Claims: S 3

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• Shame and guilt coexist with continued AI use, creating self-reinforcing cycles of reliance, concealment, and self-critique rather than behavior change - Shame and guilt coexist with continued AI use, creating self-reinforcing cycles of reliance, concealment, and self-critique rather than behavior change
• Shame and guilt regulate the visibility of AI use: students engage in hiding behaviors and selective disclosure rather than open disclosure - Shame and guilt regulate the visibility of AI use: students engage in hiding behaviors and selective disclosure rather than open disclosure
• Shanghai students took first place in all three major PISA 2009 categories, with Asian countries dominating the top rankings - Shanghai students took first place in all three major PISA 2009 categories, with Asian countries dominating the top rankings
• SHAP analysis identifies Hapax Ratio as the most influential stylometric feature in Random Forest predictions, followed by NSR, Noun Ratio, Adverb Ratio, and TTR - SHAP analysis identifies Hapax Ratio as the most influential stylometric feature in Random Forest predictions, followed by NSR, Noun Ratio, Adverb Ratio, and TTR
• SHAP analysis of the explainable model identifies production frequency and spelling difficulty as high-impact predictors of KVL difficulty, with spelling difficulty varying strongly by L1 - SHAP analysis of the explainable model identifies production frequency and spelling difficulty as high-impact predictors of KVL difficulty, with spelling difficulty varying strongly by L1
• SHAP and LLM explanation methods show consistently low alignment, with mean top-10 Jaccard similarity of 0.085 - SHAP and LLM explanation methods show consistently low alignment, with mean top-10 Jaccard similarity of 0.085
• SHAP explanations transfer robustly across architectures while LLM rationales transfer poorly to PLM predictions - SHAP explanations transfer robustly across architectures while LLM rationales transfer poorly to PLM predictions
• SHAP modality attributions aligned with each BARS dimension's behavioral focus, supporting interpretable feedback - SHAP modality attributions aligned with each BARS dimension's behavioral focus, supporting interpretable feedback
• Shared and co-constructed intra-group interaction were significantly correlated with deep-level metacognitive activities during pre-task regulation - Shared and co-constructed intra-group interaction were significantly correlated with deep-level metacognitive activities during pre-task regulation
• Shared and well-communicated mission, vision, and goals are critical to district and CMO performance - Shared and well-communicated mission, vision, and goals are critical to district and CMO performance
• Shared control combined with high task variability improved transfer, while system control was better under low variability - Shared control combined with high task variability improved transfer, while system control was better under low variability
• Shared control over task or problem selection between learner and system yields better learning outcomes than full system control - Shared control over task or problem selection between learner and system yields better learning outcomes than full system control
• Shared mental model development mediates the effect of team learning behaviors on actual team performance - Shared mental model development mediates the effect of team learning behaviors on actual team performance
• Shared mental models of the task predict actual team performance in a business simulation game - Shared mental models of the task predict actual team performance in a business simulation game
• Shared mental models show no significant link with perceived team effectiveness - Shared mental models show no significant link with perceived team effectiveness
• Shared story reading was always implemented as one component of a multi-component intervention package, so component contributions are unknown - Shared story reading was always implemented as one component of a multi-component intervention package, so component contributions are unknown
• Shared technology resources can act as positioning artifacts around which students negotiate power and status differentials in CSCL groups - Shared technology resources can act as positioning artifacts around which students negotiate power and status differentials in CSCL groups
• Shared text reading benefits students with intellectual disability whether or not they need augmentative and alternative communication systems - Shared text reading benefits students with intellectual disability whether or not they need augmentative and alternative communication systems
• Sharing a projected display with multiple mice produced significant collaborative-learning gains for a whole classroom - Sharing a projected display with multiple mice produced significant collaborative-learning gains for a whole classroom
• Sharing experiences in class discussion modifies learners' attitudes and interpretations - Sharing experiences in class discussion modifies learners' attitudes and interpretations
• Sharing perceptual experiences through discussion improves individual performance beyond mere task practice - Sharing perceptual experiences through discussion improves individual performance beyond mere task practice
• Shifting accuracy and shift cost show no association with intelligence or WM in kindergarten children - Shifting accuracy and shift cost show no association with intelligence or WM in kindergarten children
• Shifting away from traditional IRE recitation toward student participation in discussion improves student learning - Shifting away from traditional IRE recitation toward student participation in discussion improves student learning
• Shifting information to external aids enhances task performance with greater gains under high cognitive load - Shifting information to external aids enhances task performance with greater gains under high cognitive load
• Shifting is generally moderately to strongly associated with word reading, with reading-specific shifting tasks most strongly linked to accuracy-based word reading assessments - Shifting is generally moderately to strongly associated with word reading, with reading-specific shifting tasks most strongly linked to accuracy-based word reading assessments
• Shifting is moderately to strongly associated with reading comprehension, with large associations when reading-specific shifting tasks are paired with literal comprehension measures - Shifting is moderately to strongly associated with reading comprehension, with large associations when reading-specific shifting tasks are paired with literal comprehension measures
• Shifting shows small to moderate associations with listening comprehension (r = .12 to .45) across three studies - Shifting shows small to moderate associations with listening comprehension (r = .12 to .45) across three studies
• Shifting staffing decisions from a per-pupil formula to needs-based allocation addresses staffing resource inequities - Shifting staffing decisions from a per-pupil formula to needs-based allocation addresses staffing resource inequities
• Shifting to restorative practices reduced exclusionary discipline and its racial disparities while improving climate and achievement - Shifting to restorative practices reduced exclusionary discipline and its racial disparities while improving climate and achievement
• Shifts among self perspectives are locatable moments of learning in which the self develops and expands - Shifts among self perspectives are locatable moments of learning in which the self develops and expands
• Shifts from the blue to the green behavioral cluster correspond to shifts from completing the worksheet to discussing ideas - Shifts from the blue to the green behavioral cluster correspond to shifts from completing the worksheet to discussing ideas
• Short belonging interventions in college settings can produce significant and lasting effects - Short belonging interventions in college settings can produce significant and lasting effects
• Short chunking study outlines produce higher test performance than long chunking study outlines - Short chunking study outlines produce higher test performance than long chunking study outlines
• Short et al.'s (1976) four bipolar scales are questionable as a social presence measure because they lack construct validation and assess attitudes toward the medium rather than perceived 'realness' - Short et al.'s (1976) four bipolar scales are questionable as a social presence measure because they lack construct validation and assess attitudes toward the medium rather than perceived 'realness'
• Short maze units learned under massed conditions connect into a serial whole with great economy, whereas units learned under distributed conditions connect only with extreme difficulty - Short maze units learned under massed conditions connect into a serial whole with great economy, whereas units learned under distributed conditions connect only with extreme difficulty
• Short online pedagogy courses shifted university teachers’ interpretations of a learning-focused teaching video from knowledge transmission toward learning facilitation - Short online pedagogy courses shifted university teachers’ interpretations of a learning-focused teaching video from knowledge transmission toward learning facilitation
• Short sleep duration (<9 hours) at follow-up is associated with impaired academic achievement, while baseline sleep duration did not significantly predict later school performance - Short sleep duration (<9 hours) at follow-up is associated with impaired academic achievement, while baseline sleep duration did not significantly predict later school performance
• Short sleep duration at age 3 was not associated with quality of life at about age 13 - Short sleep duration at age 3 was not associated with quality of life at about age 13
• Short stories as classroom tools improved motivation toward L2 reading for most but not all EFL students - Short stories as classroom tools improved motivation toward L2 reading for most but not all EFL students
• Short walks and green playtime improve selective attention in children and adolescents relative to urban or indoor comparisons - Short walks and green playtime improve selective attention in children and adolescents relative to urban or indoor comparisons
• Short-answer (production) and multiple-choice (recognition) retrieval practice produce no statistically significant difference in undergraduates' reading comprehension on a final MCQ test - Short-answer (production) and multiple-choice (recognition) retrieval practice produce no statistically significant difference in undergraduates' reading comprehension on a final MCQ test
• Short-duration anaerobic sprint exercise speeds vocabulary-type associative learning by 20% with increased serum BDNF that correlates with learning success - Short-duration anaerobic sprint exercise speeds vocabulary-type associative learning by 20% with increased serum BDNF that correlates with learning success
• Short-term creativity interventions can be effective in changing creativity positively - Short-term creativity interventions can be effective in changing creativity positively
• Short-term effects of academic-media multitasking on achievement are documented, but long-term support was lacking before this study - Short-term effects of academic-media multitasking on achievement are documented, but long-term support was lacking before this study
• Short-term gains from Air Tutors tutoring on district benchmark assessments did not persist to statewide math assessments 1 year later - Short-term gains from Air Tutors tutoring on district benchmark assessments did not persist to statewide math assessments 1 year later
• Short-term memory predicts vocabulary over and above book exposure and intelligence - Short-term memory predicts vocabulary over and above book exposure and intelligence
• Short-term memory task profiles differ by age: 7–8-year-olds show no verbal–spatial difference, while 9–10-year-olds show a verbal > visuo-spatial > motor gradient. - Short-term memory task profiles differ by age: 7–8-year-olds show no verbal–spatial difference, while 9–10-year-olds show a verbal > visuo-spatial > motor gradient.
