Claims: R 3

A 1 · A 2 · A 3 · A 4 · A 5 · A 6 · A 7 · A 8 · B 1 · B 2 · C 1 · C 2 · C 3 · C 4 · C 5 · C 6 · D 1 · D 2 · D 3 · E 1 · E 2 · E 3 · E 4 · F 1 · F 2 · F 3 · G 1 · G 2 · H 1 · H 2 · I 1 · I 2 · I 3 · I 4 · I 5 · J · K · L 1 · L 2 · L 3 · M 1 · M 2 · M 3 · M 4 · N 1 · N 2 · O 1 · O 2 · P 1 · P 2 · P 3 · P 4 · P 5 · Q · R 1 · R 2 · R 3 · S 1 · S 2 · S 3 · S 4 · S 5 · S 6 · S 7 · S 8 · T 1 · T 2 · T 3 · T 4 · T 5 · T 6 · T 7 · T 8 · T 9 · T 10 · U · V · W 1 · W 2 · X · Y · Z · 0-9

Reviewed literature reports risks of overreliance, AI errors in complex tasks, and students' uncritical acceptance of AI-generated outputs - Reviewed literature reports risks of overreliance, AI errors in complex tasks, and students' uncritical acceptance of AI-generated outputs
Reviewed studies identify data privacy, algorithmic bias, unequal access, and epistemic trust as central ethical concerns in educational AI - Reviewed studies identify data privacy, algorithmic bias, unequal access, and epistemic trust as central ethical concerns in educational AI
Reviewed studies indicate AI predictive analytics can project student progress, group learners by risk, and enable early intervention - Reviewed studies indicate AI predictive analytics can project student progress, group learners by risk, and enable early intervention
Reviewed studies indicate AI-enabled personalization benefits both academic performance and student motivation - Reviewed studies indicate AI-enabled personalization benefits both academic performance and student motivation
Reviewed studies report experiential learning benefits for engagement, skills, confidence and outcomes in human services education - Reviewed studies report experiential learning benefits for engagement, skills, confidence and outcomes in human services education
Reviewed studies reported good algorithm accuracy and efficiency for AI in STEM, with performance varying by algorithm and granularity - Reviewed studies reported good algorithm accuracy and efficiency for AI in STEM, with performance varying by algorithm and granularity
Reviewer free-text comments identified synthetic voice, slide–narration reveal timing, and slide layout as the main remaining quality issues - Reviewer free-text comments identified synthetic voice, slide–narration reveal timing, and slide layout as the main remaining quality issues
Reviews citing one randomised trial (Bastani et al. 2025) report that unrestricted GPT-4 access in high-school mathematics raised assisted practice performance but left students worse off after withdrawal - Reviews citing one randomised trial (Bastani et al. 2025) report that unrestricted GPT-4 access in high-school mathematics raised assisted practice performance but left students worse off after withdr
Reviews of classroom studies, read from their abstracts, associate longer teacher wait time with longer, higher-cognitive-level student responses, with no effect size recorded
Reviews of cognitive conflict interventions find benefits that are typically smaller than expected, with no measurable benefit in the majority of studies. - Reviews of cognitive conflict interventions find benefits that are typically smaller than expected, with no measurable benefit in the majority of studies.
