVID-19 school closures on student academic achievement - Summer learning loss patterns are used to project the potential impact of COVID-19 school closures on student academic achievement
• Summer-SES time-use gaps are larger among children of married parents, suggesting results are not driven by single-parent households - Summer-SES time-use gaps are larger among children of married parents, suggesting results are not driven by single-parent households
• Summing all test scores into one general-intelligence rating manufactures the appearance of a general factor - Summing all test scores into one general-intelligence rating manufactures the appearance of a general factor
• Sunnyside students participating in the Compact Writing Assignments pilot completed quarterly research papers at a rate more than 15 percent higher than non-participants - Sunnyside students participating in the Compact Writing Assignments pilot completed quarterly research papers at a rate more than 15 percent higher than non-participants
• Superficial information use with limited processing is the most used technology-based SRL strategy, while self-evaluation is among the least used - Superficial information use with limited processing is the most used technology-based SRL strategy, while self-evaluation is among the least used
• Supervised fine-tuning on misconception-faithful demonstrations sharply improves SFS (up to +0.555 on Malrule for Qwen3-4B) - Supervised fine-tuning on misconception-faithful demonstrations sharply improves SFS (up to +0.555 on Malrule for Qwen3-4B)
• Supervised fine-tuning on real score–essay pairs substantially outperforms prompting for proficiency-conditioned writing simulation - Supervised fine-tuning on real score–essay pairs substantially outperforms prompting for proficiency-conditioned writing simulation
• Supervised fine-tuning on SocraticEdu provides the largest single-step SE gain (+0.200) but still leaks target terms in 26.7% of dialogues - Supervised fine-tuning on SocraticEdu provides the largest single-step SE gain (+0.200) but still leaks target terms in 26.7% of dialogues
• Supervised machine learning de-identification still outperforms GPT-4, though GPT-4 exceeds class-list/regular-expression and transformer approaches in recall - Supervised machine learning de-identification still outperforms GPT-4, though GPT-4 exceeds class-list/regular-expression and transformer approaches in recall
• Supervised ML/DL Bloom question classifiers trained on one dataset drop substantially in weighted F1 when tested on unseen datasets - Supervised ML/DL Bloom question classifiers trained on one dataset drop substantially in weighted F1 when tested on unseen datasets
• Supervisory teacher coaching shows mixed effects, with six of sixteen reviewed studies reporting improved teacher results and four reporting improved student behaviors - Supervisory teacher coaching shows mixed effects, with six of sixteen reviewed studies reporting improved teacher results and four reporting improved student behaviors
• Supplemental analyses of I CAN Learn® in alternate second-year samples showed no effects that survived multiple-comparison adjustment - Supplemental analyses of I CAN Learn® in alternate second-year samples showed no effects that survived multiple-comparison adjustment
• Supplemental analyses show statistically significant positive Head Start effects on one social-emotional subscale and two mothers' race/ethnicity subgroup comparisons for the 3-year-old cohort - Supplemental analyses show statistically significant positive Head Start effects on one social-emotional subscale and two mothers' race/ethnicity subgroup comparisons for the 3-year-old cohort
• Supplemental computer-based spaced repetition activities nearly triple long-term vocabulary retention in EFL students compared with conventional instruction alone - Supplemental computer-based spaced repetition activities nearly triple long-term vocabulary retention in EFL students compared with conventional instruction alone
• Supplemental first-grade interventions for ELLs improved phonological and word-level skills but not comprehension, with comprehension gains emerging at one-year follow-up - Supplemental first-grade interventions for ELLs improved phonological and word-level skills but not comprehension, with comprehension gains emerging at one-year follow-up
• Supplemental Reading Mastery instruction showed substantively important immediate effects on four of five reading measures for English language learners, none statistically significant - Supplemental Reading Mastery instruction showed substantively important immediate effects on four of five reading measures for English language learners, none statistically significant
• Supplementary nonlinear models yield only modest AUC gains over the calibrated logistic baseline - Supplementary nonlinear models yield only modest AUC gains over the calibrated logistic baseline
• Supplementary process estimates linked differentiated support to lower cognitive load for low-proficiency and higher discourse awareness for intermediate learners, but were descriptive only - Supplementary process estimates linked differentiated support to lower cognitive load for low-proficiency and higher discourse awareness for intermediate learners, but were descriptive only
• Supplying learners' own engagement-definition codes as context raised exploratory prediction from 64.6% to 71.5% balanced 1-off accuracy in an eighteen-participant cohort - Supplying learners' own engagement-definition codes as context raised exploratory prediction from 64.6% to 71.5% balanced 1-off accuracy in an eighteen-participant cohort
• SupplyNet fostered a reciprocal relationship between engagement and learning support operating through two pathways: engagement leading to learning and learning itself becoming engaging. - SupplyNet fostered a reciprocal relationship between engagement and learning support operating through two pathways: engagement leading to learning and learning itself becoming engaging.
