Claims: E 3

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

• Environmental temperatures on test days are associated with student math and reading performance, per the report this appendix documents - Environmental temperatures on test days are associated with student math and reading performance, per the report this appendix documents
• Environmentally focused interventions appear to be particularly effective for reducing delinquency and drug use - Environmentally focused interventions appear to be particularly effective for reducing delinquency and drug use
• EO 1110 created a sense of urgency that catalyzed cross-departmental curriculum redesign, though campus stakeholders wanted earlier engagement building on local expertise - EO 1110 created a sense of urgency that catalyzed cross-departmental curriculum redesign, though campus stakeholders wanted earlier engagement building on local expertise
• EO 1110 significantly increased first-year completion of the quantitative reasoning (B4) requirement, roughly doubling completion among students needing additional support - EO 1110 significantly increased first-year completion of the quantitative reasoning (B4) requirement, roughly doubling completion among students needing additional support
• EOL judgments are highly accurate when items vary widely in difficulty within a list, but poorly accurate when variation is small - EOL judgments are highly accurate when items vary widely in difficulty within a list, but poorly accurate when variation is small
• EOL judgments rely heavily on semantic relatedness, whose predictive validity appears to cap attainable EOL accuracy - EOL judgments rely heavily on semantic relatedness, whose predictive validity appears to cap attainable EOL accuracy
• EOL relative accuracy is reliably higher when correlated with a binary recall criterion than with a trials-to-learn criterion - EOL relative accuracy is reliably higher when correlated with a binary recall criterion than with a trials-to-learn criterion
• Epi2Diff achieves the best performance across all four item-difficulty test sets and all reported metrics, outperforming SLM fine-tuning, LLM prompting, and supervised LLM adaptation baselines - Epi2Diff achieves the best performance across all four item-difficulty test sets and all reported metrics, outperforming SLM fine-tuning, LLM prompting, and supervised LLM adaptation baselines
• Epileptiform EEG activity is more prevalent in the inattentive ADHD subtype - Epileptiform EEG activity is more prevalent in the inattentive ADHD subtype
• Episode-composition and transition features contribute predictive process evidence beyond semantics, with Epi.+Tran. reaching 0.136 permutation importance versus 0.084 for Sem. in the Both (Role) setting - Episode-composition and transition features contribute predictive process evidence beyond semantics, with Epi.+Tran.
• Episodes of off-task play with maker materials caused temporal fragmentation of groups' joint attention on the learning challenge - Episodes of off-task play with maker materials caused temporal fragmentation of groups' joint attention on the learning challenge
• Episodic memory improves during middle childhood while familiarity-based recognition reaches adult levels by age 8 - Episodic memory improves during middle childhood while familiarity-based recognition reaches adult levels by age 8
• Episodic prospection develops over an extended period and may support academic behaviors aimed at envisioned future selves - Episodic prospection develops over an extended period and may support academic behaviors aimed at envisioned future selves
• Epistemic and society-related AI knowledge were negatively associated with trust in GenAI - Epistemic and society-related AI knowledge were negatively associated with trust in GenAI
• Epistemic behavior does not mediate the relation of cognitive ability or curiosity with academic performance - Epistemic behavior does not mediate the relation of cognitive ability or curiosity with academic performance
• Epistemic behavior relates to curiosity but not to cognitive ability - Epistemic behavior relates to curiosity but not to cognitive ability
• Epistemic beliefs about the development of scientific knowledge directly predict domain knowledge in science across grades 5, 8, and 11 - Epistemic beliefs about the development of scientific knowledge directly predict domain knowledge in science across grades 5, 8, and 11
• Epistemic beliefs about the justification of scientific knowledge predict mastery and performance-approach goals positively and performance-avoidance goals negatively in fifth grade - Epistemic beliefs about the justification of scientific knowledge predict mastery and performance-approach goals positively and performance-avoidance goals negatively in fifth grade
• Epistemic beliefs develop differently across disciplines: absolute beliefs rise in computer science while multiplistic beliefs rise then fall in psychology - Epistemic beliefs develop differently across disciplines: absolute beliefs rise in computer science while multiplistic beliefs rise then fall in psychology
• Epistemic beliefs, prior knowledge, and the think-aloud emotion of anger jointly predict low-epistemic processing during reading of the other-side text - Epistemic beliefs, prior knowledge, and the think-aloud emotion of anger jointly predict low-epistemic processing during reading of the other-side text
• Epistemic distancing plays a critical role in student groups' construction of a safe space for collaborative sensemaking in physics tutorials - Epistemic distancing plays a critical role in student groups' construction of a safe space for collaborative sensemaking in physics tutorials
• Epistemic emotions showed no significant carry-over (autoregressive) stability from one course session to the next, except boredom after session type was included. - Epistemic emotions showed no significant carry-over (autoregressive) stability from one course session to the next, except boredom after session type was included.
• Epistemic empathy, an affective phenomenon, dovetails with science teachers' learning of responsive teaching - Epistemic empathy, an affective phenomenon, dovetails with science teachers' learning of responsive teaching
• Epistemic games reveal unacknowledged disciplinary differences in interdisciplinary teams
• Epistemic network analysis linked the PS-GenAI-PF group to negative emotions and higher-order feedback content associations - Epistemic network analysis linked the PS-GenAI-PF group to negative emotions and higher-order feedback content associations
• Epistemic network analysis provides a better account of temporal patterns between socio-cognitive events than coding-and-counting - Epistemic network analysis provides a better account of temporal patterns between socio-cognitive events than coding-and-counting
• Epistemic network analysis showed Type 1 concentrating on behaviour-related code connections, Type 2 on both communication- and behaviour-related connections, and Type 3 on communication-related connections - Epistemic network analysis showed Type 1 concentrating on behaviour-related code connections, Type 2 on both communication- and behaviour-related connections, and Type 3 on communication-related conne
• Epistemic network analysis shows high-learning groups integrate re-annotations with knowledge-confirming discourse more densely than low-learning groups - Epistemic network analysis shows high-learning groups integrate re-annotations with knowledge-confirming discourse more densely than low-learning groups
• Epistemic network analysis shows metacognitive behaviors co-occur with invitation actions in DR and DE but with human-initiated reasoning and elaboration in CI - Epistemic network analysis shows metacognitive behaviors co-occur with invitation actions in DR and DE but with human-initiated reasoning and elaboration in CI
• Epistemic orientation and intellectual values jointly predict students’ critical use of genAI, accounting for about one-third of its variance - Epistemic orientation and intellectual values jointly predict students’ critical use of genAI, accounting for about one-third of its variance
• Epistemic reflexivity requires internal dialogue that references both teaching practices and epistemic cognition as a calibration process - Epistemic reflexivity requires internal dialogue that references both teaching practices and epistemic cognition as a calibration process
• Epistemic trust in AI-generated content did not differ significantly across the five AI platforms - Epistemic trust in AI-generated content did not differ significantly across the five AI platforms
• Epistemological belief dimensions offer an understanding of human-GAI engagement - Epistemological belief dimensions offer an understanding of human-GAI engagement
• ePortfolio produced more powerful outcomes when faculty and staff received extended intensive professional development than brief training or none - ePortfolio produced more powerful outcomes when faculty and staff received extended intensive professional development than brief training or none
• Equal accuracy on fraction comparison items can mask fundamentally different misconceptions - Equal accuracy on fraction comparison items can mask fundamentally different misconceptions
• Equal practice increases rather than reduces initial ability differences in addition within the same grade - Equal practice increases rather than reduces initial ability differences in addition within the same grade
• Equalizing perceived supports and safety would reduce gay/lesbian/bisexual versus straight disparities in connectedness by 90-100 percent and other disparities by half - Equalizing perceived supports and safety would reduce gay/lesbian/bisexual versus straight disparities in connectedness by 90-100 percent and other disparities by half
• Equally able students have lower academic self-concepts in high-average-ability schools (the BFLPE), with a cross-national effect size of 0.49 - Equally able students have lower academic self-concepts in high-average-ability schools (the BFLPE), with a cross-national effect size of 0.49
• Equally able students report lower academic self-concepts in high-achieving classrooms than in low-achieving classrooms (the Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect) - Equally able students report lower academic self-concepts in high-achieving classrooms than in low-achieving classrooms (the Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect)
• Equated WCPM scores are more highly correlated across passages read by the same student than raw WCPM scores, suggesting greater reliability - Equated WCPM scores are more highly correlated across passages read by the same student than raw WCPM scores, suggesting greater reliability
• Equated WCPM scores from non-reference passages show smaller residuals against reference-passage scores than raw scores, with one passage exception - Equated WCPM scores from non-reference passages show smaller residuals against reference-passage scores than raw scores, with one passage exception
• Equated WCPM scores generally correlate more highly with MAP Growth Reading RIT scores than raw WCPM scores, with one exception - Equated WCPM scores generally correlate more highly with MAP Growth Reading RIT scores than raw WCPM scores, with one exception
• Equated WCPM scores show much less within-student variance than raw WCPM scores, indicating reduced passage-difficulty fluctuations - Equated WCPM scores show much less within-student variance than raw WCPM scores, indicating reduced passage-difficulty fluctuations
• Equating encoding time across presentation methods does not eliminate the forgetting-rate difference (Experiment 2) - Equating encoding time across presentation methods does not eliminate the forgetting-rate difference (Experiment 2)
• Equating total consolidation time across presentation methods equalizes forgetting rates (Experiment 3) - Equating total consolidation time across presentation methods equalizes forgetting rates (Experiment 3)
• Equation memory shows a strong validity effect (valid > invalid recall) that interacts with equation length - Equation memory shows a strong validity effect (valid > invalid recall) that interacts with equation length
• Equation-handling and symbolic execution dominate the head of the student-discourse distribution, with roughly a third of top-20 turns involving equation work - Equation-handling and symbolic execution dominate the head of the student-discourse distribution, with roughly a third of top-20 turns involving equation work