Reviews of teachers' beliefs about autistic children reach contradictory conclusions, with one finding neutral-to-negative attitudes and others finding positive attitudes accompanied by major concerns - Reviews of teachers' beliefs about autistic children reach contradictory conclusions, with one finding neutral-to-negative attitudes and others finding positive attitudes accompanied by major concerns
Reviews report that the split-attention benefit for novices reverses into a redundancy effect for more experienced learners: Kalyuga et al. (2003) cite Kalyuga et al. (1998) and Yeung et al. (1998), and Ginns (2006) cites Kalyuga et al. (1998) - Reviews report that the split-attention benefit for novices reverses into a redundancy effect for more experienced learners, citing Kalyuga et al. (1998) and Yeung et al. (1998)
Revised post-teaching prompts (RPTAA) advanced candidates' capacity for more sophisticated analysis compared with the original prompts (PTAA) - Revised post-teaching prompts (RPTAA) advanced candidates' capacity for more sophisticated analysis compared with the original prompts (PTAA)
Revised visuals reduce cognitive load while reading lesson text for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students - Revised visuals reduce cognitive load while reading lesson text for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students
Revised visuals reduce cognitive processing of lesson text for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students - Revised visuals reduce cognitive processing of lesson text for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students
Revised visuals reduce cognitive processing of math-relevant visuals for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students - Revised visuals reduce cognitive processing of math-relevant visuals for low prior knowledge students but increase it for middle prior knowledge students
Revising texts to improve readability-formula scores often produces nonexistent or insignificant comprehension gains - Revising texts to improve readability-formula scores often produces nonexistent or insignificant comprehension gains
Revising the feedback prompt toward essay-grounded guidance was associated with more specific feedback in an observational before–after comparison - Revising the feedback prompt toward essay-grounded guidance was associated with more specific feedback in an observational before–after comparison
Revising the rubric to operationalize pedagogical constructs raises human–machine agreement for openness and depth - Revising the rubric to operationalize pedagogical constructs raises human–machine agreement for openness and depth
Revision after chatbot feedback predominantly results in successful uptake, indicating effective error correction - Revision after chatbot feedback predominantly results in successful uptake, indicating effective error correction
Revision conditions offering more reader insight produced contrasting benefits for young writers' descriptive revision - Revision conditions offering more reader insight produced contrasting benefits for young writers' descriptive revision
Revision-driven increases in appraisal resources are driven by Attitude and Graduation, while Engagement frequency remains stable across draft types - Revision-driven increases in appraisal resources are driven by Attitude and Graduation, while Engagement frequency remains stable across draft types
Revisions made no reliable difference to total time spent with the lesson - Revisions made no reliable difference to total time spent with the lesson
Revisions to visuals had no effect on post-lesson test scores, though prior knowledge predicted performance - Revisions to visuals had no effect on post-lesson test scores, though prior knowledge predicted performance
Revisiting grade 8 algebra placement with grade 7 math CST scores does not necessarily yield more accurate placement outcomes, because predictions from different assessments largely overlap - Revisiting grade 8 algebra placement with grade 7 math CST scores does not necessarily yield more accurate placement outcomes, because predictions from different assessments largely overlap
Reward does not alter the speed or variability of response execution in either stop signal task - Reward does not alter the speed or variability of response execution in either stop signal task
Reward effects hold across individual creativity tasks, with immediate reward significant on all four tasks and delayed reward on three - Reward effects hold across individual creativity tasks, with immediate reward significant on all four tasks and delayed reward on three
Reward improves the speed of inhibitory control (SSRT) in both cancellation and restraint tasks in children and adolescents - Reward improves the speed of inhibitory control (SSRT) in both cancellation and restraint tasks in children and adolescents
Reward prediction error: achieving less than expected causes a dopamine dip below baseline that discourages future effort, while external reward surges are followed by compensatory dips - Reward prediction error: achieving less than expected causes a dopamine dip below baseline that discourages future effort, while external reward surges are followed by compensatory dips
Reward prediction errors are positively correlated with putamen, vmPFC, amygdala and posterior cingulate and anticorrelated with aIns, dmPFC and dlPFC - Reward prediction errors are positively correlated with putamen, vmPFC, amygdala and posterior cingulate and anticorrelated with aIns, dmPFC and dlPFC
Reward techniques show positive meta-analytic effects for gamification and personalization, but perceptual fluency did not directly affect learning outcomes - Reward techniques show positive meta-analytic effects for gamification and personalization, but perceptual fluency did not directly affect learning outcomes