• SupplyNet was rated significantly higher than the Beer Game baseline on learning support (p<0.01), including connecting decisions to performance. - SupplyNet was rated significantly higher than the Beer Game baseline on learning support (p<0.01), including connecting decisions to performance.
• SupplyNet was rated significantly more immersive, motivating, and enjoyable than the baseline, with engagement showing the most pronounced difference. - SupplyNet was rated significantly more immersive, motivating, and enjoyable than the baseline, with engagement showing the most pronounced difference.
• Support conditions did not differ from control in learning scores within the environment - Support conditions did not differ from control in learning scores within the environment
• Support demand across participants is concentrated: the most active decile accounts for 34.6% of queries and 42.9% of participants raised exactly one query - Support demand across participants is concentrated: the most active decile accounts for 34.6% of queries and 42.9% of participants raised exactly one query
• Support for data-driven instruction did not increase key data-related activities despite additional resources and emphasis - Support for data-driven instruction did not increase key data-related activities despite additional resources and emphasis
• Support for data-driven instruction did not increase teachers' data use or change their instructional practices - Support for data-driven instruction did not increase teachers' data use or change their instructional practices
• Support for mathematical discourse was increased by the intervention but was not significantly associated with post-treatment mathematics achievement for either group - Support for mathematical discourse was increased by the intervention but was not significantly associated with post-treatment mathematics achievement for either group
• Support for tax-funded tailored instruction is wide but shallow, with paying for adequate staff seen as the major barrier, cited by 86 percent of teachers - Support for tax-funded tailored instruction is wide but shallow, with paying for adequate staff seen as the major barrier, cited by 86 percent of teachers
• Support form differentiates the scaffolding–engagement association: feedback and explaining align most with constructive engagement, with a task-ecology crossover between instructing and modelling - Support form differentiates the scaffolding–engagement association: feedback and explaining align most with constructive engagement, with a task-ecology crossover between instructing and modelling
• Support measures introduced in 2007-08 raised the level 1 physics passrate by approximately 8% - Support measures introduced in 2007-08 raised the level 1 physics passrate by approximately 8%
• Supported self-explaining improves accuracy of fraction magnitude comparisons more than a word-problem intervention component in at-risk fourth graders - Supported self-explaining improves accuracy of fraction magnitude comparisons more than a word-problem intervention component in at-risk fourth graders
• Supported self-explaining produces higher-quality explanations of fraction magnitude differences than a word-problem component - Supported self-explaining produces higher-quality explanations of fraction magnitude differences than a word-problem component
• Supporting early childhood math development is important for young children's development - Supporting early childhood math development is important for young children's development
• Supporting user interaction and control in the indicator implementation process positively affects transparency, trust, satisfaction, and acceptance in LA - Supporting user interaction and control in the indicator implementation process positively affects transparency, trust, satisfaction, and acceptance in LA
• Supportive competence grew continuously through Workshop 4 while basic observation ability remained stable across sequential AV workshops - Supportive competence grew continuously through Workshop 4 while basic observation ability remained stable across sequential AV workshops
• Suppressing or restricting hand movements disrupts children's arithmetic performance, suggesting gestures play a functional role in calculation - Suppressing or restricting hand movements disrupts children's arithmetic performance, suggesting gestures play a functional role in calculation
• Surface Formatting Changes Shift LLM Grades, With No Consistent Penalty Detected
• Surface validation can function while substantive validation fails: most participants detected flawed AI recommendations yet continued following them - Surface validation can function while substantive validation fails: most participants detected flawed AI recommendations yet continued following them
• Surface-feature similarity of passage pairs does not affect self-derivation performance or patterns of episode-detail endorsement - Surface-feature similarity of passage pairs does not affect self-derivation performance or patterns of episode-detail endorsement
• Surrogate analysis validates that observed Hurst exponents reflect genuine persistence rather than short-series artifacts - Surrogate analysis validates that observed Hurst exponents reflect genuine persistence rather than short-series artifacts