• Equations of the form a/x = b are the most difficult equation type, reflecting procedural complexity - Equations of the form a/x = b are the most difficult equation type, reflecting procedural complexity
• EQUIP data reports surfaced participation inequities that teachers were unaware of and motivated instructional change - EQUIP data reports surfaced participation inequities that teachers were unaware of and motivated instructional change
• Equipercentile linking shows grade 3 screening benchmark cut scores identifying at-risk students cluster in the MCAS Partially Meeting Expectations performance level, with variation among assessments - Equipercentile linking shows grade 3 screening benchmark cut scores identifying at-risk students cluster in the MCAS Partially Meeting Expectations performance level, with variation among assessments
• Equipping caregivers with MUAC tapes empowered them to track child nutrition and become community health advocates - Equipping caregivers with MUAC tapes empowered them to track child nutrition and become community health advocates
• Equitable access emerged as a prominent governance theme, with one-third of panelists explicitly mentioning equity or inclusion - Equitable access emerged as a prominent governance theme, with one-third of panelists explicitly mentioning equity or inclusion
• Equitable-access and digital-inclusion themes are minimally represented in HI/HIM AI policies - Equitable-access and digital-inclusion themes are minimally represented in HI/HIM AI policies
• Equity commitments in technology adoption face ongoing constraints from infrastructure, funding, and organizational capacity - Equity commitments in technology adoption face ongoing constraints from infrastructure, funding, and organizational capacity
• Equity disparities in GenAI Tutor use appear in how students engage, not in whether or how much they use the tool - Equity disparities in GenAI Tutor use appear in how students engage, not in whether or how much they use the tool
• Equity-oriented leadership preparation through applied and reflective learning can deepen aspiring principals' understanding of bias and equitable practices - Equity-oriented leadership preparation through applied and reflective learning can deepen aspiring principals' understanding of bias and equitable practices
• Equivalence failures under human evaluators were confined to five assignment-by-question-type cells, four of them on code questions - Equivalence failures under human evaluators were confined to five assignment-by-question-type cells, four of them on code questions
• Equivalent performance-adjustment effects hold when clinical control and neurotypical children are analyzed separately - Equivalent performance-adjustment effects hold when clinical control and neurotypical children are analyzed separately
• ER difficulties are positively associated with each burnout dimension: cynicism, emotional exhaustion, and lack of efficacy - ER difficulties are positively associated with each burnout dimension: cynicism, emotional exhaustion, and lack of efficacy
• Eradicating hermeneutical injustice requires sufficient social equality in general, not only slight interpersonal hermeneutical empowerments - Eradicating hermeneutical injustice requires sufficient social equality in general, not only slight interpersonal hermeneutical empowerments
• ERI exploration becomes a salient component of identity development during adolescence as social-cognitive maturity increases - ERI exploration becomes a salient component of identity development during adolescence as social-cognitive maturity increases
• ERP amplitude shows larger negativity for incongruent and No-Go trials at frontal midline sites - ERP amplitude shows larger negativity for incongruent and No-Go trials at frontal midline sites
• ERP interference suppression amplitude predicts mathematics grades even after controlling for fluid intelligence - ERP interference suppression amplitude predicts mathematics grades even after controlling for fluid intelligence
• ERPs reveal SES disparities in children's auditory attention filtering even when behavioral task performance shows no significant SES difference - ERPs reveal SES disparities in children's auditory attention filtering even when behavioral task performance shows no significant SES difference
• Erroneous examples and problem solving do not differ significantly on an immediate posttest - Erroneous examples and problem solving do not differ significantly on an immediate posttest
• Erroneous examples benefit learners with more prior knowledge, while correct-only solutions better serve low-prior-knowledge learners - Erroneous examples benefit learners with more prior knowledge, while correct-only solutions better serve low-prior-knowledge learners
• Erroneous examples do not raise general confidence calibration but yield more high-confidence correct answers on the delayed posttest - Erroneous examples do not raise general confidence calibration but yield more high-confidence correct answers on the delayed posttest
• Erroneous examples improve conceptual understanding by forcing comparison with correct models.
• Erroneous examples produce significantly higher delayed-test learning gains than problem solving for decimal learning - Erroneous examples produce significantly higher delayed-test learning gains than problem solving for decimal learning
• Erroneous examples show no general learning benefit over correct examples in most comparisons, but outperform them for negative knowledge in some studies - Erroneous examples show no general learning benefit over correct examples in most comparisons, but outperform them for negative knowledge in some studies
• Erroneous examples were beneficial only in combination with elaborated feedback, not with corrective feedback alone - Erroneous examples were beneficial only in combination with elaborated feedback, not with corrective feedback alone
• Error conditions differed in negative affect but not positive affect after the PS-phase learning materials - Error conditions differed in negative affect but not positive affect after the PS-phase learning materials
• Error correction supports learning when it requires substantive cognitive work such as explanation and reconstruction - Error correction supports learning when it requires substantive cognitive work such as explanation and reconstruction
• Error data mirror the RT findings: opposite-response-set noise caused far more errors at the two closest spacings - Error data mirror the RT findings: opposite-response-set noise caused far more errors at the two closest spacings
• Error framing is expected to induce differential mastery and performance-avoid orientations, shaping self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation - Error framing is expected to induce differential mastery and performance-avoid orientations, shaping self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation
• Error rates for comparing a teacher's performance to the average are about 25 percent with three years of data and 35 percent with one year of data - Error rates for comparing a teacher's performance to the average are about 25 percent with three years of data and 35 percent with one year of data
• Error rates per completed problem-solving step did not significantly differ between conditions - Error rates per completed problem-solving step did not significantly differ between conditions
• Error timing and stakes shape trust in AI systems: later errors may be more damaging, early errors may matter more, and trust recovers quickly after good post-error performance, with high-stakes errors causing abrupt collapse - Error timing and stakes shape trust in AI systems: later errors may be more damaging, early errors may matter more, and trust recovers quickly after good post-error performance, with high-stakes error
• Errorless discrimination training avoids emotional responses and yields more effective transfer than errorful training (Terrace's pigeon studies) - Errorless discrimination training avoids emotional responses and yields more effective transfer than errorful training (Terrace's pigeon studies)
• Errors of assent to suggestion outnumber errors of dissent in children's selective judgment, and independent judgment develops through three stages - Errors of assent to suggestion outnumber errors of dissent in children's selective judgment, and independent judgment develops through three stages
• Errors serve as valuable feedback for teachers and learners, but unhandled errors risk fossilization - Errors serve as valuable feedback for teachers and learners, but unhandled errors risk fossilization
• Errors should be distinguished from mistakes, and analysis proceeds through recognition, description, and explanation stages - Errors should be distinguished from mistakes, and analysis proceeds through recognition, description, and explanation stages
• ESA programs have grown rapidly, serving over 326,400 students across 13 states as of the 2023/24 school year - ESA programs have grown rapidly, serving over 326,400 students across 13 states as of the 2023/24 school year
• Escape motivation carries a significant negative indirect association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity - Escape motivation carries a significant negative indirect association between AI dependence and self-reported creativity
• Escaping a bottom-tier school raises four-year graduation rates, by 10 percentage points for top-tier schools and 3 for mid-tier schools - Escaping a bottom-tier school raises four-year graduation rates, by 10 percentage points for top-tier schools and 3 for mid-tier schools
• ESL participants showed significantly higher posttest word attack scores than native English speakers - ESL participants showed significantly higher posttest word attack scores than native English speakers
• ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater gains in self-efficacy for learning from text than students taught an alternative learning strategy - ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater gains in self-efficacy for learning from text than students taught an alternative learning strategy
• ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater gains in self-regulation strategies (self-monitoring and knowledge acquisition strategies) than the alternative strategy group - ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater gains in self-regulation strategies (self-monitoring and knowledge acquisition strategies) than the alternative strategy group
• ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater pretest-to-posttest achievement gains than students taught an alternative learning strategy - ESL students taught concept mapping show significantly greater pretest-to-posttest achievement gains than students taught an alternative learning strategy
• ESL students using a spaced L2 vocabulary acquisition strategy with monthly incidental listening outperformed comparison students on the End-of-Experiment test - ESL students using a spaced L2 vocabulary acquisition strategy with monthly incidental listening outperformed comparison students on the End-of-Experiment test
• ESL teachers in Bangladesh lack adequate pronunciation-instruction training, leaving them unprepared to teach pronunciation - ESL teachers in Bangladesh lack adequate pronunciation-instruction training, leaving them unprepared to teach pronunciation
• Essay position did not affect essay scores, but essay-last students wrote essays of similar quality in less time using fewer words - Essay position did not affect essay scores, but essay-last students wrote essays of similar quality in less time using fewer words
• Essay quality correlates positively with the affective feature of ChatGPT feedback and negatively with the affective feature of peer feedback - Essay quality correlates positively with the affective feature of ChatGPT feedback and negatively with the affective feature of peer feedback
• Essay quality was highest for AI-generated drafts and lowest with no AI, negatively correlated with ownership, suggesting an ownership-quality tradeoff. - Essay quality was highest for AI-generated drafts and lowest with no AI, negatively correlated with ownership, suggesting an ownership-quality tradeoff.