Rewarded SFT produces the most stable outputs among the SFT designs, nearly free of hallucinations and story-irrelevant material - Rewarded SFT produces the most stable outputs among the SFT designs, nearly free of hallucinations and story-irrelevant material
Rewarding only 'good' ideas in a final task produced no incentive effect, but this condition was confounded and excluded from the main analysis - Rewarding only 'good' ideas in a final task produced no incentive effect, but this condition was confounded and excluded from the main analysis
Rewards cause people to lose interest in whatever they were rewarded for doing, undermining intrinsic motivation - Rewards cause people to lose interest in whatever they were rewarded for doing, undermining intrinsic motivation
Rewards combined with feedback temporarily boosted reading performance, especially for struggling readers, with variable long-term effects - Rewards combined with feedback temporarily boosted reading performance, especially for struggling readers, with variable long-term effects
Rewriting after noticing gaps and comparing to models produced modified output that solved more lexical gaps than grammatical problems - Rewriting after noticing gaps and comparing to models produced modified output that solved more lexical gaps than grammatical problems
Rewriting MATHia word problems for struggling readers, by human experts or LLMs, sped completion by 30% and improved mastery rate - Rewriting MATHia word problems for struggling readers, by human experts or LLMs, sped completion by 30% and improved mastery rate
Rhyme sensitivity plays a limited role in Spanish reading development and does not reliably distinguish stronger from weaker readers beyond early stages - Rhyme sensitivity plays a limited role in Spanish reading development and does not reliably distinguish stronger from weaker readers beyond early stages
Rhythm training did not improve non-linguistic rhythm perception in any group - Rhythm training did not improve non-linguistic rhythm perception in any group
Rhythm training for children with reading difficulties may improve novel-word reading but should be done separately from phonological awareness training - Rhythm training for children with reading difficulties may improve novel-word reading but should be done separately from phonological awareness training
RI-CLPM on simulated PALMA-like data shows positive reciprocal cross-lagged effects between within-individual math achievement and self-concept - RI-CLPM on simulated PALMA-like data shows positive reciprocal cross-lagged effects between within-individual math achievement and self-concept
RI-CLPM random-intercept correlations between grades and emotions (median |r| = 0.46) were stronger than the undecomposed CLPM correlations (median |0.34|) - RI-CLPM random-intercept correlations between grades and emotions (median |r| = 0.46) were stronger than the undecomposed CLPM correlations (median |0.34|)
RI-CLPMs control unmeasured time-invariant covariates better than CLPMs, but neither controls unmeasured time-varying covariates well - RI-CLPMs control unmeasured time-invariant covariates better than CLPMs, but neither controls unmeasured time-varying covariates well
RIDE communication instruction and RIDE plus CHT both increase team regulation relative to no support - RIDE communication instruction and RIDE plus CHT both increase team regulation relative to no support
RIDE instruction increases some transformative discovery activities and overall regulative discovery activity, with effects limited to specific activities - RIDE instruction increases some transformative discovery activities and overall regulative discovery activity, with effects limited to specific activities
RIDE instruction leads to more frequent use of the communicative activities associated with the Deciding together and Encouraging rules - RIDE instruction leads to more frequent use of the communicative activities associated with the Deciding together and Encouraging rules
RIDE instruction shows no direct effect on discovery learning results (SWLE or domain knowledge posttest) - RIDE instruction shows no direct effect on discovery learning results (SWLE or domain knowledge posttest)
RIDE-instructed dyads more often use elicitative, responsive, confirmation/acceptance, and asking-for-action communicative activities - RIDE-instructed dyads more often use elicitative, responsive, confirmation/acceptance, and asking-for-action communicative activities
Rigorous investigation of GenAI's actual educational and cognitive effects remains limited despite increasing integration into learning environments - Rigorous investigation of GenAI's actual educational and cognitive effects remains limited despite increasing integration into learning environments
Rising honors course-taking was due primarily to better-prepared students, with only small adjusted gains - Rising honors course-taking was due primarily to better-prepared students, with only small adjusted gains
Rising ninth-grade on-track rates did not negatively affect schools' average ACT scores - Rising ninth-grade on-track rates did not negatively affect schools' average ACT scores
Rising survey cooperation among homeschooling families may mean pre-2012 NHES estimates undercounted homeschoolers and overstated the growth rate - Rising survey cooperation among homeschooling families may mean pre-2012 NHES estimates undercounted homeschoolers and overstated the growth rate
Risk aversion plays a significant role in teachers' GenAI adoption decisions - Risk aversion plays a significant role in teachers' GenAI adoption decisions
