Claims: S 4

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• Some SSWs hold deficit-based racial attitudes, conflating structural constraints with immigrant cultural values and misreading trauma responses - Some SSWs hold deficit-based racial attitudes, conflating structural constraints with immigrant cultural values and misreading trauma responses
• Some students described confidence in programming that depended on AI being available - Some students described confidence in programming that depended on AI being available
• Some students expanded and generalized class tools and rhetorical concepts into their own activities beyond the course - Some students expanded and generalized class tools and rhetorical concepts into their own activities beyond the course
• Some students found the automated star ratings inconsistent, receiving different scores for the same unchanged submission - Some students found the automated star ratings inconsistent, receiving different scores for the same unchanged submission
• Some students found the guided-inquiry worksheet activities insufficiently thought-provoking and the data exchange troublesome - Some students found the guided-inquiry worksheet activities insufficiently thought-provoking and the data exchange troublesome
• Some students lacked fundamental understanding of basic circuit concepts and offloaded critical thinking to AI during collaborative debugging - Some students lacked fundamental understanding of basic circuit concepts and offloaded critical thinking to AI during collaborative debugging
• Some students struggled to use Ecree's and MI Write's automated feedback - Some students struggled to use Ecree's and MI Write's automated feedback
• Some studies found that presenting more than two representations negatively impacted learning and problem-solving, especially for students with low prior knowledge. - Some studies found that presenting more than two representations negatively impacted learning and problem-solving, especially for students with low prior knowledge.
• Some teacher feedback codes commonly co-occur, such as Confirmation with Positive Affect and Mathematical Suggestions with Hints - Some teacher feedback codes commonly co-occur, such as Confirmation with Positive Affect and Mathematical Suggestions with Hints
• Some users prefer a single-form Boolean query interface to the original Entrez interface - Some users prefer a single-form Boolean query interface to the original Entrez interface
• Some VLMs perform near chance on binary judgments of student correctness, and error-assessment behavior is idiosyncratic across models - Some VLMs perform near chance on binary judgments of student correctness, and error-assessment behavior is idiosyncratic across models
• Some, but not all, measured organizational conditions are associated in expected directions with site-level ECE quality metrics - Some, but not all, measured organizational conditions are associated in expected directions with site-level ECE quality metrics
• Sophomore OnTrack rose from 61 to 85 percent and predicts graduation, but 30 percent of non-graduates were on-track as sophomores - Sophomore OnTrack rose from 61 to 85 percent and predicts graduation, but 30 percent of non-graduates were on-track as sophomores
• Sorjonen et al.'s (2023) simulation lacked a temporal structure and therefore cannot justify replacing autoregressive effects with covariances in the LCSM - Sorjonen et al.'s (2023) simulation lacked a temporal structure and therefore cannot justify replacing autoregressive effects with covariances in the LCSM
• Sorting by ability affects grades and pass rates differently from test scores: high-skilled students' grades and pass rates decline while low-skilled students' grades improve - Sorting by ability affects grades and pass rates differently from test scores: high-skilled students' grades and pass rates decline while low-skilled students' grades improve
• Sorting by race, racial constancy for self, and racial constancy for others uniquely predicted out-group stereotyping in a hierarchical regression controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and classification skill - Sorting by race, racial constancy for self, and racial constancy for others uniquely predicted out-group stereotyping in a hierarchical regression controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and classificati
• Sound box training favored over sound sort training on phonological processing (Maslanka & Joseph 2002), with substantively important but non-significant differences averaging +11 percentile points - Sound box training favored over sound sort training on phonological processing (Maslanka & Joseph 2002), with substantively important but non-significant differences averaging +11 percentile points
• Sound localization ability is present in the first ten days of infancy as soon as the infant begins to notice sound - Sound localization ability is present in the first ten days of infancy as soon as the infant begins to notice sound
• Sound Partners shows no discernible effects on general reading achievement - Sound Partners shows no discernible effects on general reading achievement
• Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on reading comprehension of beginning readers - Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on reading comprehension of beginning readers
• Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on reading fluency of beginning readers - Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on reading fluency of beginning readers
• Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on the alphabetics of beginning readers in grades K–3 - Sound Partners tutoring has positive effects on the alphabetics of beginning readers in grades K–3
• Source provenance labels functioned as a seal of authority: 11 of 12 participants failed to detect a planted source-card mismatch - Source provenance labels functioned as a seal of authority: 11 of 12 participants failed to detect a planted source-card mismatch
• Source-anchored instruction pairs reduce hallucination: they achieve mean Teacher Fidelity 1.4 points higher than non-anchored pairs, and models trained on anchored subsets produce 23% fewer factual hallucinations - Source-anchored instruction pairs reduce hallucination: they achieve mean Teacher Fidelity 1.4 points higher than non-anchored pairs, and models trained on anchored subsets produce 23% fewer factual h
• South Carolina charter schools enroll larger shares of white students and smaller shares of students in poverty, ELLs, and special education students than TPS - South Carolina charter schools enroll larger shares of white students and smaller shares of students in poverty, ELLs, and special education students than TPS
• South Carolina charter students show similar reading growth but weaker math growth than traditional public school peers, with a math disadvantage of 53 fewer days of learning per year - South Carolina charter students show similar reading growth but weaker math growth than traditional public school peers, with a math disadvantage of 53 fewer days of learning per year
• Spaced and interleaved homework practice improves learning and retention - Spaced and interleaved homework practice improves learning and retention
• Spaced note-taking during lecture breaks outperformed parallel and no note-taking, and memory was worse at once-double lecture speed - Spaced note-taking during lecture breaks outperformed parallel and no note-taking, and memory was worse at once-double lecture speed
• Spaced Practice Improves Retention
• Spaced practice produces a robust small-to-medium retention advantage over massed practice for mathematics learning overall (g = 0.26). - Spaced practice produces a robust small-to-medium retention advantage over massed practice for mathematics learning overall (g = 0.26).
• Spaced practice research addresses the potential for optimal gaps or delays between presentations of the same concept - Spaced practice research addresses the potential for optimal gaps or delays between presentations of the same concept
• Spaced quizzing increases end-of-semester retention of calculus learning objectives relative to massed quizzing - Spaced quizzing increases end-of-semester retention of calculus learning objectives relative to massed quizzing
• Spaced quizzing reduces overall performance on calculus practice quizzes relative to massed quizzing - Spaced quizzing reduces overall performance on calculus practice quizzes relative to massed quizzing
• Spaced recall quizzing improves long-term retention even when immediate feedback is not provided - Spaced recall quizzing improves long-term retention even when immediate feedback is not provided
• Spaced recall quizzing significantly improves overall post-test performance on fundamental mathematics without harming learning of current material - Spaced recall quizzing significantly improves overall post-test performance on fundamental mathematics without harming learning of current material
• Spaced Retrieval Improves Retention
• Spaced retrieval practice (successive relearning) produced multi-year retention of foreign language vocabulary in adults, as reported by the review - Spaced retrieval practice (successive relearning) produced multi-year retention of foreign language vocabulary in adults, as reported by the review
• Spaced retrieval practice outperformed both massed retrieval practice and no-practice control on delayed financial knowledge, while massed and control did not differ - Spaced retrieval practice outperformed both massed retrieval practice and no-practice control on delayed financial knowledge, while massed and control did not differ
• Spaced retrieval practice produces better final retention than massed retrieval even though spacing lowers initial retrieval success, and more absolute spacing enhances long-term retention - Spaced retrieval practice produces better final retention than massed retrieval even though spacing lowers initial retrieval success, and more absolute spacing enhances long-term retention
• Spacing content over time and interweaving different content strengthens learning and retention - Spacing content over time and interweaving different content strengthens learning and retention
• Spacing enhances learning across various domains and across the lifespan, with emphasis on applied educational settings - Spacing enhances learning across various domains and across the lifespan, with emphasis on applied educational settings
• Spacing out retrieval practice produces better long-term retention than massing it
• Spanish examinee RIT scores and item difficulty increase on average from kindergarten through high school, with item difficulty matching student ability - Spanish examinee RIT scores and item difficulty increase on average from kindergarten through high school, with item difficulty matching student ability
• Spanish MAP Growth Reading test-retest reliability ranges from 0.50 at Grade K to 0.83 at Grade 5, with no estimate for Grades 6–8 - Spanish MAP Growth Reading test-retest reliability ranges from 0.50 at Grade K to 0.83 at Grade 5, with no estimate for Grades 6–8
• Spanish MAP Growth Reading universal screening cut scores correspond to the 40th percentile of Spanish norms, established by linking to English cut scores - Spanish MAP Growth Reading universal screening cut scores correspond to the 40th percentile of Spanish norms, established by linking to English cut scores
• Spanish Math and Reading scores show high marginal reliability and moderate-to-strong test-retest stability, lowest for fall–spring and kindergarten - Spanish Math and Reading scores show high marginal reliability and moderate-to-strong test-retest stability, lowest for fall–spring and kindergarten
• Spanish Math items show well-balanced difficulty and stable strong discrimination across 2024–2025 terms - Spanish Math items show well-balanced difficulty and stable strong discrimination across 2024–2025 terms
• Spanish phonological awareness items loaded more strongly on the general factor than English items, while English print knowledge items loaded more strongly than Spanish items - Spanish phonological awareness items loaded more strongly on the general factor than English items, while English print knowledge items loaded more strongly than Spanish items
• Spanish reading instructional programs in grades K–6 produce a positive, statistically significant average effect on reading outcomes (g = 0.49) - Spanish reading instructional programs in grades K–6 produce a positive, statistically significant average effect on reading outcomes (g = 0.49)
• Spanish Reading items show gradually increasing mean p values and stable discrimination with no negatively discriminating items - Spanish Reading items show gradually increasing mean p values and stable discrimination with no negatively discriminating items
• Spanish use at home does not limit English learning: young Spanish–English bilinguals with more Spanish at school entry show higher English skills by year's end - Spanish use at home does not limit English learning: young Spanish–English bilinguals with more Spanish at school entry show higher English skills by year's end
• Spanish-speaking language-minority preschoolers show a common underlying proficiency for phonological awareness, with bifactor models fitting better than correlated-factors models - Spanish-speaking language-minority preschoolers show a common underlying proficiency for phonological awareness, with bifactor models fitting better than correlated-factors models
• Spanish–English bilinguals performed better on kindergarten mathematics assessments when tested in Spanish - Spanish–English bilinguals performed better on kindergarten mathematics assessments when tested in Spanish