• Essays within each tool group showed consistent homogeneity across named entities, n-grams, and topic ontology - Essays within each tool group showed consistent homogeneity across named entities, n-grams, and topic ontology
• Essays written under Standard Chatbot sat closest to AI-only essays in semantic embedding space, and Engage-to-Unlock differed significantly from Standard Chatbot along PC1 - Essays written under Standard Chatbot sat closest to AI-only essays in semantic embedding space, and Engage-to-Unlock differed significantly from Standard Chatbot along PC1
• Essential Olive Oil task actions T3 and A47 were conducted by few dyads, marking key difficulties in the solution path - Essential Olive Oil task actions T3 and A47 were conducted by few dyads, marking key difficulties in the solution path
• Established feedback frameworks do not address the epistemic status of feedback tasks relevant to automation decisions - Established feedback frameworks do not address the epistemic status of feedback tasks relevant to automation decisions
• Estimated average graduation time differed by major, from 2 years for secondary/special education to 3.8 years for non-education majors - Estimated average graduation time differed by major, from 2 years for secondary/special education to 3.8 years for non-education majors
• Estimated Covid-19 learning deficits are more pronounced in studies using experimental/quasi-experimental designs than in descriptive or correlational studies - Estimated Covid-19 learning deficits are more pronounced in studies using experimental/quasi-experimental designs than in descriptive or correlational studies
• Estimated Fee Schedule billing revenue varies widely across Alameda County school health centers and is small relative to existing billing revenue for most - Estimated Fee Schedule billing revenue varies widely across Alameda County school health centers and is small relative to existing billing revenue for most
• Estimated human baseline on the CDPK benchmark is approximately 50%, based on aggregate Chilean teacher exam results - Estimated human baseline on the CDPK benchmark is approximately 50%, based on aggregate Chilean teacher exam results
• Estimated impacts of Roads to Success on student behaviors were mixed - Estimated impacts of Roads to Success on student behaviors were mixed
• Estimated learning deficits are smaller in European studies than in studies from the rest of the world - Estimated learning deficits are smaller in European studies than in studies from the rest of the world
• Estimated success at helping others learn Facebook decreases significantly as the hypothetical learner's age increases from 20 to 60 - Estimated success at helping others learn Facebook decreases significantly as the hypothetical learner's age increases from 20 to 60
• Estimated success declines with learner age for both friends and relatives, with relatives rated descriptively higher at every age - Estimated success declines with learner age for both friends and relatives, with relatives rated descriptively higher at every age
• Estimated teacher hires increased 43% between 2013–14 and 2017–18, outpacing growth in credential issuance - Estimated teacher hires increased 43% between 2013–14 and 2017–18, outpacing growth in credential issuance
• Estimates of cohort achievement trends vary substantially by survey agent, with PISA reporting negative math trends - Estimates of cohort achievement trends vary substantially by survey agent, with PISA reporting negative math trends
• Estimates of the return to college selectivity fall substantially, often to near zero, when earnings are tracked from 1983 through 2007 and for a 1989 entering cohort - Estimates of the return to college selectivity fall substantially, often to near zero, when earnings are tracked from 1983 through 2007 and for a 1989 entering cohort
• Estimating each grader's bias alone accounts for 95% of the RMSE reduction, while modeling grader reliability contributes little with only four grades per student - Estimating each grader's bias alone accounts for 95% of the RMSE reduction, while modeling grader reliability contributes little with only four grades per student
• Estimation errors for partner AI use are directionally biased for specific task types at t2 but not at t3 - Estimation errors for partner AI use are directionally biased for specific task types at t2 but not at t3
• ET and MR conditions produced the highest quiz scores, though no statistical test is reported - ET and MR conditions produced the highest quiz scores, though no statistical test is reported
• Ethical acceptability of GenAI use varied with disciplinary norms: assistance was more acceptable for supporting or procedural tasks than for core intellectual tasks - Ethical acceptability of GenAI use varied with disciplinary norms: assistance was more acceptable for supporting or procedural tasks than for core intellectual tasks
• Ethical and governance dimensions of AI were less prominent in teachers' narratives than pedagogical opportunities - Ethical and governance dimensions of AI were less prominent in teachers' narratives than pedagogical opportunities
• Ethical concerns (bias, transparency, privacy, authorship, accountability) emerge as cross-cutting dimensions of GenAI-specific TPK across studies of teacher educators - Ethical concerns (bias, transparency, privacy, authorship, accountability) emerge as cross-cutting dimensions of GenAI-specific TPK across studies of teacher educators
• Ethical decision-making about AI emerges as tensions and contradictions negotiated across ecological levels - Ethical decision-making about AI emerges as tensions and contradictions negotiated across ecological levels
• Ethical issue awareness improved more than ethical consequence reasoning after LLM-supported group ethics discussion - Ethical issue awareness improved more than ethical consequence reasoning after LLM-supported group ethics discussion
• Ethical reasoning and reflective thinking are reported as the strongest predictors of sustainable and trustworthy AI use - Ethical reasoning and reflective thinking are reported as the strongest predictors of sustainable and trustworthy AI use
• Ethical reflection is often addressed separately from technical and creative AI activities, showing weak co-occurrence with Social Reasoning (42%), Using AI (41%) and Creating with AI (55%) - Ethical reflection is often addressed separately from technical and creative AI activities, showing weak co-occurrence with Social Reasoning (42%), Using AI (41%) and Creating with AI (55%)
• Ethical risk management of AI in education proceeds bottom-up through individual faculty guidance and student self-strategies because institutional support is lacking - Ethical risk management of AI in education proceeds bottom-up through individual faculty guidance and student self-strategies because institutional support is lacking
• Ethical, financial, and infrastructural barriers significantly constrain the long-term sustainability of AI-driven educational transformation in higher education - Ethical, financial, and infrastructural barriers significantly constrain the long-term sustainability of AI-driven educational transformation in higher education
• Ethics, privacy, bias, over-reliance, accuracy, usability and cost are key challenges AI use poses for learner satisfaction and engagement - Ethics, privacy, bias, over-reliance, accuracy, usability and cost are key challenges AI use poses for learner satisfaction and engagement
• Ethnic constancy and knowledge are associated with better adaptive behavior at home, with no moderation by gender or ethnicity - Ethnic constancy and knowledge are associated with better adaptive behavior at home, with no moderation by gender or ethnicity
• Ethnic constancy and preference are higher among Mexican American than Dominican American children - Ethnic constancy and preference are higher among Mexican American than Dominican American children
• Ethnic identity associations with functioning are robust across child gender and ethnic group, and ethnic identity scores are uncorrelated with IQ - Ethnic identity associations with functioning are robust across child gender and ethnic group, and ethnic identity scores are uncorrelated with IQ
• Ethnic identity components are more prevalent among kindergarten than pre-k children, consistent with developmental sequencing - Ethnic identity components are more prevalent among kindergarten than pre-k children, consistent with developmental sequencing
• Ethnic identity tends to follow an increasing trajectory across the middle-school years among ethnic minority youth - Ethnic identity tends to follow an increasing trajectory across the middle-school years among ethnic minority youth
• Ethnic-minority children report higher intrinsic motivation than European-American children despite higher stigma awareness - Ethnic-minority children report higher intrinsic motivation than European-American children despite higher stigma awareness
• Ethnic-minority elementary-age children report higher awareness of ethnicity-based stigma than European-American children - Ethnic-minority elementary-age children report higher awareness of ethnicity-based stigma than European-American children
• Ethnicity moderates several social-functioning–academic relationships, which are stronger for African American than Caucasian children - Ethnicity moderates several social-functioning–academic relationships, which are stronger for African American than Caucasian children
• Ethnographically-oriented methods surface five dimensions of classroom context that text-only transcripts omit, including multimodal communication and relationships - Ethnographically-oriented methods surface five dimensions of classroom context that text-only transcripts omit, including multimodal communication and relationships
• Evaluating GenAI-generated solutions produced no significant differences on midterm scores, final exam scores, course percentages, or normalized exam change relative to solving problems directly - Evaluating GenAI-generated solutions produced no significant differences on midterm scores, final exam scores, course percentages, or normalized exam change relative to solving problems directly
• Evaluation accuracy differed by problem type, with a significant time-by-problem-type interaction: confounded designs remained hardest after instruction - Evaluation accuracy differed by problem type, with a significant time-by-problem-type interaction: confounded designs remained hardest after instruction
• Evaluation methods for RSE are varied and hybridised, with qualitative methods most common - Evaluation methods for RSE are varied and hybridised, with qualitative methods most common
• Evaluation systems including alternative student growth measures showed a wider range of teacher performance than previous systems lacking growth measures - Evaluation systems including alternative student growth measures showed a wider range of teacher performance than previous systems lacking growth measures
• Evaluations of charter schools limited to test scores may fail to capture important benefits - Evaluations of charter schools limited to test scores may fail to capture important benefits
• Evaluations of leadership competency increase with hierarchical position in Vietnamese universities - Evaluations of leadership competency increase with hierarchical position in Vietnamese universities
• Evaluations of parent education initiatives using experiential methods found positive results for parents - Evaluations of parent education initiatives using experiential methods found positive results for parents
• Evaluative questions elicit more historical reasoning than explanatory questions - Evaluative questions elicit more historical reasoning than explanatory questions
• Evaluator staff capacities centered on creating conditions for participation rather than technical control - Evaluator staff capacities centered on creating conditions for participation rather than technical control
• Even a small amount of rapid-guessing behavior can impact institutional rankings - Even a small amount of rapid-guessing behavior can impact institutional rankings
• Even adults learning substantially new content often need at least partial materialization with supports like orienting charts - Even adults learning substantially new content often need at least partial materialization with supports like orienting charts
• Even bilingual children with limited heritage-language proficiency found creative ways to communicate different linguistic functions as needed - Even bilingual children with limited heritage-language proficiency found creative ways to communicate different linguistic functions as needed
• Even controlling for actual skill, older children, children with stronger social skills, and children with fewer inattentive symptoms were perceived as more academically able by preschool teachers - Even controlling for actual skill, older children, children with stronger social skills, and children with fewer inattentive symptoms were perceived as more academically able by preschool teachers
• Even districts with consistent curriculum use encountered persistent equity access gaps for multilingual learners and students with learning differences - Even districts with consistent curriculum use encountered persistent equity access gaps for multilingual learners and students with learning differences
• Even highly qualified students need strong parental support combined with structured school support to conduct an effective college search and enroll in a matched college - Even highly qualified students need strong parental support combined with structured school support to conduct an effective college search and enroll in a matched college
• Even moderately absent students (0.1-4.9% of days) start the following year at significantly lower mathematics achievement (.07 to .15 SDs) than no-absence peers - Even moderately absent students (0.1-4.9% of days) start the following year at significantly lower mathematics achievement (.07 to .15 SDs) than no-absence peers
• Even prescriptives based on the strongest evidence for causality are fraught with generalization problems, per a meeting of educational researchers - Even prescriptives based on the strongest evidence for causality are fraught with generalization problems, per a meeting of educational researchers
• Even students in lowest-rated AVID schools are fairly positive, though only half would recommend AVID to friends - Even students in lowest-rated AVID schools are fairly positive, though only half would recommend AVID to friends
• Even students with stellar qualifications and strong plans can fail to enroll after career uncertainty, incomplete financial aid paperwork, and no extended adult conversation about college combine to make choice feel too risky - Even students with stellar qualifications and strong plans can fail to enroll after career uncertainty, incomplete financial aid paperwork, and no extended adult conversation about college combine to