Risk category explains the largest share of variation in educational attack success, far more than LLM usage context or curriculum topic - Risk category explains the largest share of variation in educational attack success, far more than LLM usage context or curriculum topic
Risk identification varies by grade and student group: kindergarten and grade 3 students were less often at risk than grades 1–2, and economically disadvantaged, English learner, Hispanic, Black, and special education students were more often identified at risk - Risk identification varies by grade and student group: kindergarten and grade 3 students were less often at risk than grades 1–2, and economically disadvantaged, English learner, Hispanic, Black, and
Risk indices are positively inter-correlated, and cumulative risk correlates more strongly with outcomes than any single risk factor - Risk indices are positively inter-correlated, and cumulative risk correlates more strongly with outcomes than any single risk factor
Risk of bias among included studies was mixed, with Newcastle–Ottawa ratings ranging from 3 to 9 and high inter-rater agreement - Risk of bias among included studies was mixed, with Newcastle–Ottawa ratings ranging from 3 to 9 and high inter-rater agreement
Risk of bias did not significantly affect effect sizes in the intervention studies, though six of ten had moderate and four serious overall bias - Risk of bias did not significantly affect effect sizes in the intervention studies, though six of ten had moderate and four serious overall bias
Risk of dropout is especially high when an adolescent's network includes more than one type of same-age intimate who recently dropped out - Risk of dropout is especially high when an adolescent's network includes more than one type of same-age intimate who recently dropped out
Risk perception is positively but more weakly associated with acceptance outcomes for AI-assisted English learning, with cautious interpretation warranted - Risk perception is positively but more weakly associated with acceptance outcomes for AI-assisted English learning, with cautious interpretation warranted
Risk status is largely stable within the year, but 40 percent of students at risk at beginning of year met benchmark by end of year, and students on track by middle of year were significantly more likely to meet the end-of-year benchmark - Risk status is largely stable within the year, but 40 percent of students at risk at beginning of year met benchmark by end of year, and students on track by middle of year were significantly more lik
Risk status tends to persist: 75 percent of students significantly below benchmark at BOY remained so at EOY, and earlier grades showed lower year-to-year persistence - Risk status tends to persist: 75 percent of students significantly below benchmark at BOY remained so at EOY, and earlier grades showed lower year-to-year persistence
Rizal Experiment showed literacy achieved more quickly in local and national languages but finding glossed over - Rizal Experiment showed literacy achieved more quickly in local and national languages but finding glossed over
RJ implementation is associated with improved attendance, including lower chronic absenteeism relative to non-RJ schools - RJ implementation is associated with improved attendance, including lower chronic absenteeism relative to non-RJ schools
RJ serves a preventative purpose by building students' social and emotional skills, not only responding to offenses - RJ serves a preventative purpose by building students' social and emotional skills, not only responding to offenses
RJ-based responses to bullying may help, but require trained adult facilitators and may leave victims uncomfortable facing bullies - RJ-based responses to bullying may help, but require trained adult facilitators and may leave victims uncomfortable facing bullies
RL training reduces missed red flag rates by approximately one third under adversarial conditions, mitigating premature closure - RL training reduces missed red flag rates by approximately one third under adversarial conditions, mitigating premature closure
RL-based educational applications concentrate on STEM subjects (n = 39 of 62 papers specifying a subject) and on college/higher-education learners (n = 30), with 36 papers not specifying a target group - RL-based educational applications concentrate on STEM subjects (n = 39 of 62 papers specifying a subject) and on college/higher-education learners (n = 30), with 36 papers not specifying a target grou
RLHF rapidly shapes model outputs toward rater-endorsed norms, improving surface compliance while leaving principle-level generalization unresolved - RLHF rapidly shapes model outputs toward rater-endorsed norms, improving surface compliance while leaving principle-level generalization unresolved
RLMM runtime stays within approximately 15–20 seconds across the four peg-solitaire boards while MDP-MM runtime grows with task complexity, reaching a 19.1× speedup on the diamond board - RLMM runtime stays within approximately 15–20 seconds across the four peg-solitaire boards while MDP-MM runtime grows with task complexity, reaching a 19.1× speedup on the diamond board
RM-CC5 treatment teachers shifted toward one-on-one instruction with individual students, while control teachers led more whole-group and small-group instruction - RM-CC5 treatment teachers shifted toward one-on-one instruction with individual students, while control teachers led more whole-group and small-group instruction
RM-CC5 usage metrics correlated positively with achievement, and together accounted for an additional 7.3% of variance in Grade 5 scores beyond prior achievement, though causality and relative contributions could not be inferred - RM-CC5 usage metrics correlated positively with achievement, and together accounted for an additional 7.3% of variance in Grade 5 scores beyond prior achievement, though causality and relative contrib