• Spatial abilities and in-class attention each uniquely predict mathematical competence from 6th to 9th grade, controlling general ability - Spatial abilities and in-class attention each uniquely predict mathematical competence from 6th to 9th grade, controlling general ability
• Spatial ability correlates moderately with mathematics achievement (r = .25), less strongly than verbal ability
• Spatial ability correlates with educational performance across many STEM disciplines and sub-disciplines - Spatial ability correlates with educational performance across many STEM disciplines and sub-disciplines
• Spatial ability does not account for the predictive relation between early whole number magnitude knowledge and later fraction magnitude knowledge - Spatial ability does not account for the predictive relation between early whole number magnitude knowledge and later fraction magnitude knowledge
• Spatial ability interventions have increased STEM performance and retention, but a causal effect remains categorically unestablished - Spatial ability interventions have increased STEM performance and retention, but a causal effect remains categorically unestablished
• Spatial ability predicts algebra word problem performance above and beyond its general relation to mathematics ability - Spatial ability predicts algebra word problem performance above and beyond its general relation to mathematics ability
• Spatial ability scores are positively associated with mathematics performance across children and adults, as the review reports - Spatial ability scores are positively associated with mathematics performance across children and adults, as the review reports
• Spatial and temporal contiguity effects do not differ significantly in mean magnitude - Spatial and temporal contiguity effects do not differ significantly in mean magnitude
• Spatial assembly skill measured at age 3 (TOSA) strongly correlates with mathematics performance one year later at age 4 - Spatial assembly skill measured at age 3 (TOSA) strongly correlates with mathematics performance one year later at age 4
• Spatial language training does not significantly improve verbal number skills compared to controls - Spatial language training does not significantly improve verbal number skills compared to controls
• Spatial language training improves children's numerical magnitude understanding (number words comparison) - Spatial language training improves children's numerical magnitude understanding (number words comparison)
• Spatial language training significantly improves 4-6-year-olds' spatial language comprehension compared to controls - Spatial language training significantly improves 4-6-year-olds' spatial language comprehension compared to controls
• Spatial memory correlates with spatial imagery in the congenitally blind but not the sighted - Spatial memory correlates with spatial imagery in the congenitally blind but not the sighted
• Spatial orientation/perspective-taking and spatial visualization/mental rotation are psychometrically and neurally dissociable skills - Spatial orientation/perspective-taking and spatial visualization/mental rotation are psychometrically and neurally dissociable skills
• Spatial processing is preserved but slower in developmental dyscalculia, with slow trail-making and mental rotation speed attributed to WM/inhibition impairment - Spatial processing is preserved but slower in developmental dyscalculia, with slow trail-making and mental rotation speed attributed to WM/inhibition impairment
• Spatial Skills Improve Through Block Building
• Spatial skills show null bivariate correlations with childhood and adolescent spatial activity participation - Spatial skills show null bivariate correlations with childhood and adolescent spatial activity participation
• Spatial skills uniquely predict 27% of the variance in preschool mathematics over and above executive function - Spatial skills uniquely predict 27% of the variance in preschool mathematics over and above executive function
• Spatial thinking and generative activity reduced monitoring error while higher interest increased it - Spatial thinking and generative activity reduced monitoring error while higher interest increased it
• Spatial Training Improves Math Performance
• Spatial-skills representation in early childhood curricula is widespread in both Global North and Global South - Spatial-skills representation in early childhood curricula is widespread in both Global North and Global South
• Speakers rate their own speeches more harshly than independent judges do - Speakers rate their own speeches more harshly than independent judges do
• Speaking practice opportunities and teacher support reduced classroom anxiety and increased self-efficacy for one learner - Speaking practice opportunities and teacher support reduced classroom anxiety and increased self-efficacy for one learner
• Special days consume roughly 35 days per school year, about one-fifth of the year, with instructional reductions of 20 to 100 percent - Special days consume roughly 35 days per school year, about one-fifth of the year, with instructional reductions of 20 to 100 percent
• Special education enrollment in ninth grade rose from 11.5 percent in 1993-94 to 16.4 percent in 1999-00, concentrating students with disabilities in neighborhood high schools - Special education enrollment in ninth grade rose from 11.5 percent in 1993-94 to 16.4 percent in 1999-00, concentrating students with disabilities in neighborhood high schools
• Special education enrollment rose from 6.4 to 7.0 million students (12.9 to 13.7 percent of public enrollment) between 2011–12 and 2017–18 - Special education enrollment rose from 6.4 to 7.0 million students (12.9 to 13.7 percent of public enrollment) between 2011–12 and 2017–18
• Special education identification is disproportionate for English learner and socioeconomically disadvantaged students in California - Special education identification is disproportionate for English learner and socioeconomically disadvantaged students in California
• Special education needs are much more prevalent among California students designated as LTEL7 (28%) than other ever-EL peers (11%) - Special education needs are much more prevalent among California students designated as LTEL7 (28%) than other ever-EL peers (11%)
• Special education service concentration showed divergent patterns: similar ever-below-benchmark rates across quartiles but much higher persistence below benchmark in high-concentration schools - Special education service concentration showed divergent patterns: similar ever-below-benchmark rates across quartiles but much higher persistence below benchmark in high-concentration schools
• Special education teachers are the most likely of all subject-area teachers to have borrowed (65.2%) and to owe their entire balance (15.4%) - Special education teachers are the most likely of all subject-area teachers to have borrowed (65.2%) and to owe their entire balance (15.4%)
• Special-education practitioners rated AdaptED Stories as strongly usable, with a mean SUS score of 86.8 corresponding to an A grade - Special-education practitioners rated AdaptED Stories as strongly usable, with a mean SUS score of 86.8 corresponding to an A grade
• Special-education support/adaptation shows the strongest demand–AI-use alignment, with a 16.32-percentage-point increase in predicted use across a two-point relative-demand contrast - Special-education support/adaptation shows the strongest demand–AI-use alignment, with a 16.32-percentage-point increase in predicted use across a two-point relative-demand contrast
• Specialisation is strongly associated with sorting into higher-wage occupations but only weakly related to adaptive outcomes - Specialisation is strongly associated with sorting into higher-wage occupations but only weakly related to adaptive outcomes
• Specializing models for K-12 education does not require a broad loss of general capability, with MMMU-Pro accuracy increasing at all three scales - Specializing models for K-12 education does not require a broad loss of general capability, with MMMU-Pro accuracy increasing at all three scales
• Specific and diversive curiosity are labels on a continuum of information generality within one knowledge-gap-driven process, not categorically distinct types - Specific and diversive curiosity are labels on a continuum of information generality within one knowledge-gap-driven process, not categorically distinct types
• Specific arithmetic problems were identified as troublesome through percentage analysis of test solutions - Specific arithmetic problems were identified as troublesome through percentage analysis of test solutions
• Specific developmental stages of exposure show distinct effects: antenatal maternal mental health was significant in all pregnancy-stage studies, and early-childhood economic resourcing showed significant associations with outcomes - Specific developmental stages of exposure show distinct effects: antenatal maternal mental health was significant in all pregnancy-stage studies, and early-childhood economic resourcing showed signifi
• Specific emotion patterns: relationship quality predicts later enjoyment, pride, anger, and shame but not anxiety or boredom; earlier enjoyment, anger, boredom, shame, and anxiety predict later relationship quality - Specific emotion patterns: relationship quality predicts later enjoyment, pride, anger, and shame but not anxiety or boredom; earlier enjoyment, anger, boredom, shame, and anxiety predict later relati
• Specific game features scaffold scientific thinking in ways the authors claim are non-existent in most inquiry-based learning environments - Specific game features scaffold scientific thinking in ways the authors claim are non-existent in most inquiry-based learning environments
• Specific goals show distinct directional effects: mastery approach and relational goals predict positive affect, beneficial help attitudes, and teaching quality, while work avoidance and appearance avoidance goals predict poorer outcomes. - Specific goals show distinct directional effects: mastery approach and relational goals predict positive affect, beneficial help attitudes, and teaching quality, while work avoidance and appearance av
• Specific imbalance factors in autonomy support, structure, and involvement contribute to some aspects of classroom-level engagement - Specific imbalance factors in autonomy support, structure, and involvement contribute to some aspects of classroom-level engagement
• Specific learning disability in mathematics is the weakest persona profile across all GRPO-trained models - Specific learning disability in mathematics is the weakest persona profile across all GRPO-trained models
• Specific observable mindset-signaling behaviors have been identified that convey peers' implicit beliefs about ability - Specific observable mindset-signaling behaviors have been identified that convey peers' implicit beliefs about ability
• Specific pedagogic design characteristics supported students' joint interaction in the wiki: initial text propositions, Thinking Together preparation, a collectively created artefact, and asynchrony - Specific pedagogic design characteristics supported students' joint interaction in the wiki: initial text propositions, Thinking Together preparation, a collectively created artefact, and asynchrony
• Specific physical fitness components are differentially associated with specific executive function domains in adolescents - Specific physical fitness components are differentially associated with specific executive function domains in adolescents
• Specific pointing by pedagogical agents was more effective than nonspecific pointing, which beat non-pointing gestures (review attributes this to Li et al., 2019) - Specific pointing by pedagogical agents was more effective than nonspecific pointing, which beat non-pointing gestures (review attributes this to Li et al., 2019)
• Specific processing speed (reading fluency and simple/complex subtraction fluency) makes a significant unique contribution to Grade 7 mathematics achievement after controlling for age, gender, and general cognitive abilities - Specific processing speed (reading fluency and simple/complex subtraction fluency) makes a significant unique contribution to Grade 7 mathematics achievement after controlling for age, gender, and gen
• Specific processing speed generalises beyond mathematics, significantly predicting Chinese and English achievement in both Grade 7 and Grade 9 - Specific processing speed generalises beyond mathematics, significantly predicting Chinese and English achievement in both Grade 7 and Grade 9
• Specific processing speed measured at the start of Grade 7 predicts mathematics achievement on the high school entrance examination at the end of Grade 9 - Specific processing speed measured at the start of Grade 7 predicts mathematics achievement on the high school entrance examination at the end of Grade 9
• Specific syntax and vocabulary factors uniquely predicted reading comprehension in only one grade each (syntax in 4th, vocabulary in 7th) - Specific syntax and vocabulary factors uniquely predicted reading comprehension in only one grade each (syntax in 4th, vocabulary in 7th)
• Specific teamwork challenges hinder development of mutual trust and shared mental models in a hackathon CSCL setting - Specific teamwork challenges hinder development of mutual trust and shared mental models in a hackathon CSCL setting
• Specific training was associated with more advanced strategy use, but most teachers used strategies inconsistently and generically - Specific training was associated with more advanced strategy use, but most teachers used strategies inconsistently and generically
• Specific, difficult goals lead to higher performance than easy or vague "do your best" goals.