• Survey data came primarily from teacher and student surveys conducted in 1994, with school counts varying by measure and wave - Survey data came primarily from teacher and student surveys conducted in 1994, with school counts varying by measure and wave
• Survey data indicate the ability signal had informational value, leading students to revise self-assessed ability and AP plans consistent with Bayesian learning - Survey data indicate the ability signal had informational value, leading students to revise self-assessed ability and AP plans consistent with Bayesian learning
• Survey design and management conditions influenced how schools engaged with climate data - Survey design and management conditions influenced how schools engaged with climate data
• Survey item sensitivity determines the parental permission pathway, from full waiver to active opt-in - Survey item sensitivity determines the parental permission pathway, from full waiver to active opt-in
• Survey items on critical evaluation and validation of ChatGPT outputs (Q11–Q13) received the lowest scores in both courses despite explicit validation instructions - Survey items on critical evaluation and validation of ChatGPT outputs (Q11–Q13) received the lowest scores in both courses despite explicit validation instructions
• Survey items show good discrimination overall, but several items exhibit ceiling effects that limit measuring change over time - Survey items show good discrimination overall, but several items exhibit ceiling effects that limit measuring change over time
• Survey participation was low in about half of administered classes, with only 20 of 45 classes exceeding 40% matched pre/post response - Survey participation was low in about half of administered classes, with only 20 of 45 classes exceeding 40% matched pre/post response
• Survey respondents rated traditional assignments most vulnerable to AI in Computer Science (19 of 20) compared with Humanities & Social Sciences and Professional Degrees (16 of 20 each) - Survey respondents rated traditional assignments most vulnerable to AI in Computer Science (19 of 20) compared with Humanities & Social Sciences and Professional Degrees (16 of 20 each)
• Survey scores show directional consistency with dialogue behavior: students with higher knowledge-based survey scores tended to have above-average question specificity and higher expected grades - Survey scores show directional consistency with dialogue behavior: students with higher knowledge-based survey scores tended to have above-average question specificity and higher expected grades
• Survey snapshots and trend graphs track school development measure responses from 1994 to 2003 - Survey snapshots and trend graphs track school development measure responses from 1994 to 2003
• Surveyed charter schools transitioned to remote education delivery in less than a week after physical closure in March 2020, averaging 3.5 days - Surveyed charter schools transitioned to remote education delivery in less than a week after physical closure in March 2020, averaging 3.5 days
• Surveyed professionals show strong technical AI awareness but limited ethical and governance readiness - Surveyed professionals show strong technical AI awareness but limited ethical and governance readiness
• Surveys show young adults are the heaviest educational ChatGPT users and most worry about data privacy - Surveys show young adults are the heaviest educational ChatGPT users and most worry about data privacy
• Suspension is associated with long-term harms including higher risk of grade retention, dropout, and juvenile justice involvement - Suspension is associated with long-term harms including higher risk of grade retention, dropout, and juvenile justice involvement
• Suspension is associated with lower test scores in the suspended years, with more suspended days related to larger decreases - Suspension is associated with lower test scores in the suspended years, with more suspended days related to larger decreases
• Suspensions are more salient for students who personally experience suspension than for their peers - Suspensions are more salient for students who personally experience suspension than for their peers
• Suspensions in California lowered graduation rates by nearly 7 percentage points after controlling for other dropout factors - Suspensions in California lowered graduation rates by nearly 7 percentage points after controlling for other dropout factors
• Sustainable AI adoption depends on the interaction of three interdependent conditions: normative friction, governance-based equity, and epistemic integrity - Sustainable AI adoption depends on the interaction of three interdependent conditions: normative friction, governance-based equity, and epistemic integrity
• Sustained aerobic exercise improves children's EFs, with dose-response benefits for the most EF-demanding task and math in the high-dose group only - Sustained aerobic exercise improves children's EFs, with dose-response benefits for the most EF-demanding task and math in the high-dose group only
• Sustained attention positively predicts broad statewide standardized test scores in math and ELA - Sustained attention positively predicts broad statewide standardized test scores in math and ELA
• Sustained attention positively predicts math fluency assessed in group-based school settings - Sustained attention positively predicts math fluency assessed in group-based school settings
• Sustained attention positively predicts reading comprehension assessed in group-based school settings - Sustained attention positively predicts reading comprehension assessed in group-based school settings