RMPW decomposes total effects into natural direct and indirect effects, with the indirect effect further split into a pure indirect effect and a natural treatment-by-mediator interaction effect - RMPW decomposes total effects into natural direct and indirect effects, with the indirect effect further split into a pure indirect effect and a natural treatment-by-mediator interaction effect
RMPW was applied to test whether employment mediated the effect of an experimental welfare-to-work program on maternal depression - RMPW was applied to test whether employment mediated the effect of an experimental welfare-to-work program on maternal depression
Roads to Success was evaluated as part of an associated project running 2007-2009 - Roads to Success was evaluated as part of an associated project running 2007-2009
Robertson argues local conditions prevent general conclusions about training-school effects and calls for further investigation - Robertson argues local conditions prevent general conclusions about training-school effects and calls for further investigation
Robot adaptiveness effects on human autonomy are mixed: autonomy-supportive behaviours and as-needed assistance help, but mere choice or high interactivity may not - Robot adaptiveness effects on human autonomy are mixed: autonomy-supportive behaviours and as-needed assistance help, but mere choice or high interactivity may not
Robot appearance showed no meaningful effect on trust: pairwise robot differences did not reach significance after Bonferroni adjustment - Robot appearance showed no meaningful effect on trust: pairwise robot differences did not reach significance after Bonferroni adjustment
Robot communication cues affect sense of agency: predicted-path display and averted gaze reduce it, direct gaze raises it, and facial expression shows no effect - Robot communication cues affect sense of agency: predicted-path display and averted gaze reduce it, direct gaze raises it, and facial expression shows no effect
Robot embodiment changes verification and debugging: learners treat robot execution as perceptual evidence for hypothesis-driven revisions, while AI-Only learners rely on generic help-seeking - Robot embodiment changes verification and debugging: learners treat robot execution as perceptual evidence for hypothesis-driven revisions, while AI-Only learners rely on generic help-seeking
Robot exposure affects human autonomy and sense of agency, but no general conclusion about the direction of the effect can be drawn - Robot exposure affects human autonomy and sense of agency, but no general conclusion about the direction of the effect can be drawn
Robot-assisted language learning is a rapidly developing field with increasing implementation of robots as language tutors - Robot-assisted language learning is a rapidly developing field with increasing implementation of robots as language tutors
Robot-assisted storytelling produces statistically significant pre-post improvement in behavioural engagement, while paper and PPT groups' gains are not statistically significant - Robot-assisted storytelling produces statistically significant pre-post improvement in behavioural engagement, while paper and PPT groups' gains are not statistically significant
Robot-assisted storytelling produces statistically significant pre-post improvement in cognitive engagement, while paper and PPT groups' gains are not statistically significant - Robot-assisted storytelling produces statistically significant pre-post improvement in cognitive engagement, while paper and PPT groups' gains are not statistically significant
Robotic projected AI assistance yields 60% higher short-term learning transfer than screen-based ChatGPT once assistance is withdrawn - Robotic projected AI assistance yields 60% higher short-term learning transfer than screen-based ChatGPT once assistance is withdrawn
Robotics systems skill levels do not differ between GBL and gamified studies - Robotics systems skill levels do not differ between GBL and gamified studies
Robust RCTs of school breakfast programs failed to find behavioral benefits, with low and variable attendance and a shift from at-home to at-school consumption limiting impact - Robust RCTs of school breakfast programs failed to find behavioral benefits, with low and variable attendance and a shift from at-home to at-school consumption limiting impact
Robust RDD methods protect against model misspecification but require much larger sample sizes to detect small effects - Robust RDD methods protect against model misspecification but require much larger sample sizes to detect small effects
Robust Z procedure flagged between 4.2% and 6.9% of MAP Growth items as unstable across subjects - Robust Z procedure flagged between 4.2% and 6.9% of MAP Growth items as unstable across subjects
Robustness checks with fixed-effect and first-difference models reproduce the three-way interaction; continuous-time growth curve modelling does not - Robustness checks with fixed-effect and first-difference models reproduce the three-way interaction; continuous-time growth curve modelling does not
Robustness of the lockdown-civic outcome associations varies by outcome, with legal protest and trust/closure results most consistent - Robustness of the lockdown-civic outcome associations varies by outcome, with legal protest and trust/closure results most consistent
Role ambiguity for a Black-accented agent destabilized trust, culminating in breakdown after the agent inaccurately tracked group decisions - Role ambiguity for a Black-accented agent destabilized trust, culminating in breakdown after the agent inaccurately tracked group decisions