• Short-term passive exposure to nature produces cognitive benefits in 12 of 14 reviewed studies across educational levels, mainly as directed attention restoration - Short-term passive exposure to nature produces cognitive benefits in 12 of 14 reviewed studies across educational levels, mainly as directed attention restoration
• Short-term prompting in weekly learning journals increases university students' self-reported cognitive strategy use over time - Short-term prompting in weekly learning journals increases university students' self-reported cognitive strategy use over time
• Short-term prompting in weekly learning journals increases university students' self-reported metacognitive strategy use over time - Short-term prompting in weekly learning journals increases university students' self-reported metacognitive strategy use over time
• Short-term prompting increases the quantity of cognitive strategy use in open-ended learning journals, but not the quantity of metacognitive strategy use - Short-term prompting increases the quantity of cognitive strategy use in open-ended learning journals, but not the quantity of metacognitive strategy use
• Short-term remediation covering missed grade 3 material in grade 4 halves the long-term loss, but leaves the cohort 0.55 years behind the no-shock counterfactual - Short-term remediation covering missed grade 3 material in grade 4 halves the long-term loss, but leaves the cohort 0.55 years behind the no-shock counterfactual
• Short-term self-regulatory strategy training, including within regular mathematics lessons, enhances students' self-regulatory judgments and mathematics performance - Short-term self-regulatory strategy training, including within regular mathematics lessons, enhances students' self-regulatory judgments and mathematics performance
• Short-term storage capacity increases from two units at ages 3-4 to four units at ages 10-11 when executive operations are minimal - Short-term storage capacity increases from two units at ages 3-4 to four units at ages 10-11 when executive operations are minimal
• Short-term, non-longitudinal training programmes pose challenges for estimating long-term skill retention - Short-term, non-longitudinal training programmes pose challenges for estimating long-term skill retention
• Shortage districts fill vacancies with substandard-credential teachers (55%), substitutes (24%), and out-of-field assignments (22%), with high-poverty districts using substandard credentials most - Shortage districts fill vacancies with substandard-credential teachers (55%), substitutes (24%), and out-of-field assignments (22%), with high-poverty districts using substandard credentials most
• Shorter codebooks and shorter data excerpts yield higher initial LLM coding accuracy, and a smaller specialization gap between codebook and excerpt helps - Shorter codebooks and shorter data excerpts yield higher initial LLM coding accuracy, and a smaller specialization gap between codebook and excerpt helps
• Shorter duration of deafness, higher performance IQ, and lack of sign enhancement predict higher literacy in adolescents with cochlear implants - Shorter duration of deafness, higher performance IQ, and lack of sign enhancement predict higher literacy in adolescents with cochlear implants
• Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher adiposity in children aged 0–4 years, though evidence quality is low - Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher adiposity in children aged 0–4 years, though evidence quality is low
• Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher injury risk in children aged 0–4 years, though evidence is limited (2 of 3 studies) - Shorter sleep duration is associated with higher injury risk in children aged 0–4 years, though evidence is limited (2 of 3 studies)
• Shorter sleep duration is associated with more screen time in children aged 0–4 years (5 of 5 studies) - Shorter sleep duration is associated with more screen time in children aged 0–4 years (5 of 5 studies)
• Shorter time in bed the night before testing is associated with slower 3-back response times in older adolescents - Shorter time in bed the night before testing is associated with slower 3-back response times in older adolescents
• Shortest remediation paths respecting attribute prerequisites are shorter than random and full-coverage baseline paths - Shortest remediation paths respecting attribute prerequisites are shorter than random and full-coverage baseline paths
• Showing an LLM Grader a Learner's Prior Performance Biases the Grade
• Shrinkage could differentially affect consequences for teachers of fewer students or students with hard-to-predict achievement - Shrinkage could differentially affect consequences for teachers of fewer students or students with hard-to-predict achievement
• Shrinkage does not change accountability consequences for teachers of hard-to-predict students, since extreme-rating probabilities are unaffected - Shrinkage does not change accountability consequences for teachers of hard-to-predict students, since extreme-rating probabilities are unaffected
• Shrinkage had no statistically significant effect on the relative probability that teachers of hard-to-predict students received consequences - Shrinkage had no statistically significant effect on the relative probability that teachers of hard-to-predict students received consequences
• Shrinkage has no statistically significant effect on the relative probability that teachers of hard-to-predict students receive extreme value-added ratings - Shrinkage has no statistically significant effect on the relative probability that teachers of hard-to-predict students receive extreme value-added ratings
• SI-PASS group membership (leader) had no effect on exam performance, with only the TOLT logical thinking score predicting grades in multilevel analysis - SI-PASS group membership (leader) had no effect on exam performance, with only the TOLT logical thinking score predicting grades in multilevel analysis
• SI-PASS participants did not engage more with online exercises than controls in the RCT, but attendance correlated with online exercise engagement - SI-PASS participants did not engage more with online exercises than controls in the RCT, but attendance correlated with online exercise engagement
• SI-PASS participation showed no significant effect on socio-affective dimensions including well-being and academic adjustment - SI-PASS participation showed no significant effect on socio-affective dimensions including well-being and academic adjustment
• Sierra Middle School staff attrition was cut nearly in half after the 2023–24 school year - Sierra Middle School staff attrition was cut nearly in half after the 2023–24 school year
• Sierra Middle School students reporting a caring adult who regularly checks on them rose from 4% to 31% over three years - Sierra Middle School students reporting a caring adult who regularly checks on them rose from 4% to 31% over three years
• Sign enhancement predicts high school language in opposite directions at elementary versus adolescent measurement - Sign enhancement predicts high school language in opposite directions at elementary versus adolescent measurement
• Sign priming effects in addition occur for large, small, and +1 problems but not for tie or +0 problems in older adults - Sign priming effects in addition occur for large, small, and +1 problems but not for tie or +0 problems in older adults
• Signaling Improves Learning
• Signaling principle: highlighting essential words improves transfer from multimedia lessons - Signaling principle: highlighting essential words improves transfer from multimedia lessons
• Signaling with on-screen text, color, contrast, or symbols improves retention and transfer from animations and video - Signaling with on-screen text, color, contrast, or symbols improves retention and transfer from animations and video
• Significant achievement gaps between COVID-year students and pre-pandemic peers persisted at the end of 2022-23 - Significant achievement gaps between COVID-year students and pre-pandemic peers persisted at the end of 2022-23
• Significant learner characteristics explained 17% and 14% of variance in prediction bias and 11% and 12% in postdiction bias, so characteristics were slightly more relevant for predictions - Significant learner characteristics explained 17% and 14% of variance in prediction bias and 11% and 12% in postdiction bias, so characteristics were slightly more relevant for predictions
• Significant mismatches exist between faculty ideal learning styles and actual student learning styles - Significant mismatches exist between faculty ideal learning styles and actual student learning styles
• Significant mixing and local costs are present at each preschool age, with both decreasing in magnitude from age 3;9 to 5;3 - Significant mixing and local costs are present at each preschool age, with both decreasing in magnitude from age 3;9 to 5;3
• Significantly more TPP teachers asked students to cite evidence from texts in discussions and writing - Significantly more TPP teachers asked students to cite evidence from texts in discussions and writing
• Significantly more TPP teachers encouraged students' higher-order thinking skills than district-supported comparison teachers - Significantly more TPP teachers encouraged students' higher-order thinking skills than district-supported comparison teachers
• Silent-letter omission and insertion errors together comprise 55 per cent of real spelling errors - Silent-letter omission and insertion errors together comprise 55 per cent of real spelling errors
• SimCalc replacement units produced statistically significant pretest-to-posttest gains in conceptual understanding with student-level effect sizes of .63, .50, and .56 in three Texas experiments - SimCalc replacement units produced statistically significant pretest-to-posttest gains in conceptual understanding with student-level effect sizes of .63, .50, and .56 in three Texas experiments
• SimCalc scale-up study showed significant positive impacts on curriculum-aligned conceptual items but no significant difference on state test items - SimCalc scale-up study showed significant positive impacts on curriculum-aligned conceptual items but no significant difference on state test items
• SimCalc treatment effects were not sensitive to school socioeconomic status or percentage of Hispanic students, and 91% of 7th-grade treatment classrooms exceeded the control-group mean gain - SimCalc treatment effects were not sensitive to school socioeconomic status or percentage of Hispanic students, and 91% of 7th-grade treatment classrooms exceeded the control-group mean gain
• Similar introductory lessons on the same topics were observed across grades separated by multiple years, indicating little curricular development - Similar introductory lessons on the same topics were observed across grades separated by multiple years, indicating little curricular development
• Similarity between AI and peer feedback reassured students and increased their confidence in peer response - Similarity between AI and peer feedback reassured students and increased their confidence in peer response
• Similarity-based retrieval degrades as the Knowledge Base grows, consistent with the fan effect, stalling the agent - Similarity-based retrieval degrades as the Knowledge Base grows, consistent with the fan effect, stalling the agent
• Simple addition of through-course results is appropriate only when learning is bounded to each testing period - Simple addition of through-course results is appropriate only when learning is bounded to each testing period
• Simple additions are retrieved with equal accuracy in both languages from grade 10 onward, though still faster in German - Simple additions are retrieved with equal accuracy in both languages from grade 10 onward, though still faster in German
• Simple paraphrasing and self-editing counter-measures collapse AI detection rates to near-random levels - Simple paraphrasing and self-editing counter-measures collapse AI detection rates to near-random levels
• Simple subtraction in adults relies heavily on strategy use, which disadvantages participants under limited working memory resources - Simple subtraction in adults relies heavily on strategy use, which disadvantages participants under limited working memory resources
• Simple, targeted mere exposure prompt (MEP) scripts show promise for promoting desirable learning behaviors in a fully online multiplayer role-play classroom - Simple, targeted mere exposure prompt (MEP) scripts show promise for promoting desirable learning behaviors in a fully online multiplayer role-play classroom
• Simpler knowledge components are executed faster: correct application times rise from about 3-6 seconds for constant-constant KCs to 10-14 seconds for variable-variable KCs - Simpler knowledge components are executed faster: correct application times rise from about 3-6 seconds for constant-constant KCs to 10-14 seconds for variable-variable KCs
• Simplifying journal articles and providing glossaries of unfamiliar terms preceded the second-cycle improvement in proposal writing - Simplifying journal articles and providing glossaries of unfamiliar terms preceded the second-cycle improvement in proposal writing
• Simply inserting a name indicating Turkish-origin background produced less favorable judgments of otherwise identical student descriptions - Simply inserting a name indicating Turkish-origin background produced less favorable judgments of otherwise identical student descriptions
• Simply viewing virtual referent objects during L2 learning enhances retention relative to audiovisual-only learning, for both aptitude groups - Simply viewing virtual referent objects during L2 learning enhances retention relative to audiovisual-only learning, for both aptitude groups
• Simpson's D index is insensitive to small groups, so contexts with vastly different racial/ethnic compositions can receive nearly equivalent index values - Simpson's D index is insensitive to small groups, so contexts with vastly different racial/ethnic compositions can receive nearly equivalent index values