• Sustained attention predicts number sense task performance - Sustained attention predicts number sense task performance
• Sustained deployment surfaced four behavioral archetypes — self-directed, tutor-reliant, late engager, and passive consumer — including patterns invisible to the reactive teaching system - Sustained deployment surfaced four behavioral archetypes — self-directed, tutor-reliant, late engager, and passive consumer — including patterns invisible to the reactive teaching system
• Sustained exposure to the most disadvantaged neighborhoods from age 2 to 17 substantially reduces the probability of high school graduation for both black and nonblack children - Sustained exposure to the most disadvantaged neighborhoods from age 2 to 17 substantially reduces the probability of high school graduation for both black and nonblack children
• Sustained visual attention (vCPT) performance shows no significant relations with speech or language outcomes in deaf children with cochlear implants - Sustained visual attention (vCPT) performance shows no significant relations with speech or language outcomes in deaf children with cochlear implants
• SVM and random forest classifiers showed consistent performance in classifying ethnic bias, with F1-scores of 0.71 and 0.70 on the test set - SVM and random forest classifiers showed consistent performance in classifying ethnic bias, with F1-scores of 0.71 and 0.70 on the test set
• SVM-based regressors outperformed other regressors in the ETF price-delta forecasting benchmark - SVM-based regressors outperformed other regressors in the ETF price-delta forecasting benchmark
• SWCPM score ranges corresponding to ARM performance levels show monotonic progression across terms within grades, except in first grade - SWCPM score ranges corresponding to ARM performance levels show monotonic progression across terms within grades, except in first grade
• Switch costs and mixing costs are common empirical observations across language switching paradigms, except voluntary switching under certain circumstances - Switch costs and mixing costs are common empirical observations across language switching paradigms, except voluntary switching under certain circumstances
• Switching from reference-based to contextual evaluation prompts improved GenAI grading accuracy - Switching from reference-based to contextual evaluation prompts improved GenAI grading accuracy
• Switching to an updated synchronous platform catalysed the teacher's ongoing teaching innovation - Switching to an updated synchronous platform catalysed the teacher's ongoing teaching innovation
• SWOT in educational settings is typically applied superficially, episodically, and detached from improvement cycles - SWOT in educational settings is typically applied superficially, episodically, and detached from improvement cycles
• SWPBIS does not significantly reduce out-of-school suspensions in this trial - SWPBIS does not significantly reduce out-of-school suspensions in this trial
• SWPBIS effects on discipline referrals and school services tended to be greatest among children rated at-risk or high-risk at baseline - SWPBIS effects on discipline referrals and school services tended to be greatest among children rated at-risk or high-risk at baseline
• SWPBIS effects on peer rejection appeared strongest for children first exposed in earlier grades, the one significant grade-cohort interaction among those tested - SWPBIS effects on peer rejection appeared strongest for children first exposed in earlier grades, the one significant grade-cohort interaction among those tested
• SWPBIS effects on prosocial behavior and emotion regulation are strongest for children first exposed in kindergarten - SWPBIS effects on prosocial behavior and emotion regulation are strongest for children first exposed in kindergarten
• SWPBIS produces a very small improvement in teacher-rated emotion regulation among elementary school children (ES = 0.11) - SWPBIS produces a very small improvement in teacher-rated emotion regulation among elementary school children (ES = 0.11)
• SWPBIS produces a very small improvement in teacher-rated prosocial behavior among elementary school children (ES = 0.17) - SWPBIS produces a very small improvement in teacher-rated prosocial behavior among elementary school children (ES = 0.17)
• SWPBIS produces a very small reduction in teacher-rated aggressive and disruptive behavior among elementary school children over 4 years (ES = 0.12) - SWPBIS produces a very small reduction in teacher-rated aggressive and disruptive behavior among elementary school children over 4 years (ES = 0.12)
• SWPBIS produces a very small reduction in teacher-rated concentration problems among elementary school children (ES = 0.08) - SWPBIS produces a very small reduction in teacher-rated concentration problems among elementary school children (ES = 0.08)
• SWPBIS reduced receipt of counseling for inappropriate behavior among at-risk and socially-emotionally skilled children - SWPBIS reduced receipt of counseling for inappropriate behavior among at-risk and socially-emotionally skilled children
• SWPBIS reduces the odds of receiving an office discipline referral - SWPBIS reduces the odds of receiving an office discipline referral