• Even the best frontier model achieves only a 55% pass rate on AcademiClaw's 80 academic tasks - Even the best frontier model achieves only a 55% pass rate on AcademiClaw's 80 academic tasks
• Even the best LLM grader reaches only moderate agreement with human teachers, below the threshold for good reliability - Even the best LLM grader reaches only moderate agreement with human teachers, below the threshold for good reliability
• Even the easiest Latin sentence test items were too difficult for first-year pupils, with only the first sentence translated correctly by most - Even the easiest Latin sentence test items were too difficult for first-year pupils, with only the first sentence translated correctly by most
• Even the most talented performers need around 10 years of intense involvement to reach international level - Even the most talented performers need around 10 years of intense involvement to reach international level
• Even the top students in a school can go almost unnoticed by adults in college planning, missing steering to selective colleges and relying on luck to find a good fit - Even the top students in a school can go almost unnoticed by adults in college planning, missing steering to selective colleges and relying on luck to find a good fit
• Even under the best prediction approach, students and teachers in 22 percent of incoming grade levels within SDP schools might have to be reassigned because of unexpected student mobility and maximum class size rules - Even under the best prediction approach, students and teachers in 22 percent of incoming grade levels within SDP schools might have to be reassigned because of unexpected student mobility and maximum
• Even when motivated to distinguish and informed that differences matter, learners in Experiment 1 blocked 68% of their study sequence choices - Even when motivated to distinguish and informed that differences matter, learners in Experiment 1 blocked 68% of their study sequence choices
• Even with skill-based qualifications, LLM team assignment remains gender-biased: when two teams are equally valid, models favor Core Development for male personas over Interface Design - Even with skill-based qualifications, LLM team assignment remains gender-biased: when two teams are equally valid, models favor Core Development for male personas over Interface Design
• Evening-trained adolescents show greater gains in finger-tapping accuracy (reduced error rate) than afternoon-trained adolescents at both retention intervals - Evening-trained adolescents show greater gains in finger-tapping accuracy (reduced error rate) than afternoon-trained adolescents at both retention intervals
• Ever-below-benchmark rates differed sharply between top- and bottom-quartile grantee schools on high-need concentration, preschool attendance, discipline, attendance, and mobility - Ever-below-benchmark rates differed sharply between top- and bottom-quartile grantee schools on high-need concentration, preschool attendance, discipline, attendance, and mobility
• Ever-ELs and current-ELs make larger fall-to-spring gains than the all-student average in early grades but smaller gains in middle grades - Ever-ELs and current-ELs make larger fall-to-spring gains than the all-student average in early grades but smaller gains in middle grades
• Ever-ELs closed in on the national average by end of 4th grade, with Asian and White ever-ELs surpassing it in 2nd grade - Ever-ELs closed in on the national average by end of 4th grade, with Asian and White ever-ELs surpassing it in 2nd grade
• Ever-SPED students grew more than never-SPED students during the 1st and 2nd grade school years in math and the 1st, 3rd, and 4th grade school years in reading - Ever-SPED students grew more than never-SPED students during the 1st and 2nd grade school years in math and the 1st, 3rd, and 4th grade school years in reading
• Ever-SPED students lost more learning than never-SPED students during every summer from kindergarten through 4th grade - Ever-SPED students lost more learning than never-SPED students during every summer from kindergarten through 4th grade
• Ever-SPED students started kindergarten with lower math and reading scores and grew less than never-SPED students during the kindergarten school year - Ever-SPED students started kindergarten with lower math and reading scores and grew less than never-SPED students during the kindergarten school year
• Every assessment procedure or instrument embodies a sense of telos, producing data that locate people along the researcher's assumed developmental path - Every assessment procedure or instrument embodies a sense of telos, producing data that locate people along the researcher's assumed developmental path
• Every student present submitted at least one question response for each simulation, without external incentives - Every student present submitted at least one question response for each simulation, without external incentives
• Every surveyed district filled some vacancies with underprepared teachers, and substandard credentials nearly tripled from 2012–13 to 2019–20 - Every surveyed district filled some vacancies with underprepared teachers, and substandard credentials nearly tripled from 2012–13 to 2019–20
• Every think-aloud student showed creative problem solving behaviors belonging to each of the four CPS model elements - Every think-aloud student showed creative problem solving behaviors belonging to each of the four CPS model elements
• Everyday and invented terminology became formalized through classroom discussion, establishing a shared protocol for referring to strings - Everyday and invented terminology became formalized through classroom discussion, establishing a shared protocol for referring to strings
• Everyday language routinely and productively crosses ontological categories - Everyday language routinely and productively crosses ontological categories
• Everyday Mathematics and Harcourt Math show no difference in effects on elementary student achievement in Pittsburgh Public Schools - Everyday Mathematics and Harcourt Math show no difference in effects on elementary student achievement in Pittsburgh Public Schools
• Everyday Mathematics® has potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for primary students, with a substantively important but statistically non-significant effect size of 0.27 - Everyday Mathematics® has potentially positive effects on mathematics achievement for primary students, with a substantively important but statistically non-significant effect size of 0.27
• Everyday Mathematics® showed positive effects on TAAS math subtests (Concepts, Operations, Problem Solving) with effect sizes of 0.25 to 0.31 that were not statistically significant after clustering correction - Everyday Mathematics® showed positive effects on TAAS math subtests (Concepts, Operations, Problem Solving) with effect sizes of 0.25 to 0.31 that were not statistically significant after clustering c
• Everyday mental errors are determined by unconscious motives rather than chance, according to the psychoanalytic argument reviewed - Everyday mental errors are determined by unconscious motives rather than chance, according to the psychoanalytic argument reviewed
• Evidence and evaluation standards for educational AI are immature, widening the gap between product release pace and rigorous evaluation - Evidence and evaluation standards for educational AI are immature, widening the gap between product release pace and rigorous evaluation
• Evidence base for Waterford Early Reading Level One™ is small, with no standards-meeting studies in four of six outcome domains - Evidence base for Waterford Early Reading Level One™ is small, with no standards-meeting studies in four of six outcome domains
• Evidence elicitation relates positively to diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic efficiency - Evidence elicitation relates positively to diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic efficiency
• Evidence exists for AI agents as collaborative partners, but more work is needed on how computing agents can best support learning of AI itself - Evidence exists for AI agents as collaborative partners, but more work is needed on how computing agents can best support learning of AI itself
• Evidence extent for Voyager is moderate to large for alphabetics and small for comprehension, with no qualifying studies of fluency or general reading achievement - Evidence extent for Voyager is moderate to large for alphabetics and small for comprehension, with no qualifying studies of fluency or general reading achievement
• Evidence for a direct socialization effect of classic stories on children's moral behavior is weak and inconsistent - Evidence for a direct socialization effect of classic stories on children's moral behavior is weak and inconsistent
• Evidence for a relationship between teacher empathy and general emotional support is inconsistent, with positive findings concentrated in self-report-only studies - Evidence for a relationship between teacher empathy and general emotional support is inconsistent, with positive findings concentrated in self-report-only studies
• Evidence for agentic AI in education is strongest for formative tutoring and SRL coaching, while orchestration and assessment applications remain at mid technology-readiness stages - Evidence for agentic AI in education is strongest for formative tutoring and SRL coaching, while orchestration and assessment applications remain at mid technology-readiness stages
• Evidence for curiosity as an aversive state is inconclusive; an incentive-salience (liking/wanting) account offers a more parsimonious explanation - Evidence for curiosity as an aversive state is inconclusive; an incentive-salience (liking/wanting) account offers a more parsimonious explanation
• Evidence for effects of acute bouts of physical activity on children's attention is weak and inconclusive - Evidence for effects of acute bouts of physical activity on children's attention is weak and inconclusive
• Evidence for emotional-only AI support is limited to two studies, which were summarized narratively rather than pooled - Evidence for emotional-only AI support is limited to two studies, which were summarized narratively rather than pooled
• Evidence for HRV concurrent validity as a measure of attention in educational contexts is insufficient - Evidence for HRV concurrent validity as a measure of attention in educational contexts is insufficient
• Evidence for integrated EF–mathematics interventions is growing but mixed - Evidence for integrated EF–mathematics interventions is growing but mixed
• Evidence for lasting learning is mixed at 8-week delays: only interleaving, not spacing or retrieval practice in drawing contexts, was supported - Evidence for lasting learning is mixed at 8-week delays: only interleaving, not spacing or retrieval practice in drawing contexts, was supported
• Evidence for persistence of threat-induced reading improvements is less consistent than for math - Evidence for persistence of threat-induced reading improvements is less consistent than for math
• Evidence for promotive and skill-enhancing factors in literacy resilience is underrecognized while the same evidence is overinterpreted towards protective effects - Evidence for promotive and skill-enhancing factors in literacy resilience is underrecognized while the same evidence is overinterpreted towards protective effects
• Evidence for spatial training improving STEM achievement is promising but insufficient; rigorous research is still needed - Evidence for spatial training improving STEM achievement is promising but insufficient; rigorous research is still needed
• Evidence for sustained or clinically meaningful outcomes of AI chatbot coaching is mixed and does not guarantee improvement across outcomes - Evidence for sustained or clinically meaningful outcomes of AI chatbot coaching is mixed and does not guarantee improvement across outcomes
• Evidence for teacher-side effects of AI-based instruction is mostly perceptual or indirect, and teacher orchestration was not directly associated with student achievement in the largest quantitative study - Evidence for teacher-side effects of AI-based instruction is mostly perceptual or indirect, and teacher orchestration was not directly associated with student achievement in the largest quantitative s
• Evidence indicates socially shared regulation of learning occurs across SRL areas and may promote learning and performance - Evidence indicates socially shared regulation of learning occurs across SRL areas and may promote learning and performance
• Evidence is mixed on whether including demographic variables as predictors improves model performance in educational prediction - Evidence is mixed on whether including demographic variables as predictors improves model performance in educational prediction
• Evidence linking massage to early childhood sleep is mixed: null in a meta-analysis of infants ages 0-6 mo but positive in small studies of older infants, toddlers, and preschoolers - Evidence linking massage to early childhood sleep is mixed: null in a meta-analysis of infants ages 0-6 mo but positive in small studies of older infants, toddlers, and preschoolers
• Evidence of academic rebounding in 2021-22 appeared across all school-poverty levels - Evidence of academic rebounding in 2021-22 appeared across all school-poverty levels
• Evidence of changes in growth mindset or math confidence after the summer programs was minimal - Evidence of changes in growth mindset or math confidence after the summer programs was minimal
• Evidence of publication bias exists, but the pooled video effects are robust to it - Evidence of publication bias exists, but the pooled video effects are robust to it
• Evidence of small-study effects exists for cognition and motivation, but trim-and-fill adjustment leaves the moderate motivating effect essentially unchanged - Evidence of small-study effects exists for cognition and motivation, but trim-and-fill adjustment leaves the moderate motivating effect essentially unchanged
• Evidence on cognitive function benefits of forest preschool is mixed: teacher-rated global cognition improved, but executive functions and working memory showed no significant differences - Evidence on cognitive function benefits of forest preschool is mixed: teacher-rated global cognition improved, but executive functions and working memory showed no significant differences
• Evidence on gamification's effect on engagement in adaptive learning platforms is mixed, with claims of greatest impact alongside reports of minimal effect - Evidence on gamification's effect on engagement in adaptive learning platforms is mixed, with claims of greatest impact alongside reports of minimal effect
• Evidence on GenAI in chemistry education is concentrated in short-term outcomes, with durable transfer and retention rarely tested - Evidence on GenAI in chemistry education is concentrated in short-term outcomes, with durable transfer and retention rarely tested