• Simulated adjustment of ratings for classroom context improves Black teachers' rankings by about 8 percentile points, with the largest gains for teachers serving more disadvantaged students - Simulated adjustment of ratings for classroom context improves Black teachers' rankings by about 8 percentile points, with the largest gains for teachers serving more disadvantaged students
• Simulated correlations between time-on-task and achievement vary substantially across contexts and can be negative even when time-on-task causally increases achievement - Simulated correlations between time-on-task and achievement vary substantially across contexts and can be negative even when time-on-task causally increases achievement
• Simulated Human-in-the-Loop workflow reduces required full human scoring of written productions by at least 50% - Simulated Human-in-the-Loop workflow reduces required full human scoring of written productions by at least 50%
• Simulated one-standard-deviation increases in autonomy yield only modest predicted changes in ICT career aspirations - Simulated one-standard-deviation increases in autonomy yield only modest predicted changes in ICT career aspirations
• Simulated role play sessions cost $0.05-$0.10 each in the EducaSim deployment - Simulated role play sessions cost $0.05-$0.10 each in the EducaSim deployment
• Simulated student reasoning shifted teachers from task-solvers to teacher-reasoners who interpreted misconceptions as student logic - Simulated student reasoning shifted teachers from task-solvers to teacher-reasoners who interpreted misconceptions as student logic
• Simulated time-on-task achievement correlations resemble empirical distributions from K-12 classroom studies without any fitting procedure - Simulated time-on-task achievement correlations resemble empirical distributions from K-12 classroom studies without any fitting procedure
• Simulating higher-cognitive-ability students is easier: simulation quality correlates positively with student cognitive score - Simulating higher-cognitive-ability students is easier: simulation quality correlates positively with student cognitive score
• Simulation ablations show ARC's projected growth requires both primary and secondary hub mechanisms together - Simulation ablations show ARC's projected growth requires both primary and secondary hub mechanisms together
• Simulation and hybrid authentic-learning approaches do not necessarily differ in participants or experienced meaningfulness of collaboration - Simulation and hybrid authentic-learning approaches do not necessarily differ in participants or experienced meaningfulness of collaboration
• Simulation Based Education Improves Outcomes
• Simulation Based Education With Deliberate Practice Improves Clinical Outcomes
• Simulation effects vary by complex skill: highest for technical performance, lowest for communication skills - Simulation effects vary by complex skill: highest for technical performance, lowest for communication skills
• Simulation evidence shows RI-CLPM estimates are biased when the true model is a CLPM with lag-2 effects, and fit statistics cannot decide between the two - Simulation evidence shows RI-CLPM estimates are biased when the true model is a CLPM with lag-2 effects, and fit statistics cannot decide between the two
• Simulation feedback predicts sadness and neutral facial expressions and metacognitive judgement, but not perceived task difficulty - Simulation feedback predicts sadness and neutral facial expressions and metacognitive judgement, but not perceived task difficulty
• Simulation functions as a site where professional knowledge is produced, negotiated, and reshaped, not merely a tool for skill rehearsal - Simulation functions as a site where professional knowledge is produced, negotiated, and reshaped, not merely a tool for skill rehearsal
• Simulation games are effective as a supplement to other instruction but not as standalone instruction, where comparison groups learned slightly more (a difference not statistically significant) - Simulation games are effective as a supplement to other instruction but not as standalone instruction, where comparison groups learned slightly more (a difference not statistically significant)
• Simulation games are more effective when they actively rather than passively convey course material - Simulation games are more effective when they actively rather than passively convey course material
• Simulation games were the most-used game type for educational assessment (N = 7, 33%), followed by immersive (N = 6, 29%) and video games (N = 5, 24%) - Simulation games were the most-used game type for educational assessment (N = 7, 33%), followed by immersive (N = 6, 29%) and video games (N = 5, 24%)
• Simulation-based learning has a large positive overall effect on complex skills in higher education (g = 0.85) - Simulation-based learning has a large positive overall effect on complex skills in higher education (g = 0.85)
• Simulation-response convergence was corroborated by survey-based changes in mindsets and practices and by human rater ratings for Roster Justice - Simulation-response convergence was corroborated by survey-based changes in mindsets and practices and by human rater ratings for Roster Justice
• Simulations of adaptive, multistage, and fixed form tests show the adaptation measures can be used operationally to identify difficulties with adaptation - Simulations of adaptive, multistage, and fixed form tests show the adaptation measures can be used operationally to identify difficulties with adaptation
• Simulator feedback responds authentically to student error, e.g. logs fall from the cargo when the grapple is opened incorrectly. - Simulator feedback responds authentically to student error, e.g.
• Simulator-based VET instruction in this study centres on volume training of routine tasks rather than rehearsing specific high-stakes, risky situations. - Simulator-based VET instruction in this study centres on volume training of routine tasks rather than rehearsing specific high-stakes, risky situations.
• Simultaneous (Mazes) visuospatial memory showed a trend predicting fifth grade mathematics while sequential (Block Recall) did not - Simultaneous (Mazes) visuospatial memory showed a trend predicting fifth grade mathematics while sequential (Block Recall) did not
• Simultaneous and sequential DLL learners show opposite vocabulary patterns in English versus the home language - Simultaneous and sequential DLL learners show opposite vocabulary patterns in English versus the home language
• Simultaneous and sequential instruction produce no immediate differences in solving basic or generalization math equivalence problems - Simultaneous and sequential instruction produce no immediate differences in solving basic or generalization math equivalence problems
• Simultaneous speech-and-gesture instruction increases children's spoken use of the conceptual Equalizer strategy, which post-hoc mediates lasting learning - Simultaneous speech-and-gesture instruction increases children's spoken use of the conceptual Equalizer strategy, which post-hoc mediates lasting learning
• Since 2023, software/product papers report markedly less evaluation detail than LLM papers in review automation - Since 2023, software/product papers report markedly less evaluation detail than LLM papers in review automation
• Single composite accountability indicators are susceptible to gaming and Campbell's Law corruption pressures - Single composite accountability indicators are susceptible to gaming and Campbell's Law corruption pressures
• Single exposures yield partial word knowledge, and repeated encounters in varied contexts build complete word meaning (fast mapping then full mapping) - Single exposures yield partial word knowledge, and repeated encounters in varied contexts build complete word meaning (fast mapping then full mapping)
• Single instances of help-seeking actions (answer requested, explanation requested) carry more predictive information than single correct or open responses (ISA) - Single instances of help-seeking actions (answer requested, explanation requested) carry more predictive information than single correct or open responses (ISA)
• Single latent factor models fitted both task success and ideal manipulation well, suggesting robust internal consistency, though Cling-subtract loaded weakly on task success - Single latent factor models fitted both task success and ideal manipulation well, suggesting robust internal consistency, though Cling-subtract loaded weakly on task success
• Single noncollaborative, noncompetitive play shows the largest learning effects, significantly larger than single competitive play - Single noncollaborative, noncompetitive play shows the largest learning effects, significantly larger than single competitive play
• Single noncollaborative, noncompetitive play shows the largest learning effects; single competitive play shows no benefit relative to nongame conditions - Single noncollaborative, noncompetitive play shows the largest learning effects; single competitive play shows no benefit relative to nongame conditions
• Single Stop has potentially positive effects on academic achievement of first-time community college students - Single Stop has potentially positive effects on academic achievement of first-time community college students
• Single Stop has potentially positive effects on progressing in college among first-time community college students - Single Stop has potentially positive effects on progressing in college among first-time community college students
• Single-case design evidence for SRSD on math achievement does not reach the WWC threshold for inclusion in effectiveness ratings - Single-case design evidence for SRSD on math achievement does not reach the WWC threshold for inclusion in effectiveness ratings
• Single-case effects of self-management interventions are moderated by student race and special education status, with more pronounced effects for African American students and students receiving special education services - Single-case effects of self-management interventions are moderated by student race and special education status, with more pronounced effects for African American students and students receiving speci
• Single-case effects of self-management interventions are not moderated by intervention characteristics (duration, fidelity assessment, fidelity method, or training) - Single-case effects of self-management interventions are not moderated by intervention characteristics (duration, fidelity assessment, fidelity method, or training)
• Single-case evidence on FBA-based interventions for social-emotional competence does not reach the threshold for an effectiveness rating - Single-case evidence on FBA-based interventions for social-emotional competence does not reach the threshold for an effectiveness rating
• Single-case studies yielded a larger average effect size (g = 1.94) than group studies (g = 0.41) in this meta-analysis - Single-case studies yielded a larger average effect size (g = 1.94) than group studies (g = 0.41) in this meta-analysis
• Single-course implementations of problem-driven learning show larger motivation effects than curriculum-wide implementations - Single-course implementations of problem-driven learning show larger motivation effects than curriculum-wide implementations
• Single-district SELPAs had meaningfully lower inclusion rates, with a higher proportion of students with disabilities in general education less than 40 percent of the school day - Single-district SELPAs had meaningfully lower inclusion rates, with a higher proportion of students with disabilities in general education less than 40 percent of the school day
• Single-document comprehension is the most studied literacy correlate of K-12 intertextual integration, with correlations ranging from near zero to moderate-strong - Single-document comprehension is the most studied literacy correlate of K-12 intertextual integration, with correlations ranging from near zero to moderate-strong
• Single-initiative data analysis has not always changed agency-wide policies and practices, and many staff may lack skills to interpret findings - Single-initiative data analysis has not always changed agency-wide policies and practices, and many staff may lack skills to interpret findings
• Single-item effort ratings show high internal consistency but their reliability is difficult to establish - Single-item effort ratings show high internal consistency but their reliability is difficult to establish
• Single-LLM writing assistance increased idea-level homogenization across writers, while a role-specialized duo of architecturally distinct LLMs preserved baseline diversity - Single-LLM writing assistance increased idea-level homogenization across writers, while a role-specialized duo of architecturally distinct LLMs preserved baseline diversity
• Single-person images are significantly biased toward light-skinned individuals, while multi-person images show more balanced gender and skin-tone diversity - Single-person images are significantly biased toward light-skinned individuals, while multi-person images show more balanced gender and skin-tone diversity
• Single-sex math classrooms raised female students' math performance by 7–10% over co-educational programs - Single-sex math classrooms raised female students' math performance by 7–10% over co-educational programs
• Single-turn tutors disclose answers pervasively while challenge scores are near zero across every model and subject - Single-turn tutors disclose answers pervasively while challenge scores are near zero across every model and subject
• Site-level pre-k attendance in the validation sample averaged 85.2 percent and varied widely across sites - Site-level pre-k attendance in the validation sample averaged 85.2 percent and varied widely across sites
• Sites offering tutoring during school were much more likely than out-of-school-hours sites to offer tutoring more than twice a week - Sites offering tutoring during school were much more likely than out-of-school-hours sites to offer tutoring more than twice a week