• SWPBIS reduces the rate of increase in teacher-reported bullying perpetration over elementary school - SWPBIS reduces the rate of increase in teacher-reported bullying perpetration over elementary school
• SWPBIS reduces the rate of increase in teacher-reported peer rejection over elementary school - SWPBIS reduces the rate of increase in teacher-reported peer rejection over elementary school
• SWPBIS training showed no significant effect on school-level third- and fifth-grade math and reading proficiency gains - SWPBIS training showed no significant effect on school-level third- and fifth-grade math and reading proficiency gains
• SWPBIS training significantly improved staff-reported implementation fidelity on all four EBS subscales - SWPBIS training significantly improved staff-reported implementation fidelity on all four EBS subscales
• Sycophancy concentrates in specific domain-pressure combinations, with Chemistry and Economics highest overall and Biology lowest - Sycophancy concentrates in specific domain-pressure combinations, with Chemistry and Economics highest overall and Biology lowest
• Sycophancy is pressure-structured: GPT-5.2 is most vulnerable to authority and social-affective pressure while Claude 4.5 is most vulnerable to context-switch frame attacks - Sycophancy is pressure-structured: GPT-5.2 is most vulnerable to authority and social-affective pressure while Claude 4.5 is most vulnerable to context-switch frame attacks
• Sycophantic AI is rated higher than neutral AI on emotional support, esteem support, and certainty, but not informational support - Sycophantic AI is rated higher than neutral AI on emotional support, esteem support, and certainty, but not informational support
• Sycophantic AI reduces satisfaction with real-world social interactions without reducing social time, via narrowing the perceived understanding gap between AI and humans - Sycophantic AI reduces satisfaction with real-world social interactions without reducing social time, via narrowing the perceived understanding gap between AI and humans
• Sycophantic failure manifests as indiscriminate correct flips rather than explicit sycophantic agreement, and SFT shifts behavior toward pushback and maintain under non-targeted feedback - Sycophantic failure manifests as indiscriminate correct flips rather than explicit sycophantic agreement, and SFT shifts behavior toward pushback and maintain under non-targeted feedback
• Syllable awareness is a strong and prominent predictor of Spanish reading development - Syllable awareness is a strong and prominent predictor of Spanish reading development
• Syllable stress awareness and spelling skills correlate with each other and with in-game training performance - Syllable stress awareness and spelling skills correlate with each other and with in-game training performance
• Symbiosis theory-based role design significantly enhances the quality of collaborative knowledge construction in human-GAI online collaboration - Symbiosis theory-based role design significantly enhances the quality of collaborative knowledge construction in human-GAI online collaboration
• Symbol mastery accounts for the association between non-symbolic arithmetic and school mathematics achievement in hierarchical regression - Symbol mastery accounts for the association between non-symbolic arithmetic and school mathematics achievement in hierarchical regression
• Symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison follow different developmental trajectories, with symbolic comparison undergoing larger developmental improvements between kindergarten and grade 2 - Symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison follow different developmental trajectories, with symbolic comparison undergoing larger developmental improvements between kindergarten and grade 2
• Symbolic approximate addition is predicted by nonsymbolic number line estimation, the VSSP and the CE, consistent with transcoding to the nonsymbolic code - Symbolic approximate addition is predicted by nonsymbolic number line estimation, the VSSP and the CE, consistent with transcoding to the nonsymbolic code
• Symbolic exact addition is predicted by symbolic number line representation and the phonological loop, reflecting phonological storage of numerical information - Symbolic exact addition is predicted by symbolic number line representation and the phonological loop, reflecting phonological storage of numerical information
• Symbolic knowledge injection improves temporal reliability of predictions, yielding lower early- and mid-sequence errors and the lowest prediction inconsistency rates across sequence lengths - Symbolic knowledge injection improves temporal reliability of predictions, yielding lower early- and mid-sequence errors and the lowest prediction inconsistency rates across sequence lengths
• Symbolic magnitude comparison contributes more unique variance to fourth graders' multiplication fact performance than nonsymbolic magnitude comparison - Symbolic magnitude comparison contributes more unique variance to fourth graders' multiplication fact performance than nonsymbolic magnitude comparison
• Symbolic magnitude comparison is a robust and consistent longitudinal predictor of children's future mathematical achievement across kindergarten, grade 1 and grade 2 - Symbolic magnitude comparison is a robust and consistent longitudinal predictor of children's future mathematical achievement across kindergarten, grade 1 and grade 2