Role design facilitates transitions among higher-order collaborative behaviors in human-GAI collaboration - Role design facilitates transitions among higher-order collaborative behaviors in human-GAI collaboration
Role design improves learners' perceived usefulness and ease of use of GAI, but moderately increases collaborative cognitive load - Role design improves learners' perceived usefulness and ease of use of GAI, but moderately increases collaborative cognitive load
Role expectations for a group-facing AI agent are anchored in early encounters rather than renegotiated throughout collaboration - Role expectations for a group-facing AI agent are anchored in early encounters rather than renegotiated throughout collaboration
Role framing shifts toward non-use in team contexts, with non-use more than doubling - Role framing shifts toward non-use in team contexts, with non-use more than doubling
Role identity formation is a self-organizing process in which the system strives toward coherence, moving from repellor states toward attractor states - Role identity formation is a self-organizing process in which the system strives toward coherence, moving from repellor states toward attractor states
Role identity structure is a fractal-like nested hierarchy whose elements relate through accord or tension - Role identity structure is a fractal-like nested hierarchy whose elements relate through accord or tension
Role metaphors positioned GenAI as helper, learning partner, and friend/foe, with a high proportion combining friend and foe - Role metaphors positioned GenAI as helper, learning partner, and friend/foe, with a high proportion combining friend and foe
Role models and aging-challenge management appear among the wisdom-years participants' strategies for sustained productivity - Role models and aging-challenge management appear among the wisdom-years participants' strategies for sustained productivity
Role rotation created opportunities for perspective-taking and collaborative accountability, but also produced difficulty adapting to unfamiliar roles and uneven participation - Role rotation created opportunities for perspective-taking and collaborative accountability, but also produced difficulty adapting to unfamiliar roles and uneven participation
Role-based information asymmetry with infrared beaming encourages cross-team information exchange and collaborative discussion - Role-based information asymmetry with infrared beaming encourages cross-team information exchange and collaborative discussion
Role-playing in a ship simulator constitutes an activity context whose ephemeral resources can collapse - Role-playing in a ship simulator constitutes an activity context whose ephemeral resources can collapse
Role-playing learners report weaker experiences with GPT-4o than with LearnLM, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet - Role-playing learners report weaker experiences with GPT-4o than with LearnLM, Gemini 1.5 Pro, and Claude 3.5 Sonnet
Role-playing participants prefer LearnLM over GPT-4o but express no substantial preference versus Gemini 1.5 Pro or Claude 3.5 Sonnet - Role-playing participants prefer LearnLM over GPT-4o but express no substantial preference versus Gemini 1.5 Pro or Claude 3.5 Sonnet
Role-plays and ensuing discussions fostered bullying vocabulary, knowledge, metacognition and empathy that the authors credit for the reduction - Role-plays and ensuing discussions fostered bullying vocabulary, knowledge, metacognition and empathy that the authors credit for the reduction
Role-script support (TAU) during generation led university relearning students to outperform direct instruction in all weeks but the first - Role-script support (TAU) during generation led university relearning students to outperform direct instruction in all weeks but the first
Root argues that no current tests measure the real basis of superior intelligence, which he holds consists of ability to suspend judgment, freedom from suggestibility, and a critical attitude - Root argues that no current tests measure the real basis of superior intelligence, which he holds consists of ability to suspend judgment, freedom from suggestibility, and a critical attitude
Root's case histories characterize the superior child as having a good home and superior parents - Root's case histories characterize the superior child as having a good home and superior parents
Rootless Podman isolation maintained containment with no observed privilege escalation or cross-identity contamination under classroom load - Rootless Podman isolation maintained containment with no observed privilege escalation or cross-identity contamination under classroom load
Roswell's University High cut suspensions from 274 to 61 and raised graduation nearly 20 percentage points; substance abuse infractions dropped 80% at both Roswell community schools - Roswell's University High cut suspensions from 274 to 61 and raised graduation nearly 20 percentage points; substance abuse infractions dropped 80% at both Roswell community schools
Rothstein (2010) found that standard VAMs imply implausible future-teacher effects on past student achievement - Rothstein (2010) found that standard VAMs imply implausible future-teacher effects on past student achievement
Roughly 30 percent of U.S. students (15 to 16 million) lacked adequate internet or device access in late 2020, with rural, Native American, Black, and Latino students disproportionately affected - Roughly 30 percent of U.S.
Roughly 30% of U.S. k-12 students lacked high-speed internet or adequate devices for digital learning at home before the pandemic, with disparities by income and race - Roughly 30% of U.S.