• Situated perspective explains Latino students' mathematical meaning-making in bilingual classrooms better than a discontinuity model (review reports Moschkovich, 1996) - Situated perspective explains Latino students' mathematical meaning-making in bilingual classrooms better than a discontinuity model (review reports Moschkovich, 1996)
• Situated, task-based and game-based learning were the most used strategies in VR/AR-supported K-12 STEM learning - Situated, task-based and game-based learning were the most used strategies in VR/AR-supported K-12 STEM learning
• Situation-model-approach interventions also directly improved comprehension, albeit with a small effect - Situation-model-approach interventions also directly improved comprehension, albeit with a small effect
• Situation-model-approach interventions produce a medium positive average effect (g = 0.46) on relative metacomprehension accuracy - Situation-model-approach interventions produce a medium positive average effect (g = 0.46) on relative metacomprehension accuracy
• Situation-model-approach interventions show a medium-sized positive effect on metacomprehension accuracy and a small direct effect on comprehension - Situation-model-approach interventions show a medium-sized positive effect on metacomprehension accuracy and a small direct effect on comprehension
• Situational and individual interest can be interpreted as phases of the same reward-learning knowledge-acquisition process - Situational and individual interest can be interpreted as phases of the same reward-learning knowledge-acquisition process
• Situational knowledge is fostered by collaboration, tool format, and tool-use, with arithmetical format outperforming textual - Situational knowledge is fostered by collaboration, tool format, and tool-use, with arithmetical format outperforming textual
• Situational motivation is highly context-dependent and fluctuates within and between learners, but most studies rely on self-reports - Situational motivation is highly context-dependent and fluctuates within and between learners, but most studies rely on self-reports
• Situational motivation is influenced by the learning context, with evidence mainly from situation-specific studies (65%) rather than momentary studies (28%) - Situational motivation is influenced by the learning context, with evidence mainly from situation-specific studies (65%) rather than momentary studies (28%)
• Six AI tutors individually matched human tutoring, with Gemma 4 31B equivalent at 918× lower cost per percentage point of learning gain - Six AI tutors individually matched human tutoring, with Gemma 4 31B equivalent at 918× lower cost per percentage point of learning gain
• Six closed-model configurations grade at or below the human inter-grader floor of 2.61/35 on the CV exam, with the best reaching MAE 1.64 - Six closed-model configurations grade at or below the human inter-grader floor of 2.61/35 on the CV exam, with the best reaching MAE 1.64
• Six component reading skills show strong average relationships with reading comprehension in struggling adult readers (rs ≥ .50) - Six component reading skills show strong average relationships with reading comprehension in struggling adult readers (rs ≥ .50)
• Six contextual factors mediate the influence of cultural factors on discussion behaviors, either inhibiting or enhancing discussion - Six contextual factors mediate the influence of cultural factors on discussion behaviors, either inhibiting or enhancing discussion
• Six historical thinking dimensions — historical argumentation, causation, comparison, contextualization, continuity and change over time, and sourcing — were selected as rubric assessment targets based on convergence across U.S. national frameworks and the WHP course guide - Six historical thinking dimensions — historical argumentation, causation, comparison, contextualization, continuity and change over time, and sourcing — were selected as rubric assessment targets base
• Six implementation modes operationalize customized AI writing systems, with standalone evaluation most common - Six implementation modes operationalize customized AI writing systems, with standalone evaluation most common
• Six independent applications of the Binet scale in widely separated countries show surprising agreement in the age ranking of the tests, suggesting many tests are correctly placed - Six independent applications of the Binet scale in widely separated countries show surprising agreement in the age ranking of the tests, suggesting many tests are correctly placed
• Six months after training, the experimental group showed a slight improvement over the control group in transferring argumentation to teaching practice, especially in mentioning argumentation in practice portfolios - Six months after training, the experimental group showed a slight improvement over the control group in transferring argumentation to teaching practice, especially in mentioning argumentation in pract
• Six of eight student groups successfully completed experiments according to their AI-assisted lab manuals - Six of eight student groups successfully completed experiments according to their AI-assisted lab manuals
• Six of seven recently reformed high schools showed first-year on-track improvements above comparison schools, though evidence is limited - Six of seven recently reformed high schools showed first-year on-track improvements above comparison schools, though evidence is limited
• Six predictor constructs jointly explain 44.0% of the variance in ethical GenAI use among university students, with all structural paths positive and significant - Six predictor constructs jointly explain 44.0% of the variance in ethical GenAI use among university students, with all structural paths positive and significant
• Six relationships in the model differ for less effective self-regulators, including performance-avoidance goals being unrelated to metacognition - Six relationships in the model differ for less effective self-regulators, including performance-avoidance goals being unrelated to metacognition
• Six reviewed interventions affected students’ understanding of, views on, or intended behavior toward real-world others - Six reviewed interventions affected students’ understanding of, views on, or intended behavior toward real-world others
• Six-year college completion among the CPS class of 2015 varied sharply by enrollment pathway: 55.8% for immediate four-year enrollees, 32.5% for immediate two-year enrollees, and 7.8% for delayed/non-enrollees - Six-year college completion among the CPS class of 2015 varied sharply by enrollment pathway: 55.8% for immediate four-year enrollees, 32.5% for immediate two-year enrollees, and 7.8% for delayed/non-
• Six-year college completion rates for immediate four-year enrollees rose from 54 to 56 percent for the CPS class of 2013, double the rate for immediate two-year enrollees - Six-year college completion rates for immediate four-year enrollees rose from 54 to 56 percent for the CPS class of 2013, double the rate for immediate two-year enrollees
• Six-year graduation rates for students with behavioral and learning disabilities increased substantially between 2009 and 2019, while rates for cognitive disabilities slightly declined - Six-year graduation rates for students with behavioral and learning disabilities increased substantially between 2009 and 2019, while rates for cognitive disabilities slightly declined
• Sixteen states have district impact provisions in statute or regulation, and these fall into four primary categories: fiscal, demographic, programmatic, and general - Sixteen states have district impact provisions in statute or regulation, and these fall into four primary categories: fiscal, demographic, programmatic, and general
• Sixth graders mostly select relevant ideas well from multiple online texts when using a snippet tool - Sixth graders mostly select relevant ideas well from multiple online texts when using a snippet tool
• Sixth graders promoted in 1997 without meeting the test cutoff fared poorly at the eighth-grade gate, while Summer Bridge passers did relatively well - Sixth graders promoted in 1997 without meeting the test cutoff fared poorly at the eighth-grade gate, while Summer Bridge passers did relatively well
• Sixth graders scored significantly higher on posttests that included the seven-step problem-solving plan than on unformatted posttests - Sixth graders scored significantly higher on posttests that included the seven-step problem-solving plan than on unformatted posttests
• Sixth graders who used the experiment room to solve each problem through trial and error were the students doing worst in mathematics - Sixth graders who used the experiment room to solve each problem through trial and error were the students doing worst in mathematics
• Sixth-grade syntactic complexity of narrative writing is predicted by fourth-grade oral grammar, inhibition, and planning in addition to initial syntactic complexity - Sixth-grade syntactic complexity of narrative writing is predicted by fourth-grade oral grammar, inhibition, and planning in addition to initial syntactic complexity
• Sixth-grade understanding of mathematical equality predicts ninth-grade expression evaluation above and beyond general mathematics ability - Sixth-grade understanding of mathematical equality predicts ninth-grade expression evaluation above and beyond general mathematics ability
• Sixth-graders' mathematics self-concept and individual interest both decline over one school year - Sixth-graders' mathematics self-concept and individual interest both decline over one school year
• Sixth-graders' own monitoring accuracy is low and does not differ between no-cue, keyword, and summary cue-prompt conditions (Experiment 1). - Sixth-graders' own monitoring accuracy is low and does not differ between no-cue, keyword, and summary cue-prompt conditions (Experiment 1).
• Sixty percent of the highest-poverty schools also have above-average student growth - Sixty percent of the highest-poverty schools also have above-average student growth
• Sixty-five percent of CPS ninth-grade math sections used Gradebook's default Total Points Logic ON setting, aggregating task scores by total points earned over total points possible - Sixty-five percent of CPS ninth-grade math sections used Gradebook's default Total Points Logic ON setting, aggregating task scores by total points earned over total points possible
• Sixty-three per cent of Detroit prevocational pupils have an I.Q. below .70 - Sixty-three per cent of Detroit prevocational pupils have an I.Q.
• Sketching and viewing animations produced the best understanding of a geoscience text, while the photograph condition produced the worst - Sketching and viewing animations produced the best understanding of a geoscience text, while the photograph condition produced the worst
• Sketching during reading yielded the most accurate comprehension monitoring, with significantly less absolute error than photograph, no-image, and animation conditions - Sketching during reading yielded the most accurate comprehension monitoring, with significantly less absolute error than photograph, no-image, and animation conditions
• Skill develops through engaging in the target activity itself, not through mechanistic drill of isolated components - Skill develops through engaging in the target activity itself, not through mechanistic drill of isolated components
• Skill portfolio diversity is positively associated with skill acquisition, occupational mobility, and transitions into lower-AI-exposure occupations - Skill portfolio diversity is positively associated with skill acquisition, occupational mobility, and transitions into lower-AI-exposure occupations
• Skill portfolio measures stratify by demographics: men, younger cohorts, and more educated workers show higher specialisation - Skill portfolio measures stratify by demographics: men, younger cohorts, and more educated workers show higher specialisation
• Skill-based AI literacy (using/understanding and detecting AI) is positively associated with reported AI dependency among higher education students - Skill-based AI literacy (using/understanding and detecting AI) is positively associated with reported AI dependency among higher education students
• Skill-equipped agents reproduce target users' attributes and language, enabling impersonation across unseen contexts - Skill-equipped agents reproduce target users' attributes and language, enabling impersonation across unseen contexts
• Skill-level leakage is strongest for communication style and personality, not explicit demographics - Skill-level leakage is strongest for communication style and personality, not explicit demographics
• Skill-specific genetic variance in working memory and processing speed predicts reading components - Skill-specific genetic variance in working memory and processing speed predicts reading components
• Skilled comprehenders recall more literal story content than less skilled comprehenders, but the groups do not differ significantly in interpreting novel similes - Skilled comprehenders recall more literal story content than less skilled comprehenders, but the groups do not differ significantly in interpreting novel similes
• Skilled comprehenders show superior one-week retention of a taught knowledge base despite comparable immediate recall - Skilled comprehenders show superior one-week retention of a taught knowledge base despite comparable immediate recall
• Skilled EFL writers apply procedural planning strategies of brainstorming, organizing, and outlining before writing, and revising strategies of pause-to-think, reviewing, and local plus global revision. - Skilled EFL writers apply procedural planning strategies of brainstorming, organizing, and outlining before writing, and revising strategies of pause-to-think, reviewing, and local plus global revisio
• Skilled EFL writers possess audience awareness, keeping readers in mind to judge whether their writing is understandable and coherent. - Skilled EFL writers possess audience awareness, keeping readers in mind to judge whether their writing is understandable and coherent.