• Specificity measures correlate more strongly across tasks for older adults than younger adults, suggesting semantic strategy reliance - Specificity measures correlate more strongly across tasks for older adults than younger adults, suggesting semantic strategy reliance
• SPED-adaptive prompting shifts tutor behavior toward We-Do scaffolding, naturalistic language support, and participation-affirming feedback across three codebooks - SPED-adaptive prompting shifts tutor behavior toward We-Do scaffolding, naturalistic language support, and participation-affirming feedback across three codebooks
• Speech activity and speech overlap distinguish gainer dyads from non-gainer Silent Wanderers across both gainer profiles - Speech activity and speech overlap distinguish gainer dyads from non-gainer Silent Wanderers across both gainer profiles
• Speech detection showed preliminary success but remained challenging in noisy settings, particularly for speaker differentiation, children's voices, and diverse dialects - Speech detection showed preliminary success but remained challenging in noisy settings, particularly for speaker differentiation, children's voices, and diverse dialects
• Speech length mediates the anxiety-to-judged-quality link only for individuals low in attentional control - Speech length mediates the anxiety-to-judged-quality link only for individuals low in attentional control
• Speech-style accommodation correlates with prevalence of other-oriented transactions, enabling acoustic prediction of transactivity - Speech-style accommodation correlates with prevalence of other-oriented transactions, enabling acoustic prediction of transactivity
• Speed and accuracy correlate slightly on easy opposites lists but not on hard lists - Speed and accuracy correlate slightly on easy opposites lists but not on hard lists
• Speed of numeral processing showed a trend predicting fifth grade mathematics achievement, and letter processing speed predicted word reading - Speed of numeral processing showed a trend predicting fifth grade mathematics achievement, and letter processing speed predicted word reading
• Speed-agility fitness is associated with writing and written expression skills in children with overweight/obesity - Speed-agility fitness is associated with writing and written expression skills in children with overweight/obesity
• Speed-drill gains in reading speed were concentrated in the early part of the training period - Speed-drill gains in reading speed were concentrated in the early part of the training period
• Speed-of-processing training based on UFOV tasks reduces minimum duration thresholds in older adults, with benefits persisting up to two years - Speed-of-processing training based on UFOV tasks reduces minimum duration thresholds in older adults, with benefits persisting up to two years
• Speed-of-processing training transfers to health and functional outcomes including reduced crash risk, improved driving, faster daily-task completion, slower health-related quality-of-life decline, and reduced depression risk - Speed-of-processing training transfers to health and functional outcomes including reduced crash risk, improved driving, faster daily-task completion, slower health-related quality-of-life decline, an
• Spellcheck and autocorrect are not foolproof: efficacy is bounded near 80% and the most common student writing error is now correctly spelled but inappropriate words - Spellcheck and autocorrect are not foolproof: efficacy is bounded near 80% and the most common student writing error is now correctly spelled but inappropriate words
• Spelling accuracy for irregular words, regular words and pseudowords improves significantly with year group (spelling experience) - Spelling accuracy for irregular words, regular words and pseudowords improves significantly with year group (spelling experience)
• Spelling and attentiveness are uniquely related to writing conventions of first-grade written composition, but instructional quality is not - Spelling and attentiveness are uniquely related to writing conventions of first-grade written composition, but instructional quality is not
• Spelling and reading test scores correlate moderately to highly (r = 0.5–0.9), and spelling instruction is associated with improved reading skills, though causality is unestablished - Spelling and reading test scores correlate moderately to highly (r = 0.5–0.9), and spelling instruction is associated with improved reading skills, though causality is unestablished
• Spelling errors damage job applicants' prospects and recruiters' impressions of professional capabilities - Spelling errors damage job applicants' prospects and recruiters' impressions of professional capabilities
• Spelling Mastery has potentially positive effects on writing for students with learning disabilities, based on two RCTs with a small extent of evidence - Spelling Mastery has potentially positive effects on writing for students with learning disabilities, based on two RCTs with a small extent of evidence
• Spelling Mastery produced statistically significant positive effects on all three writing measures in a fourth-grade RCT against Visual Imagery instruction - Spelling Mastery produced statistically significant positive effects on all three writing measures in a fourth-grade RCT against Visual Imagery instruction
• Spelling Mastery showed substantively important but not statistically significant positive effects on all four writing measures in a grades 2–4 RCT against basal spelling instruction - Spelling Mastery showed substantively important but not statistically significant positive effects on all four writing measures in a grades 2–4 RCT against basal spelling instruction
• Spelling test scores correlate highly with teachers' year-long marks (average coefficient .69 across grades 3–8) - Spelling test scores correlate highly with teachers' year-long marks (average coefficient .69 across grades 3–8)
• SpellRead™ has positive effects on alphabetics for struggling beginning readers, with an average improvement index of +18 percentile points - SpellRead™ has positive effects on alphabetics for struggling beginning readers, with an average improvement index of +18 percentile points
• SpellRead™ has potentially positive effects on reading comprehension, with an average improvement index of +20 percentile points - SpellRead™ has potentially positive effects on reading comprehension, with an average improvement index of +20 percentile points
• SpellRead™ has potentially positive effects on reading fluency, with an average improvement index of +9 percentile points - SpellRead™ has potentially positive effects on reading fluency, with an average improvement index of +9 percentile points
• SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on alphabetics for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +23 across two studies - SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on alphabetics for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +23 across two studies
• SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +11 - SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on comprehension for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +11
• SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on reading fluency for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +14 - SpellRead™ shows potentially positive effects on reading fluency for adolescent readers, with an average improvement index of +14
• Spending effects varied across schools but were positive for every school that experienced the LCFF funding infusion - Spending effects varied across schools but were positive for every school that experienced the LCFF funding infusion
• Spending more time sedentary 1 to 2 hours after encoding is associated with better long-term memory retention, implying physical activity in that window is detrimental - Spending more time sedentary 1 to 2 hours after encoding is associated with better long-term memory retention, implying physical activity in that window is detrimental
• SPICE learners report that the virtual Center reduced their rural isolation and made learning enjoyable - SPICE learners report that the virtual Center reduced their rural isolation and made learning enjoyable
• Split Attention Effect Degrades Learning
• Split-attention and redundancy effects occur for high element interactivity material but disappear for low element interactivity material - Split-attention and redundancy effects occur for high element interactivity material but disappear for low element interactivity material
• Split-attention worked examples lose their advantage over conventional practice, while integrated formats restore it - Split-attention worked examples lose their advantage over conventional practice, while integrated formats restore it
• Spoken text modality does not significantly differ from signaled written text modality, or from signaled written plus spoken text, for either abstract or concrete animation - Spoken text modality does not significantly differ from signaled written text modality, or from signaled written plus spoken text, for either abstract or concrete animation
• Spoken–written advantages are larger for retention outcomes and multiple-choice test formats than for transfer or mixed formats - Spoken–written advantages are larger for retention outcomes and multiple-choice test formats than for transfer or mixed formats
• Spoken–written advantages are larger for second-language and nonfluent first-language readers and for low prior knowledge learners - Spoken–written advantages are larger for second-language and nonfluent first-language readers and for low prior knowledge learners
• Spoken–written presentations do not outperform written-only presentations but do outperform spoken-only presentations - Spoken–written presentations do not outperform written-only presentations but do outperform spoken-only presentations
• Spontaneous break-apart-make-ten strategy use is associated with stronger multiplicative double-counting reasoning
• Spontaneous drawings at posttest mediate the effect of multimedia instruction on posttest performance, but not the effect of multimedia feedback - Spontaneous drawings at posttest mediate the effect of multimedia instruction on posttest performance, but not the effect of multimedia feedback
• Spontaneous flexibility, but not reactive flexibility, significantly predicts children's reading comprehension and writing - Spontaneous flexibility, but not reactive flexibility, significantly predicts children's reading comprehension and writing
• Spontaneous responsiveness to real-world events in PBL can deepen student-directed inquiry beyond what designed curriculum achieves
• Spoon-to-cup fading increased acceptance and mouth clean during cup drinking in a child with intestinal failure - Spoon-to-cup fading increased acceptance and mouth clean during cup drinking in a child with intestinal failure
• Sporadic, disconnected professional learning does not change practice long term, whereas well-structured programs can build differentiation skills with positive student outcomes - Sporadic, disconnected professional learning does not change practice long term, whereas well-structured programs can build differentiation skills with positive student outcomes
• Sport-specific disciplines relate to distinct executive functions: tennis and football with inhibitory control and working memory, with a larger tennis association in males - Sport-specific disciplines relate to distinct executive functions: tennis and football with inhibitory control and working memory, with a larger tennis association in males
• Spring 2016 was the third year Oklahoma's TLE provided value-added results to educators - Spring 2016 was the third year Oklahoma's TLE provided value-added results to educators
• Spring 2025 MAP Growth data show a modest, incremental post-COVID recovery in math achievement - Spring 2025 MAP Growth data show a modest, incremental post-COVID recovery in math achievement
• Spring first-time college enrollees differ from fall enrollees in race/ethnicity, gender, and high school GPA, but the impact on group enrollment rates is small - Spring first-time college enrollees differ from fall enrollees in race/ethnicity, gender, and high school GPA, but the impact on group enrollment rates is small
• SQU ELT trainers encouraged peer observation and same-day feedback sessions, with 78.9% of trainees agreeing trainers encouraged class visits and 81.9% agreeing feedback came the same day as observation - SQU ELT trainers encouraged peer observation and same-day feedback sessions, with 78.9% of trainees agreeing trainers encouraged class visits and 81.9% agreeing feedback came the same day as observati
• SR mechanisms across the four traditions intersect in redundant, complementary, and compensatory ways - SR mechanisms across the four traditions intersect in redundant, complementary, and compensatory ways
• SRJudge consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on three knowledge concept tagging datasets - SRJudge consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines on three knowledge concept tagging datasets
• SRJudge improves prediction on hard-to-distinguish samples, with larger gains on S Math than on the higher-grade datasets - SRJudge improves prediction on hard-to-distinguish samples, with larger gains on S Math than on the higher-grade datasets
• SRL 'Evaluation' strategy codes differ between the 'Beginning' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations - SRL 'Evaluation' strategy codes differ between the 'Beginning' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations
• SRL 'Execution' strategy codes differ between the 'Beginning' and both the 'Escalation' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations - SRL 'Execution' strategy codes differ between the 'Beginning' and both the 'Escalation' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations
• SRL activity only partially mediates the effect of SRL interventions on achievement in higher education - SRL activity only partially mediates the effect of SRL interventions on achievement in higher education
• SRL and EF show primarily low to moderate correlations across age groups, with no detectable pattern depending on age - SRL and EF show primarily low to moderate correlations across age groups, with no detectable pattern depending on age