Roughly eight in ten of the public, parents, and teachers perceive a great deal or good amount of learner variability across students and across school subjects - Roughly eight in ten of the public, parents, and teachers perceive a great deal or good amount of learner variability across students and across school subjects
Roughly half of co-design participants completed LER technology onboarding within an allotted 15–20 minute window - Roughly half of co-design participants completed LER technology onboarding within an allotted 15–20 minute window
Round II raised exact question-part agreement from about 63% to about 70% and cut parts differing by more than one point from about 13% to 7%, while exact partial-credit scoring remained hardest - Round II raised exact question-part agreement from about 63% to about 70% and cut parts differing by more than one point from about 13% to 7%, while exact partial-credit scoring remained hardest
Routine post-acquisition verification of HU values is uncommon and knowledge of positioning effects on CT numbers is inconsistent - Routine post-acquisition verification of HU values is uncommon and knowledge of positioning effects on CT numbers is inconsistent
Roxana Moreno was ranked among the top 20 most productive educational psychologists worldwide for both 1991–2002 and 2003–2008 - Roxana Moreno was ranked among the top 20 most productive educational psychologists worldwide for both 1991–2002 and 2003–2008
Rozbudowane cykle ekspansywne składają się z miniaturowych cykli innowacyjnego uczenia się, które są potencjalnie, ale nie automatycznie, ekspansywne - Rozbudowane cykle ekspansywne składają się z miniaturowych cykli innowacyjnego uczenia się, które są potencjalnie, ale nie automatycznie, ekspansywne
RPLA failures are temporally distributed: ethical violations are rare in the first three turns and become significantly more frequent after turn 6 - RPLA failures are temporally distributed: ethical violations are rare in the first three turns and become significantly more frequent after turn 6
RPP workshops on concrete equity mechanisms influenced instructor practice within one term - RPP workshops on concrete equity mechanisms influenced instructor practice within one term
RRRP scores were fairly stable across fall to spring in third grade, with a slight decrease in Part 1 and no change in Part 2 - RRRP scores were fairly stable across fall to spring in third grade, with a slight decrease in Part 1 and no change in Part 2
RT propensity shows no reliable main effect on learning rate, while prior proficiency is positively associated with learning rate - RT propensity shows no reliable main effect on learning rate, while prior proficiency is positively associated with learning rate
RTE is limited to selected-response items that must be answered before advancing - RTE is limited to selected-response items that must be answered before advancing
RTE provides an assessment of test-taking effort down to the level of individual item responses - RTE provides an assessment of test-taking effort down to the level of individual item responses
rTMS of right IFJ causally reduces top-down modulation during encoding and working memory accuracy - rTMS of right IFJ causally reduces top-down modulation during encoding and working memory accuracy
RTPJ selectivity correlates with behavioral ToM task performance across blind and sighted children combined - RTPJ selectivity correlates with behavioral ToM task performance across blind and sighted children combined
RTPJ selectivity for mental state content does not differ between blind and sighted children - RTPJ selectivity for mental state content does not differ between blind and sighted children
Rubric dimensions were revised in 2023 to sharpen argumentation, contextualization, and Level 1 descriptions - Rubric dimensions were revised in 2023 to sharpen argumentation, contextualization, and Level 1 descriptions
Rubric performance level order shapes visual reading patterns—students attend most to the level presented first—but does not affect verbal references or performance - Rubric performance level order shapes visual reading patterns—students attend most to the level presented first—but does not affect verbal references or performance
Rubric scoring supports answering diagnostic questions about opportunities for and evidence of historical thinking - Rubric scoring supports answering diagnostic questions about opportunities for and evidence of historical thinking
Rubric use has a small positive effect on students' self-efficacy (g = 0.18), based on only four studies - Rubric use has a small positive effect on students' self-efficacy (g = 0.18), based on only four studies
Rubric use has a small, statistically non-significant pooled effect on self-regulated learning (g = 0.23) - Rubric use has a small, statistically non-significant pooled effect on self-regulated learning (g = 0.23)
Rubric-based AI feedback allowed teachers to scaffold learning while reducing their workload, per the authors' interpretation - Rubric-based AI feedback allowed teachers to scaffold learning while reducing their workload, per the authors' interpretation
Rubric-based assessment showed substantial to almost-perfect inter-rater reliability across all three time points - Rubric-based assessment showed substantial to almost-perfect inter-rater reliability across all three time points
Rubric-based feedback specifically increases PL4-to-task gaze transitions, which predict subsequent task performance - Rubric-based feedback specifically increases PL4-to-task gaze transitions, which predict subsequent task performance
Rubric-enhanced prompting (Variant 2) raises LLM assigned scores relative to the no-rubric baseline, with model-specific gaps at particular taxonomy levels - Rubric-enhanced prompting (Variant 2) raises LLM assigned scores relative to the no-rubric baseline, with model-specific gaps at particular taxonomy levels