• Evidence on LLM-based family education remains limited across families and educational purposes, especially on sustained personalization, repair labor, and negotiation of authority and rules - Evidence on LLM-based family education remains limited across families and educational purposes, especially on sustained personalization, repair labor, and negotiation of authority and rules
• Evidence on long-term persistence of self-regulation intervention effects is mixed: no fadeout for metacognitive strategy interventions versus substantial fadeout in higher-quality RCT syntheses - Evidence on long-term persistence of self-regulation intervention effects is mixed: no fadeout for metacognitive strategy interventions versus substantial fadeout in higher-quality RCT syntheses
• Evidence on meditation and academic achievement is scant: only three published studies, with the strongest from TM programmes on standardised test scores - Evidence on meditation and academic achievement is scant: only three published studies, with the strongest from TM programmes on standardised test scores
• Evidence on reliability and validity of alternative student growth measures, especially student learning objectives, is limited - Evidence on reliability and validity of alternative student growth measures, especially student learning objectives, is limited
• Evidence on RJ's impact on academic outcomes is limited and mixed, with graduation-rate gains in one study and no GPA change in another - Evidence on RJ's impact on academic outcomes is limited and mixed, with graduation-rate gains in one study and no GPA change in another
• Evidence on sleep duration and cognitive development in children aged 0–4 years is mixed, with no consistent association - Evidence on sleep duration and cognitive development in children aged 0–4 years is mixed, with no consistent association
• Evidence on synergistic openness–interest effects on knowledge attainment is mixed, with supporting, compensating, and zero findings reported - Evidence on synergistic openness–interest effects on knowledge attainment is mixed, with supporting, compensating, and zero findings reported
• Evidence on teacher attitude change as an outcome of team-based professional development in higher education is insufficient; only one study mentioned attitudes - Evidence on teacher attitude change as an outcome of team-based professional development in higher education is insufficient; only one study mentioned attitudes
• Evidence on the mental effort–workload relation is mixed: AIC prefers quadratic, BIC prefers linear - Evidence on the mental effort–workload relation is mixed: AIC prefers quadratic, BIC prefers linear
• Evidence on the policy's effects on 10th-grade geometry outcomes was inconsistent across groups and years - Evidence on the policy's effects on 10th-grade geometry outcomes was inconsistent across groups and years
• Evidence on what works in remote learning is scant, prompting schools and teachers to try many approaches - Evidence on what works in remote learning is scant, prompting schools and teachers to try many approaches
• Evidence on whether initial short-answer questions produce more learning than initial multiple-choice questions is mixed, with recent studies finding little or no difference - Evidence on whether initial short-answer questions produce more learning than initial multiple-choice questions is mixed, with recent studies finding little or no difference
• Evidence on working memory capacity as a moderator of the interleaving effect is mixed, but WM does not appear to be a major barrier to classroom use - Evidence on working memory capacity as a moderator of the interleaving effect is mixed, but WM does not appear to be a major barrier to classroom use
• Evidence sharing relates positively to diagnostic justification quality - Evidence sharing relates positively to diagnostic justification quality
• Evidence suggests over-reliance on generative AI may negatively affect students' self-regulated learning behaviors, potentially harming retention and transfer to novel contexts - Evidence suggests over-reliance on generative AI may negatively affect students' self-regulated learning behaviors, potentially harming retention and transfer to novel contexts
• Evidence suggests RJ improves school climate, including student connectedness and staff-perceived climate gains - Evidence suggests RJ improves school climate, including student connectedness and staff-perceived climate gains
• Evidence that classroom network structure relates to course outcomes under interactive pedagogies is mixed - Evidence that classroom network structure relates to course outcomes under interactive pedagogies is mixed
• Evidence that domain-general perceptual-cognitive skills distinguish athletes is mixed; expertise appears domain-specific - Evidence that domain-general perceptual-cognitive skills distinguish athletes is mixed; expertise appears domain-specific
• Evidence that PBL fosters SDL is mixed across studies - Evidence that PBL fosters SDL is mixed across studies
• Evidence that perceptual attention and WM maintenance share a limited resource is not yet convincing - Evidence that perceptual attention and WM maintenance share a limited resource is not yet convincing
• Evidence tracing links 96 of 114 generated claims to source chunks, but three claims with retrieval scores of 0.50 or below show retrieval similarity alone is insufficient - Evidence tracing links 96 of 114 generated claims to source chunks, but three claims with retrieval scores of 0.50 or below show retrieval similarity alone is insufficient
• Evidence types differ systematically in probative value: detection outputs cluster at weak inferential force while admissions, observed exam behaviour and fabricated references carry the strongest profiles - Evidence types differ systematically in probative value: detection outputs cluster at weak inferential force while admissions, observed exam behaviour and fabricated references carry the strongest pro
• Evidence-based rubric scripting produced more high-quality discussion than future-thinking scripting in long-term small-group collaboration. - Evidence-based rubric scripting produced more high-quality discussion than future-thinking scripting in long-term small-group collaboration.
• EVOL variants remain the strongest methods under stochastic response models, weakening the hypothesis that evolutionary search exploits deterministic threshold discontinuities - EVOL variants remain the strongest methods under stochastic response models, weakening the hypothesis that evolutionary search exploits deterministic threshold discontinuities
• EVOL variants remain the strongest methods when recommended paths are executed on alternative DKT simulator instances - EVOL variants remain the strongest methods when recommended paths are executed on alternative DKT simulator instances
• Evolution is the most investigated topic and text-reading the most common intervention type in biology conceptual change research - Evolution is the most investigated topic and text-reading the most common intervention type in biology conceptual change research
• Evolutionary theory can inform more-enlightened teaching methods yielding more enjoyable and successful learning - Evolutionary theory can inform more-enlightened teaching methods yielding more enjoyable and successful learning
• Evolved teacher roles with AI agents rank high in impact but are rated among the most challenging themes, with a negative priority indicator - Evolved teacher roles with AI agents rank high in impact but are rated among the most challenging themes, with a negative priority indicator
• Exam environment critically moderates GenAI learning effects: significant large gains when GenAI is permitted during assessment (g = 0.76) versus non-significant slightly negative effects when it is not (g = -0.06). - Exam environment critically moderates GenAI learning effects: significant large gains when GenAI is permitted during assessment (g = 0.76) versus non-significant slightly negative effects when it is n
• Exam grades correlate positively with designing competition and near-zero with designing fun in the Study 1 correlation table - Exam grades correlate positively with designing competition and near-zero with designing fun in the Study 1 correlation table
• Exam score predictions decreased from the start to the end of the course for all performance quartiles, leaving poor performers overconfident and high performers underconfident - Exam score predictions decreased from the start to the end of the course for all performance quartiles, leaving poor performers overconfident and high performers underconfident
• Exam scores correlate positively with correct submissions and negatively with incorrect submissions and solution access - Exam scores correlate positively with correct submissions and negatively with incorrect submissions and solution access
• Exam-level AI difficulty correlations with student performance are directionally consistent but weaker and only exploratory - Exam-level AI difficulty correlations with student performance are directionally consistent but weaker and only exploratory
• Example elaboration training is studied for decreasing cognitive interference and overload (per Stark, Mandl, Gruber, & Renkl) - Example elaboration training is studied for decreasing cognitive interference and overload (per Stark, Mandl, Gruber, & Renkl)
• Example quality does not significantly moderate the effects of the standards on judgment accuracy when aggregated across concepts - Example quality does not significantly moderate the effects of the standards on judgment accuracy when aggregated across concepts
• Example-based instructional activities yield larger effects when delivered jointly by ICT and teachers than by teachers alone - Example-based instructional activities yield larger effects when delivered jointly by ICT and teachers than by teachers alone
• Example-based sequences outperform problem-only practice for novices, and fading support is argued to aid transfer
• Example-first conditions outperformed problem-first conditions on an immediate circuit test
• Examples of features from the original research context in the guidebook helped participants understand the design principles and relate them to their own HLC - Examples of features from the original research context in the guidebook helped participants understand the design principles and relate them to their own HLC
• Example–problem pairs and examples-only are more effective than problem–example pairs for novices, with no significant difference between the first two - Example–problem pairs and examples-only are more effective than problem–example pairs for novices, with no significant difference between the first two
• Example–problem pairs are more efficient than problem–example pairs for both gifted and nongifted primary school students - Example–problem pairs are more efficient than problem–example pairs for both gifted and nongifted primary school students
• Example–problem pairs raise perceived competence but not perceived autonomy or enjoyment - Example–problem pairs raise perceived competence but not perceived autonomy or enjoyment
• Exception-type confusion was the dominant difficulty pattern in SafeDivide at the University of Houston (90% of incorrect attempts) and persisted across harder problems in both deployments - Exception-type confusion was the dominant difficulty pattern in SafeDivide at the University of Houston (90% of incorrect attempts) and persisted across harder problems in both deployments
• Exception: the top section of afternoon workers did better work than the corresponding morning section - Exception: the top section of afternoon workers did better work than the corresponding morning section
• Exceptional Binet-Simon test outcomes were rare (4 per cent) and mostly attributable to error in adult judgments rather than the scale - Exceptional Binet-Simon test outcomes were rare (4 per cent) and mostly attributable to error in adult judgments rather than the scale
• Exceptionalism as a script of acceptance carries psychological costs for marginalized high-achieving students - Exceptionalism as a script of acceptance carries psychological costs for marginalized high-achieving students
• Excessive dependence on AI may reduce human interaction and dehumanize adult education - Excessive dependence on AI may reduce human interaction and dehumanize adult education
• Excessive GenAI reliance risks undermining foundational ICT knowledge, supporting supervised in-person assessment of foundational content - Excessive GenAI reliance risks undermining foundational ICT knowledge, supporting supervised in-person assessment of foundational content
• Excessive perceived workload is positively associated with a surface approach and negatively with a deep approach to learning - Excessive perceived workload is positively associated with a surface approach and negatively with a deep approach to learning
• Excessive smartphone use in adolescents is associated with reduced frontostriatal connectivity and greater cortisol-related withdrawal symptoms - Excessive smartphone use in adolescents is associated with reduced frontostriatal connectivity and greater cortisol-related withdrawal symptoms
• Exchanging differing opinions during small-group collaboration is associated with individual post-test performance among students aged 10 to 22 - Exchanging differing opinions during small-group collaboration is associated with individual post-test performance among students aged 10 to 22
• Excluding graduate attributes from assessment carries four disadvantages, including that unassessed attributes will not be taken seriously by students or teachers - Excluding graduate attributes from assessment carries four disadvantages, including that unassessed attributes will not be taken seriously by students or teachers
• Excluding two participants in acute crisis reduced the negative effect estimates to very small or small - Excluding two participants in acute crisis reduced the negative effect estimates to very small or small
• Exclusionary discipline disproportionately affects students of color from low-income families and students with disabilities, who receive harsher penalties than peers for similar behaviors - Exclusionary discipline disproportionately affects students of color from low-income families and students with disabilities, who receive harsher penalties than peers for similar behaviors
• Exclusionary discipline harms students and disproportionately affects students of color, so tracking suspension data can promote positive interventions - Exclusionary discipline harms students and disproportionately affects students of color, so tracking suspension data can promote positive interventions
• Exclusionary discipline is common across early care settings: between 9.0% and 39.3% of teachers or programs reported using it in the prior year. - Exclusionary discipline is common across early care settings: between 9.0% and 39.3% of teachers or programs reported using it in the prior year.
