Claims: O 1

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O'Shea's 1921 textbook interprets mental development for classroom problems and adds over one hundred pages of problem material for practice in thinking - O'Shea's 1921 textbook interprets mental development for classroom problems and adds over one hundred pages of problem material for practice in thinking
Oakland Unified high school participation in Linked Learning career pathways rose from 49% in 2014 to 87.7% in 2020–21 - Oakland Unified high school participation in Linked Learning career pathways rose from 49% in 2014 to 87.7% in 2020–21
Oakland Unified sustained its full-service community schools initiative through leadership turnover and lean funding by engaging stakeholders, braiding funding sources, and enacting formal policy commitments - Oakland Unified sustained its full-service community schools initiative through leadership turnover and lean funding by engaging stakeholders, braiding funding sources, and enacting formal policy comm
OBCs drove a systemic shift for district and school teams to monitor and leverage data for continuous improvement. - OBCs drove a systemic shift for district and school teams to monitor and leverage data for continuous improvement.
OBCs drove increased edtech implementation rates, boosted by provider implementation support, despite challenges including buy-in, staff workload, unclear terms, leadership turnover, and time constraints. - OBCs drove increased edtech implementation rates, boosted by provider implementation support, despite challenges including buy-in, staff workload, unclear terms, leadership turnover, and time constrai
Obesity (BMI ≥30) is associated with lower performance in verbal abilities, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility in older adults - Obesity (BMI ≥30) is associated with lower performance in verbal abilities, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility in older adults
Obesity is not related to verbal abilities, processing speed, or cognitive flexibility when cognitive reserve in early and midlife is accounted for - Obesity is not related to verbal abilities, processing speed, or cognitive flexibility when cognitive reserve in early and midlife is accounted for
Obesity relates to lower processing speed and cognitive flexibility only among older adults with low education or low engagement in activities - Obesity relates to lower processing speed and cognitive flexibility only among older adults with low education or low engagement in activities
Object formation in the meeting was iterative and non-linear: the proposed germ cell of 'making a choice' was encapsulated, not elaborated and expanded - Object formation in the meeting was iterative and non-linear: the proposed germ cell of 'making a choice' was encapsulated, not elaborated and expanded
Object manipulation in a visual representation significantly improves scores from post-test to retention test after two weeks of non-instruction - Object manipulation in a visual representation significantly improves scores from post-test to retention test after two weeks of non-instruction
Object-oriented play peaks between approximately 18 months and 3.5 years of age - Object-oriented play peaks between approximately 18 months and 3.5 years of age
Objective evidence from observing children's book choices in four public libraries was interrelated with questionnaire results and book sales in the Jordan monograph - Objective evidence from observing children's book choices in four public libraries was interrelated with questionnaire results and book sales in the Jordan monograph
Objective feedback is neither necessary nor sufficient for the group advantage; discussion is the critical factor - Objective feedback is neither necessary nor sufficient for the group advantage; discussion is the critical factor
Objective learning gains did not differ significantly by condition in the primary ANCOVA, but KBD showed a significant positive effect on learning gains in exploratory regressions accounting for learner covariates - Objective learning gains did not differ significantly by condition in the primary ANCOVA, but KBD showed a significant positive effect on learning gains in exploratory regressions accounting for learn
Objective support was not significantly correlated with utilization of support or prosocial behavior - Objective support was not significantly correlated with utilization of support or prosocial behavior
Objectively measured physical activity shows no significant association with academic achievement in children with overweight/obesity - Objectively measured physical activity shows no significant association with academic achievement in children with overweight/obesity
Observable indicators showed micro-action completion was higher with structured task-clarity prompts and communicative autonomy improved particularly after AmicoTuo sessions, while transition-to-human follow-through was not quantified - Observable indicators showed micro-action completion was higher with structured task-clarity prompts and communicative autonomy improved particularly after AmicoTuo sessions, while transition-to-human
Observable metrics computed from IDE telemetry improved held-out prediction of query imminence (AUROC .726) and guided versus dependent help-seeking (AUROC .717) over raw telemetry - Observable metrics computed from IDE telemetry improved held-out prediction of query imminence (AUROC .726) and guided versus dependent help-seeking (AUROC .717) over raw telemetry
Observation behavior is predominantly associated with copied rather than original models, while Construction and Exploration draw more on original models - Observation behavior is predominantly associated with copied rather than original models, while Construction and Exploration draw more on original models
Observation scores and student surveys were moderately correlated with student learning and likely captured different dimensions of teaching quality - Observation scores and student surveys were moderately correlated with student learning and likely captured different dimensions of teaching quality
Observation scores are modestly positively associated with individual value-added (adjusted correlation 0.349) but only weakly associated with performance tasks (0.108) and school-wide literacy value-added (0.119) - Observation scores are modestly positively associated with individual value-added (adjusted correlation 0.349) but only weakly associated with performance tasks (0.108) and school-wide literacy value-
Observation scores have a stronger relationship with school characteristics such as poverty than value-added scores - Observation scores have a stronger relationship with school characteristics such as poverty than value-added scores
Observation scores have a stronger relationship with school poverty than value-added scores - Observation scores have a stronger relationship with school poverty than value-added scores
Observational learners read and filter more than hypermedia learners, and hypermedia learners check more solution steps than self-explanation learners - Observational learners read and filter more than hypermedia learners, and hypermedia learners check more solution steps than self-explanation learners
Observational learning devotes a significantly lower percentage of learning activity to elaborative processing than the other three approaches - Observational learning devotes a significantly lower percentage of learning activity to elaborative processing than the other three approaches
Observational measures spanning the preschool to elementary age range offer an alternative to direct testing of young children. - Observational measures spanning the preschool to elementary age range offer an alternative to direct testing of young children.
Observed AI-mediated interpretive episodes distribute across three developmental trajectories — AI-dependent (35.71%), AI-enhanced (38.10%), and AI-critical (26.19%) — with fully critical engagement least frequent - Observed AI-mediated interpretive episodes distribute across three developmental trajectories — AI-dependent (35.71%), AI-enhanced (38.10%), and AI-critical (26.19%) — with fully critical engagement l
Observed anxiety expressions during challenging tasks predict lower teacher-rated work-related and self-regulation skills - Observed anxiety expressions during challenging tasks predict lower teacher-rated work-related and self-regulation skills
Observed classes in high-performing CHSRI schools showed high or medium student engagement and calm, well-behaved classrooms, with only one low-engagement class - Observed classes in high-performing CHSRI schools showed high or medium student engagement and calm, well-behaved classrooms, with only one low-engagement class
Observed classroom engagement showed a small ITT effect and a medium CACE effect, neither statistically significant - Observed classroom engagement showed a small ITT effect and a medium CACE effect, neither statistically significant
Observed classroom implementation promoted science practices and core ideas, with Observing and Describing most frequent and coverage varying by unit - Observed classroom implementation promoted science practices and core ideas, with Observing and Describing most frequent and coverage varying by unit
Observed COVID-19 achievement declines were more substantial than declines during other recent disruptions such as natural disasters - Observed COVID-19 achievement declines were more substantial than declines during other recent disruptions such as natural disasters
Observed differentiation took place mainly through student independence and working pace, with lesson goals largely the same across groups - Observed differentiation took place mainly through student independence and working pace, with lesson goals largely the same across groups
Observed help-seeking during the challenge task is unrelated to teacher-rated learning-related behaviors and academic skills - Observed help-seeking during the challenge task is unrelated to teacher-rated learning-related behaviors and academic skills
Observed interaction frequencies support the Interaction Matrix cell weightings, with the most interactions in the highest-weighted cells - Observed interaction frequencies support the Interaction Matrix cell weightings, with the most interactions in the highest-weighted cells
Observed interest/arousal during challenging tasks predicts poorer teacher-rated social competence and more hyperactivity: the top third was rated least socially competent, and the top and middle thirds more hyperactive than the bottom third - Observed interest/arousal during challenging tasks predicts poorer teacher-rated social competence and more hyperactivity: the top third was rated least socially competent, and the top and middle thir
Observed motivation indicators predict student-teacher conflict but not closeness: less persistence, greater task competence, and more interest/arousal predict greater conflict - Observed motivation indicators predict student-teacher conflict but not closeness: less persistence, greater task competence, and more interest/arousal predict greater conflict
Observed performance-resolution slopes in the mathematics data were not greater than those produced by guessing in simulation - Observed performance-resolution slopes in the mathematics data were not greater than those produced by guessing in simulation
Observed shame expressions during challenging tasks predict greater teacher-rated social competence, work-related skills, and academic skills - Observed shame expressions during challenging tasks predict greater teacher-rated social competence, work-related skills, and academic skills
Observed task persistence during challenging tasks predicts teacher-rated academic competence and learning-related behaviors in Head Start graduates - Observed task persistence during challenging tasks predicts teacher-rated academic competence and learning-related behaviors in Head Start graduates
Observed teacher expectations and developmental appropriateness were more strongly associated with mathematics achievement for African American than non-African American preschoolers - Observed teacher expectations and developmental appropriateness were more strongly associated with mathematics achievement for African American than non-African American preschoolers
Observed teacher humour differs from self-reports: sarcasm and mocking accounted for nearly two-thirds of observed teacher humour although teachers and students reported aggressive humour as least common - Observed teacher humour differs from self-reports: sarcasm and mocking accounted for nearly two-thirds of observed teacher humour although teachers and students reported aggressive humour as least com
Observer, student, and teacher perspectives on teacher agency overlap largely, but observed and teacher-self-reported communion are not significantly associated - Observer, student, and teacher perspectives on teacher agency overlap largely, but observed and teacher-self-reported communion are not significantly associated
Observer-rated behavioral expression of high- and moderate-intensity ADHD personas declines progressively across turns in unscripted LLM conversations - Observer-rated behavioral expression of high- and moderate-intensity ADHD personas declines progressively across turns in unscripted LLM conversations
Observer-rated physical neighborhood disorder is negatively associated with GPA, with each standard deviation of disorder linked to a 20.7% of a standard deviation decrease - Observer-rated physical neighborhood disorder is negatively associated with GPA, with each standard deviation of disorder linked to a 20.7% of a standard deviation decrease
Observers of peer models who made and corrected key errors learned to identify and eliminate such errors, whereas observers of expert models missed the error-correction information - Observers of peer models who made and corrected key errors learned to identify and eliminate such errors, whereas observers of expert models missed the error-correction information
Observers' perceptions of a classmate's GenAI use are negatively associated with interpersonal trust among university students - Observers' perceptions of a classmate's GenAI use are negatively associated with interpersonal trust among university students
Observing a male model enhances perceived competence more from pretest to posttest than observing a female model, for both male and female observers - Observing a male model enhances perceived competence more from pretest to posttest than observing a female model, for both male and female observers
Observing and producing gestures can enhance comprehension of verbal messages including narratives - Observing and producing gestures can enhance comprehension of verbal messages including narratives
Observing gestures aids recall more when gestures provide complementary rather than redundant information (review attributes this to Austin et al., 2018) - Observing gestures aids recall more when gestures provide complementary rather than redundant information (review attributes this to Austin et al., 2018)
Observing gestures embedded in instruction aids learning, especially when gestures convey a different strategy than speech - Observing gestures embedded in instruction aids learning, especially when gestures convey a different strategy than speech
Observing the complete problem-solving-and-failing process (VF-process) was more effective for conceptual knowledge acquisition than generating one's own failed solutions (PF) prior to instruction - Observing the complete problem-solving-and-failing process (VF-process) was more effective for conceptual knowledge acquisition than generating one's own failed solutions (PF) prior to instruction
Observing typical gestures significantly benefits narrative comprehension compared with atypical or no gestures, which do not differ significantly - Observing typical gestures significantly benefits narrative comprehension compared with atypical or no gestures, which do not differ significantly
Observing typical gestures, but not atypical gestures, significantly benefits adult narrative comprehension - Observing typical gestures, but not atypical gestures, significantly benefits adult narrative comprehension
Occipital plasticity for spoken language is independent of plasticity for Braille and for sound - Occipital plasticity for spoken language is independent of plasticity for Braille and for sound
Occipital responses to nonlanguage sounds in blind children increase between ages 4 and 17 - Occipital responses to nonlanguage sounds in blind children increase between ages 4 and 17
Occipital responses to spoken language in blind children are maximal by age 4 and unrelated to Braille learning - Occipital responses to spoken language in blind children are maximal by age 4 and unrelated to Braille learning
Occupational commitment is the strongest positive consequence and turnover intentions the strongest negative consequence of teacher wellbeing - Occupational commitment is the strongest positive consequence and turnover intentions the strongest negative consequence of teacher wellbeing
ODD and anxiety co-morbidity predict more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD - ODD and anxiety co-morbidity predict more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD
Odyssey® Math receives a WWC rating of potentially positive effects on primary students' mathematics achievement - Odyssey® Math receives a WWC rating of potentially positive effects on primary students' mathematics achievement
Odyssey® Math usage varied across classrooms in the DiLeo (2007) trial, partly because of differential access to technology - Odyssey® Math usage varied across classrooms in the DiLeo (2007) trial, partly because of differential access to technology
Of 13 online learning practice variables examined, only use of a blended approach and expanded time on task significantly influenced effectiveness; the other 11 did not. - Of 13 online learning practice variables examined, only use of a blended approach and expanded time on task significantly influenced effectiveness; the other 11 did not.