• SRL components show moderate correlations within one assessment level but no correlations across different assessment methods within one component - SRL components show moderate correlations within one assessment level but no correlations across different assessment methods within one component
• SRL intervention effects are moderated by delivery agent, duration, domain, and student age, with inconsistent duration findings - SRL intervention effects are moderated by delivery agent, duration, domain, and student age, with inconsistent duration findings
• SRL intervention groups had significantly lower dropout than control in a MOOC, with no difference between the two intervention modes - SRL intervention groups had significantly lower dropout than control in a MOOC, with no difference between the two intervention modes
• SRL interventions are effective in improving both SRL activity and achievement in higher education - SRL interventions are effective in improving both SRL activity and achievement in higher education
• SRL interventions combining metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational components were most frequent and, per the authors, had the greatest impact - SRL interventions combining metacognitive, cognitive, and motivational components were most frequent and, per the authors, had the greatest impact
• SRL interventions for pre-service teachers unevenly cover SRL areas: cognition (n = 62) and metacognition (n = 55) dominate, while emotion (8 interventions) and context regulation (n = 6) are rare - SRL interventions for pre-service teachers unevenly cover SRL areas: cognition (n = 62) and metacognition (n = 55) dominate, while emotion (8 interventions) and context regulation (n = 6) are rare
• SRL interventions for teachers become more effective when addressing teachers' opposing beliefs to facilitate conceptual change - SRL interventions for teachers become more effective when addressing teachers' opposing beliefs to facilitate conceptual change
• SRL interventions in a four-week online mathematics preparation course did not significantly change the mathematics overall score (interaction marginal), while the mathematics focus score on self-chosen chapters showed a statistically significant group by time interaction - SRL interventions in a four-week online mathematics preparation course did not significantly change the mathematics overall score (interaction marginal), while the mathematics focus score on self-chos
• SRL interventions produce large average effects on academic and motivational outcomes, per meta-analytic syntheses - SRL interventions produce large average effects on academic and motivational outcomes, per meta-analytic syntheses
• SRL partially mediates the positive relations of both academic value and school belonging to mastery orientation among African American and Latino adolescents - SRL partially mediates the positive relations of both academic value and school belonging to mastery orientation among African American and Latino adolescents
• SRL phase transitions during clinical reasoning with a multimedia system are frequent, cyclical, and dominated by Forethought→Performance and Performance→Forethought transitions - SRL phase transitions during clinical reasoning with a multimedia system are frequent, cyclical, and dominated by Forethought→Performance and Performance→Forethought transitions
• SRL research shows a historical shift from unimodal approaches toward integrated multimodal approaches - SRL research shows a historical shift from unimodal approaches toward integrated multimodal approaches
• SRL scaffolds in computer-based learning environments produce a medium, significantly positive effect on academic performance (ES = 0.438) - SRL scaffolds in computer-based learning environments produce a medium, significantly positive effect on academic performance (ES = 0.438)
• SRL skills and prior knowledge predict revision performance, while SRL predicts higher and prior knowledge lower cognitive load - SRL skills and prior knowledge predict revision performance, while SRL predicts higher and prior knowledge lower cognitive load
• SRL strategies in continuing education are significantly and positively related to learning performance and learner engagement, and negatively to avoidance behavior - SRL strategies in continuing education are significantly and positively related to learning performance and learner engagement, and negatively to avoidance behavior
• SRL strategy interventions improve academic achievement, with meta-analytic effects that vary by domain - SRL strategy interventions improve academic achievement, with meta-analytic effects that vary by domain
• SRL training effects vary by outcome category, largest for metacognitive strategies (g = .40) and smallest for cognitive strategies (g = .32) - SRL training effects vary by outcome category, largest for metacognitive strategies (g = .40) and smallest for cognitive strategies (g = .32)
• SRL training programmes improve SRL strategies, motivation, academic achievement and reduce anxiety across age groups - SRL training programmes improve SRL strategies, motivation, academic achievement and reduce anxiety across age groups
• SRL training programs based on a metacognitive theoretical background show larger effects on academic achievement than programs based on cognitive theories - SRL training programs based on a metacognitive theoretical background show larger effects on academic achievement than programs based on cognitive theories
• SRL training programs targeting older students and students with lower prior academic achievement show larger effects on resource management strategies - SRL training programs targeting older students and students with lower prior academic achievement show larger effects on resource management strategies
• SRL writing-stage clusters differed in production and revision but not in pausing - SRL writing-stage clusters differed in production and revision but not in pausing
• SRL-O subscales show convergent validity with corresponding MSLQ scales - SRL-O subscales show convergent validity with corresponding MSLQ scales
• SRO removal was not significantly related to changes in overall discipline infractions or in suspensions at either the student or school level - SRO removal was not significantly related to changes in overall discipline infractions or in suspensions at either the student or school level
• SRO removal was not significantly related to changes in student or teacher perceptions of physical safety or in Student-Teacher Trust - SRO removal was not significantly related to changes in student or teacher perceptions of physical safety or in Student-Teacher Trust
• SRSD had potentially positive effects on writing achievement for students with a specific learning disability, with 88% of single-case experiments showing positive effects - SRSD had potentially positive effects on writing achievement for students with a specific learning disability, with 88% of single-case experiments showing positive effects
• SRSD instruction improved students' accuracy in self-evaluating their texts' quality, although overestimation persisted - SRSD instruction improved students' accuracy in self-evaluating their texts' quality, although overestimation persisted
• SR–OB profile patterns differ by prior AI literacy experience: overestimation appears only among experienced teachers and a low–low profile only among inexperienced teachers - SR–OB profile patterns differ by prior AI literacy experience: overestimation appears only among experienced teachers and a low–low profile only among inexperienced teachers
• SSA should also consider students' expectations about their learning - SSA should also consider students' expectations about their learning
• SSA works differently for different types of students, with particular challenges in helping lower performers - SSA works differently for different types of students, with particular challenges in helping lower performers
• SSMR comprised the majority of social MR turns in both less and more successful outcome groups in Australian university veterinary science and American university engineering contexts - SSMR comprised the majority of social MR turns in both less and more successful outcome groups in Australian university veterinary science and American university engineering contexts
• SSRL 'Facilitation' codes differ between the 'Beginning' and both the 'Escalation' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations - SSRL 'Facilitation' codes differ between the 'Beginning' and both the 'Escalation' and 'Peak' segments of medical simulations
• SSRL-directed question prompts enhanced individual participation in collaborative problem-solving, and socioemotional interaction diversity related to regulation contributions (reported findings) - SSRL-directed question prompts enhanced individual participation in collaborative problem-solving, and socioemotional interaction diversity related to regulation contributions (reported findings)
• SSRT was faster in the cancellation task than in the restraint task, supporting inhibition as a non-unitary construct - SSRT was faster in the cancellation task than in the restraint task, supporting inhibition as a non-unitary construct
• SSSC missions most frequently emphasize providing resources, training, and education and creating safer school environments, with some centers serving as school safety hubs - SSSC missions most frequently emphasize providing resources, training, and education and creating safer school environments, with some centers serving as school safety hubs
• SSSC structural placement varies across states: most states house one center in a single agency, while some split one center across agencies or operate two independent centers - SSSC structural placement varies across states: most states house one center in a single agency, while some split one center across agencies or operate two independent centers
• SSSCs collaborate with a range of state organizations, most commonly through co-branding or sharing information externally - SSSCs collaborate with a range of state organizations, most commonly through co-branding or sharing information externally
• SSWs aware of racialized nested contexts of reception take advocacy actions that counteract racialization, though such actions were less frequently reported - SSWs aware of racialized nested contexts of reception take advocacy actions that counteract racialization, though such actions were less frequently reported
• SSWs perceive meso-level community and school contexts, including 287g programs and ICE activity, as shaping immigrant families' fear and access - SSWs perceive meso-level community and school contexts, including 287g programs and ICE activity, as shaping immigrant families' fear and access
• Stabilization changed ATSI designations more than CSI designations, with the median lowest-performing subgroup larger under stabilized indicators - Stabilization changed ATSI designations more than CSI designations, with the median lowest-performing subgroup larger under stabilized indicators
• Stabilization makes larger adjustments to scores from smaller student groups and to more extreme scores, as expected - Stabilization makes larger adjustments to scores from smaller student groups and to more extreme scores, as expected
• Stabilization reduced overrepresentation of 10-to-19-student groups in the extremes of score distributions for every test-based indicator, with growth indicators becoming underrepresented - Stabilization reduced overrepresentation of 10-to-19-student groups in the extremes of score distributions for every test-based indicator, with growth indicators becoming underrepresented
• Stabilization reduced the inverse relationship between student group size and score variance for test-based indicators, especially for groups of 10 to 19 students - Stabilization reduced the inverse relationship between student group size and score variance for test-based indicators, especially for groups of 10 to 19 students
• Stabilizing test-based indicators produced substantial changes in simulated CSI designations, with larger schools replacing smaller schools - Stabilizing test-based indicators produced substantial changes in simulated CSI designations, with larger schools replacing smaller schools
• Stable Dispositions such as conscientiousness predict academic success partly through effort, with some independence from cognitive ability - Stable Dispositions such as conscientiousness predict academic success partly through effort, with some independence from cognitive ability
• Staff agreement that schools provide adequate counseling and support services rose from 59 percent in 2021 to 70 percent in 2023 - Staff agreement that schools provide adequate counseling and support services rose from 59 percent in 2021 to 70 percent in 2023
• Staff and students in three California schools describe collaboration among leaders, teachers and students as improving buy-in and creating student leadership opportunities - Collaboration among school leaders, teachers, and students improved buy-in and created student leadership opportunities
• Staff at one university Indigenous centre report that many students, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, show keen interest in local Indigenous culture and take part avidly when it is taught - Staff at one university Indigenous centre report that many students, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, show keen interest in local Indigenous culture and take part avidly when it is taught
• Staff development for multigrade teachers improved time-on-task and teaching skills but did not raise achievement relative to untrained single-grade classes - Staff development for multigrade teachers improved time-on-task and teaching skills but did not raise achievement relative to untrained single-grade classes
• Staff feedback from teacher surveys can serve as evidence in evaluating school leaders' performance - Staff feedback from teacher surveys can serve as evidence in evaluating school leaders' performance
• Staff highlight equity concerns about student access to and proficiency with GenAI tools and digital literacy, and are uncertain about staff responsibilities in training students. - Staff highlight equity concerns about student access to and proficiency with GenAI tools and digital literacy, and are uncertain about staff responsibilities in training students.