• Exclusionary discipline is ineffective at improving school safety and harms both suspended students and their non-suspended peers - Exclusionary discipline is ineffective at improving school safety and harms both suspended students and their non-suspended peers
• Exclusionary discipline rates declined for all student subgroups in Maryland from 2009/10 to 2017/18 - Exclusionary discipline rates declined for all student subgroups in Maryland from 2009/10 to 2017/18
• Excused-unexcused absence distinctions show few outcome differences and delay intervention - Excused-unexcused absence distinctions show few outcome differences and delay intervention
• Executive attention is a significant direct predictor of all arithmetic outcomes across formats and problem demands, as predicted by Encoding Complex Theory - Executive attention is a significant direct predictor of all arithmetic outcomes across formats and problem demands, as predicted by Encoding Complex Theory
• Executive function (WCST performance) does not explain age-related differences in world knowledge-based audience design - Executive function (WCST performance) does not explain age-related differences in world knowledge-based audience design
• Executive function and spatial skills jointly predict 70% of the variance in age-4 mathematics performance without an explicit number-knowledge measure - Executive function and spatial skills jointly predict 70% of the variance in age-4 mathematics performance without an explicit number-knowledge measure
• Executive function at 48 months moderates the preschool-to-kindergarten development of math ability on the ECLS-K Math battery but not the Applied Problems subtest - Executive function at 48 months moderates the preschool-to-kindergarten development of math ability on the ECLS-K Math battery but not the Applied Problems subtest
• Executive function at 48 months positively predicts mathematics ability at prekindergarten, with effects persisting after cognitive covariate controls - Executive function at 48 months positively predicts mathematics ability at prekindergarten, with effects persisting after cognitive covariate controls
• Executive function at age 3 predicts theory of mind at age 4, controlling for gender, income-to-needs, and receptive language - Executive function at age 3 predicts theory of mind at age 4, controlling for gender, income-to-needs, and receptive language
• Executive function deficits in comorbid RDMD show some evidence of under-additivity, especially in inhibition, shifting, and updating - Executive function deficits in comorbid RDMD show some evidence of under-additivity, especially in inhibition, shifting, and updating
• Executive function does not explain the age-related decline in perceptual metacognitive efficiency - Executive function does not explain the age-related decline in perceptual metacognitive efficiency
• Executive function increases with age between 11–12 and 15–16, but knowledge attribution assumptions do not - Executive function increases with age between 11–12 and 15–16, but knowledge attribution assumptions do not
• Executive function measures predict early mathematics achievement over and above reading ability and IQ - Executive function measures predict early mathematics achievement over and above reading ability and IQ
• Executive function performance significantly predicts semantic fluency in preschool children - Executive function performance significantly predicts semantic fluency in preschool children
• Executive functioning and early numeracy skills assessed in kindergarten directly predict mathematical performance in second grade, jointly explaining 57.3% of its variance - Executive functioning and early numeracy skills assessed in kindergarten directly predict mathematical performance in second grade, jointly explaining 57.3% of its variance
• Executive functioning was not a significant unique predictor of first-grade reading in children with low number sense - Executive functioning was not a significant unique predictor of first-grade reading in children with low number sense
• Executive functions and intelligence play an important role in creative thinking, but the relationship in children had been under-studied - Executive functions and intelligence play an important role in creative thinking, but the relationship in children had been under-studied
• Executive functions and working memory correlate moderately to strongly with mathematics achievement (r = .28 to .40), from preschool through elementary school
• Executive functions do not directly predict syntactic complexity or story content once transcription and language skills are controlled - Executive functions do not directly predict syntactic complexity or story content once transcription and language skills are controlled
• Executive functions in childhood benefit from moderate-to-vigorous intensity and aerobic physical activity interventions - Executive functions in childhood benefit from moderate-to-vigorous intensity and aerobic physical activity interventions
• Executive functions show consistent positive meta-analytic associations with academic outcomes - Executive functions show consistent positive meta-analytic associations with academic outcomes
• Executive functions show significant associations with reading outcomes in elementary school children (meta-analysis of 60 studies, 275 effect sizes) - Executive functions show significant associations with reading outcomes in elementary school children (meta-analysis of 60 studies, 275 effect sizes)
• Executive functions substantially account for the latent intelligence–creativity correlation, leaving a reduced but still positive residual of r = .34. - Executive functions substantially account for the latent intelligence–creativity correlation, leaving a reduced but still positive residual of r = .34.
• Executive functions, especially working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, are consistently associated with core SRL activities - Executive functions, especially working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, are consistently associated with core SRL activities
• Executive skills, but not nonverbal IQ, at age 3–4 predict preschool counting and number knowledge - Executive skills, but not nonverbal IQ, at age 3–4 predict preschool counting and number knowledge
• Executive task accuracy and processing speed improve dramatically with age across the preschool period, with no cohort effect from repeated testing - Executive task accuracy and processing speed improve dramatically with age across the preschool period, with no cohort effect from repeated testing
• Executive-control tasks discriminate old performance groups while speed, attention and memory tests show less consistent or no differences - Executive-control tasks discriminate old performance groups while speed, attention and memory tests show less consistent or no differences
• Executive-function brain circuitry takes more than twenty years to fully mature, leaving school-age youth with underdeveloped long-run decision systems - Executive-function brain circuitry takes more than twenty years to fully mature, leaving school-age youth with underdeveloped long-run decision systems
• Exemplar-based calibration is expected to align student ratings with expert ratings at the criterion level - Exemplar-based calibration is expected to align student ratings with expert ratings at the criterion level
• Exempting students with poor literacy skills from foreign language instruction is not based on systematic evidence - Exempting students with poor literacy skills from foreign language instruction is not based on systematic evidence
• Exercise effect sizes on ADHD functional outcomes are not related to exercise intensity, mean age of participants, or gender distribution - Exercise effect sizes on ADHD functional outcomes are not related to exercise intensity, mean age of participants, or gender distribution
• Exercise Increases Hippocampal Volume
• Exercise intensity differentially moderates acute exercise cognitive benefits, with moderate intensity favoring executive functions and high intensity favoring information processing - Exercise intensity differentially moderates acute exercise cognitive benefits, with moderate intensity favoring executive functions and high intensity favoring information processing
• Exercise of autonomy at one level may inhibit its development at another in early literacy learning - Exercise of autonomy at one level may inhibit its development at another in early literacy learning
• Exercise performed four hours, but not immediately, after encoding enhances 48-hour retention of picture-location associations and hippocampal pattern similarity - Exercise performed four hours, but not immediately, after encoding enhances 48-hour retention of picture-location associations and hippocampal pattern similarity
• Exercise session time of 30 minutes or less yields a larger working memory effect than longer sessions in chronic exercise interventions - Exercise session time of 30 minutes or less yields a larger working memory effect than longer sessions in chronic exercise interventions
• Exercise-based interventions improved self-regulation in 4 of 6 interventions (67%), significant on conventional tests of statistical significance. - Exercise-based interventions improved self-regulation in 4 of 6 interventions (67%), significant on conventional tests of statistical significance.