Of 132 early literacy interventions evaluated by high-quality impact studies, 38 demonstrated effectiveness in at least one language or literacy outcome domain and 93 showed inconclusive effects - Of 132 early literacy interventions evaluated by high-quality impact studies, 38 demonstrated effectiveness in at least one language or literacy outcome domain and 93 showed inconclusive effects
Of 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found via Google search and had no existing DOI - Of 178 reference sources produced by AI dialogue systems, 69 lacked a DOI and 28 could not be found via Google search and had no existing DOI
Of 18 reviewed Tier 2 literacy interventions, three had at most promising evidence and 12 had uncertain evidence of effects - Of 18 reviewed Tier 2 literacy interventions, three had at most promising evidence and 12 had uncertain evidence of effects
Of 259 predictors analyzed for enrollment prediction, four stand out as most important: prior cohort sizes, in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions, and absences - Of 259 predictors analyzed for enrollment prediction, four stand out as most important: prior cohort sizes, in-school suspensions, out-of-school suspensions, and absences
Of 30 verified hallucinated references, 13 appeared entirely fabricated and 17 were hybrid references combining a real title with fabricated authorship or metadata - Of 30 verified hallucinated references, 13 appeared entirely fabricated and 17 were hybrid references combining a real title with fabricated authorship or metadata
Of 305 studies of Fast ForWord reviewed for adolescent learners, two met WWC evidence standards, six met standards with reservations, and 297 met neither - Of 305 studies of Fast ForWord reviewed for adolescent learners, two met WWC evidence standards, six met standards with reservations, and 297 met neither
Of 89 coded supervised learning activities, 69 confine learners to the User role, 17 reach Creator, and 8 reach Machine - Of 89 coded supervised learning activities, 69 confine learners to the User role, 17 reach Creator, and 8 reach Machine
Of eight PF-similar studies of problem solving prior to instruction in non-STEM or domain-general settings, only Schwartz and Bransford (1998) found a positive learning effect - Of eight PF-similar studies of problem solving prior to instruction in non-STEM or domain-general settings, only Schwartz and Bransford (1998) found a positive learning effect
Of six academic advising programs with studies meeting WWC standards, two (Talent Search and Sponsor-a-Scholar) improved college enrollment and four had no impact - Of six academic advising programs with studies meeting WWC standards, two (Talent Search and Sponsor-a-Scholar) improved college enrollment and four had no impact
Of students who started college in fall 2015, 73.4 percent persisted at any U.S. institution and 61.1 percent were retained at their starting institution in fall 2016 - Of students who started college in fall 2015, 73.4 percent persisted at any U.S.
Of the Big Five personality traits, only conscientiousness (r = .22) and openness (r = .13) correlate appreciably with mathematics achievement
Off-line self-report instruments show low concurrent validity with on-line measures and do not predict learning outcomes very well - Off-line self-report instruments show low concurrent validity with on-line measures and do not predict learning outcomes very well
Off-line self-reports of strategy use may not correspond to actual learner behavior due to memory-reconstruction problems - Off-line self-reports of strategy use may not correspond to actual learner behavior due to memory-reconstruction problems
Off-task activity appeared more common in the larger six-to-seven-member teams than in the compact teams, though not in every larger team - Off-task activity appeared more common in the larger six-to-seven-member teams than in the compact teams, though not in every larger team
Off-the-shelf LLM tutors are more verbose than human tutors, leaving students only 5-15% of talk time versus close to 30% in human tutoring - Off-the-shelf LLM tutors are more verbose than human tutors, leaving students only 5-15% of talk time versus close to 30% in human tutoring
Off-the-shelf LLMs are systematically misaligned with human item-difficulty judgments and struggle to simulate lower-proficiency states - Off-the-shelf LLMs are systematically misaligned with human item-difficulty judgments and struggle to simulate lower-proficiency states
Off-the-shelf LLMs without domain-specific fine-tuning suggested true root causes among their zero-shot debugging recommendations for buggy analog circuits - Off-the-shelf LLMs without domain-specific fine-tuning suggested true root causes among their zero-shot debugging recommendations for buggy analog circuits
Offering $20,000 per teacher filled 90 percent of targeted vacancies in hard-to-staff schools with high-performing teachers across seven districts - Offering $20,000 per teacher filled 90 percent of targeted vacancies in hard-to-staff schools with high-performing teachers across seven districts
Offering a monetary incentive in both test and study conditions strengthens the case that testing has a true learning advantage over motivated restudy - Offering a monetary incentive in both test and study conditions strengthens the case that testing has a true learning advantage over motivated restudy
Offering certification after program completion is associated with larger teacher knowledge gains (g = 1.39 vs. 0.86) - Offering certification after program completion is associated with larger teacher knowledge gains (g = 1.39 vs.
Offering experimental Pell Grants for short occupational programs to low-income students who already hold a bachelor's degree increased program enrollment and completion by about 20 percentage points - Offering experimental Pell Grants for short occupational programs to low-income students who already hold a bachelor's degree increased program enrollment and completion by about 20 percentage points
Offering experimental Pell Grants for very short-term occupational training programs increased program enrollment and completion by about 10 percentage points - Offering experimental Pell Grants for very short-term occupational training programs increased program enrollment and completion by about 10 percentage points
Offering FAST produced no meaningful, enduring effects on family functioning, family-school relationships, academic learning, or social-behavioral outcomes in a 60-school cluster RCT - Offering FAST produced no meaningful, enduring effects on family functioning, family-school relationships, academic learning, or social-behavioral outcomes in a 60-school cluster RCT
Offering Open Science Badges is associated with increased uptake of data and materials sharing and preregistration - Offering Open Science Badges is associated with increased uptake of data and materials sharing and preregistration
Offering pay-for-performance bonuses in 10 TIF districts increased student reading achievement by 1 percentile point after two years, with a similar-magnitude but statistically non-significant math effect - Offering pay-for-performance bonuses in 10 TIF districts increased student reading achievement by 1 percentile point after two years, with a similar-magnitude but statistically non-significant math ef
Offering SES to eligible applicants near the cutoff in oversubscribed districts has no statistically significant impact on reading or math achievement - Offering SES to eligible applicants near the cutoff in oversubscribed districts has no statistically significant impact on reading or math achievement
Offering SI costs about €385.88 per invited student (€154 when set-up costs are spread over subsequent quarters) - Offering SI costs about €385.88 per invited student (€154 when set-up costs are spread over subsequent quarters)
Offering Supplemental Instruction raises first-year students' course grades (d = 0.26) in a randomized field experiment - Offering Supplemental Instruction raises first-year students' course grades (d = 0.26) in a randomized field experiment
Office hours attendance and Piazza posting declined over prior semesters and rose in Fall 2025 when LLMs and retakes were allowed - Office hours attendance and Piazza posting declined over prior semesters and rose in Fall 2025 when LLMs and retakes were allowed
Officials raised equity concerns that closing low-performing charter schools may not better serve students when alternative district schools perform even worse - Officials raised equity concerns that closing low-performing charter schools may not better serve students when alternative district schools perform even worse
Officials report the new framework's transparency and annual dashboards reduced surprise and stress and enabled focus on continuous improvement - Officials report the new framework's transparency and annual dashboards reduced surprise and stress and enabled focus on continuous improvement
Offloading attenuates individual differences linked to unaided ability - Offloading attenuates individual differences linked to unaided ability
Offloading information to external stores is associated with lower memory performance, moderated by awareness of a later test - Offloading information to external stores is associated with lower memory performance, moderated by awareness of a later test
Offloading is decodable from metacognitive monitoring and control brain processes - Offloading is decodable from metacognitive monitoring and control brain processes
Oklahoma achievement declined rather than grew across 2012–2014 under the A–F letter grade system, with the largest drops in F schools - Oklahoma achievement declined rather than grew across 2012–2014 under the A–F letter grade system, with the largest drops in F schools
Oklahoma educators received value-added results in spring 2016 based on instruction provided in the 2014–2015 school year - Oklahoma educators received value-added results in spring 2016 based on instruction provided in the 2014–2015 school year
Oklahoma's 2013-2014 teacher value-added estimates combined test scores with other information about teachers and students - Oklahoma's 2013-2014 teacher value-added estimates combined test scores with other information about teachers and students
Oklahoma's Pilot Teacher and Leader Evaluation System used a value-added model to estimate teacher and school effectiveness for 2012-2013 instruction - Oklahoma's Pilot Teacher and Leader Evaluation System used a value-added model to estimate teacher and school effectiveness for 2012-2013 instruction
Old (English-borrowed) and newly calibrated Spanish item RITs differ negligibly, with correlations of 0.98 and no statistically significant paired t-test differences - Old (English-borrowed) and newly calibrated Spanish item RITs differ negligibly, with correlations of 0.98 and no statistically significant paired t-test differences
Old high performers reach a Stroop performance level comparable to middle-aged or even young adults - Old high performers reach a Stroop performance level comparable to middle-aged or even young adults
Old high performers show larger CNV amplitudes than old middle and low performers, comparable to middle-aged and young adults - Old high performers show larger CNV amplitudes than old middle and low performers, comparable to middle-aged and young adults
Old high performers show larger target-locked P2/N2 amplitudes than old low performers, exceeding middle-aged or young adults in some conditions - Old high performers show larger target-locked P2/N2 amplitudes than old low performers, exceeding middle-aged or young adults in some conditions
Older adolescents (14.9–17.8 years) show lower relational reasoning accuracy when observed by a friend than by an experimenter, across task difficulty levels - Older adolescents (14.9–17.8 years) show lower relational reasoning accuracy when observed by a friend than by an experimenter, across task difficulty levels
Older adolescents respond faster when observed by an experimenter than by a friend or when alone, while social condition does not affect younger adolescents' or adults' response times - Older adolescents respond faster when observed by an experimenter than by a friend or when alone, while social condition does not affect younger adolescents' or adults' response times
Older adolescents show high night-to-night variability in free-living sleep duration, which may obscure sleep-cognition associations - Older adolescents show high night-to-night variability in free-living sleep duration, which may obscure sleep-cognition associations
Older adults allocate proportionally more study time to easy and medium items while younger adults allocate more to difficult items, yet older adults recall less despite studying more - Older adults allocate proportionally more study time to easy and medium items while younger adults allocate more to difficult items, yet older adults recall less despite studying more