• Staff in welcoming schools said the planning process for merging closed schools into welcoming schools was insufficient, leaving them unprepared - Staff in welcoming schools said the planning process for merging closed schools into welcoming schools was insufficient, leaving them unprepared
• Staff observed increased student engagement, independence, and communication skills during the AI-supported project - Staff observed increased student engagement, independence, and communication skills during the AI-supported project
• Staff perceived students' use of GAI for academic purposes as more extensive than students reported themselves - Staff perceived students' use of GAI for academic purposes as more extensive than students reported themselves
• Staff perceptions of instructional equity varied by role: teachers, special education teachers, and administrators most positive; paraprofessionals, resource officers, and counselors least positive - Staff perceptions of instructional equity varied by role: teachers, special education teachers, and administrators most positive; paraprofessionals, resource officers, and counselors least positive
• Staff raised equity concerns that students who pay for upgraded GenAI tools gain an advantage over peers using free versions - Staff raised equity concerns that students who pay for upgraded GenAI tools gain an advantage over peers using free versions
• Staff recognise substantial opportunities to use GenAI to enhance teaching through streamlined administrative processes, improved curriculum and assessment design, and student-centred learning activities. - Staff recognise substantial opportunities to use GenAI to enhance teaching through streamlined administrative processes, improved curriculum and assessment design, and student-centred learning activit
• Staff reflections identify partner skills, knowledge, and dispositions that support full participation in Collaborative Innovation - Staff reflections identify partner skills, knowledge, and dispositions that support full participation in Collaborative Innovation
• Staff showed more negativity in attitudes towards student use of GAI than students did - Staff showed more negativity in attitudes towards student use of GAI than students did
• Staff tutors display more authoritarian behavior than student tutors in problem-based tutorial groups - Staff tutors display more authoritarian behavior than student tutors in problem-based tutorial groups
• Staff tutors rated higher on using subject-matter knowledge and relevance, but peer tutors rated higher on these behaviors in year one - Staff tutors rated higher on using subject-matter knowledge and relevance, but peer tutors rated higher on these behaviors in year one
• Staff-tutored tutorial groups achieve slightly but significantly higher marks than peer-tutored groups in problem-based learning - Staff-tutored tutorial groups achieve slightly but significantly higher marks than peer-tutored groups in problem-based learning
• Staffing challenges persisted for state preschool and Head Start classrooms, with vacancy rates of 5% and 11% that increased from the prior year - Staffing challenges persisted for state preschool and Head Start classrooms, with vacancy rates of 5% and 11% that increased from the prior year
• Stage 1 (after the first unit review assignment) is the optimal point for identifying at-risk students, balancing timeliness, accuracy, and fairness - Stage 1 (after the first unit review assignment) is the optimal point for identifying at-risk students, balancing timeliness, accuracy, and fairness
• Stakeholder and faculty buy-in, time constraints, and lack of measurable definitions are the main challenges to integrating and assessing dispositions - Stakeholder and faculty buy-in, time constraints, and lack of measurable definitions are the main challenges to integrating and assessing dispositions
• Stakeholder communities differ sharply in GenAI discourse focus: K-12 teachers foreground cognitive dependency, academics detection, professional students career anxiety - Stakeholder communities differ sharply in GenAI discourse focus: K-12 teachers foreground cognitive dependency, academics detection, professional students career anxiety
• Stakeholder consultation with 60 WIL students, employers, and educators generated 1,806 behavioral examples distilled into 59 - Stakeholder consultation with 60 WIL students, employers, and educators generated 1,806 behavioral examples distilled into 59
• Stakeholder groups prioritized different design guidelines: instructors most frequently commented on usability (G4), students on educational support (G13), and researchers on instructional best practices and learning engineering - Stakeholder groups prioritized different design guidelines: instructors most frequently commented on usability (G4), students on educational support (G13), and researchers on instructional best practi
• Stakeholder survey rated achievability lowest across Framework elements, especially Element 5 (continuous improvement) - Stakeholder survey rated achievability lowest across Framework elements, especially Element 5 (continuous improvement)
• Stakeholders identified student groups underserved by online safety education, including children with disability and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children - Stakeholders identified student groups underserved by online safety education, including children with disability and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children
• Stakeholders most frequently define College Promise by the goals of increasing college access and improving completion - Stakeholders most frequently define College Promise by the goals of increasing college access and improving completion
• Stakeholders reported parents became less involved in schools after the 1988 reform act, despite the act's involvement goal - Stakeholders reported parents became less involved in schools after the 1988 reform act, despite the act's involvement goal
• Stakeholders worry administrative and managerial skills have been de-emphasized despite instructional leadership being a clear focus - Stakeholders worry administrative and managerial skills have been de-emphasized despite instructional leadership being a clear focus
• Stand-alone TK classrooms increased to 77% of TK classrooms in 2023–24 while TK–kindergarten combination classes fell to 20% - Stand-alone TK classrooms increased to 77% of TK classrooms in 2023–24 while TK–kindergarten combination classes fell to 20%
• Standalone LLM tutors replicate Phase II's profile: strong single-interaction intelligence without systematic control over the learning trajectory - Standalone LLM tutors replicate Phase II's profile: strong single-interaction intelligence without systematic control over the learning trajectory
• Standard 1 (knowing students) was attained relatively easily by all groups except the Novice group, while Standard 4 (supportive and safe environments) proved most challenging - Standard 1 (knowing students) was attained relatively easily by all groups except the Novice group, while Standard 4 (supportive and safe environments) proved most challenging
• Standard descriptive statistics dominate SRL multimodal analysis even in integrated approaches - Standard descriptive statistics dominate SRL multimodal analysis even in integrated approaches
• Standard effort-moderated scoring accounts for roughly one-third of score distortion due to differential disengagement on low-stakes achievement tests - Standard effort-moderated scoring accounts for roughly one-third of score distortion due to differential disengagement on low-stakes achievement tests
• Standard knowledge tracing models in use do not allow individual learning rates or individualized initial knowledge - Standard knowledge tracing models in use do not allow individual learning rates or individualized initial knowledge
• Standard ML models predicting student pass/fail from VLE data exhibit biased true-positive rates across demographic subgroups - Standard ML models predicting student pass/fail from VLE data exhibit biased true-positive rates across demographic subgroups
• Standard multiple regression analyses showed suppressor effects that the novel correction method revealed and corrected - Standard multiple regression analyses showed suppressor effects that the novel correction method revealed and corrected
• Standard semantic retrieval alone does not reliably recover the pedagogically required chunk types, with comparison chunks retrieved worst (14.3% on the real corpus) - Standard semantic retrieval alone does not reliably recover the pedagogically required chunk types, with comparison chunks retrieved worst (14.3% on the real corpus)
• Standard spelling scores for grades 1–8 derived from 2500 pupils rise from 10 in grade 1 to 85 in grade 8 - Standard spelling scores for grades 1–8 derived from 2500 pupils rise from 10 in grade 1 to 85 in grade 8
• Standard unconstrained neural networks do not naturally separate working memory from long-term memory or impose human-like capacity limits - Standard unconstrained neural networks do not naturally separate working memory from long-term memory or impose human-like capacity limits
• Standardised and non-standardised VSWM measures perform equally in relating VSWM to mathematics performance - Standardised and non-standardised VSWM measures perform equally in relating VSWM to mathematics performance
• Standardized benchmarks are often too generic to reflect the needs of innovative educational applications - Standardized benchmarks are often too generic to reflect the needs of innovative educational applications
• Standardized easy opposites lists can be built from words answered correctly by ninety percent or more of subjects - Standardized easy opposites lists can be built from words answered correctly by ninety percent or more of subjects
• Standardized group test scores correlate weakly and variably with freshman class averages, ranging from 0 to .25 - Standardized group test scores correlate weakly and variably with freshman class averages, ranging from 0 to .25
• Standardized repair and source-verification gating produced structurally complete, source-traceable feedback for most generated messages - Standardized repair and source-verification gating produced structurally complete, source-traceable feedback for most generated messages
• Standardized test batteries are poor predictors of counselor trainee success - Standardized test batteries are poor predictors of counselor trainee success
• Standardized test data proved too statistically unreliable for determining individual teacher effectiveness, and support for its use is waning - Standardized test data proved too statistically unreliable for determining individual teacher effectiveness, and support for its use is waning
• Standardized test proficiency provides biased information about school quality, indicating a need for alternative metrics - Standardized test proficiency provides biased information about school quality, indicating a need for alternative metrics
• Standardized test results showed the greatest deficiency in grammar tests among summer-school pupils - Standardized test results showed the greatest deficiency in grammar tests among summer-school pupils
• Standardized tests measure only part of what teachers expect students to learn and are not taken in all subjects - Standardized tests measure only part of what teachers expect students to learn and are not taken in all subjects
• Standardized, normed writing assessments show a stronger mathematics–writing correlation (r = 0.50) than non-standardized writing assessments (r = 0.31) - Standardized, normed writing assessments show a stronger mathematics–writing correlation (r = 0.50) than non-standardized writing assessments (r = 0.31)
• Stanford Adult test results correlate .44 with college grades when Juniors and Sophomores are re-ranked as one group - Stanford Adult test results correlate .44 with college grades when Juniors and Sophomores are re-ranked as one group
• Stanford-Binet mental age correlations with achievement rise with grade level, while verbal group test correlations stay about the same - Stanford-Binet mental age correlations with achievement rise with grade level, while verbal group test correlations stay about the same
• Stanford-Binet mental age correlations with reading rise from grade III to grade VI - Stanford-Binet mental age correlations with reading rise from grade III to grade VI
• Starting contemporaneous effects on wave 2 in the STARTS model yields positive contemporaneous effects of achievement on academic self-concept and positive lagged effects of self-concept on achievement - Starting contemporaneous effects on wave 2 in the STARTS model yields positive contemporaneous effects of achievement on academic self-concept and positive lagged effects of self-concept on achievemen