• Skimming is the fastest of five reading modes, roughly 0.13-0.14 seconds per word versus 0.22-0.35 for normal and maximal silent and aloud reading - Skimming is the fastest of five reading modes, roughly 0.13-0.14 seconds per word versus 0.22-0.35 for normal and maximal silent and aloud reading
• Skimming rate correlates strongly with normal silent reading rate (r = +0.71) - Skimming rate correlates strongly with normal silent reading rate (r = +0.71)
• Skimming speed increases across the later pages of multi-page texts - Skimming speed increases across the later pages of multi-page texts
• Skin conductance level did not differ significantly between instructor-presence conditions, though arousal patterns appeared to vary with content difficulty - Skin conductance level did not differ significantly between instructor-presence conditions, though arousal patterns appeared to vary with content difficulty
• SKT-SRL scores did not correlate significantly with high school GPA in the pilot and validation studies - SKT-SRL scores did not correlate significantly with high school GPA in the pilot and validation studies
• Slalom dribbling improves equally with basketball mathematics and basketball-only PE, and not in regular PE - Slalom dribbling improves equally with basketball mathematics and basketball-only PE, and not in regular PE
• SLD stigma effects on psychological adjustment appear in middle childhood as well as adolescence, and no discernible age pattern emerged across the reviewed studies - SLD stigma effects on psychological adjustment appear in middle childhood as well as adolescence, and no discernible age pattern emerged across the reviewed studies
• Sleep and consolidation support semantic memory development, suggesting delayed school start times may benefit memory - Sleep and consolidation support semantic memory development, suggesting delayed school start times may benefit memory
• Sleep deprivation is associated with reduced psychomotor vigilance, impaired reaction time, and greater perceived workload and stress in astronauts - Sleep deprivation is associated with reduced psychomotor vigilance, impaired reaction time, and greater perceived workload and stress in astronauts
• Sleep duration shows no association with gross and fine motor skills in children aged 0–4 years - Sleep duration shows no association with gross and fine motor skills in children aged 0–4 years
• Sleep education at school improves academic performance in children - Sleep education at school improves academic performance in children
• Sleep education at school improves cognitive functioning in children - Sleep education at school improves cognitive functioning in children
• Sleep problems are common in school-aged children, with prevalence estimates ranging widely depending on assessment mode and definition - Sleep problems are common in school-aged children, with prevalence estimates ranging widely depending on assessment mode and definition
• Sleep quality and Verrucomicrobia are not independently associated with Stroop Word performance - Sleep quality and Verrucomicrobia are not independently associated with Stroop Word performance
• Sleep quality remains a significant predictor of Stroop Color-Word performance independent of Lentisphaerae proportion, while the Lentisphaerae-Stroop relationship reduces to non-significance - Sleep quality remains a significant predictor of Stroop Color-Word performance independent of Lentisphaerae proportion, while the Lentisphaerae-Stroop relationship reduces to non-significance
• Sleep restriction impairs emotional self-regulation in toddlers, with randomized-trial evidence of moderate-to-large effects - Sleep restriction impairs emotional self-regulation in toddlers, with randomized-trial evidence of moderate-to-large effects
• Sleep restriction increases objectively coded inattentive behaviors in a simulated classroom - Sleep restriction increases objectively coded inattentive behaviors in a simulated classroom
• Sleep restriction lowers tonic arousal (raises EEG theta power) in a simulated classroom, with a medium effect - Sleep restriction lowers tonic arousal (raises EEG theta power) in a simulated classroom, with a medium effect
• Sleep the night before cognitive testing resembles weekly averages except for an earlier mid-sleep time - Sleep the night before cognitive testing resembles weekly averages except for an earlier mid-sleep time
• Sleep's association with inhibitory control and working memory remains significant after controlling for the other EF components, but cognitive flexibility's does not - Sleep's association with inhibitory control and working memory remains significant after controlling for the other EF components, but cognitive flexibility's does not
• Sleepy behaviors (eyes closed, head down) showed medium-sized but non-significant effects of sleep restriction - Sleepy behaviors (eyes closed, head down) showed medium-sized but non-significant effects of sleep restriction
• Slight control over an algorithm's output reduces algorithm aversion, with process control producing the strongest calibration effects - Slight control over an algorithm's output reduces algorithm aversion, with process control producing the strongest calibration effects
• Slightly fewer than half (42 percent) of students who started the year in the at risk DIBELS category moved to a lower risk category after a full year of Project On-Track tutoring - Slightly fewer than half (42 percent) of students who started the year in the at risk DIBELS category moved to a lower risk category after a full year of Project On-Track tutoring
• Slower processing speed in adults with ASD is associated with greater impairment on ADOS Communication and Reciprocal Social Interaction scores - Slower processing speed in adults with ASD is associated with greater impairment on ADOS Communication and Reciprocal Social Interaction scores
• Small additions of research-specific procedures can shift a study out of exempt review - Small additions of research-specific procedures can shift a study out of exempt review
• Small between-task relative to within-task interference in dual-task studies supports functional separation of phonological and visuospatial working memory, and newer experiments led Cowan's group to add specialized verbal and visual resources to the embedded-processes account - Small between-task relative to within-task interference in dual-task studies supports functional separation of phonological and visuospatial working memory, and newer experiments led Cowan's group to
• Small career-ladder bonuses can affect teacher behavior without necessarily producing large effects - Small career-ladder bonuses can affect teacher behavior without necessarily producing large effects
• Small changes in the way information is presented can have a large impact on a person's decision to participate in a program - Small changes in the way information is presented can have a large impact on a person's decision to participate in a program
• Small edits to cGPT instructions and knowledge bases had unpredictable effects on GPT responses during iterative co-design - Small edits to cGPT instructions and knowledge bases had unpredictable effects on GPT responses during iterative co-design
• Small elementary schools (under 350 students) report more positive trust relations among teachers and between teachers and parents - Small elementary schools (under 350 students) report more positive trust relations among teachers and between teachers and parents
• Small gaps in AVID experiences by gender, achievement, and grade, with girls, lower achievers, and tenth graders more positive - Small gaps in AVID experiences by gender, achievement, and grade, with girls, lower achievers, and tenth graders more positive
• Small group instruction is associated with significantly larger effect sizes than CAI and incentive components in targeted secondary interventions - Small group instruction is associated with significantly larger effect sizes than CAI and incentive components in targeted secondary interventions
• Small input perturbations such as minor spelling errors can reduce state-of-the-art dialogue and assessment model accuracy by over 30% - Small input perturbations such as minor spelling errors can reduce state-of-the-art dialogue and assessment model accuracy by over 30%
• Small isolated effects on family conflict (negative) and parent-teacher joining (positive) appeared but were not enduring and may be spurious - Small isolated effects on family conflict (negative) and parent-teacher joining (positive) appeared but were not enduring and may be spurious
• Small language models used as automated judges exhibit severe leniency bias against tutoring responses - Small language models used as automated judges exhibit severe leniency bias against tutoring responses
• Small pilot studies provide preliminary evidence that exercise interventions improve behavioral symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in children with ADHD - Small pilot studies provide preliminary evidence that exercise interventions improve behavioral symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in children with ADHD
• Small quantities of fatigue-substances increase protoplasmic activity and augment muscular energy, per Lee's experiments - Small quantities of fatigue-substances increase protoplasmic activity and augment muscular energy, per Lee's experiments
• Small rural teaching staffs forced PLCs across grades and subjects, and teachers in four schools felt isolated from same-subject colleagues - Small rural teaching staffs forced PLCs across grades and subjects, and teachers in four schools felt isolated from same-subject colleagues
• Small school contexts may both enable and constrain professional communities: collegiality rises but heavy workloads make collective instructional focus difficult - Small school contexts may both enable and constrain professional communities: collegiality rises but heavy workloads make collective instructional focus difficult
• Small systematic discrepancies imply SEDA growth estimates may not generalize to MAP Growth-based estimates in some states - Small systematic discrepancies imply SEDA growth estimates may not generalize to MAP Growth-based estimates in some states
• Small-group instructional intervention for students struggling in literacy and English language development is supported by six RCTs at moderate evidence level - Small-group instructional intervention for students struggling in literacy and English language development is supported by six RCTs at moderate evidence level
• Small-group interaction generates and retains resources across all three planes - Small-group interaction generates and retains resources across all three planes
• Small-group learning improves undergraduate STEM achievement
• Small-number parent talk predicts children's performance only on low-number items, whereas large-number talk predicts both low- and high-number Point-to-X items - Small-number parent talk predicts children's performance only on low-number items, whereas large-number talk predicts both low- and high-number Point-to-X items
• Small-scale studies suggest age 15-16 with intermediate English proficiency (reading GE 5) is a good immigration age - Small-scale studies suggest age 15-16 with intermediate English proficiency (reading GE 5) is a good immigration age
• Small-screen design recommendations were explicated through an inquiry in which teachers and students interacted with learning objects on handheld devices - Small-screen design recommendations were explicated through an inquiry in which teachers and students interacted with learning objects on handheld devices
• Smaller classes related to more interactions; task-directed and praising interactions linked to more time on task and higher achievement, but organisational and personal interactions rose contrary to expectations - Smaller classes related to more interactions; task-directed and praising interactions linked to more time on task and higher achievement, but organisational and personal interactions rose contrary to