Older adults can think as divergently as young adults but do so at a slower rate and require more time - Older adults can think as divergently as young adults but do so at a slower rate and require more time
Older adults describe less effective problem-solving solutions, producing fewer relevant steps than younger adults - Older adults describe less effective problem-solving solutions, producing fewer relevant steps than younger adults
Older adults manifest more than twice as many user difficulties as younger users in ICT contexts - Older adults manifest more than twice as many user difficulties as younger users in ICT contexts
Older adults produce fewer internal details than younger adults during elaboration across both experiments - Older adults produce fewer internal details than younger adults during elaboration across both experiments
Older adults produce fewer specific responses than younger adults in the generation task across both experiments - Older adults produce fewer specific responses than younger adults in the generation task across both experiments
Older adults produced more external details than younger adults only in the memory experiment, not in problem solving - Older adults produced more external details than younger adults only in the memory experiment, not in problem solving
Older adults produced more non-specific responses than younger adults only in the memory experiment, not in problem solving - Older adults produced more non-specific responses than younger adults only in the memory experiment, not in problem solving
Older adults rate the blended LMS workshop positively on ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude toward using, and intention to use - Older adults rate the blended LMS workshop positively on ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude toward using, and intention to use
Older adults rated the KOKU digital programme with excellent usability and high acceptability - Older adults rated the KOKU digital programme with excellent usability and high acceptability
Older adults required more time to learn SNS use, partially validating the age stereotype (reported by cited prior work) - Older adults required more time to learn SNS use, partially validating the age stereotype (reported by cited prior work)
Older adults restudy easy and medium items more than younger adults, and lower memory self-efficacy correlates with avoiding difficult items - Older adults restudy easy and medium items more than younger adults, and lower memory self-efficacy correlates with avoiding difficult items
Older adults set lower self-determined learning goals than younger adults - Older adults set lower self-determined learning goals than younger adults
Older adults show a more diffused cortical network involving frontal and ventral regions, whereas younger adults show a streamlined auditory network during speech-in-noise processing - Older adults show a more diffused cortical network involving frontal and ventral regions, whereas younger adults show a streamlined auditory network during speech-in-noise processing
Older adults show a small but disproportionate age-related cost of concurrent processing on storage accuracy in working memory dual tasks - Older adults show a small but disproportionate age-related cost of concurrent processing on storage accuracy in working memory dual tasks
Older adults show greater distractibility than younger adults during episodic retrieval of long-term memory details - Older adults show greater distractibility than younger adults during episodic retrieval of long-term memory details
Older adults show higher retrospective metacognitive accuracy than young adults in the selection-only task, especially on homogeneous unit-digit problems, but comparable accuracy in the selection-execution task - Older adults show higher retrospective metacognitive accuracy than young adults in the selection-only task, especially on homogeneous unit-digit problems, but comparable accuracy in the selection-exec
Older adults show larger multisensory gains for simple stimuli but multisensory deficits for complex speech stimuli - Older adults show larger multisensory gains for simple stimuli but multisensory deficits for complex speech stimuli
Older adults show lower JOL resolution only when recollection-based responses are contrasted with pooled familiarity and new responses, an outcome attributed to age-related decreases in strong recollective experiences at test - Older adults show lower JOL resolution only when recollection-based responses are contrasted with pooled familiarity and new responses, an outcome attributed to age-related decreases in strong recolle
Older adults show no reliable deficit in assessing item difficulty (EOL accuracy) - Older adults show no reliable deficit in assessing item difficulty (EOL accuracy)
Older adults show performance decrements in divided-attention visual localization tasks, exacerbated by distractors and greater eccentricity, despite intact central-task performance - Older adults show performance decrements in divided-attention visual localization tasks, exacerbated by distractors and greater eccentricity, despite intact central-task performance
Older adults show reduced accuracy in severe noise (SNR -5) but perform comparably to younger adults in quiet and moderate noise (SNR 20) - Older adults show reduced accuracy in severe noise (SNR -5) but perform comparably to younger adults in quiet and moderate noise (SNR 20)
Older adults show reduced activation in auditory cortex and increased activation in prefrontal and precuneus regions during speech-in-noise processing - Older adults show reduced activation in auditory cortex and increased activation in prefrontal and precuneus regions during speech-in-noise processing
Older adults show reduced midline frontal theta power and frontal–posterior coherence relative to younger adults regardless of single- or multitasking condition - Older adults show reduced midline frontal theta power and frontal–posterior coherence relative to younger adults regardless of single- or multitasking condition
Older adults show reduced reminder bias relative to objective need despite setting more reminders - Older adults show reduced reminder bias relative to objective need despite setting more reminders
Older adults were slower than young adults overall on solution times, with no age difference in accuracy - Older adults were slower than young adults overall on solution times, with no age difference in accuracy
Older adults' slowdown relative to young adults is far smaller for problems interpreted as procedurally solved than for retrieval-solved problems - Older adults' slowdown relative to young adults is far smaller for problems interpreted as procedurally solved than for retrieval-solved problems
Older age groups overestimate their mathematical and reading competence more than younger age groups, but this may reflect performance differences - Older age groups overestimate their mathematical and reading competence more than younger age groups, but this may reflect performance differences
Older age groups report lower global performance judgments of their mathematical competence, controlling for education - Older age groups report lower global performance judgments of their mathematical competence, controlling for education
Older age groups report lower global performance judgments of their reading competence, controlling for education - Older age groups report lower global performance judgments of their reading competence, controlling for education
Older and younger Chinese children benefit comparably from reading interventions - Older and younger Chinese children benefit comparably from reading interventions
Older children (11/12-year-olds) outperform younger children (9/10-year-olds) when considering characteristics of on-going retrieval processes - Older children (11/12-year-olds) outperform younger children (9/10-year-olds) when considering characteristics of on-going retrieval processes
Older children (over 3.5 years) outperformed younger children on the posttest regardless of instructional condition - Older children (over 3.5 years) outperformed younger children on the posttest regardless of instructional condition
Older children and adolescents with ADHD have lower self-concept scores - Older children and adolescents with ADHD have lower self-concept scores
Older entrants show higher kindergarten growth rates but lower growth rates in 1st and 2nd grades - Older entrants show higher kindergarten growth rates but lower growth rates in 1st and 2nd grades
Older Form II boys answered more questions correctly than Form I boys in every section of the bud lesson, attributed to age and prior training - Older Form II boys answered more questions correctly than Form I boys in every section of the bud lesson, attributed to age and prior training
Older preschoolers outperformed younger preschoolers on most writing measures but not on the generative composing tasks - Older preschoolers outperformed younger preschoolers on most writing measures but not on the generative composing tasks
Older readers showed a stronger indirect effect of MA on reading comprehension via vocabulary knowledge, with a converse pattern via word reading - Older readers showed a stronger indirect effect of MA on reading comprehension via vocabulary knowledge, with a converse pattern via word reading
Older students more often represent the historical subject as heterogeneous - Older students more often represent the historical subject as heterogeneous
Older students perceive self-assessment as more useful than younger students, while no gender differences were reported - Older students perceive self-assessment as more useful than younger students, while no gender differences were reported
Older students show weaker social comparison effects but stronger dimensional comparison effects than younger students - Older students show weaker social comparison effects but stronger dimensional comparison effects than younger students
Older two- and three-year-olds have lower odds of failing delay-of-gratification tasks - Older two- and three-year-olds have lower odds of failing delay-of-gratification tasks
Older-arriving ESL learners transfer L1 knowledge efficiently, but learning slows once they outgrow their L1 - Older-arriving ESL learners transfer L1 knowledge efficiently, but learning slows once they outgrow their L1
OLI evidence base covers community college and postsecondary students across diverse racial and ethnic groups - OLI evidence base covers community college and postsecondary students across diverse racial and ethnic groups
OLI has mixed effects on academic achievement among postsecondary students - OLI has mixed effects on academic achievement among postsecondary students
OLI has potentially positive effects on credit accumulation and persistence among postsecondary students - OLI has potentially positive effects on credit accumulation and persistence among postsecondary students
OLI statistics students completed the semester's material in approximately half the regularly scheduled time - OLI statistics students completed the semester's material in approximately half the regularly scheduled time
Omission (no response) errors vary with age but not with reading skill - Omission (no response) errors vary with age but not with reading skill
Omission and commission errors in n-back tasks have different correlates and may represent different processes - Omission and commission errors in n-back tasks have different correlates and may represent different processes
Omissions, commissions and variation index of the d2 test are not related to any physical fitness variable - Omissions, commissions and variation index of the d2 test are not related to any physical fitness variable
Omitting same-subject pre-tests affects value-added estimates more than excluding other student background characteristics - Omitting same-subject pre-tests affects value-added estimates more than excluding other student background characteristics
Omnibus tests found significant group, phase and group-by-phase effects on questions 1 and 2, and predominantly group effects on questions 3 and 4 - Omnibus tests found significant group, phase and group-by-phase effects on questions 1 and 2, and predominantly group effects on questions 3 and 4
OmniEdu-27B achieves the best overall curriculum-grounding performance among evaluated models, raising K12-Bench EM from 52.11% to 63.12% - OmniEdu-27B achieves the best overall curriculum-grounding performance among evaluated models, raising K12-Bench EM from 52.11% to 63.12%
On 0-1 fraction number line estimation, Belgian and Chinese students estimate far more accurately than U.S. students, with no Country × Grade interaction - On 0-1 fraction number line estimation, Belgian and Chinese students estimate far more accurately than U.S.