• Starting interaction with the Empathetic chatbot is associated with the least attrition in the six-week study - Starting interaction with the Empathetic chatbot is associated with the least attrition in the six-week study
• Starting the FTW process in the far future (Box 4) frees participants from present technological limitations - Starting the FTW process in the far future (Box 4) frees participants from present technological limitations
• Starting with an example strongly benefits first practice problem performance, with a larger effect for gifted students - Starting with an example strongly benefits first practice problem performance, with a larger effect for gifted students
• STARTS model shows a positive effect of prior achievement on subsequent self-concept but no effect of prior self-concept on subsequent achievement - STARTS model shows a positive effect of prior achievement on subsequent self-concept but no effect of prior self-concept on subsequent achievement
• Startup Summer participants launched businesses at much higher rates (71 percent) than other alumni respondents (24 percent) - Startup Summer participants launched businesses at much higher rates (71 percent) than other alumni respondents (24 percent)
• State accountability systems that rank schools on FAFSA completion are perceived to penalize schools whose students pursue non-college pathways - State accountability systems that rank schools on FAFSA completion are perceived to penalize schools whose students pursue non-college pathways
• State AI guidance describes risks but risk-management work is at an early stage, with some documents possibly too upbeat given school readiness - State AI guidance describes risks but risk-management work is at an early stage, with some documents possibly too upbeat given school readiness
• State antidiscrimination laws provide only a patchwork of protection from racial discrimination in education - State antidiscrimination laws provide only a patchwork of protection from racial discrimination in education
• State apprenticeship administrators leveraged technology to pivot work online, streamline processes, and expand reach and responsiveness during the pandemic - State apprenticeship administrators leveraged technology to pivot work online, streamline processes, and expand reach and responsiveness during the pandemic
• State assessment design decisions inevitably shape classroom instruction, often narrowing curriculum and teaching practices - State assessment design decisions inevitably shape classroom instruction, often narrowing curriculum and teaching practices
• State average starting teacher salaries in 2019-20 spanned bands from below $35,000 to $50,000 or above - State average starting teacher salaries in 2019-20 spanned bands from below $35,000 to $50,000 or above
• State caps on district reserves, such as California's 10 percent and New York's 4 percent caps, can limit districts' ability to budget conservatively for economic hard times - State caps on district reserves, such as California's 10 percent and New York's 4 percent caps, can limit districts' ability to budget conservatively for economic hard times
• State certification directors are cautious yet hopeful about micro-credentials, citing quality control and compensation-system fit as concerns - State certification directors are cautious yet hopeful about micro-credentials, citing quality control and compensation-system fit as concerns
• State community engagement requirements such as public hearings can often be satisfied without obtaining meaningful community input, and collecting feedback differs from proactively assessing community needs - State community engagement requirements such as public hearings can often be satisfied without obtaining meaningful community input, and collecting feedback differs from proactively assessing communit
• State ethnic studies policies vary in whether coursework is a graduation requirement, an elective, or offered without student mandates - State ethnic studies policies vary in whether coursework is a graduation requirement, an elective, or offered without student mandates
• State guidance documents describe opportunities for AI in education with encouraging tones that recommend safe exploration - State guidance documents describe opportunities for AI in education with encouraging tones that recommend safe exploration
• State interviewees raised three equity concerns about performance-based assessments: perceived lower rigor and tracking, uneven implementation quality, and inequitable or unreliable scoring - State interviewees raised three equity concerns about performance-based assessments: perceived lower rigor and tracking, uneven implementation quality, and inequitable or unreliable scoring
• State investments in community schools range from $3.4 million to $4.1 billion, mostly occurring within the past 3 years, drawing on state funds, federal ESSER funds, or both. - State investments in community schools range from $3.4 million to $4.1 billion, mostly occurring within the past 3 years, drawing on state funds, federal ESSER funds, or both.
• State investments in coordinators, professional development, and technical assistance were key to achieving community schools outcomes - State investments in coordinators, professional development, and technical assistance were key to achieving community schools outcomes
• State leadership initiatives most commonly take the form of cohort-based academies or institutes serving principals, with other roles served less often - State leadership initiatives most commonly take the form of cohort-based academies or institutes serving principals, with other roles served less often
• State legislation was the most commonly reported reason SSSCs were created, with school violence incidents cited by 28% of respondents - State legislation was the most commonly reported reason SSSCs were created, with school violence incidents cited by 28% of respondents
• State policy activity toward competency-based and personalized learning is broad but shallow: seventeen states reached advanced adoption while most efforts remain limited to pilots - State policy activity toward competency-based and personalized learning is broad but shallow: seventeen states reached advanced adoption while most efforts remain limited to pilots
• State policy differences shape principals' access to high-quality learning: California principals report more access than national peers, North Carolina principals less - State policy differences shape principals' access to high-quality learning: California principals report more access than national peers, North Carolina principals less
• State revisits within solving sessions were rarer in the Pulla deployments (6–12% of UH sessions, 0–3% at Aalto) than the 21–33% previously reported for similar Parsons tasks - State revisits within solving sessions were rarer in the Pulla deployments (6–12% of UH sessions, 0–3% at Aalto) than the 21–33% previously reported for similar Parsons tasks
• State rights to education have produced substantial gains through funding litigation, but many are limited by unenforceability, variability, and neglect of equitable resource distribution - State rights to education have produced substantial gains through funding litigation, but many are limited by unenforceability, variability, and neglect of equitable resource distribution
• State school safety legislation most commonly addresses emergency management, followed by the existence and structure of SSSCs and threat assessment - State school safety legislation most commonly addresses emergency management, followed by the existence and structure of SSSCs and threat assessment
• State tests under NCLB measured little higher-order thinking, with only 2 percent of math items qualifying - State tests under NCLB measured little higher-order thinking, with only 2 percent of math items qualifying
• State-led AI evaluation is critical because robust national evaluation research is lacking and local leaders weigh state and local results more heavily - State-led AI evaluation is critical because robust national evaluation research is lacking and local leaders weigh state and local results more heavily
• State-level dashboard results are reported only when at least 20% of students were tested across most grades and the sample contains at least 10 students - State-level dashboard results are reported only when at least 20% of students were tested across most grades and the sample contains at least 10 students
• State-level disparities in access to certified and experienced teachers vary greatly, with some states showing two to three times as many uncertified or inexperienced teachers in high-enrollment schools - State-level disparities in access to certified and experienced teachers vary greatly, with some states showing two to three times as many uncertified or inexperienced teachers in high-enrollment schoo
• State-level disparities in advanced course access are large, with New York showing a 54-percentage-point Calculus gap between low- and high-student-of-color-enrollment schools - State-level disparities in advanced course access are large, with New York showing a 54-percentage-point Calculus gap between low- and high-student-of-color-enrollment schools
• State-level percentage of uncertified teachers correlates negatively with NAEP state assessment performance (r from –.40 to –.63) - State-level percentage of uncertified teachers correlates negatively with NAEP state assessment performance (r from –.40 to –.63)
• State-of-the-art conversational agents (Blender and GPT-3) replied adequately to students but were well behind human performance in helping the student (reported from a dialogue study) - State-of-the-art conversational agents (Blender and GPT-3) replied adequately to students but were well behind human performance in helping the student (reported from a dialogue study)
• State-of-the-art LLMs extract effect sizes, study counts, and participant counts from educational meta-analyses with excellent agreement with adjudicated gold and silver standards - State-of-the-art LLMs extract effect sizes, study counts, and participant counts from educational meta-analyses with excellent agreement with adjudicated gold and silver standards
• Stateful proactive collaboration (L2) yields higher acceptance and lower editing effort than stateless proactive collaboration (L1), with lower acceptance in creative than scientific domains - Stateful proactive collaboration (L2) yields higher acceptance and lower editing effort than stateless proactive collaboration (L1), with lower acceptance in creative than scientific domains
• States and districts increasingly used performance data as a means to support effective teaching - States and districts increasingly used performance data as a means to support effective teaching
• States broadened measures for identifying struggling schools while more districts reported improvement activities, particularly teacher professional development - States broadened measures for identifying struggling schools while more districts reported improvement activities, particularly teacher professional development
• States collected and used data to track participation, evaluate quality, improve programs, and advocate for funding - States collected and used data to track participation, evaluate quality, improve programs, and advocate for funding
• States draw on federal, state, and local funding sources to develop and sustain statewide leadership initiatives - States draw on federal, state, and local funding sources to develop and sustain statewide leadership initiatives
• States integrate performance-based assessments as a complement or alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests within a broader assessment strategy - States integrate performance-based assessments as a complement or alternative to traditional multiple-choice tests within a broader assessment strategy
• States interpret ethnic studies in both broad and narrow terms, ranging from single-group history mandates to intersectional diversity coursework - States interpret ethnic studies in both broad and narrow terms, ranging from single-group history mandates to intersectional diversity coursework
• States investing in community schools typically prioritize funding for the highest-need schools and districts, with high-need thresholds ranging from 40% to 80% or more of the student population. - States investing in community schools typically prioritize funding for the highest-need schools and districts, with high-need thresholds ranging from 40% to 80% or more of the student population.