• Smaller community colleges tended to have larger adequacy gaps, with colleges under 4,001 students spending $1,871 (17 percent) below projected adequate cost - Smaller community colleges tended to have larger adequacy gaps, with colleges under 4,001 students spending $1,871 (17 percent) below projected adequate cost
• Smaller group sizes and lower child-caregiver ratios are associated with higher interactive skills of individual caregivers - Smaller group sizes and lower child-caregiver ratios are associated with higher interactive skills of individual caregivers
• Smaller local LLMs show a minor position bias toward option ordering and partially guessing-like error variation, but accuracy remains relatively stable across permutations and repeated sampling runs - Smaller local LLMs show a minor position bias toward option ordering and partially guessing-like error variation, but accuracy remains relatively stable across permutations and repeated sampling runs
• Smaller response-time differences between incongruent and congruent trials (better inhibition) correlate with higher mathematics scores - Smaller response-time differences between incongruent and congruent trials (better inhibition) correlate with higher mathematics scores
• Smaller rural districts tend to outperform larger ones, but large geographic spread limits their capacity to manage turnaround efforts - Smaller rural districts tend to outperform larger ones, but large geographic spread limits their capacity to manage turnaround efforts
• Smaller sample sizes are associated with larger VSWM–mathematics effect sizes - Smaller sample sizes are associated with larger VSWM–mathematics effect sizes
• Smaller schools and schools with lower student mobility show significantly stronger instructional pacing even after controlling for prior achievement and poverty - Smaller schools and schools with lower student mobility show significantly stronger instructional pacing even after controlling for prior achievement and poverty
• Smart Start-funded activities in North Carolina were positively related to classroom quality, which was in turn positively related to children's outcomes - Smart Start-funded activities in North Carolina were positively related to classroom quality, which was in turn positively related to children's outcomes
• Smartphone attachment is associated with impatience and impulsive behavior in young children, per cited literature - Smartphone attachment is associated with impatience and impulsive behavior in young children, per cited literature
• Smartphone settings moderate how vigilance translates into phone use: vigilance raises checking frequency more when notifications are revealed, and use duration more when notifications are hidden - Smartphone settings moderate how vigilance translates into phone use: vigilance raises checking frequency more when notifications are revealed, and use duration more when notifications are hidden
• Smartphone use during class is a distraction with potential to compromise grades (review attribution) - Smartphone use during class is a distraction with potential to compromise grades (review attribution)
• SMART® effects on comprehension were not statistically significant on either subtest, though the domain-average effect size was substantively important - SMART® effects on comprehension were not statistically significant on either subtest, though the domain-average effect size was substantively important
• SMART® tutoring produced a statistically significant positive effect on first-graders' word identification after two years of intervention - SMART® tutoring produced a statistically significant positive effect on first-graders' word identification after two years of intervention
• SMART® tutoring produced statistically significant positive effects on oral reading fluency on both first- and second-grade passages - SMART® tutoring produced statistically significant positive effects on oral reading fluency on both first- and second-grade passages
• SMEs rated ChatGPT's content accuracy acceptable but inconsistent across questions and significantly below human TAs' accuracy - SMEs rated ChatGPT's content accuracy acceptable but inconsistent across questions and significantly below human TAs' accuracy
• Smoking and snuffing are inversely associated with high academic achievement in both adolescent girls and boys - Smoking and snuffing are inversely associated with high academic achievement in both adolescent girls and boys
• SMS use improved both vocabulary retention and reading comprehension among Iranian EFL learners relative to a control group - SMS use improved both vocabulary retention and reading comprehension among Iranian EFL learners relative to a control group
• SNA, particularly when combined with content analysis, can provide a detailed understanding of interactions between network members, supporting optimisation of course design, learner-group composition and dropout identification - SNA, particularly when combined with content analysis, can provide a detailed understanding of interactions between network members, supporting optimisation of course design, learner-group composition
• Snapshots of critical steps were marginally beneficial for individual learners but significantly detrimental for dyads - Snapshots of critical steps were marginally beneficial for individual learners but significantly detrimental for dyads
• Snedden argues school reports should inform the public, but available educational statistics cannot answer questions about the relative value of different studies - Snedden argues school reports should inform the public, but available educational statistics cannot answer questions about the relative value of different studies
• Snippet selection contributes to integration quality over and above reading fluency and reading comprehension - Snippet selection contributes to integration quality over and above reading fluency and reading comprehension
• SOBAS differs across attributes of countries, families, schools, teachers, and students in 41 countries - SOBAS differs across attributes of countries, families, schools, teachers, and students in 41 countries
• Social and emotional competence can be enhanced through explicit instruction, teaching practices, and curriculum integration - Social and emotional competence can be enhanced through explicit instruction, teaching practices, and curriculum integration
• Social and emotional learning programs promote competencies, reduce behavior problems, and improve engagement and achievement, with sustained longer-term benefits - Social and emotional learning programs promote competencies, reduce behavior problems, and improve engagement and achievement, with sustained longer-term benefits
• Social and organizational support relate to AI well-being indirectly through AI literacy and technological self-efficacy - Social and organizational support relate to AI well-being indirectly through AI literacy and technological self-efficacy
• Social and personal skills interventions had a higher mean effect size (d = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.86) than the overall pooled estimate (d = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53). - Social and personal skills interventions had a higher mean effect size (d = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.86) than the overall pooled estimate (d = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53).
• Social and personal skills interventions were highly effective, with only 2 of 6 studies (33%) reporting a small and statistically insignificant change. - Social and personal skills interventions were highly effective, with only 2 of 6 studies (33%) reporting a small and statistically insignificant change.
• Social and physical self-concepts (e.g., relative physical abilities) appear universal and central to overall self-concept, unlike academic self-concepts - Social and physical self-concepts (e.g., relative physical abilities) appear universal and central to overall self-concept, unlike academic self-concepts
• Social and temporal comparison effects are stronger in studies using grades rather than test scores as achievement indicators - Social and temporal comparison effects are stronger in studies using grades rather than test scores as achievement indicators
• Social awareness had much greater effects on interaction and individual performance than knowledge awareness - Social awareness had much greater effects on interaction and individual performance than knowledge awareness
• Social barriers—teachers from dominant groups, poor teacher-parent relations, and stigma and discrimination from teachers and peers—undermine hunter-gatherer children's schooling - Social barriers—teachers from dominant groups, poor teacher-parent relations, and stigma and discrimination from teachers and peers—undermine hunter-gatherer children's schooling
• Social capital among teachers has been associated with five categories of outcomes, including teacher professional development and improved student achievement - Social capital among teachers has been associated with five categories of outcomes, including teacher professional development and improved student achievement
• Social collaboration in authentic assessment is mostly peer- and teacher-based, with few connections to industry or community partners and rare equitable teacher-student collaboration - Social collaboration in authentic assessment is mostly peer- and teacher-based, with few connections to industry or community partners and rare equitable teacher-student collaboration
• Social communication skills uniquely predict kindergarten executive functions after accounting for vocabulary, which does not predict EF - Social communication skills uniquely predict kindergarten executive functions after accounting for vocabulary, which does not predict EF
• Social communication skills uniquely predict teacher-rated kindergarten learning behaviors after accounting for vocabulary - Social communication skills uniquely predict teacher-rated kindergarten learning behaviors after accounting for vocabulary
• Social comparison effects are stronger in academic track schools than in nonacademic track schools - Social comparison effects are stronger in academic track schools than in nonacademic track schools
• Social comparison information affects the magnitude of metacognitive judgments, with greater magnitude for higher peer performance - Social comparison information affects the magnitude of metacognitive judgments, with greater magnitude for higher peer performance
• Social competence is positively and externalizing problems negatively prospectively related to academic achievement - Social competence is positively and externalizing problems negatively prospectively related to academic achievement
• Social contingency in parent–child interaction supports early language learning, and infants actively elicit higher-quality input through a social feedback loop - Social contingency in parent–child interaction supports early language learning, and infants actively elicit higher-quality input through a social feedback loop
• Social disadvantage moderates the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and spelling - Social disadvantage moderates the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and spelling
• Social dynamics — trust, friendship, openness, and rudeness — shape the effectiveness of dialogic interactions - Social dynamics — trust, friendship, openness, and rudeness — shape the effectiveness of dialogic interactions
• Social engagement in gateway math courses builds confidence and deepens understanding, dependent on faculty fostering a supportive learning environment - Social engagement in gateway math courses builds confidence and deepens understanding, dependent on faculty fostering a supportive learning environment
• Social exclusion has no significant effect on visuo-spatial dot-matrix working memory accuracy in any age group - Social exclusion has no significant effect on visuo-spatial dot-matrix working memory accuracy in any age group