On 2022 NAEP 8th- and 12th-grade reading and math exams, students who were both English learners and from low-income backgrounds scored lowest among four student groups, with less than one third scoring basic or above in reading and less than one quarter in math - On 2022 NAEP 8th- and 12th-grade reading and math exams, students who were both English learners and from low-income backgrounds scored lowest among four student groups, with less than one third scori
On a common 0–1 metric, digital-competency adequacy shows the largest readiness gap (42.4%), followed by system readiness (21.3%) - On a common 0–1 metric, digital-competency adequacy shows the largest readiness gap (42.4%), followed by system readiness (21.3%)
On a delayed assessment 1 to 3 months later, many students transferred their appreciation of variation to another context and could explain the meaning of variation - On a delayed assessment 1 to 3 months later, many students transferred their appreciation of variation to another context and could explain the meaning of variation
On a motor transfer test, self-controlled knowledge-of-results groups estimated their outcomes more accurately than yoked groups, and among self-controlled groups Self-After and Self-Both were more accurate than Self-Before. - On a motor transfer test, self-controlled knowledge-of-results groups estimated their outcomes more accurately than yoked groups, and among self-controlled groups Self-After and Self-Both were more ac
On a one-week delayed test, multiple text reading and rereading both outperform single reading, but on a one-day delayed test the differences are non-significant - On a one-week delayed test, multiple text reading and rereading both outperform single reading, but on a one-day delayed test the differences are non-significant
On a preliminary three-question retrieval sanity check, all seed questions placed their target concept first and within the top three, with mean top-5 recall of 1.00 - On a preliminary three-question retrieval sanity check, all seed questions placed their target concept first and within the top three, with mean top-5 recall of 1.00
On a test of setting up experiments and interpreting phenomena, the applied-science group showed a decided advantage (60% vs 35% correct on first reports) - On a test of setting up experiments and interpreting phenomena, the applied-science group showed a decided advantage (60% vs 35% correct on first reports)
On a text channel, fading holds when the learner's turn is aimed at the decision under support, regardless of its depth - On a text channel, fading holds when the learner's turn is aimed at the decision under support, regardless of its depth
On animation items, GPT via frame extraction matches human-level accuracy while Claude scores lowest of all models and humans at 59.3% - On animation items, GPT via frame extraction matches human-level accuracy while Claude scores lowest of all models and humans at 59.3%
On assessment item Q10, describing a TinkerPlots plot, 32% of students achieved the maximum score of 4 and 70% achieved half marks or better - On assessment item Q10, describing a TinkerPlots plot, 32% of students achieved the maximum score of 4 and 70% achieved half marks or better
On average, 3-year-old children with hearing loss who received early intervention scored below 1 SD of normative mean on several standardized language measures - On average, 3-year-old children with hearing loss who received early intervention scored below 1 SD of normative mean on several standardized language measures
On average, charter middle schools' impacts on student achievement were negative but not statistically significant - On average, charter middle schools' impacts on student achievement were negative but not statistically significant
On average, lottery-based charter middle schools are neither more nor less successful than traditional public schools in improving student achievement - On average, lottery-based charter middle schools are neither more nor less successful than traditional public schools in improving student achievement
On average, more effective early-career teachers remain in the teaching profession and stay in their initial schools - On average, more effective early-career teachers remain in the teaching profession and stay in their initial schools
On average, states required less than half of eight RTT-aligned teacher evaluation policies, though RTT states required more of these policies than non-RTT states - On average, states required less than half of eight RTT-aligned teacher evaluation policies, though RTT states required more of these policies than non-RTT states
On average, students across most grades made reading and math gains during the 2020-21 pandemic-affected school year - On average, students across most grades made reading and math gains during the 2020-21 pandemic-affected school year
On average, the overall persistence rate is about 13 percentage points higher than the retention rate, meaning nearly one in eight starting students transfer by the following fall - On average, the overall persistence rate is about 13 percentage points higher than the retention rate, meaning nearly one in eight starting students transfer by the following fall
On benchmarks, GPT-3.5-turbo outperformed the fine-tuned Phi model in knowledge and story completion, while PhinetunEd scored best in story generation - On benchmarks, GPT-3.5-turbo outperformed the fine-tuned Phi model in knowledge and story completion, while PhinetunEd scored best in story generation
On CK items, GradeOpt showed near-perfect alignment with human codes (κ = .88 and .85; QWK = .89 and .94), comparable to human–human agreement - On CK items, GradeOpt showed near-perfect alignment with human codes (κ = .88 and .85; QWK = .89 and .94), comparable to human–human agreement
On codes requiring recognition of pedagogical intent not explicitly stated, LLMs over-apply and the blind verifier rejects their application in favor of human coding - On codes requiring recognition of pedagogical intent not explicitly stated, LLMs over-apply and the blind verifier rejects their application in favor of human coding
On distractor-driven science items, instruction can first strengthen students' attraction to an alternative conception before that preference declines - Psychometric modelling of distractor-driven astronomy items given to 1,250 grade 8–12 students before and after their courses found that support for alternative conceptions rose with instruction befor
On fully AI-generated papers produced with ChatGPT Deep Research, Pangram achieved 65% strict accuracy while Turnitin, GPTZero and Copyleaks classified essentially all papers as false negatives - On fully AI-generated papers produced with ChatGPT Deep Research, Pangram achieved 65% strict accuracy while Turnitin, GPTZero and Copyleaks classified essentially all papers as false negatives
On fully correct responses, the GPT few-shot models outperformed the fine-tuned models, averaging less than one category distance from the gold score - On fully correct responses, the GPT few-shot models outperformed the fine-tuned models, averaging less than one category distance from the gold score
On hybrid and humanised AI papers, Pangram correctly identified AI content in 37 of 40 cases while GPTZero and Copyleaks performed poorly and Turnitin declined on humanised texts - On hybrid and humanised AI papers, Pangram correctly identified AI content in 37 of 40 cases while GPTZero and Copyleaks performed poorly and Turnitin declined on humanised texts
On Newton's Third Law questions specifically, Just-in-Time Teaching students gained 50.8%±4.1% while traditional lecture students gained only 6.6%±5.2% - On Newton's Third Law questions specifically, Just-in-Time Teaching students gained 50.8%±4.1% while traditional lecture students gained only 6.6%±5.2%
On novel, hard tasks, superior trained adults tend to jump at conclusions, accept results without surety, and become confused, more than orthodox psychology supposes - On novel, hard tasks, superior trained adults tend to jump at conclusions, accept results without surety, and become confused, more than orthodox psychology supposes
On public-source benchmark subsets, corrected scores for all three frontier models rise dramatically after excluding flawed questions - On public-source benchmark subsets, corrected scores for all three frontier models rise dramatically after excluding flawed questions
On randomly assigned proctored retention items, odds of correct response on AI-susceptible items decline 25.0% cumulatively after ChatGPT's release - On randomly assigned proctored retention items, odds of correct response on AI-susceptible items decline 25.0% cumulatively after ChatGPT's release
On real-world data, the proposed method maintains high win rates as the number of skills increases, performing strongly on ACE and MSE - On real-world data, the proposed method maintains high win rates as the number of skills increases, performing strongly on ACE and MSE
On retrospective rating scales, US high school students reported feeling stressed 79.83% and bored 69.51% of the time, with positive feelings (46.60%) slightly exceeding negative feelings (40.67%) - On retrospective rating scales, US high school students reported feeling stressed 79.83% and bored 69.51% of the time, with positive feelings (46.60%) slightly exceeding negative feelings (40.67%)
On Spanish sentiment, the 2026 frontier model shows no advantage over the cheap model, with Haiku zero-shot at 0.923 versus Opus zero-shot at 0.884 and the head-to-head McNemar favoring Haiku - On Spanish sentiment, the 2026 frontier model shows no advantage over the cheap model, with Haiku zero-shot at 0.923 versus Opus zero-shot at 0.884 and the head-to-head McNemar favoring Haiku
On structured pedagogical-judgment items, all evaluated models share a systematic style-over-fit deviation, converging on the same non-reference option - On structured pedagogical-judgment items, all evaluated models share a systematic style-over-fit deviation, converging on the same non-reference option
On study habits, grit, and promotion to tenth grade, charter students performed similarly to or slightly below comparable non-charter students, with the promotion gap possibly reflecting charters' higher promotion requirements - On study habits, grit, and promotion to tenth grade, charter students performed similarly to or slightly below comparable non-charter students, with the promotion gap possibly reflecting charters' hig
On the ASSISTments 2020 dataset, StanBKT inference methods achieve nearly identical predictive performance while differing mainly in fit time - On the ASSISTments 2020 dataset, StanBKT inference methods achieve nearly identical predictive performance while differing mainly in fit time
On the ASSISTments real-world benchmark, the proposed method achieves the best performance across all metrics, significantly outperforming all baselines - On the ASSISTments real-world benchmark, the proposed method achieves the best performance across all metrics, significantly outperforming all baselines
On the CASED challenge test set, all participating engagement-prediction methods converge near random-chance performance, with the best F1 Macro at 0.52 - On the CASED challenge test set, all participating engagement-prediction methods converge near random-chance performance, with the best F1 Macro at 0.52
On the Debugging Task, CoTAL raised average subscore QWK from 0.567 to 0.706 (24.5% improvement) and Total Score QWK by 0.218 (a 38.9% gain) over the Baseline - On the Debugging Task, CoTAL raised average subscore QWK from 0.567 to 0.706 (24.5% improvement) and Total Score QWK by 0.218 (a 38.9% gain) over the Baseline
On the delayed test, a significant three-way interaction showed a worked example effect for high element interactivity material and a generation effect for low element interactivity material for novices - On the delayed test, a significant three-way interaction showed a worked example effect for high element interactivity material and a generation effect for low element interactivity material for novic
On the delayed test, guidance interacted with element interactivity: generation was superior for low element interactivity material, with no significant difference for high element interactivity material - On the delayed test, guidance interacted with element interactivity: generation was superior for low element interactivity material, with no significant difference for high element interactivity mater
On the external CS50-Forum set, EduGuard remains strongest with 86.7% correctness and 6.8% hallucination, though all systems lose grounding - On the external CS50-Forum set, EduGuard remains strongest with 86.7% correctness and 6.8% hallucination, though all systems lose grounding
On the final cumulative test, JOLs with word stems and retrieval practice improve List-5 recall over restudy, while restudy shows a List-1 advantage - On the final cumulative test, JOLs with word stems and retrieval practice improve List-5 recall over restudy, while restudy shows a List-1 advantage
On the final exam, high performers had more dominant strategy–time-management links than low performers, who showed dominant catching-up, ahead-with-errors, and video-revision links - On the final exam, high performers had more dominant strategy–time-management links than low performers, who showed dominant catching-up, ahead-with-errors, and video-revision links
On the full propositional logic dataset, LLM-found bug fixing transformations explain 84.44% of pairs versus 71.57% for hand-picked mistakes - On the full propositional logic dataset, LLM-found bug fixing transformations explain 84.44% of pairs versus 71.57% for hand-picked mistakes
On the immediate posttest of explicit L2 knowledge, direct CF and metalinguistic CF with rule explanations outperformed the control group while metalinguistic code CF did not. - On the immediate posttest of explicit L2 knowledge, direct CF and metalinguistic CF with rule explanations outperformed the control group while metalinguistic code CF did not.