• States of high pre-answer curiosity enhance memory for trivia answers similarly in children and adolescents - States of high pre-answer curiosity enhance memory for trivia answers similarly in children and adolescents
• States targeted summer learning access by naming priority groups in legislation or grant RFPs - States targeted summer learning access by naming priority groups in legislation or grant RFPs
• States used ESEA flexibility to move away from the 100 percent proficiency goal and target a narrower set of low-performing schools for support - States used ESEA flexibility to move away from the 100 percent proficiency goal and target a narrower set of low-performing schools for support
• States used four approaches to generate political support for summer learning investment - States used four approaches to generate political support for summer learning investment
• Statewide California mathematics achievement on the CAASPP was mostly stagnant from 2015 to 2018 and lagged behind English language arts gains - Statewide California mathematics achievement on the CAASPP was mostly stagnant from 2015 to 2018 and lagged behind English language arts gains
• Statewide mathematics achievement gaps between English learners and English speakers increased from 2015 to 2017, a pattern evident in all but one MiC district - Statewide mathematics achievement gaps between English learners and English speakers increased from 2015 to 2017, a pattern evident in all but one MiC district
• Statewide OPTEL webinars showed high self-reported impact on participant knowledge and perceived quality - Statewide OPTEL webinars showed high self-reported impact on participant knowledge and perceived quality
• Statewide public school staff attrition in Pennsylvania rose from 4 percent in preceding years to 5 percent between fall 2020 and fall 2021 during the pandemic - Statewide public school staff attrition in Pennsylvania rose from 4 percent in preceding years to 5 percent between fall 2020 and fall 2021 during the pandemic
• Statewide testing showed an achievement gap in mathematics and reading for Arizona students in foster care - Statewide testing showed an achievement gap in mathematics and reading for Arizona students in foster care
• Statewide, One-Star designation has a modest significant positive effect on ELA but not on math scores - Statewide, One-Star designation has a modest significant positive effect on ELA but not on math scores
• Static expert-solution feedback had detrimental effects on the learning process when pre-service teachers worked in dyads - Static expert-solution feedback had detrimental effects on the learning process when pre-service teachers worked in dyads
• Static HRV devices were associated with high-correlation studies, while wristband and chest belt wearables showed no significant difference in correlation levels - Static HRV devices were associated with high-correlation studies, while wristband and chest belt wearables showed no significant difference in correlation levels
• Static individual assessment misses developing functions; ZPD-based assessment reveals potential competencies - Static individual assessment misses developing functions; ZPD-based assessment reveals potential competencies
• Static Knowledge Grounding and Dynamic Personal Memory are complementary: removing both yields the largest quality degradation - Static Knowledge Grounding and Dynamic Personal Memory are complementary: removing both yields the largest quality degradation
• Static percentile screening cut points carried across norm sets can under-identify students who remain below grade level - Static percentile screening cut points carried across norm sets can under-identify students who remain below grade level
• Static self-explanation prompts in the Geometry Cognitive Tutor produced greater gains on Reason and Not Enough Info test items than problem-solving practice alone - Static self-explanation prompts in the Geometry Cognitive Tutor produced greater gains on Reason and Not Enough Info test items than problem-solving practice alone
• Static whole-session summaries of AI use add no detectable post-test variance beyond pre-test performance - Static whole-session summaries of AI use add no detectable post-test variance beyond pre-test performance
• Statistical discourse analysis of collaborative learning shows metacognitive planning organizes subsequent cognitive activity while relational activities help enact it - Statistical discourse analysis of collaborative learning shows metacognitive planning organizes subsequent cognitive activity while relational activities help enact it
• Statistical item selection that maximizes norm-referenced discrimination undermines criterion-referenced test definitions - Statistical item selection that maximizes norm-referenced discrimination undermines criterion-referenced test definitions
• Statistical power analysis for Welch's t-test originally developed for the VERA domain was extended to the SAMI domain through configuration alone - Statistical power analysis for Welch's t-test originally developed for the VERA domain was extended to the SAMI domain through configuration alone
• Statistical tests applied to exploratory analyses lack evidential impact because the denominator of tests becomes unspecified - Statistical tests applied to exploratory analyses lack evidential impact because the denominator of tests becomes unspecified
• Statistical tests show significant grading differences among nearly all pairs of LLMs, with only 7 of 153 pairs statistically indistinguishable - Statistical tests show significant grading differences among nearly all pairs of LLMs, with only 7 of 153 pairs statistically indistinguishable
• Statistically significant differences in approaches to learning can constitute small effects of little theoretical or practical importance - Statistically significant differences in approaches to learning can constitute small effects of little theoretical or practical importance
• Statistically significant effects reported by the CDP studies were not statistically significant as recalculated by the WWC - Statistically significant effects reported by the CDP studies were not statistically significant as recalculated by the WWC
• Status differences between the two scales are small for most cases, with eight of 100 identical - Status differences between the two scales are small for most cases, with eight of 100 identical
• Staying motivated was the most pervasive challenge of learning remotely, and students missed instructor feedback, peer collaboration, and hands-on experiences - Staying motivated was the most pervasive challenge of learning remotely, and students missed instructor feedback, peer collaboration, and hands-on experiences
• Stealth assessment estimates of problem solving in Use Your Brainz correlate significantly with external measures (Raven's and MicroDYN) in middle-school students - Stealth assessment estimates of problem solving in Use Your Brainz correlate significantly with external measures (Raven's and MicroDYN) in middle-school students
• Stealth assessment facets show good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) while MicroDYN reliabilities were low in this middle-school sample - Stealth assessment facets show good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76) while MicroDYN reliabilities were low in this middle-school sample
• Stealth assessment in AI-GBL achieves accurate prediction of learner states, with bias auditing demonstrated without accuracy loss - Stealth assessment in AI-GBL achieves accurate prediction of learner states, with bias auditing demonstrated without accuracy loss
• Steeper summer learning losses for students with disabilities contribute to widening disparities with peers - Steeper summer learning losses for students with disabilities contribute to widening disparities with peers
• STeLLA content-plus-pedagogy PD produced greater student science gains than content-only training - STeLLA content-plus-pedagogy PD produced greater student science gains than content-only training
• STeLLA® has potentially positive effects on science achievement, with a statistically significant effect size of 0.68 and an improvement index of +25 percentile points - STeLLA® has potentially positive effects on science achievement, with a statistically significant effect size of 0.68 and an improvement index of +25 percentile points
• STEM club participants differ descriptively from non-participants in GPA, course-taking, test scores, and college desire - STEM club participants differ descriptively from non-participants in GPA, course-taking, test scores, and college desire
• STEM educational dose levels rose across successive talent-search cohorts, with later cohorts showing higher median dose - STEM educational dose levels rose across successive talent-search cohorts, with later cohorts showing higher median dose
• STEM field benchmarks differ markedly: science shows the largest quartiles and mathematics the smallest - STEM field benchmarks differ markedly: science shows the largest quartiles and mathematics the smallest
• STEM instructor-researchers rated the Journal Data Dashboard at or above WordStream Maker on every perceived ease-of-use and usefulness item (descriptive, n=10) - STEM instructor-researchers rated the Journal Data Dashboard at or above WordStream Maker on every perceived ease-of-use and usefulness item (descriptive, n=10)
• STEM PLC participation increases teachers' deliberation about students' mathematics or science thinking and shifts instruction toward attention to student reasoning and diverse problem-solving modes - STEM PLC participation increases teachers' deliberation about students' mathematics or science thinking and shifts instruction toward attention to student reasoning and diverse problem-solving modes
• STEM students adopt the GenAI Tutor less and use it differently than non-STEM students, with more shallow and routine-learning engagement - STEM students adopt the GenAI Tutor less and use it differently than non-STEM students, with more shallow and routine-learning engagement
• STEM students using real-time AI feedback achieved nearly double the mean gain score of students receiving conventional human-led instruction - STEM students using real-time AI feedback achieved nearly double the mean gain score of students receiving conventional human-led instruction
• STEM students' course satisfaction dropped sharply after courses moved fully online in spring 2020 - STEM students' course satisfaction dropped sharply after courses moved fully online in spring 2020
• STEM teachers participating in learning teams deepen their mathematics and science content knowledge and feel more prepared to teach it - STEM teachers participating in learning teams deepen their mathematics and science content knowledge and feel more prepared to teach it
• Step complexity, distance to conclusion, and inference rule explain negligible diagnostic variance, with complexity predicting misdiagnosis only for optimal steps - Step complexity, distance to conclusion, and inference rule explain negligible diagnostic variance, with complexity predicting misdiagnosis only for optimal steps
• Step-by-step automated annotations accelerated correction of procedural misconceptions, with intervention students rectifying fundamental errors weeks before control peers - Step-by-step automated annotations accelerated correction of procedural misconceptions, with intervention students rectifying fundamental errors weeks before control peers
• Step-by-step explanations revealed one at a time, plus removed code auto-insertion and copy buttons, encouraged deeper engagement with generated explanations - Step-by-step explanations revealed one at a time, plus removed code auto-insertion and copy buttons, encouraged deeper engagement with generated explanations
• Step-level credit assignment added to Interleave-RL raises the reasoning score from 46.3% to 66.3% on GeoVAD-Bench - Step-level credit assignment added to Interleave-RL raises the reasoning score from 46.3% to 66.3% on GeoVAD-Bench
• Step-linked visual grounding externalizes spatial reasoning: synchronized diagrams that reveal auxiliary lines step by step reduce split-attention effort - Step-linked visual grounding externalizes spatial reasoning: synchronized diagrams that reveal auxiliary lines step by step reduce split-attention effort
• Stepwise constructive-conflict guidance reduced new idea generation, while the antagonistic agent played a more balanced role - Stepwise constructive-conflict guidance reduced new idea generation, while the antagonistic agent played a more balanced role
• Stepwise formation teaching reduced spelling-checking errors in inattentive children from a mean of 6.4 to 0.2 errors per task - Stepwise formation teaching reduced spelling-checking errors in inattentive children from a mean of 6.4 to 0.2 errors per task
• Stepwise handwriting instruction produced transfer of shape-analysis to new tasks such as Arabic writing, blueprints, and drawings - Stepwise handwriting instruction produced transfer of shape-analysis to new tasks such as Arabic writing, blueprints, and drawings
• Stepwise MCQs, which delay answer options by 4 s, enhance vocabulary retention significantly compared to standard MCQs in three of four experiments, measured days after practice. - Stepwise MCQs, which delay answer options by 4 s, enhance vocabulary retention significantly compared to standard MCQs in three of four experiments, measured days after practice.