• Social exclusion shows no significant effect on n-back response times in any age group - Social exclusion shows no significant effect on n-back response times in any age group
• Social flow and group flow were sustained and even strengthened as task challenge increased in the game's algebraic stages - Social flow and group flow were sustained and even strengthened as task challenge increased in the game's algebraic stages
• Social functioning fully mediates the relation between early effortful control and later academic achievement - Social functioning fully mediates the relation between early effortful control and later academic achievement
• Social identity threat impairs math performance via increased intrusive thoughts and working memory load (being-cognition disfluency) - Social identity threat impairs math performance via increased intrusive thoughts and working memory load (being-cognition disfluency)
• Social influence has a small positive impact on MALL use in EFL acquisition among Vietnamese learners - Social influence has a small positive impact on MALL use in EFL acquisition among Vietnamese learners
• Social influence plays a diminishing role in Gen Z students' AI adoption intention - Social influence plays a diminishing role in Gen Z students' AI adoption intention
• Social influence positively predicts perceived trust in generative AI - Social influence positively predicts perceived trust in generative AI
• Social interdependence, not role interdependence or specialization, correlates with performance and well-being - Social interdependence, not role interdependence or specialization, correlates with performance and well-being
• Social media usage in higher education continues to grow, and future empirical research on its educational role is warranted - Social media usage in higher education continues to grow, and future empirical research on its educational role is warranted
• Social media use rose sharply during the workshop (d = .954) but significantly declined in the following three months (d = .553), though remaining above baseline at 4 months - Social media use rose sharply during the workshop (d = .954) but significantly declined in the following three months (d = .553), though remaining above baseline at 4 months
• Social network site participation enables design learning that breaks the confines of space and time, including pre-enrollment learning and asynchronous ethical discussion - Social network site participation enables design learning that breaks the confines of space and time, including pre-enrollment learning and asynchronous ethical discussion
• Social norms shape role positioning in parent-child dyads playing an educational video game, with children sometimes more expert - Social norms shape role positioning in parent-child dyads playing an educational video game, with children sometimes more expert
• Social norms, peer behaviors, family attitudes, insufficient sanctions, teacher attitude, high expectations, and adverse conditions positively predict AI-assisted dishonesty, while ethical and moral education negatively predicts it - Social norms, peer behaviors, family attitudes, insufficient sanctions, teacher attitude, high expectations, and adverse conditions positively predict AI-assisted dishonesty, while ethical and moral e
• Social openness components transactivity and authority are associated with less follow-up, and dimension-level openness shows no significant association with follow-up - Social openness components transactivity and authority are associated with less follow-up, and dimension-level openness shows no significant association with follow-up
• Social presence from social cues can improve task performance (social facilitation) but may impair performance on complex tasks (social inhibition) - Social presence from social cues can improve task performance (social facilitation) but may impair performance on complex tasks (social inhibition)
• Social presence influences how social interaction unfolds in online group learning, which in turn affects learning outcomes - Social presence influences how social interaction unfolds in online group learning, which in turn affects learning outcomes
• Social presence shows the strongest association with metacognition in an online case-based course, while teaching presence shows no significant relationship - Social presence shows the strongest association with metacognition in an online case-based course, while teaching presence shows no significant relationship
• Social science students report higher job finding anxiety and AI anxiety than natural and applied field students, with small effect sizes - Social science students report higher job finding anxiety and AI anxiety than natural and applied field students, with small effect sizes
• Social sciences content is positively correlated with perceived ethnic bias in text-based learning materials - Social sciences content is positively correlated with perceived ethnic bias in text-based learning materials
• Social skills are positively related only to evidence elicitation quality, with inconsistent support across studies - Social skills are positively related only to evidence elicitation quality, with inconsistent support across studies
• Social skills training has positive effects on social-emotional development and behavior for preschool children with disabilities in early education settings - Social skills training has positive effects on social-emotional development and behavior for preschool children with disabilities in early education settings
• Social skills training shows no discernible effects on cognition for preschool children with disabilities - Social skills training shows no discernible effects on cognition for preschool children with disabilities
• Social studies periods gave little preparation for reading (1.73 percent) and focused assessment questions on facts - Social studies periods gave little preparation for reading (1.73 percent) and focused assessment questions on facts
• Social support factors (parent, peer, teacher) are among the themes associated with adolescent school belonging - Social support factors (parent, peer, teacher) are among the themes associated with adolescent school belonging
• Social support in all forms is a key protective factor for psychosocial success in the transition to university - Social support in all forms is a key protective factor for psychosocial success in the transition to university
• Social support is significantly positively correlated with adolescents' prosocial behavior (r = 0.206) - Social support is significantly positively correlated with adolescents' prosocial behavior (r = 0.206)
• Social support partially mediates the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior - Social support partially mediates the relationship between empathy and prosocial behavior
• Social trust predicts which urban schools improve, and trust is built by reducing staff vulnerability - Social trust predicts which urban schools improve, and trust is built by reducing staff vulnerability
• Social-cognitive regions show quadratic activation patterns with age, with adolescents showing lower reactivity-related but higher reappraisal-related activation - Social-cognitive regions show quadratic activation patterns with age, with adolescents showing lower reactivity-related but higher reappraisal-related activation
• Social-emotional factors, including low academic self-efficacy and self-management, are related to rapid guessing behavior - Social-emotional factors, including low academic self-efficacy and self-management, are related to rapid guessing behavior
• Social-emotional learning benefits persist at follow-up
• Social-emotional support was the most frequent code in COVID-19-related Duolingo discussion posts, followed by gratitude and pandemic - Social-emotional support was the most frequent code in COVID-19-related Duolingo discussion posts, followed by gratitude and pandemic
• Social-support strategies are the most generalised technology-based SRL strategies, with most students interacting via instant messaging and sharing material via the cloud - Social-support strategies are the most generalised technology-based SRL strategies, with most students interacting via instant messaging and sharing material via the cloud
• Socialization and subjectification purposes in DLE can complement rather than conflict each other, despite a described tension between the domains - Socialization and subjectification purposes in DLE can complement rather than conflict each other, despite a described tension between the domains
• Socially disadvantaged children do not differ in physical fitness but score significantly lower on academic performance than non-disadvantaged peers - Socially disadvantaged children do not differ in physical fitness but score significantly lower on academic performance than non-disadvantaged peers
• Socially-emotionally skilled children in SWPBIS schools were less often held back a grade than skilled peers in comparison schools (1.8% vs 4.2%, d = -0.39) - Socially-emotionally skilled children in SWPBIS schools were less often held back a grade than skilled peers in comparison schools (1.8% vs 4.2%, d = -0.39)
• Socio-economic inequality in learning increased during the pandemic for most estimates, across subjects, grades and pandemic stages - Socio-economic inequality in learning increased during the pandemic for most estimates, across subjects, grades and pandemic stages
• Socio-emotional and metalevel argument-as-process gains were reported in 48 of 108 pattern studies, concentrated in Patterns 2 and 3 - Socio-emotional and metalevel argument-as-process gains were reported in 48 of 108 pattern studies, concentrated in Patterns 2 and 3
• Sociocultural classroom diversity can produce inequality when school-home discontinuities make children perform below their abilities - Sociocultural classroom diversity can produce inequality when school-home discontinuities make children perform below their abilities
• Sociocultural contexts—school, professional community, policy, and society—shape teachers' motivational beliefs about TSRs - Sociocultural contexts—school, professional community, policy, and society—shape teachers' motivational beliefs about TSRs
• Sociocultural factors, learner motivation, self-efficacy and perceptions of the classroom environment influence FLCA learning outcomes and oral performance - Sociocultural factors, learner motivation, self-efficacy and perceptions of the classroom environment influence FLCA learning outcomes and oral performance
• Sociocultural learning theory holds that knowledge develops through engagement in social interaction with others, so English learners benefit from meaningful interaction with peers - Sociocultural learning theory holds that knowledge develops through engagement in social interaction with others, so English learners benefit from meaningful interaction with peers
• Sociocultural SLA literature portrays learners who resist mainstream social interaction negatively, as 'nonparticipating' or having 'negative attitude' - Sociocultural SLA literature portrays learners who resist mainstream social interaction negatively, as 'nonparticipating' or having 'negative attitude'
• Sociodemographic covariates outweigh domain-identical pretests for predicting between-classroom and between-school variance in elementary school - Sociodemographic covariates outweigh domain-identical pretests for predicting between-classroom and between-school variance in elementary school
• Socioeconomic disadvantage is more prevalent among California students designated as LTEL7 (89%) than other ever-ELs (80%) - Socioeconomic disadvantage is more prevalent among California students designated as LTEL7 (89%) than other ever-ELs (80%)
• Socioeconomic resources changed meaningfully over early childhood, with household income rising from 290% to 351% of the poverty line, concentrated in the prekindergarten year. - Socioeconomic resources changed meaningfully over early childhood, with household income rising from 290% to 351% of the poverty line, concentrated in the prekindergarten year.