On the immediate posttest of implicit L2 knowledge, direct CF and metalinguistic CF with rule explanations outperformed the control group while metalinguistic code CF did not. - On the immediate posttest of implicit L2 knowledge, direct CF and metalinguistic CF with rule explanations outperformed the control group while metalinguistic code CF did not.
On the immediate test, novices showed a worked example effect (high guidance superior) while more knowledgeable learners showed a generation effect (low guidance superior) - On the immediate test, novices showed a worked example effect (high guidance superior) while more knowledgeable learners showed a generation effect (low guidance superior)
On the knowledge assignment, neither the occasion-by-contingency interaction nor the three-way interaction with independent working time was significant - On the knowledge assignment, neither the occasion-by-contingency interaction nor the three-way interaction with independent working time was significant
On the live single-node deployment, short-answer rounds take ≈32 s (≈$0.015/round) while multiple-choice rounds are ≈4× faster (≈7.6 s, ≈$0.005/round) because grading is deterministic - On the live single-node deployment, short-answer rounds take ≈32 s (≈$0.015/round) while multiple-choice rounds are ≈4× faster (≈7.6 s, ≈$0.005/round) because grading is deterministic
On the MathDial problem set with SymPy access, o3-mini(high) and Claude 3.5 Sonnet achieved the highest problem-solving accuracy at 90.00% - On the MathDial problem set with SymPy access, o3-mini(high) and Claude 3.5 Sonnet achieved the highest problem-solving accuracy at 90.00%
On the misconception-annotated math dataset, LLMs predominantly follow a solve-first, error-injection process aligned with misconception-based distractor design - On the misconception-annotated math dataset, LLMs predominantly follow a solve-first, error-injection process aligned with misconception-based distractor design
On the more difficult 0-5 number line task, Chinese students estimated more accurately than Belgian students, who in turn estimated more accurately than U.S. students - On the more difficult 0-5 number line task, Chinese students estimated more accurately than Belgian students, who in turn estimated more accurately than U.S.
On the physics conceptual test, both teachers' students improved significantly, with a significant teacher-by-time interaction in which Mrs. Lewis's students overcame a lower pre-test disadvantage by post-test - On the physics conceptual test, both teachers' students improved significantly, with a significant teacher-by-time interaction in which Mrs.
On the primary base under the frozen Opus judge, ConvTutor and PedTutor do not differ significantly in judged helpfulness but are perfectly rank-separated in judged pedagogy - On the primary base under the frozen Opus judge, ConvTutor and PedTutor do not differ significantly in judged helpfulness but are perfectly rank-separated in judged pedagogy
On the primary base, a turn that leaks the answer predicts a higher Opus helpfulness rating and less next-turn independent student work - On the primary base, a turn that leaks the answer predicts a higher Opus helpfulness rating and less next-turn independent student work
On the PRM800K validation dataset, detection rates dropped by 10.5 percentage points when final answers were correct, consistent with the correct answer trap extending beyond the Eedi data - On the PRM800K validation dataset, detection rates dropped by 10.5 percentage points when final answers were correct, consistent with the correct answer trap extending beyond the Eedi data
On the problem solution criterion, verbal problem solving scores do not decline over four weeks and rise on the more complex problems - Verbal problem solving scores on both criteria are highly resistant to forgetting over four weeks
On the report's internal suites CogEvol-27B scores 83.7 on slides and 63.7 on HTML-500 with zero hard failures, while no external flagship leads both modalities - On the report's internal suites CogEvol-27B scores 83.7 on slides and 63.7 on HTML-500 with zero hard failures, while no external flagship leads both modalities
On the RiceChem ALAG grading benchmark GLM-4-9B-chat leads six LLMs (Accuracy 0.6492, F1 0.6054) - On the RiceChem ALAG grading benchmark GLM-4-9B-chat leads six LLMs (Accuracy 0.6492, F1 0.6054)
On the same frozen base, TEI@4 beats both DTR@4 and Greedy on Δ Solve Rate, leak rate, and composite R_total at no training cost - On the same frozen base, TEI@4 beats both DTR@4 and Greedy on Δ Solve Rate, leak rate, and composite R_total at no training cost
On the TU/e CS overlap dataset, supervised NLP classifiers (Random Forest, XGBoost) outperform thresholding and zero-shot LLM baselines at detecting course overlap - On the TU/e CS overlap dataset, supervised NLP classifiers (Random Forest, XGBoost) outperform thresholding and zero-shot LLM baselines at detecting course overlap
On the TWS-3 subtests in the 2006 RCT, Spelling Mastery favored the Predictable Words subtest (effect size 0.57, WWC-adjusted p = 0.07) over the Unpredictable Words subtest (effect size 0.11) - On the TWS-3 subtests in the 2006 RCT, Spelling Mastery favored the Predictable Words subtest (effect size 0.57, WWC-adjusted p = 0.07) over the Unpredictable Words subtest (effect size 0.11)
On tightly specified functions, LLMs converged on a few exact AST forms (1–14 per 1,000 files) while an open-ended function remained diverse, and source was associated with exact form for all five functions - On tightly specified functions, LLMs converged on a few exact AST forms (1–14 per 1,000 files) while an open-ended function remained diverse, and source was associated with exact form for all five fun
On-grade item pools cause content balancing failures for off-grade-ability students, while all-grade pools improve balancing and language usage tests remained balanced throughout - On-grade item pools cause content balancing failures for off-grade-ability students, while all-grade pools improve balancing and language usage tests remained balanced throughout
On-grade mathematics item pools yield larger SEMs and lower efficiency than all-grade pools for on-grade students, especially at the low end of the scale - On-grade mathematics item pools yield larger SEMs and lower efficiency than all-grade pools for on-grade students, especially at the low end of the scale
On-screen text that duplicates the narration of a diagram can hurt learning, but spoken–written redundancy is not harmful on average and helps over spoken-only presentation in some conditions
On-track gains were largest for students with the lowest incoming skills and for African American males - On-track gains were largest for students with the lowest incoming skills and for African American males
On-Track gains were largest in the lowest-performing schools and among African American and Latino males - On-Track gains were largest in the lowest-performing schools and among African American and Latino males
On-track improvements were accompanied by across-the-board grade gains, not grade inflation from turning Fs into Ds - On-track improvements were accompanied by across-the-board grade gains, not grade inflation from turning Fs into Ds
On-track rates after ninth grade rose from 42.2 to 50.6 percent, with slightly less than half the adjusted improvement attributable to better-prepared entering students - On-track rates after ninth grade rose from 42.2 to 50.6 percent, with slightly less than half the adjusted improvement attributable to better-prepared entering students
On-track status predicts graduation better than eighth-grade test scores - On-track status predicts graduation better than eighth-grade test scores
Once undergraduate-level mathematics and physics preparation is controlled, gender no longer significantly predicts performance in advanced STEM courses - Once undergraduate-level mathematics and physics preparation is controlled, gender no longer significantly predicts performance in advanced STEM courses
One adult educator's first-person reflection reports that facilitated class discussions left her feeling empowered as an individual contributor - One adult educator's first-person reflection reports that facilitated class discussions left her feeling empowered as an individual contributor
One Black male educator reported that Admiral Squad participation raised his confidence, sense of belonging, and sense of purpose - One Black male educator reported that Admiral Squad participation raised his confidence, sense of belonging, and sense of purpose
One focal student exhibited a critical-pragmatic humanistic AI literacy, conceptualizing AI as a manipulable tool and evaluating it by rhetorical efficiency - One focal student exhibited a critical-pragmatic humanistic AI literacy, conceptualizing AI as a manipulable tool and evaluating it by rhetorical efficiency
One in-person coaching intervention produced a small significant reduction in conscientiousness while the control group showed no change - One in-person coaching intervention produced a small significant reduction in conscientiousness while the control group showed no change
One item-level attitude finding, on teachers helping students who need extra help, was statistically significant in the randomized trial - One item-level attitude finding, on teachers helping students who need extra help, was statistically significant in the randomized trial
One LoRA adapter fine-tuned on the two exams' pooled ~3,900 dual-graded examples brings five small open models to parity or better with a human grader and makes them insensitive to harsh personas - One LoRA adapter fine-tuned on the two exams' pooled ~3,900 dual-graded examples brings five small open models to parity or better with a human grader and makes them insensitive to harsh personas
One measurement article argues that low test-taking motivation biases an individual student's achievement test score downward - One measurement article argues that low test-taking motivation biases an individual student's achievement test score downward
One of four qualifying studies found significant positive ITED outcomes for Core-Plus Mathematics - One of four qualifying studies found significant positive ITED outcomes for Core-Plus Mathematics
One pilot instructor reported the adaptive proctor differentiated students at multiple proficiency boundaries and decoupled conceptual mastery from computational speed - One pilot instructor reported the adaptive proctor differentiated students at multiple proficiency boundaries and decoupled conceptual mastery from computational speed
One policy report argues that rigid pacing guides push teachers toward teacher-centered lessons and away from cognitively demanding activities, especially in schools serving learners of color and those experiencing poverty - Rigid pacing guides push teachers toward teacher-centered lessons and away from cognitively demanding, learner-centered activities, especially in schools serving learners of color and those experienci
One qualifying study found a substantively important but statistically non-significant positive effect of repeated reading on comprehension (effect size 0.28) - One qualifying study found a substantively important but statistically non-significant positive effect of repeated reading on comprehension (effect size 0.28)
One RCT found AI-assisted simulation inferior to standardized patient simulation for breast self-examination skills - One RCT found AI-assisted simulation inferior to standardized patient simulation for breast self-examination skills
One review reports that more teacher guidance within inquiry is associated with larger advantages over traditional instruction, though the two meta-analyses it cites differ in magnitude - One review reports that more teacher guidance within inquiry is associated with larger advantages over traditional instruction, though the two meta-analyses it cites differ in magnitude
One reviewed intervention affected students’ insight into themselves - One reviewed intervention affected students’ insight into themselves
One school district experienced a 25 percent increase in the recruitment of Black male educators through Inclusive Innovation - One school district experienced a 25 percent increase in the recruitment of Black male educators through Inclusive Innovation
One small evaluation of Achieve3000 found positive effects on the SRI but not Terra Nova (average effect size +0.16) - One small evaluation of Achieve3000 found positive effects on the SRI but not Terra Nova (average effect size +0.16)
One student asked for a disciplinary explanation twelve times during a 53-minute problem-solving process without anyone clarifying it sufficiently - One student asked for a disciplinary explanation twelve times during a 53-minute problem-solving process without anyone clarifying it sufficiently
One student group compared outputs across three LLMs and judged Gemini more accurate overall, though it still failed fine-grained distinctions - One student group compared outputs across three LLMs and judged Gemini more accurate overall, though it still failed fine-grained distinctions
One student's resistance to GenAI was entangled with neurodiversity, a biological conception of authentic effortful learning, and anxieties about rapid technological change - One student's resistance to GenAI was entangled with neurodiversity, a biological conception of authentic effortful learning, and anxieties about rapid technological change
One study found the intervention effect on conduct problems was stronger for youth at greater risk of developing conduct problems. - One study found the intervention effect on conduct problems was stronger for youth at greater risk of developing conduct problems.