• Stepwise-MCQ benefits generalize across translation directions and across both easy-to-guess (noncompetitive) and hard-to-guess (competitive) answer options. - Stepwise-MCQ benefits generalize across translation directions and across both easy-to-guess (noncompetitive) and hard-to-guess (competitive) answer options.
• Stereoscopic display of realistic visualizations may support spatial perception and transfer-oriented learning - Stereoscopic display of realistic visualizations may support spatial perception and transfer-oriented learning
• Stereotype threat compromises the test performance of learners whose group is the target of a negative stereotype - Stereotype threat compromises the test performance of learners whose group is the target of a negative stereotype
• Stereotype threat in collaborative contexts can interfere with working memory and reduce meaningful contribution - Stereotype threat in collaborative contexts can interfere with working memory and reduce meaningful contribution
• Stereotype threat reverses the gender gap in third-grade reading: boys underperform girls under threat but outperform them under reduced threat - Stereotype threat reverses the gender gap in third-grade reading: boys underperform girls under threat but outperform them under reduced threat
• Stevens and Slavin (1995) found statistically significant positive effects of CIRC on CAT Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary subtests, while Jewell (1994) found no statistically significant effects - Stevens and Slavin (1995) found statistically significant positive effects of CIRC on CAT Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary subtests, while Jewell (1994) found no statistically significant effects
• Sticht's Law holds that reading skill cannot exceed listening skill - Sticht's Law holds that reading skill cannot exceed listening skill
• Stigma awareness is associated with higher academic anxiety and lower intrinsic motivation among elementary-age children - Stigma awareness is associated with higher academic anxiety and lower intrinsic motivation among elementary-age children
• Stimming and fidgeting are associated with improved cognitive performance, while suppressing stimming consumes cognitive resources - Stimming and fidgeting are associated with improved cognitive performance, while suppressing stimming consumes cognitive resources
• Stimming and fidgeting increase under high cognitive load and sustained task effort, rather than appearing only during low engagement - Stimming and fidgeting increase under high cognitive load and sustained task effort, rather than appearing only during low engagement
• Stimming can serve as an interactional and communicative resource in collaborative activity, including in academic tasks - Stimming can serve as an interactional and communicative resource in collaborative activity, including in academic tasks
• Stimulated recall provides unique information about hypothesis evaluation and meta-reasoning beyond group verbal interaction - Stimulated recall provides unique information about hypothesis evaluation and meta-reasoning beyond group verbal interaction
• Stimulus and phonemic cues did not notably help adult struggling readers name objects on the BNT - Stimulus and phonemic cues did not notably help adult struggling readers name objects on the BNT
• STM and WM performance is worse in ADHD-C than in ADHD-I, while CE-related performance does not differ between subtypes - STM and WM performance is worse in ADHD-C than in ADHD-I, while CE-related performance does not differ between subtypes
• Stop light colors and the combination visualization each improved memory of uncertainty values compared to no uncertainty visualization - Stop light colors and the combination visualization each improved memory of uncertainty values compared to no uncertainty visualization
• Stopping out was common and associated with non-completion: about 90 percent of CPS graduates who took a semester off did not finish a degree within six years - Stopping out was common and associated with non-completion: about 90 percent of CPS graduates who took a semester off did not finish a degree within six years
• Story Mapping Improves Comprehension
• STORY MINE is rated feasible and acceptable as a supplement to specialized mental health care, with positive user-friendliness ratings - STORY MINE is rated feasible and acceptable as a supplement to specialized mental health care, with positive user-friendliness ratings
• Story-content coherence is the weakest perceived-quality dimension of AI-generated educational interactive fiction in this pilot - Story-content coherence is the weakest perceived-quality dimension of AI-generated educational interactive fiction in this pilot
• Storying is socially and politically non-neutral: it privileges some storylines and silences others - Storying is socially and politically non-neutral: it privileges some storylines and silences others
• Storytelling from work experience serves as a key vehicle of knowledge production and communication in adult classroom quasi-communities - Storytelling from work experience serves as a key vehicle of knowledge production and communication in adult classroom quasi-communities
• Strategic cognitive offloading can support transformative learning only when the offloading decision is intentional - Strategic cognitive offloading can support transformative learning only when the offloading decision is intentional
• Strategic instruction in four learning strategies produced no significantly different reading comprehension gains than typical adult education instruction - Strategic instruction in four learning strategies produced no significantly different reading comprehension gains than typical adult education instruction
• Strategic non-intervention informed by class-level emotional trends coincided with stabilization of students' engagement structures without reorganization - Strategic non-intervention informed by class-level emotional trends coincided with stabilization of students' engagement structures without reorganization
• Strategic pre-task planning enhances learners' fluency in task-based performance - Strategic pre-task planning enhances learners' fluency in task-based performance
• Strategic pre-task planning has a clear positive influence on the complexity of learners' task performance - Strategic pre-task planning has a clear positive influence on the complexity of learners' task performance
• Strategic reflection increases substantially under the SDP constraint (d = 3.40, Δ = +1.80) - Strategic reflection increases substantially under the SDP constraint (d = 3.40, Δ = +1.80)
• Strategic reliance is positively associated with AI literacy, and the reliance types differentiate students across writing process and outcome variables - Strategic reliance is positively associated with AI literacy, and the reliance types differentiate students across writing process and outcome variables
• Strategic staffing freed insufficient funds to sustain $20,000 stipends in some smaller and rural districts - Strategic staffing freed insufficient funds to sustain $20,000 stipends in some smaller and rural districts
• Strategic use of MLs' L1 during decoding instruction was effective: shared letter-sound correspondences did not have to be retaught, and Spanish CVC segmentation instruction increased English decoding - Strategic use of MLs' L1 during decoding instruction was effective: shared letter-sound correspondences did not have to be retaught, and Spanish CVC segmentation instruction increased English decoding
• Strategic users score lowest on standard AI-outcome measures, reflecting instrument validity limits that reward AI-driven outcomes over writing quality - Strategic users score lowest on standard AI-outcome measures, reflecting instrument validity limits that reward AI-driven outcomes over writing quality
• Strategies not linked to a problem behavior's specific context are associated with increases in the occurrence of that behavior - Strategies not linked to a problem behavior's specific context are associated with increases in the occurrence of that behavior
• Strategies that reduce fluency and increase perceived difficulty (e.g., self-testing, spaced practice) often yield superior long-term learning, contrary to student beliefs - Strategies that reduce fluency and increase perceived difficulty (e.g., self-testing, spaced practice) often yield superior long-term learning, contrary to student beliefs
• Strategy effectiveness varied across profiles: main idea selection helped only the ambivalent group and trial-and-error helped only the moderate group - Strategy effectiveness varied across profiles: main idea selection helped only the ambivalent group and trial-and-error helped only the moderate group
• Strategy efficacy beliefs shift toward the strategy a student chooses: choosers of blocked practice raised blocked beliefs and lowered interleaved beliefs, and vice versa - Strategy efficacy beliefs shift toward the strategy a student chooses: choosers of blocked practice raised blocked beliefs and lowered interleaved beliefs, and vice versa
• Strategy guidance in using pause and scrollbar controls yields better immediate comprehension and higher performance efficiency than unguided learner control - Strategy guidance in using pause and scrollbar controls yields better immediate comprehension and higher performance efficiency than unguided learner control
• Strategy guidance yields better delayed recall performance and higher delayed-recall efficiency than continuous presentation - Strategy guidance yields better delayed recall performance and higher delayed-recall efficiency than continuous presentation
• Strategy guidance yields better immediate recall and comprehension and higher efficiency than continuous presentation without learner control - Strategy guidance yields better immediate recall and comprehension and higher efficiency than continuous presentation without learner control
• Strategy Instruction Improves Academic Performance
• Strategy Instruction Improves Learning
• Strategy Instruction Improves Writing Quality
• Strategy Instruction Needs Conditional Knowledge
• Strategy instruction significantly improves the writing of US ELL students (g = 0.36) - Strategy instruction significantly improves the writing of US ELL students (g = 0.36)
• Strategy interrelations: expression and suppression are negatively related, while social support seeking and expression are positively related across emotions - Strategy interrelations: expression and suppression are negatively related, while social support seeking and expression are positively related across emotions
• Strategy perseveration: prior offloading experience biases later offloading choices - Strategy perseveration: prior offloading experience biases later offloading choices
• Strategy prompts strongly increase learners' use of the prompted strategies, and the effect on comprehension is mediated by strategy use - Strategy prompts strongly increase learners' use of the prompted strategies, and the effect on comprehension is mediated by strategy use
• Strategy use showed no significant relationship with problems solved in B2, except writing code as prompt (r = .20), based on only twelve students - Strategy use showed no significant relationship with problems solved in B2, except writing code as prompt (r = .20), based on only twelve students
• Strategy variety for drawing attention was higher in the no-instruction and peer tutoring groups, while frequency was higher in the instruction groups - Strategy variety for drawing attention was higher in the no-instruction and peer tutoring groups, while frequency was higher in the instruction groups
• Strategy-specific effects: time affects self-repetitions and marginally clarification requests; proficiency pairing affects confirmation checks and negative feedback; language affects other-repetitions and negative feedback - Strategy-specific effects: time affects self-repetitions and marginally clarification requests; proficiency pairing affects confirmation checks and negative feedback; language affects other-repetition