• Symbolic magnitude comparison is a stronger longitudinal predictor of mathematical achievement than nonsymbolic comparison - Symbolic magnitude comparison is a stronger longitudinal predictor of mathematical achievement than nonsymbolic comparison
• Symbolic number comparison accuracy is the only number sense measure with a significant partial correlation with math - Symbolic number comparison accuracy is the only number sense measure with a significant partial correlation with math
• Symbolic number magnitude training, but not non-symbolic training, significantly improves preschoolers' exact arithmetic - Symbolic number magnitude training, but not non-symbolic training, significantly improves preschoolers' exact arithmetic
• Symbolic number predictors account for substantial additional variance in grade 1 math outcomes beyond counting and domain general predictors - Symbolic number predictors account for substantial additional variance in grade 1 math outcomes beyond counting and domain general predictors
• Symbolic numerical magnitude comparison has a more unique association than number line estimation with children's speed on indirect-addition subtraction items - Symbolic numerical magnitude comparison has a more unique association than number line estimation with children's speed on indirect-addition subtraction items
• Symbolic numerical magnitude processing is a powerful unique predictor of arithmetic fact retrieval - Symbolic numerical magnitude processing is a powerful unique predictor of arithmetic fact retrieval
• Symbolic training transfers to the auditory modality, improving spoken number-word magnitude comparison - Symbolic training transfers to the auditory modality, improving spoken number-word magnitude comparison
• Symbols-only training improved kindergarteners' performance on difficult place value items, but base-10 blocks training did not - Symbols-only training improved kindergarteners' performance on difficult place value items, but base-10 blocks training did not
• Symmetry of partner models does not rule out a contribution of individual modelling abilities to mutual modelling quality - Symmetry of partner models does not rule out a contribution of individual modelling abilities to mutual modelling quality
• SYMP Test performance correlates moderately and significantly with mathematics achievement in every grade of primary school, for both one-digit and two-digit comparison - SYMP Test performance correlates moderately and significantly with mathematics achievement in every grade of primary school, for both one-digit and two-digit comparison
• Sync feature uptake declined between survey and interview, with non-users citing unawareness, technical difficulties, or single-device viewing - Sync feature uptake declined between survey and interview, with non-users citing unawareness, technical difficulties, or single-device viewing
• Synced auditory and visual information in narrated presentations produces better learning than single-channel or out-of-sync presentation - Synced auditory and visual information in narrated presentations produces better learning than single-channel or out-of-sync presentation
• Synchronous AI suggestions shape subsequent writing, offering new ideas but risking influence over the writer's voice and argument - Synchronous AI suggestions shape subsequent writing, offering new ideas but risking influence over the writer's voice and argument
• Synchronous and asynchronous communication technologies are commonly employed to support communication between students, industry partners and teaching staff during WIL - Synchronous and asynchronous communication technologies are commonly employed to support communication between students, industry partners and teaching staff during WIL
• Synchronous autonomous AI suggestions increased perceived writing efficiency but also caused distraction and mental overload during writing - Synchronous autonomous AI suggestions increased perceived writing efficiency but also caused distraction and mental overload during writing
• Synchronous collaboration with an artificial agent amplifies contextual misalignment because the agent only sees ongoing output, not the writer's planning process - Synchronous collaboration with an artificial agent amplifies contextual misalignment because the agent only sees ongoing output, not the writer's planning process
• Synchronous communication is the most common collaboration support integrated in educational VRLs, and few labs offer none - Synchronous communication is the most common collaboration support integrated in educational VRLs, and few labs offer none
• Synchronous observed-variable correlations between WMC and intelligence are modest (r = 0.17 to 0.40), lower than latent-variable correlations - Synchronous observed-variable correlations between WMC and intelligence are modest (r = 0.17 to 0.40), lower than latent-variable correlations
• Synergy is more likely in simpler content generation tasks and when humans exceed AI performance - Synergy is more likely in simpler content generation tasks and when humans exceed AI performance
• Syntactic complexity of narrative writing increases significantly between fourth and sixth grade, while text length and story content do not - Syntactic complexity of narrative writing increases significantly between fourth and sixth grade, while text length and story content do not
• Syntactic rather than semantic processing of input is essential for correcting incomprehensible output - Syntactic rather than semantic processing of input is essential for correcting incomprehensible output