One week later, the AI-access group's lead on unaided assessments shrinks to 3.9 pp (0.21 SD), short of statistical significance (p = 0.068) - A smaller AI-access learning gain persists one week later on unaided assessments (3.9 pp, 0.21 SD)
One year after emergency remote instruction, Norwegian second-graders showed no statistically significant differences from a pre-pandemic cohort in writing quality, handwriting fluency, or attitude toward writing - One year after emergency remote instruction, Norwegian second-graders showed no statistically significant differences from a pre-pandemic cohort in writing quality, handwriting fluency, or attitude to
One year after leaving closing schools, displaced students' reading and math achievement returned to expected levels, with no additional negative or positive effects - One year after leaving closing schools, displaced students' reading and math achievement returned to expected levels, with no additional negative or positive effects
One year after the intervention ended, SpellRead™ effects were not statistically significant on the supplemental Torgesen et al. (2007) outcomes - One year after the intervention ended, SpellRead™ effects were not statistically significant on the supplemental Torgesen et al.
One year after the intervention, Reading Mastery showed a statistically significant effect on word attack for English language learners, with positive but non-significant differences on other reading measures - One year after the intervention, Reading Mastery showed a statistically significant effect on word attack for English language learners, with positive but non-significant differences on other reading
One year after tutoring, full-sample Air Tutors participation shows no statistically significant impact on statewide math assessment scores - One year after tutoring, full-sample Air Tutors participation shows no statistically significant impact on statewide math assessment scores
One year of Teacher Potential Project participation improved teachers' overall English language arts instructional practices relative to district curriculum and professional development - One year of Teacher Potential Project participation improved teachers' overall English language arts instructional practices relative to district curriculum and professional development
One year or more after the first lockdown, students had not recovered the learning deficits caused by Covid-19 school closures - One year or more after the first lockdown, students had not recovered the learning deficits caused by Covid-19 school closures
One-fifth of students in academically advanced programs do not apply to any four-year college - One-fifth of students in academically advanced programs do not apply to any four-year college
One-level and two-level external disequilibrium conditions did not differ significantly, and all Modal Level advances occurred to exactly one level above the subject's mode - One-level and two-level external disequilibrium conditions did not differ significantly, and all Modal Level advances occurred to exactly one level above the subject's mode
One-minute-ahead direct forecasting performs similarly to contemporaneous estimation, but performance degrades at longer horizons and a carry-forward baseline outperforms the sensor model at every future horizon - One-minute-ahead direct forecasting performs similarly to contemporaneous estimation, but performance degrades at longer horizons and a carry-forward baseline outperforms the sensor model at every fut
One-on-one adult support at school, such as a coach or counselor, helped students prioritize and complete college applications - One-on-one adult support at school, such as a coach or counselor, helped students prioritize and complete college applications
One-on-one service delivery may not be the only way to target services to individual student needs - One-on-one service delivery may not be the only way to target services to individual student needs
One-quarter of NFTE alumni respondents launched a business, with launch rates varying by program (over 42 percent for BizCamp and Startup Summer versus 16 percent for a single course) - One-quarter of NFTE alumni respondents launched a business, with launch rates varying by program (over 42 percent for BizCamp and Startup Summer versus 16 percent for a single course)
One-semester courses predominate, with 2,259 undergraduate and 356 graduate enrollments reported - One-semester courses predominate, with 2,259 undergraduate and 356 graduate enrollments reported
One-session checklist (CRAAP) instruction in source evaluation did no better than the alternative methods it was compared with in two quasi-experiments
One-shot path generation raises Validity but lowers Adaptivity and Efficiency relative to step-by-step interaction - One-shot path generation raises Validity but lowers Adaptivity and Efficiency relative to step-by-step interaction
One-sided face-targeted gazes were more frequent than dyadic eye contacts, and student-started eye contacts outnumbered teacher-started ones - One-sided face-targeted gazes were more frequent than dyadic eye contacts, and student-started eye contacts outnumbered teacher-started ones
One-third of the Ukrainian general public does not know what AI is, and 64.1% do not use AI chatbots - One-third of the Ukrainian general public does not know what AI is, and 64.1% do not use AI chatbots
One-to-one correspondence between ITBS national quartiles and ISAT performance categories breaks down at the first and fourth quartiles - One-to-one correspondence between ITBS national quartiles and ISAT performance categories breaks down at the first and fourth quartiles
One-to-one human tutoring lifts an ordinary student well beyond the average classroom with an effect of about d = 0.79 (VanLehn, 2011, as reported) - One-to-one human tutoring lifts an ordinary student well beyond the average classroom with an effect of about d = 0.79 (VanLehn, 2011, as reported)
One-to-one social support, advice and information, or health-needs assessment interventions were largely ineffective at reducing social isolation and loneliness among older people - One-to-one social support, advice and information, or health-needs assessment interventions were largely ineffective at reducing social isolation and loneliness among older people
One-year dropout rates confound changing student composition and movement through high school, unlike cohort rates - One-year dropout rates confound changing student composition and movement through high school, unlike cohort rates
One-year follow-up and LiPS-vs-RWT supplemental comparisons showed mostly non-significant differences, with some follow-up alphabetics effects remaining significant - One-year follow-up and LiPS-vs-RWT supplemental comparisons showed mostly non-significant differences, with some follow-up alphabetics effects remaining significant
One-year learning gains similar for schools with leadership teams and schools without Fund leaders or NBCTs - One-year learning gains similar for schools with leadership teams and schools without Fund leaders or NBCTs
One-year persistence favored Single Stop students but college-level credits earned after two semesters showed only a marginal, statistically non-significant difference - One-year persistence favored Single Stop students but college-level credits earned after two semesters showed only a marginal, statistically non-significant difference
One-year principal retention rates were stable from fall 2016 to fall 2020 and did not decline during the COVID-19 pandemic year - One-year principal retention rates were stable from fall 2016 to fall 2020 and did not decline during the COVID-19 pandemic year
Ongoing professional development and mentorship are critical to coaches' growth and confidence in their coaching skills - Ongoing professional development and mentorship are critical to coaches' growth and confidence in their coaching skills
Online (versus offline) measures of metacognition are associated with larger metacognition–math effect sizes - Online (versus offline) measures of metacognition are associated with larger metacognition–math effect sizes
Online apprenticeship learning offers greater flexibility than in-person learning despite implementation challenges for hybrid or remote options - Online apprenticeship learning offers greater flexibility than in-person learning despite implementation challenges for hybrid or remote options
Online attrition during Orientation Week is twice that of onground classes' first week - Online attrition during Orientation Week is twice that of onground classes' first week
Online charter school students receive less live teacher contact time in a week than conventional-school students receive in a day - Online charter school students receive less live teacher contact time in a week than conventional-school students receive in a day
Online charter school students show substantially weaker growth than both TPS peers and brick-and-mortar charter students in reading and math - Online charter school students show substantially weaker growth than both TPS peers and brick-and-mortar charter students in reading and math
Online charter schools place significant expectations on parents, with 43, 56, and 78 percent at high school, middle, and elementary levels expecting active parental participation in instruction - Online charter schools place significant expectations on parents, with 43, 56, and 78 percent at high school, middle, and elementary levels expecting active parental participation in instruction
Online charter students in New Mexico gain significantly less than brick-and-mortar charter students, offsetting brick-and-mortar reading gains in the aggregate - Online charter students in New Mexico gain significantly less than brick-and-mortar charter students, offsetting brick-and-mortar reading gains in the aggregate
Online college courses are a rapidly expanding feature of higher education, with little prior research on their relative effects - Online college courses are a rapidly expanding feature of higher education, with little prior research on their relative effects
Online concept-mapping behaviour may play a critical role in transforming verbal-discourse knowledge into deep-level co-construction; Type 3's lowest behavioural knowledge construction accompanied its lowest performance - Online concept-mapping behaviour may play a critical role in transforming verbal-discourse knowledge into deep-level co-construction; Type 3's lowest behavioural knowledge construction accompanied its
Online continuing education courses show lower persistence than comparable onground courses (79% vs 84%) over eight quarters - Online continuing education courses show lower persistence than comparable onground courses (79% vs 84%) over eight quarters
Online environments build adolescent competence through pride in achievements, social confidence, and creative confidence - Online environments build adolescent competence through pride in achievements, social confidence, and creative confidence
Online environments function as virtual youth centres and hubs for bonding and bridging social capital - Online environments function as virtual youth centres and hubs for bonding and bridging social capital
Online genre knowledge shapes credibility expectations and guides credibility evaluations - Online genre knowledge shapes credibility expectations and guides credibility evaluations
Online learning communities do not simply emerge; they must be designed for and scaffolded through teaching and assessment activities - Online learning communities do not simply emerge; they must be designed for and scaffolded through teaching and assessment activities
Online learning effectiveness was broadly positive across content areas and learner types, but the mean effect was not significant for the seven K–12 contrasts and the learner-type moderator test was nonsignificant. - Online learning effectiveness was broadly positive across content areas and learner types, but the mean effect was not significant for the seven K–12 contrasts and the learner-type moderator test was
Online PBL group interaction follows the scripted sequence initially, but co-regulation derails over time into social bonding with fewer high-cognitive interactions - Online PBL group interaction follows the scripted sequence initially, but co-regulation derails over time into social bonding with fewer high-cognitive interactions