• Exercise-hour groups differ on fitness, cognitive, and several psychosocial variables, but not on social dysfunction or severe depression - Exercise-hour groups differ on fitness, cognitive, and several psychosocial variables, but not on social dysfunction or severe depression
• Exergaming fosters small but significant improvements in quality of life for people living with chronic diseases, and structured programs associate with executive functioning gains - Exergaming fosters small but significant improvements in quality of life for people living with chronic diseases, and structured programs associate with executive functioning gains
• Exhaustion is significantly negatively related to academic achievement (rc+ = −.15) - Exhaustion is significantly negatively related to academic achievement (rc+ = −.15)
• Existing AI literacy assessment instruments poorly cover Stages 0–1 and Stage 4 of the continuum - Existing AI literacy assessment instruments poorly cover Stages 0–1 and Stage 4 of the continuum
• Existing AI literacy frameworks treat teacher agency narrowly as tool adoption, leaving human–AI co-agency undertheorized - Existing AI literacy frameworks treat teacher agency narrowly as tool adoption, leaving human–AI co-agency undertheorized
• Existing AI × SEL policy claims concentrate at macro and meso levels, with almost none at the classroom level - Existing AI × SEL policy claims concentrate at macro and meso levels, with almost none at the classroom level
• Existing approaches to evaluating higher education and school learning environments fall short when judged against contemporary approaches to teaching and learning - Existing approaches to evaluating higher education and school learning environments fall short when judged against contemporary approaches to teaching and learning
• Existing arts-SEL research lacks the rigor to support strong empirical claims of direct causal contribution - Existing arts-SEL research lacks the rigor to support strong empirical claims of direct causal contribution
• Existing child-focused treatments for ADHD, including the MTA's intensive behavioral management and medication, and clinic-based social skills training, have not improved peers' liking of children with ADHD - Existing child-focused treatments for ADHD, including the MTA's intensive behavioral management and medication, and clinic-based social skills training, have not improved peers' liking of children wit
• Existing cognitive hope theories presuppose predictability and control, an assumption that breaks down under radical uncertainty - Existing cognitive hope theories presuppose predictability and control, an assumption that breaks down under radical uncertainty
• Existing CS and AI unplugged activity collections contain few resources specifically about language models or text generation, leaving a gap LLMs Unplugged fills - Existing CS and AI unplugged activity collections contain few resources specifically about language models or text generation, leaving a gap LLMs Unplugged fills
• Existing deep sequential knowledge tracing encoders treat concept nodes as isolated deterministic vectors, limiting handling of structural sparsity and epistemic uncertainty - Existing deep sequential knowledge tracing encoders treat concept nodes as isolated deterministic vectors, limiting handling of structural sparsity and epistemic uncertainty
• Existing digital citizenship and online safety frameworks were appraised as too broad and not addressing serious online risks - Existing digital citizenship and online safety frameworks were appraised as too broad and not addressing serious online risks
• Existing educator wellbeing initiatives predominantly target individual rather than systematic determinants of wellbeing - Existing educator wellbeing initiatives predominantly target individual rather than systematic determinants of wellbeing
• Existing extracurricular video game play habits show no significant relationship with graduate attribute attainment among higher education students - Existing extracurricular video game play habits show no significant relationship with graduate attribute attainment among higher education students
• Existing GEAR UP supports may have eclipsed the benefits of behavioral-nudge text messaging - Existing GEAR UP supports may have eclipsed the benefits of behavioral-nudge text messaging
• Existing GenAI assessment frameworks (traffic light, two-lane, AIAS) remain broad, lack discipline-specific applicability, and are unvalidated in authentic settings - Existing GenAI assessment frameworks (traffic light, two-lane, AIAS) remain broad, lack discipline-specific applicability, and are unvalidated in authentic settings
• Existing generative AI guidance in higher education focuses on policy and academic integrity rather than learning mechanisms - Existing generative AI guidance in higher education focuses on policy and academic integrity rather than learning mechanisms
• Existing health equity frameworks often lack implementation guidance and treat equity as distributive rather than addressing how inequity is produced - Existing health equity frameworks often lack implementation guidance and treat equity as distributive rather than addressing how inequity is produced
• Existing institutional AI literacy frameworks converge on a consumer model with no substantive treatment of training data politics or governance participation - Existing institutional AI literacy frameworks converge on a consumer model with no substantive treatment of training data politics or governance participation
• Existing item fit statistics are derived for linear tests under assumptions of no missing responses and normal ability distributions, leaving adaptive testing contexts understudied - Existing item fit statistics are derived for linear tests under assumptions of no missing responses and normal ability distributions, leaving adaptive testing contexts understudied
• Existing K-12 computing standards give AI minimal coverage - Existing K-12 computing standards give AI minimal coverage
• Existing KT methods fail to beat a majority-class baseline on the small CoMTA dialogue dataset but perform significantly better on the larger MathDial dataset. - Existing KT methods fail to beat a majority-class baseline on the small CoMTA dialogue dataset but perform significantly better on the larger MathDial dataset.
• Existing legal and sector guidance each address only part of ethical learning analytics governance, and none integrates all six LEAGUE dimensions - Existing legal and sector guidance each address only part of ethical learning analytics governance, and none integrates all six LEAGUE dimensions
• Existing ML educational tools rarely integrate intermodal transfer, computational thinking, and explanatory thinking in one resource - Existing ML educational tools rarely integrate intermodal transfer, computational thinking, and explanatory thinking in one resource
• Existing MLL-focused edtech overwhelmingly offers English and Spanish, with a third offering only those two languages - Existing MLL-focused edtech overwhelmingly offers English and Spanish, with a third offering only those two languages
• Existing online SRL questionnaires show reliability problems, with most having at least one scale outside the acceptable Cronbach's alpha range - Existing online SRL questionnaires show reliability problems, with most having at least one scale outside the acceptable Cronbach's alpha range
• Existing reflection models lack strategies to manage challenges introduced by GenAI - Existing reflection models lack strategies to manage challenges introduced by GenAI
• Existing research on missing school from summer breaks, weather closures, and absenteeism can inform projections of pandemic learning loss - Existing research on missing school from summer breaks, weather closures, and absenteeism can inform projections of pandemic learning loss
• Existing school-based behavioral health TA in California is siloed, and equitable access depends on local leaders' individual knowledge and networks - Existing school-based behavioral health TA in California is siloed, and equitable access depends on local leaders' individual knowledge and networks
• Existing SLA emotion research methods cannot capture the dynamic nature of emotions in language learning situations - Existing SLA emotion research methods cannot capture the dynamic nature of emotions in language learning situations
• Existing STEM PLC research is methodologically weak by Standards of Evidence review, with no studies rated adequate, but collectively builds a supportive case for valued PLC effects - Existing STEM PLC research is methodologically weak by Standards of Evidence review, with no studies rated adequate, but collectively builds a supportive case for valued PLC effects
• Existing theoretical accounts attributing the testing effect to enhanced semantic elaboration receive limited support - Existing theoretical accounts attributing the testing effect to enhanced semantic elaboration receive limited support
• Existing upskilling frameworks accelerate single stages and leave four gaps: fragmentation, missing verification, shallow default LLM pedagogy, and lack of external outcome measurement - Existing upskilling frameworks accelerate single stages and leave four gaps: fragmentation, missing verification, shallow default LLM pedagogy, and lack of external outcome measurement
• Expanded participation and new forms of evidence: breakthroughs reach previously excluded populations and may require new metrics - Expanded participation and new forms of evidence: breakthroughs reach previously excluded populations and may require new metrics
• Expanding and uniform spaced practice better for long retention intervals; contracting better for short intervals - Expanding and uniform spaced practice better for long retention intervals; contracting better for short intervals
• Expanding and uniform spacing schedules of retrieval practice do not differ significantly in final retention (g = 0.034) - Expanding and uniform spacing schedules of retrieval practice do not differ significantly in final retention (g = 0.034)
• Expanding interstudy intervals led to better recall than fixed intervals, but conclusions are tentative - Expanding interstudy intervals led to better recall than fixed intervals, but conclusions are tentative
• Expanding Pell Grant eligibility cost on average about $1,800 per student, and labor-market returns relative to cost remain open questions - Expanding Pell Grant eligibility cost on average about $1,800 per student, and labor-market returns relative to cost remain open questions
• Expanding retrieval schedules have not shown consistent advantages over equally spaced or contracting schedules matched on total spacing - Expanding retrieval schedules have not shown consistent advantages over equally spaced or contracting schedules matched on total spacing
• Expansive framing increased high school biology students' transfer-of-knowing of facts between body systems (d = .89) - Expansive framing increased high school biology students' transfer-of-knowing of facts between body systems (d = .89)
• Expansive framing increased spontaneous transfer of the diagram-drawing learning strategy (7 of 12 vs. 1 of 12 students) - Expansive framing increased spontaneous transfer of the diagram-drawing learning strategy (7 of 12 vs.