• Socioeconomic status differences between bilingual and monolingual groups may determine study outcomes - Socioeconomic status differences between bilingual and monolingual groups may determine study outcomes
• Socioeconomic status does not significantly moderate the mind-set–achievement correlation - Socioeconomic status does not significantly moderate the mind-set–achievement correlation
• Socioemotional benefits of same-racial/ethnic peers show marginal group differences in interpersonal skills but no racial/ethnic differences for externalizing behavior - Socioemotional benefits of same-racial/ethnic peers show marginal group differences in interpersonal skills but no racial/ethnic differences for externalizing behavior
• Sociological research reports workplace segregation and coercive labor conditions for immigrant tech workers - Sociological research reports workplace segregation and coercive labor conditions for immigrant tech workers
• Socratic + No Context produces the highest query volume and Direct + No Context the longest messages - Socratic + No Context produces the highest query volume and Direct + No Context the longest messages
• Socratic dialogue by a skilled but inefficient teaching assistant underperformed: lengthy, unsummarized checkpoints may leave students without clear understanding - Socratic dialogue by a skilled but inefficient teaching assistant underperformed: lengthy, unsummarized checkpoints may leave students without clear understanding
• Socratic feedback is associated with higher task orientation and comprehension monitoring than directive feedback; on feedback regulation it has no main effect, but its effect depends on agent type - Socratic feedback is associated with higher task orientation and comprehension monitoring than directive feedback; on feedback regulation it has no main effect, but its effect depends on agent type
• Socratic participants required nearly twice as many attempts to reach the 80% mastery threshold as Full participants (d = -2.01), and 58% of the exercises of Socratic participants who abandoned the dialogue mid-way never reached the threshold - Socratic participants required nearly twice as many attempts to reach the 80% mastery threshold as Full participants (d = -2.01), and 58% of the exercises of Socratic participants who abandoned the di
• Socratic-mode participants progressively disengaged from the chatbot: message counts declined after question 5 and EEG engagement fell to its lowest value at question 10 - Socratic-mode participants progressively disengaged from the chatbot: message counts declined after question 5 and EEG engagement fell to its lowest value at question 10
• Soft skills play an equally important role in education investments and outcomes as cognitive skills - Soft skills play an equally important role in education investments and outcomes as cognitive skills
• Software analyses are presented as illuminating advantages of the reorganizer view for new visions of computers' cognitive benefits - Software analyses are presented as illuminating advantages of the reorganizer view for new visions of computers' cognitive benefits
• Software product effects changed between the first and second year of the study, warranting cohort-level comparison of effectiveness - Software product effects changed between the first and second year of the study, warranting cohort-level comparison of effectiveness
• Solomon four-group pilot found significant pre-post gains from EPIGAME play with no testing effects and no pretest-by-treatment interaction - Solomon four-group pilot found significant pre-post gains from EPIGAME play with no testing effects and no pretest-by-treatment interaction
• Solution providers reported high satisfaction with facilitator preparedness, networking, and solution mapping, with some dissatisfaction on other components - Solution providers reported high satisfaction with facilitator preparedness, networking, and solution mapping, with some dissatisfaction on other components
• Solution quality correlates with conceptual knowledge and gap awareness only for individual problem solvers - Solution quality correlates with conceptual knowledge and gap awareness only for individual problem solvers
• Solution quality does not mediate the effect of collaboration on conceptual knowledge in PF - Solution quality does not mediate the effect of collaboration on conceptual knowledge in PF
• Solution quantity does not mediate the effect of collaboration on conceptual knowledge in PF - Solution quantity does not mediate the effect of collaboration on conceptual knowledge in PF
• Solutions from different LLM providers converged broadly on most CS1 labs, with cross-LLM MOSS match rates of about 88% pooled across labs but only 13.18–22.11% on Lab 10 - Solutions from different LLM providers converged broadly on most CS1 labs, with cross-LLM MOSS match rates of about 88% pooled across labs but only 13.18–22.11% on Lab 10
• Solvable judgments of solvability discriminate solvable from unsolvable anagrams even after excluding already-solved judgments - Solvable judgments of solvability discriminate solvable from unsolvable anagrams even after excluding already-solved judgments
• Solve attributes differ in discrimination: the environment attribute strongly separated proficiency groups while the learned-procedure attribute did not - Solve attributes differ in discrimination: the environment attribute strongly separated proficiency groups while the learned-procedure attribute did not
• Solving a creative problem-solving task with ChatGPT is perceived as easier and requires less mental effort, but is not more interesting - Solving a creative problem-solving task with ChatGPT is perceived as easier and requires less mental effort, but is not more interesting
• Solving an isomorphic practice problem after studying a worked example improves prospective monitoring accuracy, with mixed effects on regulation accuracy - Solving an isomorphic practice problem after studying a worked example improves prospective monitoring accuracy, with mixed effects on regulation accuracy
• Solving inversion problems increases adults' self-reported use of associativity shortcuts on three-term problems - Solving inversion problems increases adults' self-reported use of associativity shortcuts on three-term problems
• Solving only 'a + b – b' inversion problems replicates increased self-reported associativity shortcut use in a new sample - Solving only 'a + b – b' inversion problems replicates increased self-reported associativity shortcut use in a new sample
• Solving practice problems invested less mental effort than contrasting or erroneous examples, contrary to the worked-example-effect hypothesis - Solving practice problems invested less mental effort than contrasting or erroneous examples, contrary to the worked-example-effect hypothesis
• Solving problems with graphs increased mental effort, shown by a higher proportion of silence in think-aloud data - Solving problems with graphs increased mental effort, shown by a higher proportion of silence in think-aloud data
• Solving-oriented and pedagogy-oriented composite scores on the public MathTutorBench leaderboard are only moderately correlated (Pearson 0.421, Spearman 0.690) - Solving-oriented and pedagogy-oriented composite scores on the public MathTutorBench leaderboard are only moderately correlated (Pearson 0.421, Spearman 0.690)
• Somatically informed dance teachers use six facilitation strategies to deepen movement sensation - Somatically informed dance teachers use six facilitation strategies to deepen movement sensation
• Some 2003 MCAS fourth-grade math word problems exhibited differential item functioning for English-language learners versus non-ELLs - Some 2003 MCAS fourth-grade math word problems exhibited differential item functioning for English-language learners versus non-ELLs
• Some afterschool participation benefits emerged when high-level participants were compared to non-participants, but not when compared to other program participants - Some afterschool participation benefits emerged when high-level participants were compared to non-participants, but not when compared to other program participants
• Some AI tools can inhibit productive struggle by reducing cognitive effort when they automate processes students would otherwise reason through - Some AI tools can inhibit productive struggle by reducing cognitive effort when they automate processes students would otherwise reason through
• Some aspects of spatial skills are more predictive of mathematical development than others, so the construct must be differentiated - Some aspects of spatial skills are more predictive of mathematical development than others, so the construct must be differentiated
• Some aspects of TIF implementation improved between years one and two while others, including bonus awareness, remained challenging - Some aspects of TIF implementation improved between years one and two while others, including bonus awareness, remained challenging
• Some blended learning interventions improve student outcomes, but whether a positive effect exists varies across interventions and domains of achievement - Some blended learning interventions improve student outcomes, but whether a positive effect exists varies across interventions and domains of achievement
• Some charter school students grow faster than their traditional public school peers - Some charter school students grow faster than their traditional public school peers
• Some children in a K-8 school study used a 'trust test' strategy, asking a chatbot questions they already knew the answers to, to evaluate it as a credible information source - Some children in a K-8 school study used a 'trust test' strategy, asking a chatbot questions they already knew the answers to, to evaluate it as a credible information source
• Some Chinese students felt uncomfortable with case-based learning due to lack of structured instruction content - Some Chinese students felt uncomfortable with case-based learning due to lack of structured instruction content
• Some CHSRI small schools struggle to align their themes with CPS graduation standards and PSAE content, and accountability pressure is reshaping instruction - Some CHSRI small schools struggle to align their themes with CPS graduation standards and PSAE content, and accountability pressure is reshaping instruction
• Some classroom discussion approaches improve text comprehension, but gains are not uniform across approaches and more student talk alone does not produce them
• Some content-based offloading profiles differed in prompting volume even though volume was not a clustering variable, suggesting what is offloaded constrains how much is offloaded - Some content-based offloading profiles differed in prompting volume even though volume was not a clustering variable, suggesting what is offloaded constrains how much is offloaded
• Some educators are concerned that students scoring at the bottom or top of a test's score distribution will negatively affect the value-added estimates of those students' teachers - Some educators are concerned that students scoring at the bottom or top of a test's score distribution will negatively affect the value-added estimates of those students' teachers
• Some employers were reluctant to hire new apprentices during pandemic economic uncertainty, but no mass cancellations of apprenticeships were reported - Some employers were reluctant to hire new apprentices during pandemic economic uncertainty, but no mass cancellations of apprenticeships were reported
• Some ESL learners felt their English was not high enough to use ASR because their speech was not always intelligible to it, although overall perceived usefulness was positive - Some ESL learners felt their English was not high enough to use ASR because their speech was not always intelligible to it, although overall perceived usefulness was positive
• Some GenAI tools can inhibit productive struggle by reducing cognitive effort (metacognitive laziness) - Some GenAI tools can inhibit productive struggle by reducing cognitive effort (metacognitive laziness)
• Some groups had an intellectual leader without an organizational leader, but no group had an organizational leader without an intellectual leader - Some groups had an intellectual leader without an organizational leader, but no group had an organizational leader without an intellectual leader
• Some high schools mitigated the typical negative effects of proximity to homicide: most student outcomes declined after a nearby homicide, but not all schools saw average declines - Some high schools mitigated the typical negative effects of proximity to homicide: most student outcomes declined after a nearby homicide, but not all schools saw average declines
• Some initiatives fit no single generalized structure: the OER for Racial Justice project required a novel generator-plus-catalyzer combination - Some initiatives fit no single generalized structure: the OER for Racial Justice project required a novel generator-plus-catalyzer combination
• Some interventions brought more improvements in self-regulation measures of those with lower baseline scores, offering promise for resource-constrained settings. - Some interventions brought more improvements in self-regulation measures of those with lower baseline scores, offering promise for resource-constrained settings.
• Some items positioned close together across booklets were also flagged as DIF, possibly due to Type I error from sampling - Some items positioned close together across booklets were also flagged as DIF, possibly due to Type I error from sampling
• Some LLMs exhibit a selection bias against selecting option D on multiple-choice pedagogy questions - Some LLMs exhibit a selection bias against selecting option D on multiple-choice pedagogy questions
• Some measures' evaluated self-regulation categories misalign with their intended theoretical orientation - Some measures' evaluated self-regulation categories misalign with their intended theoretical orientation
• Some MLLM failures occur when a higher-level SciVis interpretation is grounded in an unsupported visual encoding rather than the encoding specified by the visualization and caption - Some MLLM failures occur when a higher-level SciVis interpretation is grounded in an unsupported visual encoding rather than the encoding specified by the visualization and caption
• Some observers attributed the relative decline in secondary science registrations to the disciplinary teaching attitude, while the Committee of Ten did not emphasize the informational side - Some observers attributed the relative decline in secondary science registrations to the disciplinary teaching attitude, while the Committee of Ten did not emphasize the informational side
• Some outcome-oriented PSMTs (types o and o*) predict single-trial outcomes, and type o* thinkers conflate causality with conditionality - Some outcome-oriented PSMTs (types o and o*) predict single-trial outcomes, and type o* thinkers conflate causality with conditionality
• Some participants' ChatGPT interactions followed a pattern of inquiry-based learning with iterative prompt refinement - Some participants' ChatGPT interactions followed a pattern of inquiry-based learning with iterative prompt refinement
• Some SECs show no association with engagement dimensions in individual studies, including emotion regulation with behavioural engagement and intentional self-regulation compensation - Some SECs show no association with engagement dimensions in individual studies, including emotion regulation with behavioural engagement and intentional self-regulation compensation
• Some sentences show imperfect difficulty graduation, with inversions in per cent correct across years - Some sentences show imperfect difficulty graduation, with inversions in per cent correct across years
• Some social-emotional and cognitive-behavioural initiatives showed no effect or a negative effect on educator wellbeing - Some social-emotional and cognitive-behavioural initiatives showed no effect or a negative effect on educator wellbeing
• Some SQU ELT trainers used prescriptive practices contrary to reflective preparation: telling trainees how to teach (74.2% agreement), restricting lesson planning to the teachers guide (53.4%), and training them to teach only the national textbook (66.8%) - Some SQU ELT trainers used prescriptive practices contrary to reflective preparation: telling trainees how to teach (74.2% agreement), restricting lesson planning to the teachers guide (53.4%), and tr
• Some SRSD students, particularly those with poor working memory, struggled to implement the planning strategies they were taught - Some SRSD students, particularly those with poor working memory, struggled to implement the planning strategies they were taught