Online peer assessment activities account for about 12.8% of variance in project performance, with feedback activities adding 14.2% variance change - Online peer assessment activities account for about 12.8% of variance in project performance, with feedback activities adding 14.2% variance change
Online peer assessment shifts instructional assessment from teacher-controlled to a combination of teacher assessment and student peer assessment - Online peer assessment shifts instructional assessment from teacher-controlled to a combination of teacher assessment and student peer assessment
Online problem-solving solution performance predicted students' posttest performance on both the concept test and problem-solving test - Online problem-solving solution performance predicted students' posttest performance on both the concept test and problem-solving test
Online professional development offers potential advantages of reduced travel costs, increased convenience, and community building among participants - Online professional development offers potential advantages of reduced travel costs, increased convenience, and community building among participants
Online reading for academic purposes is a complex activity involving analysing task requirements, assessing information needs, accessing relevant contents, and evaluating relevance and reliability of information. - Online reading for academic purposes is a complex activity involving analysing task requirements, assessing information needs, accessing relevant contents, and evaluating relevance and reliability of
Online spaces hold distinctive value for underrepresented adolescents for identity expression, supportive peer networks, and friendships - Online spaces hold distinctive value for underrepresented adolescents for identity expression, supportive peer networks, and friendships
Online students value learner-to-instructor engagement strategies most among the three interaction categories - Online students value learner-to-instructor engagement strategies most among the three interaction categories
Online students' learning needs centre on course support and communication with tutors and other students - Online students' learning needs centre on course support and communication with tutors and other students
Only 11 percent of first-time CMI students between spring 2022 and spring 2024 placed into credit-bearing ELA courses, down from 22 percent under the prior placement system - Only 11 percent of first-time CMI students between spring 2022 and spring 2024 placed into credit-bearing ELA courses, down from 22 percent under the prior placement system
Only 11% of surveyed educators can recommend specialized AI services, with ChatGPT dominating recommendations at 44% - Only 11% of surveyed educators can recommend specialized AI services, with ChatGPT dominating recommendations at 44%
Only 11.1% of interactions pair mastery-oriented aims with advanced strategies such as epistemic justification - Only 11.1% of interactions pair mastery-oriented aims with advanced strategies such as epistemic justification
Only 12.9 percent of students without prior college experience graduated within five years, putting them at risk of credit expiration - Only 12.9 percent of students without prior college experience graduated within five years, putting them at risk of credit expiration
Only 13 of 40 school weeks are reliably focused on grade-level curriculum, and best-case students receive about 540 annual instruction hours - Only 13 of 40 school weeks are reliably focused on grade-level curriculum, and best-case students receive about 540 annual instruction hours
Only 13 of 66 interventions promoted pre-service teachers' dual role in SRL, and only three covered all four subcategories of the dual role - Only 13 of 66 interventions promoted pre-service teachers' dual role in SRL, and only three covered all four subcategories of the dual role
Only 15 of the identified measurement tools met common acceptability thresholds for more than two areas of psychometric evidence - Only 15 of the identified measurement tools met common acceptability thresholds for more than two areas of psychometric evidence
Only 15 states and the District of Columbia mandate kindergarten attendance, and 11 of those states require students to take a KEA - Only 15 states and the District of Columbia mandate kindergarten attendance, and 11 of those states require students to take a KEA
Only 15% of published polygenic score estimates for education come from non-European ancestry samples, all recruited in the US - Only 15% of published polygenic score estimates for education come from non-European ancestry samples, all recruited in the US
Only 155 of 2,005 misspellings occur in words on the Simplified Spelling Board's first recommended lists - Only 155 of 2,005 misspellings occur in words on the Simplified Spelling Board's first recommended lists
Only 17.9 percent of study ERWC teachers taught at least 8 modules with fidelity under the strand criterion, versus 62.5 percent under an activity-count criterion - Only 17.9 percent of study ERWC teachers taught at least 8 modules with fidelity under the strand criterion, versus 62.5 percent under an activity-count criterion
Only 18 percent of schools strongly agree teachers are sufficiently trained to use technology for instruction - Only 18 percent of schools strongly agree teachers are sufficiently trained to use technology for instruction
Only 2.4 percent of the sampled California secondary schools were classified as beating the odds, and 1.2 percent as chronically underperforming - Only 2.4 percent of the sampled California secondary schools were classified as beating the odds, and 1.2 percent as chronically underperforming
Only 20 percent of U.S. teachers felt well prepared to integrate educational technology into classroom instruction (1998) - Only 20 percent of U.S.
Only 20% of pooled performance outcomes agree with the paradoxical contextual interference effects - Only 20% of pooled performance outcomes agree with the paradoxical contextual interference effects
Only 20% of the 100 most used edtech products have a research rationale - Only 20% of the 100 most used edtech products have a research rationale
Only 22.34% of Chinese school-aged children get sufficient sleep (≥10 hours), while 37.96% have short sleep duration (<9 hours) - Only 22.34% of Chinese school-aged children get sufficient sleep (≥10 hours), while 37.96% have short sleep duration (<9 hours)
Only 3 of 22 reviewed studies examine technology-blended delivery of WIL, and 4 examine fully technology-based WIL - Only 3 of 22 reviewed studies examine technology-blended delivery of WIL, and 4 examine fully technology-based WIL
Only 36 percent of students had teachers reporting at least 8 hours of behavior-management professional development over three years, versus 81 percent for reading and language arts - Only 36 percent of students had teachers reporting at least 8 hours of behavior-management professional development over three years, versus 81 percent for reading and language arts
Only 4 of 11 studied external partners had a comprehensive, research-based approach to literacy instruction - Only 4 of 11 studied external partners had a comprehensive, research-based approach to literacy instruction
Only 4 of 23 reviewed conversational agent studies explicitly apply learning theories, indicating a gap between CA development and pedagogical grounding - Only 4 of 23 reviewed conversational agent studies explicitly apply learning theories, indicating a gap between CA development and pedagogical grounding
Only 4 percent of LSCs show three or more signs of inactivity, and the most common problem is having fewer than two active committees - Only 4 percent of LSCs show three or more signs of inactivity, and the most common problem is having fewer than two active committees
Only 4.3% of surveyed secondary vocational students meet mental health knowledge standards - Only 4.3% of surveyed secondary vocational students meet mental health knowledge standards
Only 4.65% of the 43 most-used school climate measures include an explicitly SEL-oriented subscale - Only 4.65% of the 43 most-used school climate measures include an explicitly SEL-oriented subscale
Only 43% of retained third graders and 47% of retained sixth graders met the test criteria by summer 1998 despite four chances, yet over two-thirds were promoted the next year largely due to waivers - Only 43% of retained third graders and 47% of retained sixth graders met the test criteria by summer 1998 despite four chances, yet over two-thirds were promoted the next year largely due to waivers
Only 46% of principals reported a preparation internship involving real leadership responsibilities, and few in-service principals had coaching or mentoring - Only 46% of principals reported a preparation internship involving real leadership responsibilities, and few in-service principals had coaching or mentoring
Only 50% of a school's 5Essentials score is explained by the previous year's score, indicating substantial year-to-year malleability of school climate - Only 50% of a school's 5Essentials score is explained by the previous year's score, indicating substantial year-to-year malleability of school climate
Only 55% of concerned respondents who had applied to a company engaged in concerning activities said the knowledge made them less likely to apply - Only 55% of concerned respondents who had applied to a company engaged in concerning activities said the knowledge made them less likely to apply
Only 6 of 24 TRGP-participating IHEs enrolled at least 20 TRGP-funded residents in 2022-23, below the cohort size experts suggest is needed for sustainable, affordable programs - Only 6 of 24 TRGP-participating IHEs enrolled at least 20 TRGP-funded residents in 2022-23, below the cohort size experts suggest is needed for sustainable, affordable programs
Only 6% of 136 examined SEL frameworks explicitly deal with development - Only 6% of 136 examined SEL frameworks explicitly deal with development
Only 62 percent of ninth-grade IB DP entrants enrolled in the program in eleventh grade, and there were no effects of IB DP participation for the 38 percent who did not complete the program - Only 62 percent of ninth-grade IB DP entrants enrolled in the program in eleventh grade, and there were no effects of IB DP participation for the 38 percent who did not complete the program
Only 69% of LLM-simulated ideas met the target grade's language level, with elementary grades faring worst and Llama-4 performing best - Only 69% of LLM-simulated ideas met the target grade's language level, with elementary grades faring worst and Llama-4 performing best
Only 8% of the exercise interventions induced behaviour change that was significant and measurable after the four-week intervention - Only 8% of the exercise interventions induced behaviour change that was significant and measurable after the four-week intervention
Only 8.0% of queries reaching a person duplicated existing corpus content, suggesting the knowledge base was already well used - Only 8.0% of queries reaching a person duplicated existing corpus content, suggesting the knowledge base was already well used
Only 9 of 23 courses publicly named AI tools, with Claude Code, Cursor, and GitHub Copilot most frequent and a fragmented long tail - Only 9 of 23 courses publicly named AI tools, with Claude Code, Cursor, and GitHub Copilot most frequent and a fragmented long tail
Only a minority of Dutch seventh graders read for leisure, with lower prevalence in the pre-vocational track (19.5%) than the pre-academic track (32.5%) - Only a minority of Dutch seventh graders read for leisure, with lower prevalence in the pre-vocational track (19.5%) than the pre-academic track (32.5%)
Only a minority of self-reported CLT-familiar teachers could identify the three types of cognitive load - Only a minority of self-reported CLT-familiar teachers could identify the three types of cognitive load
Only a minority of teacher educators interpreted a critical classroom-management incident as theoretically expected, despite marked eye-tracking differences - Only a minority of teacher educators interpreted a critical classroom-management incident as theoretically expected, despite marked eye-tracking differences
Only a minority of VRL studies assess collaboration quality or learning, but most studies that measure learning report positive impact - Only a minority of VRL studies assess collaboration quality or learning, but most studies that measure learning report positive impact
Only a small amount of data is available about U.S. businesses in their first years of operation - Only a small amount of data is available about U.S.