• Expansive framing increased transfer-after-exposure of facts (d = .94) - Expansive framing increased transfer-after-exposure of facts (d = .94)
• Expansive framing increased transfer-of-knowing of the differential pressure principle (d = .95) - Expansive framing increased transfer-of-knowing of the differential pressure principle (d = .95)
• Expansive learning actions in the meeting followed by and large the theory-predicted order, forming a mini-cycle of two main parts with iterations - Expansive learning actions in the meeting followed by and large the theory-predicted order, forming a mini-cycle of two main parts with iterations
• Expansive learning moved epistemically from questioning to analysis, modeling and implementation while interactionally moving from coordination to cooperation and communication, but with no mechanical correspondence between specific actions and interaction types - Expansive learning moved epistemically from questioning to analysis, modeling and implementation while interactionally moving from coordination to cooperation and communication, but with no mechanical
• Expectancies for success predict academic achievement more strongly than task values - Expectancies for success predict academic achievement more strongly than task values
• Expectancies of success and intrinsic task value positively predict achievement test scores, but language-related variables show no indirect effects on achievement via these beliefs - Expectancies of success and intrinsic task value positively predict achievement test scores, but language-related variables show no indirect effects on achievement via these beliefs
• Expectancy-Value beliefs govern the intensity of LLM reliance while AI skills determine its type, indicating the two predictor systems require separate interventions - Expectancy-Value beliefs govern the intensity of LLM reliance while AI skills determine its type, indicating the two predictor systems require separate interventions
• Expectations and aspirations partly mediate the adverse impacts of school-average achievement on GPA and age-26 outcomes - Expectations and aspirations partly mediate the adverse impacts of school-average achievement on GPA and age-26 outcomes
• Expected tangible rewards reduce later free-choice engagement with a rewarded task, while verbal praise does not
• Experience Corps had grown to 23 sites with nearly 2,000 tutors serving approximately 20,000 students - Experience Corps had grown to 23 sites with nearly 2,000 tutors serving approximately 20,000 students
• Experience influences all predictive factors of AI adoption, but its impact diminishes as experience increases - Experience influences all predictive factors of AI adoption, but its impact diminishes as experience increases
• Experienced and student teachers establish joint attention with pupils at different moments during instruction - Experienced and student teachers establish joint attention with pupils at different moments during instruction
• Experienced educators ranked experience-drawing and imagination questions highest and factual and technique questions lowest among eighteen literature study questions - Experienced educators ranked experience-drawing and imagination questions highest and factual and technique questions lowest among eighteen literature study questions
• Experienced effort-by-need frustration is neither a necessary requirement nor a typical concomitant of high-quality learning - Experienced effort-by-need frustration is neither a necessary requirement nor a typical concomitant of high-quality learning
• Experienced groups show higher instructional efficiency than inexperienced groups in the delayed retention test after collaborative learning - Experienced groups show higher instructional efficiency than inexperienced groups in the delayed retention test after collaborative learning
• Experienced meditators show reduced default mode network activation with enhanced PCC–dorsolateral PFC connectivity during meditation - Experienced meditators show reduced default mode network activation with enhanced PCC–dorsolateral PFC connectivity during meditation
• Experienced teachers and teachers with a master's degree are highly effective overall but much less effective for Black than non-Black students - Experienced teachers and teachers with a master's degree are highly effective overall but much less effective for Black than non-Black students
• Experienced teachers can deduce student engagement profiles from visual observation, while beginning teachers struggle - Experienced teachers can deduce student engagement profiles from visual observation, while beginning teachers struggle
• Experienced teachers diagnose underestimating, overestimating, and uninterested student profiles more accurately than novices, with partial eye-tracking support - Experienced teachers diagnose underestimating, overestimating, and uninterested student profiles more accurately than novices, with partial eye-tracking support
• Experienced teachers with baseline certificates in early childhood education earned additional certificates at higher rates (15 percent) than teachers with baseline certificates in other areas - Experienced teachers with baseline certificates in early childhood education earned additional certificates at higher rates (15 percent) than teachers with baseline certificates in other areas
• Experiences and environments in a baby's first three years significantly shape brain structure and functioning - Experiences and environments in a baby's first three years significantly shape brain structure and functioning
• Experiencing a generation advantage on a first test eliminates the generation advantage on a subsequent test by improving recall of read items - Experiencing a generation advantage on a first test eliminates the generation advantage on a subsequent test by improving recall of read items
• Experiencing a residential move during early or middle childhood is associated with greater cognitive dysregulation (slower Hearts and Flowers response latency) in fifth grade among low-income children - Experiencing a residential move during early or middle childhood is associated with greater cognitive dysregulation (slower Hearts and Flowers response latency) in fifth grade among low-income childre
• Experiencing a residential move during early or middle childhood is associated with greater teacher-reported cognitive and behavioral dysregulation in fifth grade among low-income children - Experiencing a residential move during early or middle childhood is associated with greater teacher-reported cognitive and behavioral dysregulation in fifth grade among low-income children
• Experiential attitudes toward feedback predict agreement with expert criteria on weak-essay grades - Experiential attitudes toward feedback predict agreement with expert criteria on weak-essay grades
• Experiential instruction produces larger immediate pre-post gains than instructional lecture in AI engagement and metacognitive knowledge of cognition - Experiential instruction produces larger immediate pre-post gains than instructional lecture in AI engagement and metacognitive knowledge of cognition
• Experiment 2 replicated that direct falsification of the initial category is not necessary for learning the new category, with a Confirmatory-Only advantage on block 6 only. - Experiment 2 replicated that direct falsification of the initial category is not necessary for learning the new category, with a Confirmatory-Only advantage on block 6 only.
• Experiment 2 replicated the forward effect of cue-only JOLs over restudy with rock categories, and item-by-item feedback did not change the effect - Experiment 2 replicated the forward effect of cue-only JOLs over restudy with rock categories, and item-by-item feedback did not change the effect
• Experiment 2 replicates the unassisted-performance impairment with a pretest-based exclusion, but the aggregate skip-rate difference does not reach significance - Experiment 2 replicates the unassisted-performance impairment with a pretest-based exclusion, but the aggregate skip-rate difference does not reach significance
• Experimental and control groups did not differ significantly on pre-test NOS or SK scores - Experimental and control groups did not differ significantly on pre-test NOS or SK scores
• Experimental and control groups were equivalent in vocabulary before the glossing treatment - Experimental and control groups were equivalent in vocabulary before the glossing treatment
• Experimental and statistical norms are practically useful only when determined for a group of the same general type with equal opportunity to acquire the measured characteristics - Experimental and statistical norms are practically useful only when determined for a group of the same general type with equal opportunity to acquire the measured characteristics
• Experimental conditions did not affect felt presence or perceived realism, which were high across all IVR configuration conditions - Experimental conditions did not affect felt presence or perceived realism, which were high across all IVR configuration conditions
• Experimental evidence consistent with inhibitory control involvement spans primary school learning topics primarily in mathematics, but also science and language - Experimental evidence consistent with inhibitory control involvement spans primary school learning topics primarily in mathematics, but also science and language
• Experimental groups differed significantly on prior VR experience and gender composition, which were used as covariates - Experimental groups differed significantly on prior VR experience and gender composition, which were used as covariates
• Experimental research on free writing's effectiveness for improving writing is inconclusive - Experimental research on free writing's effectiveness for improving writing is inconclusive
• Experimental sleep restriction causally extends adolescent sleep-loss effects beyond sleepiness to attention and learning - Experimental sleep restriction causally extends adolescent sleep-loss effects beyond sleepiness to attention and learning
• Experimental staff development programs mostly raised student achievement relative to control teachers (review attribution) - Experimental staff development programs mostly raised student achievement relative to control teachers (review attribution)
• Experimental stereotype threat effects in SLD samples are heterogeneous (Hedges's g 0.06–1.16), with effects more robust for motivation-related psychological outcomes than for cognitive or academic performance outcomes - Experimental stereotype threat effects in SLD samples are heterogeneous (Hedges's g 0.06–1.16), with effects more robust for motivation-related psychological outcomes than for cognitive or academic pe
• Experimental studies report transfer of training across diverse operations, from sensory discrimination to memorizing - Experimental studies report transfer of training across diverse operations, from sensory discrimination to memorizing
• Experimental work on method has concentrated in the habit group of studies, with extension to other curriculum subjects as the next step - Experimental work on method has concentrated in the habit group of studies, with extension to other curriculum subjects as the next step
• Experimental-group participants rated TibetCPR highly usable (SUS = 84.3, an Excellent rating), with the highest items on voluntary engagement and independent use - Experimental-group participants rated TibetCPR highly usable (SUS = 84.3, an Excellent rating), with the highest items on voluntary engagement and independent use
• Experimental-group students accessed the online course and learning activities more frequently (6.38 and 7.92) than control-group students (2.67 and 6.05) - Experimental-group students accessed the online course and learning activities more frequently (6.38 and 7.92) than control-group students (2.67 and 6.05)
• Experimental-group students detected AI errors and enacted verification and ethical self-regulation as routine practices - Experimental-group students detected AI errors and enacted verification and ethical self-regulation as routine practices
• Experimental-group students framed AI as a flexible writing scaffold supporting their own composing rather than a substitute for authorship - Experimental-group students framed AI as a flexible writing scaffold supporting their own composing rather than a substitute for authorship
• Experimental-group students held more positive attitudes toward flexible hypertext course design than control-group students toward direct design (t = 4.723) - Experimental-group students held more positive attitudes toward flexible hypertext course design than control-group students toward direct design (t = 4.723)
• Experimental-group students outperformed control-group students on post-test feedback literacy after CEA implementation - Experimental-group students outperformed control-group students on post-test feedback literacy after CEA implementation
• Experimental-group students outperformed control-group students on post-test speaking performance after CEA implementation - Experimental-group students outperformed control-group students on post-test speaking performance after CEA implementation
• Experimentally induced mastery goals predicted interest in social comparison only under a performance-approach goal condition - Experimentally induced mastery goals predicted interest in social comparison only under a performance-approach goal condition
• Experimentally labeling a novel activity with a gender-interest stereotype causes 8-year-old girls to report lower interest and choose it less often - Experimentally labeling a novel activity with a gender-interest stereotype causes 8-year-old girls to report lower interest and choose it less often
• Experimentally manipulated thought validation amplifies the performance impact of self-relevant thoughts on a geometric shapes task - Experimentally manipulated thought validation amplifies the performance impact of self-relevant thoughts on a geometric shapes task
• Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in overall judgment accuracy of five student characteristic profiles, though experts judge inconsistent profiles more accurately - Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in overall judgment accuracy of five student characteristic profiles, though experts judge inconsistent profiles more accurately
• Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in the number of alternative teaching strategies they mention when reflecting on their own MET videos - Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in the number of alternative teaching strategies they mention when reflecting on their own MET videos
• Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in the number of classroom events they notice when reflecting on their own MET video footage - Expert and novice teachers do not differ significantly in the number of classroom events they notice when reflecting on their own MET video footage
• Expert audit attributes 95.20% of audited benchmark rejections to benchmark or grader errors rather than model errors - Expert audit attributes 95.20% of audited benchmark rejections to benchmark or grader errors rather than model errors
• Expert EAP reviewers rated GenAI-generated differentiated materials favorably for academic fidelity, proficiency appropriateness, and teachability - Expert EAP reviewers rated GenAI-generated differentiated materials favorably for academic fidelity, proficiency appropriateness, and teachability
• Expert evaluation finds larger, more capable LLM backbones produce higher-quality multi-domain graphs, with GPT-5 pro rated best - Expert evaluation finds larger, more capable LLM backbones produce higher-quality multi-domain graphs, with GPT-5 pro rated best
• Expert evaluation found the virtual patient realistic and immediate ACT feedback increased therapists' awareness of intervention choices - Expert evaluation found the virtual patient realistic and immediate ACT feedback increased therapists' awareness of intervention choices
• Expert evaluation refined the draft heuristics around language clarity, usability-accessibility separation, and meaningful data interpretation - Expert evaluation refined the draft heuristics around language clarity, usability-accessibility separation, and meaningful data interpretation
• Expert evaluators rate PIVOT higher than TheoremExplainAgent across nearly all instructional dimensions, with the largest gains in Physics and Computer Science - Expert evaluators rate PIVOT higher than TheoremExplainAgent across nearly all instructional dimensions, with the largest gains in Physics and Computer Science
• Expert example standards did not significantly enhance relative accuracy in evaluating self-generated examples - Expert example standards did not significantly enhance relative accuracy in evaluating self-generated examples