• Syntactical noticing focuses mainly on sentence length and ways of connecting clauses - Syntactical noticing focuses mainly on sentence length and ways of connecting clauses
• Syntea adoption is highest among Gen Z students (63.66%) and declines across older generational cohorts - Syntea adoption is highest among Gen Z students (63.66%) and declines across older generational cohorts
• Syntea usage concentrates on weekdays and daytime hours, with part-time students shifting use to weekends and evenings relative to full-time students - Syntea usage concentrates on weekdays and daytime hours, with part-time students shifting use to weekends and evenings relative to full-time students
• Syntea usage is slightly higher among Bachelor's (58.17%) than Master's students (54.25%), possibly reflecting program structure rather than acceptance - Syntea usage is slightly higher among Bachelor's (58.17%) than Master's students (54.25%), possibly reflecting program structure rather than acceptance
• Syntea usage rates differ slightly by gender, with female students (59.05%) higher than male students (54.94%) - Syntea usage rates differ slightly by gender, with female students (59.05%) higher than male students (54.94%)
• Synthesized factors reflect a bidirectional relationship between individual participation and group performance in collaborative learning - Synthesized factors reflect a bidirectional relationship between individual participation and group performance in collaborative learning
• Synthetic cohorts place week-to-week change in the term's examination weeks, which real cohorts do not - Synthetic cohorts place week-to-week change in the term's examination weeks, which real cohorts do not
• Synthetic cohorts reproduce the level and shape of the weekly β0 partition but vary 2.6–4.9 times less across the term than real cohorts at a common working point - Synthetic cohorts reproduce the level and shape of the weekly β0 partition but vary 2.6–4.9 times less across the term than real cohorts at a common working point
• Synthetic control counterfactuals performed poorly for BIO NDL programs because few comparison programs were available - Synthetic control counterfactuals performed poorly for BIO NDL programs because few comparison programs were available
• Sysadmins find GenAI most effective for accelerating routine tasks such as scripting, troubleshooting, and documentation - Sysadmins find GenAI most effective for accelerating routine tasks such as scripting, troubleshooting, and documentation
• Sysadmins shift from producing solutions to evaluating, correcting, and refining GenAI output, which still requires human expertise - Sysadmins shift from producing solutions to evaluating, correcting, and refining GenAI output, which still requires human expertise
• System compensation as implemented is not a satisfactory adaptive variable - System compensation as implemented is not a satisfactory adaptive variable
• System reconfiguration: breakthroughs reshape relationships among actors, capabilities, and institutional routines - System reconfiguration: breakthroughs reshape relationships among actors, capabilities, and institutional routines
• System reliability and latency acted as a prerequisite bottleneck: 56.4% of started solves completed, with a 32.0-second average latency and 68.5-second p90 - System reliability and latency acted as a prerequisite bottleneck: 56.4% of started solves completed, with a 32.0-second average latency and 68.5-second p90
• System usability was rated low in both conditions, with no significant difference between them - System usability was rated low in both conditions, with no significant difference between them
• System-controlled adaptive instruction does not necessarily yield higher transfer than nonadaptive static approaches - System-controlled adaptive instruction does not necessarily yield higher transfer than nonadaptive static approaches
• Systematic attrition differences mean COVID-19 impacts on student achievement are likely underestimated in fall 2020 MAP Growth results - Systematic attrition differences mean COVID-19 impacts on student achievement are likely underestimated in fall 2020 MAP Growth results
• Systematic demographic differences in available fall 2020 assessment data suggest COVID-19 impacts on the most vulnerable students may be underestimated - Systematic demographic differences in available fall 2020 assessment data suggest COVID-19 impacts on the most vulnerable students may be underestimated
• Systematic implementation of Energizers improves on-task behavior during academic instruction in third- and fourth-grade students - Systematic implementation of Energizers improves on-task behavior during academic instruction in third- and fourth-grade students
• Systematic phonics outperforms unsystematic or no-phonics instruction on children's reading overall, but its advantage over whole-word teaching on novel words is untested in children and contested
• Systematic practise gives little warrant for markedly improving adults' quick visual perception; the slight poetry gain is attributed to familiarity with the poem - Systematic practise gives little warrant for markedly improving adults' quick visual perception; the slight poetry gain is attributed to familiarity with the poem