Only a small minority of EER research articles explicitly link educational theory to the EER method - Only a small minority of EER research articles explicitly link educational theory to the EER method
Only about 25 percent of teachers received an individual value-added score, with most teachers instead receiving a school-wide literacy value-added score - Only about 25 percent of teachers received an individual value-added score, with most teachers instead receiving a school-wide literacy value-added score
Only about 53 percent of CPS students who were first-time freshmen in 2000-01 took the PSAE within four years, with rates varying by race and gender - Only about 53 percent of CPS students who were first-time freshmen in 2000-01 took the PSAE within four years, with rates varying by race and gender
Only about a third of design students report reduced creativity or project ownership from GenAI use - Only about a third of design students report reduced creativity or project ownership from GenAI use
Only about half of beginning teachers of color had taken any teaching classes prior to teaching, compared to 59% of beginning White teachers - Only about half of beginning teachers of color had taken any teaching classes prior to teaching, compared to 59% of beginning White teachers
Only about half of eligible children attend NC Pre-K, leaving almost 33,000 eligible children per year unserved - Only about half of eligible children attend NC Pre-K, leaving almost 33,000 eligible children per year unserved
Only about half of misfit items were flagged in common by the AllYr and LatestYr samples, which the authors found surprising - Only about half of misfit items were flagged in common by the AllYr and LatestYr samples, which the authors found surprising
Only about one-third of quantitative ECEC engagement studies provide an explicit definition of child engagement or involvement - Only about one-third of quantitative ECEC engagement studies provide an explicit definition of child engagement or involvement
Only bioscience graduates who took CLASP (2000-2001) had significantly higher UDGPA than transfer students in their majors, unlike 1993-1994 graduates and non-bioscience majors - Only bioscience graduates who took CLASP (2000-2001) had significantly higher UDGPA than transfer students in their majors, unlike 1993-1994 graduates and non-bioscience majors
Only CPS graduates with access to very selective colleges (above 3.3 GPA and ACT 26+) have four-year college graduation prospects exceeding 50 percent - Only CPS graduates with access to very selective colleges (above 3.3 GPA and ACT 26+) have four-year college graduation prospects exceeding 50 percent
Only dual enrollment and early college high school studies documented rural inclusion, and none analyzed rural students separately - Only dual enrollment and early college high school studies documented rural inclusion, and none analyzed rural students separately
Only eight of 130 sampled universities had a business-school-specific AI policy, limiting discipline-specific alignment - Only eight of 130 sampled universities had a business-school-specific AI policy, limiting discipline-specific alignment
Only eight of the 15 regular magnet elementary schools meet the consent decree desegregation standard, after white enrollment declined through the 1990s - Only eight of the 15 regular magnet elementary schools meet the consent decree desegregation standard, after white enrollment declined through the 1990s
Only equity visualizations disaggregated by race/ethnicity and gender prompted teachers to reflect on how race/ethnicity or gender may impact student classroom experiences - Only equity visualizations disaggregated by race/ethnicity and gender prompted teachers to reflect on how race/ethnicity or gender may impact student classroom experiences
Only fifty-eight of the 800 girls expressed a wish to pursue a vocation along the lines of their favorite pastimes, concentrated in music, art, athletics, and sewing - Only fifty-eight of the 800 girls expressed a wish to pursue a vocation along the lines of their favorite pastimes, concentrated in music, art, athletics, and sewing
Only four included articles achieved theoretical grounding with empirical validation - Only four included articles achieved theoretical grounding with empirical validation
Only four screeners demonstrated acceptable diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing children with or at-risk of mathematical learning difficulties - Only four screeners demonstrated acceptable diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing children with or at-risk of mathematical learning difficulties
Only four states (California, Massachusetts, New York, Washington) dedicate state funding specifically to students experiencing homelessness - Only four states (California, Massachusetts, New York, Washington) dedicate state funding specifically to students experiencing homelessness
Only Grade 10 Liberal Studies students engaged in simple argumentation, complex argumentation, and theory-oriented interactions, possibly due to the subject's emphasis on argumentation - Only Grade 10 Liberal Studies students engaged in simple argumentation, complex argumentation, and theory-oriented interactions, possibly due to the subject's emphasis on argumentation
Only half of students could clearly tell the AI-generated videos were AI-generated, the item with the highest variance - Only half of students could clearly tell the AI-generated videos were AI-generated, the item with the highest variance
Only Illinois among the 19 Heartland states exceeds the national benchmark for AI-related job postings - Only Illinois among the 19 Heartland states exceeds the national benchmark for AI-related job postings
Only in the 5th-grade group were moderate positive correlations found, between visual-motor integration and motor coordination (r = 0.748) and between visual perception and dysgraphia classification (r = 0.643) - Only in the 5th-grade group were moderate positive correlations found, between visual-motor integration and motor coordination (r = 0.748) and between visual perception and dysgraphia classification (
Only individual performance feedback, not general instruction about the testing effect, produced long-term increases in retrieval practice use, and only for students who benefited from retrieval practice - Only individual performance feedback, not general instruction about the testing effect, produced long-term increases in retrieval practice use, and only for students who benefited from retrieval pract
Only L1-gloss-L2-ex and L1-in-text-gloss conditions significantly outperform the no-gloss control on all three vocabulary recall tests - Only L1-gloss-L2-ex and L1-in-text-gloss conditions significantly outperform the no-gloss control on all three vocabulary recall tests
Only letter naming among rapid-naming measures showed significant correlation with reading and writing - Only letter naming among rapid-naming measures showed significant correlation with reading and writing
Only low-working-memory-capacity students benefited from making pointing gestures when explaining number equations (review attributes this to Marstaller & Burianová, 2013) - Only low-working-memory-capacity students benefited from making pointing gestures when explaining number equations (review attributes this to Marstaller & Burianová, 2013)
Only mastery-approach and performance-approach goals mediate the relationship between teacher support and engagement in AI-assisted English learning - Only mastery-approach and performance-approach goals mediate the relationship between teacher support and engagement in AI-assisted English learning
Only medium-level incongruity between individual knowledge and wiki information causes cognitive conflict that motivates equilibration - Only medium-level incongruity between individual knowledge and wiki information causes cognitive conflict that motivates equilibration
Only one between-group difference emerged: the Control/Comparison, Decoding and Fluency, and DCEF groups showed stronger word attack outcomes than the Extensive Reading group - Only one between-group difference emerged: the Control/Comparison, Decoding and Fluency, and DCEF groups showed stronger word attack outcomes than the Extensive Reading group
Only one identified study found improved visuospatial working memory after music training - Only one identified study found improved visuospatial working memory after music training
Only one mathematical assessment and one screener (NSS) met the acceptability threshold for predictive validity - Only one mathematical assessment and one screener (NSS) met the acceptability threshold for predictive validity
Only one of 10 identified studies of InsideTrack© Coaching met WWC group design standards without reservations - Only one of 10 identified studies of InsideTrack© Coaching met WWC group design standards without reservations
Only one of 29 domain-general studies controlled participants' prior knowledge - Only one of 29 domain-general studies controlled participants' prior knowledge
Only one of 38 severely struggling middle school readers met a standard-score benchmark of 93 for adequate response to intervention after the study - Only one of 38 severely struggling middle school readers met a standard-score benchmark of 93 for adequate response to intervention after the study
Only one of seven eligible studies of I CAN Learn® met WWC group design standards, and it met them only with reservations - Only one of seven eligible studies of I CAN Learn® met WWC group design standards, and it met them only with reservations
Only one-third of CSR schools adopted reform models identified as having a scientific research base - Only one-third of CSR schools adopted reform models identified as having a scientific research base
Only Page readers tended to locate boundary-zone sentences more accurately than central-zone sentences - Only Page readers tended to locate boundary-zone sentences more accurately than central-zone sentences
Only perceived accuracy differed across educational contexts, rated lower in CTeSP than in secondary and undergraduate education - Only perceived accuracy differed across educational contexts, rated lower in CTeSP than in secondary and undergraduate education
Only problematizing scaffolds, not structuring scaffolds, significantly raise domain knowledge - Only problematizing scaffolds, not structuring scaffolds, significantly raise domain knowledge
Only recent (within the past year) occurrences of dropout in an adolescent's network are associated with the adolescent's own dropout; older occurrences are not - Only recent (within the past year) occurrences of dropout in an adolescent's network are associated with the adolescent's own dropout; older occurrences are not
Only six reviewed studies combined peer feedback with feedback from other sources - Only six reviewed studies combined peer feedback with feedback from other sources
Only SOPT, IT and SART-CO showed significant impairment at the lowest blood alcohol concentration of 0.048%, with large effect sizes (d = 0.76, 0.65 and 1.06) - Only SOPT, IT and SART-CO showed significant impairment at the lowest blood alcohol concentration of 0.048%, with large effect sizes (d = 0.76, 0.65 and 1.06)
Only students receiving SSRL and co-regulation support achieved superior performance in collaborative programming activities - Only students receiving SSRL and co-regulation support achieved superior performance in collaborative programming activities
Only support for affective engagement predicts its matching engagement dimension; behavioral and cognitive support do not, contradicting the ACE framework's alignment - Only support for affective engagement predicts its matching engagement dimension; behavioral and cognitive support do not, contradicting the ACE framework's alignment
Only the 200740F high-use group showed a significantly higher rate of good academic standing compared to non-visitors - Only the 200740F high-use group showed a significantly higher rate of good academic standing compared to non-visitors
Only the challenge winner clearly beat the organizer baselines; most shortlisted systems have not yet improved on a commercial generator or well-chosen human-made video - Only the challenge winner clearly beat the organizer baselines; most shortlisted systems have not yet improved on a commercial generator or well-chosen human-made video
Only the Collaborator group shows a complete significant sequential metacognitive chain from orientation through elaboration; the Replacement Tool group shows only self-loops - Only the Collaborator group shows a complete significant sequential metacognitive chain from orientation through elaboration; the Replacement Tool group shows only self-loops
Only the combined effects of pretesting and coaching have substantial positive effects on student performance on the low-stakes PISA assessments - Only the combined effects of pretesting and coaching have substantial positive effects on student performance on the low-stakes PISA assessments
Only the current teacher's enthusiasm relates to students' enjoyment; prior-year teacher enthusiasm is unrelated to next-year enjoyment - Only the current teacher's enthusiasm relates to students' enjoyment; prior-year teacher enthusiasm is unrelated to next-year enjoyment
Only the discussion of the Flex vs. Plain phonics trial reports that, for students with full week-6 attendance, Flex showed greater gains than Plain on taught-letter alphabetics, decoding, and word reading; its results report no treatment differences or interactions - Only the discussion of the Flex vs. Plain phonics trial reports that, for students with full week-6 attendance, Flex showed greater gains than Plain on taught-letter alphabetics, decoding, and word re
Only the exceptionless ie-to-y rule demonstrated efficiency, with 13 of 16 collegians citing and applying it correctly - Only the exceptionless ie-to-y rule demonstrated efficiency, with 13 of 16 collegians citing and applying it correctly
Only the high-dose VSDR group showed statistically significant improvement in ICT subject knowledge, from pre-test to post-test - Only the high-dose VSDR group showed statistically significant improvement in ICT subject knowledge, from pre-test to post-test
Only the initial level and rate of change in arithmetic fluency predict third-grade mathematics performance; achievement emotions do not - Only the initial level and rate of change in arithmetic fluency predict third-grade mathematics performance; achievement emotions do not
Only the interactive antagonistic agent, not stepwise guidance, significantly shifted novice designers' design thinking relative to self-reflection - Only the interactive antagonistic agent, not stepwise guidance, significantly shifted novice designers' design thinking relative to self-reflection
Only the self-concept-by-low-cost interaction adds predictive power for achievement beyond the self-concept-by-global-value interaction - Only the self-concept-by-low-cost interaction adds predictive power for achievement beyond the self-concept-by-global-value interaction
Only the smallest class differs significantly from the other two; classes of 10 and 15 do not differ significantly - Only the smallest class differs significantly from the other two; classes of 10 and 15 do not differ significantly