• Systematic prompting of an LLM can generate cognitively activating formative feedback aligned with research-based scaffold types (demonstrated, not yet empirically validated) - Systematic prompting of an LLM can generate cognitively activating formative feedback aligned with research-based scaffold types (demonstrated, not yet empirically validated)
• Systematic racial, ethnic and gender differences in grades persist among students with the same test scores, attendance, courses and teachers - Systematic racial, ethnic and gender differences in grades persist among students with the same test scores, attendance, courses and teachers
• Systematic review finds operational teaming most common (62.5%) and no empirical evidence of synergistic teacher-AI teaming - Systematic review finds operational teaming most common (62.5%) and no empirical evidence of synergistic teacher-AI teaming
• Systematic review identifies five distinct general inquiry phases: Orientation, Conceptualization, Investigation, Conclusion, and Discussion - Systematic review identifies five distinct general inquiry phases: Orientation, Conceptualization, Investigation, Conclusion, and Discussion
• Systematic review of 43 investigations finds no consistent evidence that higher education produces more critical analytic ways of thinking - Systematic review of 43 investigations finds no consistent evidence that higher education produces more critical analytic ways of thinking
• Systematic reviews on regular physical activity and children's cognition reach conflicting conclusions, with math performance the most consistent beneficiary - Systematic reviews on regular physical activity and children's cognition reach conflicting conclusions, with math performance the most consistent beneficiary
• Systematic role rotation structured pre-service educational psychologists' engagement in AI-supported case-based learning by distributing problem-framing, analytical, intervention-oriented, and reflective responsibilities - Systematic role rotation structured pre-service educational psychologists' engagement in AI-supported case-based learning by distributing problem-framing, analytical, intervention-oriented, and reflec
• Systemic approach in in-service teacher education promotes holistic thinking but short, fragmented training hinders it (review reports Khisty, 1997) - Systemic approach in in-service teacher education promotes holistic thinking but short, fragmented training hinders it (review reports Khisty, 1997)
• Systemic barriers—rigid curricula, limited teacher training, and innate-creativity misconceptions—marginalize creativity in mainstream education - Systemic barriers—rigid curricula, limited teacher training, and innate-creativity misconceptions—marginalize creativity in mainstream education
• Systemic quality differences between LEA and non-LEA providers are smallest where policies are similar across settings - Systemic quality differences between LEA and non-LEA providers are smallest where policies are similar across settings
• Systems adapt to the specified learner persona in ways human raters can perceive, scoring well above chance in persona identification - Systems adapt to the specified learner persona in ways human raters can perceive, scoring well above chance in persona identification
• Systems constraints on pre-referral include lack of appropriate observation tools, over-identification fears, and COVID-19 effects - Systems constraints on pre-referral include lack of appropriate observation tools, over-identification fears, and COVID-19 effects
• Systems thinking alone is insufficient for investigating complex systems with time delays and feedback, motivating the addition of computational thinking - Systems thinking alone is insufficient for investigating complex systems with time delays and feedback, motivating the addition of computational thinking
• Systems thinking discourse shifted away from lower-level moves toward higher-level interconnections and feedback moves across the KBM unit - Systems thinking discourse shifted away from lower-level moves toward higher-level interconnections and feedback moves across the KBM unit
• Systems Thinking Practices is the hardest CT construct to code reliably for both human raters and the LLM, requiring more explicitly operationalized rubrics - Systems Thinking Practices is the hardest CT construct to code reliably for both human raters and the LLM, requiring more explicitly operationalized rubrics
• Systems-based reasoning and understanding feedback correlate moderately with discussion of the priest talent tree - Systems-based reasoning and understanding feedback correlate moderately with discussion of the priest talent tree
• Systems-level barriers to school AAC use include limited clinical expertise, need–system mismatch, funding difficulty, and unfamiliar communication partners - Systems-level barriers to school AAC use include limited clinical expertise, need–system mismatch, funding difficulty, and unfamiliar communication partners
• Systemwide CPS first-year on-track percentages ranged from 44.8 to 50.8 across the 1997–2001 cohorts - Systemwide CPS first-year on-track percentages ranged from 44.8 to 50.8 across the 1997–2001 cohorts
• Systemwide first-year B4 completion rose to approximately 73 percent in 2018/19, up from approximately 63 percent in each of the three previous years - Systemwide first-year B4 completion rose to approximately 73 percent in 2018/19, up from approximately 63 percent in each of the three previous years