Rubric-grounded prompting alone provides limited proficiency control, aligning far better on content-oriented traits than on form-oriented traits - Rubric-grounded prompting alone provides limited proficiency control, aligning far better on content-oriented traits than on form-oriented traits
Rubrics and training were the most frequently implemented presentation modes of online peer feedback - Rubrics and training were the most frequently implemented presentation modes of online peer feedback
Rubrics with parallel sentence structure, unambiguous wording and well-specified dimensions have lower grading variance, and revising rubrics decreased median grading error from 12.4% to 9.9% - Rubrics with parallel sentence structure, unambiguous wording and well-specified dimensions have lower grading variance, and revising rubrics decreased median grading error from 12.4% to 9.9%
Rule learners report higher confidence in their described rules than non-learners, but confidence does not differ within flexibility groups - Rule learners report higher confidence in their described rules than non-learners, but confidence does not differ within flexibility groups
Rule Space successfully classified most examinees in architecture, with solve attributes the most powerful and check attributes the least powerful - Rule Space successfully classified most examinees in architecture, with solve attributes the most powerful and check attributes the least powerful
Rule-triggered pedagogical agents increased SRL activities and learning outcomes relative to untriggered agents - Rule-triggered pedagogical agents increased SRL activities and learning outcomes relative to untriggered agents
Running the Socrates playground and grader incurred low cost, with even gpt-4o consuming only $169.90 - Running the Socrates playground and grader incurred low cost, with even gpt-4o consuming only $169.90
Runtime GenUI adaptation is too late, too costly, and accuracy-risky to be equitable at scale for learners needing non-default representations - Runtime GenUI adaptation is too late, too costly, and accuracy-risky to be equitable at scale for learners needing non-default representations
Rural and less populous California counties have higher proportions of ever-EL students designated as LTEL7, despite lower absolute numbers - Rural and less populous California counties have higher proportions of ever-EL students designated as LTEL7, despite lower absolute numbers
Rural and urban TECTA participants showed no statistically significant differences in credential attainment or time to completion - Rural and urban TECTA participants showed no statistically significant differences in credential attainment or time to completion
Rural Idaho charter students outperform their TPS VCRs while urban, suburban and town charter students perform similarly - Rural Idaho charter students outperform their TPS VCRs while urban, suburban and town charter students perform similarly
Rural Nebraska districts' middle school CTE offerings are limited by teacher availability, with one CTE teacher often covering both middle grade and high school courses - Rural Nebraska districts' middle school CTE offerings are limited by teacher availability, with one CTE teacher often covering both middle grade and high school courses
Rural school settings' distance from urban areas and long commutes can exacerbate the challenges struggling rural schools face - Rural school settings' distance from urban areas and long commutes can exacerbate the challenges struggling rural schools face
Rural schools were far more likely than nonrural schools to offer Project On-Track tutoring during school only - Rural schools were far more likely than nonrural schools to offer Project On-Track tutoring during school only
Rural SIG schools perceived transportation access and home-school distance as location-related barriers to parent involvement - Rural SIG schools perceived transportation access and home-school distance as location-related barriers to parent involvement
Rural SIG schools reported additional challenges from remote locations and large catchment areas beyond those reported by nonrural SIG schools - Rural SIG schools reported additional challenges from remote locations and large catchment areas beyond those reported by nonrural SIG schools
Rural SIG schools were more likely than nonrural SIG schools to adopt the transformation model (95 versus 74 percent) - Rural SIG schools were more likely than nonrural SIG schools to adopt the transformation model (95 versus 74 percent)
Rural students are characterized as a substantially sized but overlooked group, comprising about 20 percent of the national student population - Rural students are characterized as a substantially sized but overlooked group, comprising about 20 percent of the national student population
Rural students in the 2nd baseline achievement quartile significantly outperformed their comparison peers by 1.53 points - Rural students in the 2nd baseline achievement quartile significantly outperformed their comparison peers by 1.53 points
Rural students overall did not show a significant effect, but low-performing rural students did - Rural students overall did not show a significant effect, but low-performing rural students did
Rural students start kindergarten slightly ahead of nonrural students but fall behind by middle school - Rural students start kindergarten slightly ahead of nonrural students but fall behind by middle school
Rural students' math and reading achievement can be characterized nationally using data from over 2,300 rural schools - Rural students' math and reading achievement can be characterized nationally using data from over 2,300 rural schools
Rural TECTA participants faced distinct barriers including travel burden, limited stipends, inconvenient class timing, technology access, and unclear registration - Rural TECTA participants faced distinct barriers including travel burden, limited stipends, inconvenient class timing, technology access, and unclear registration
Rural Utah districts had a higher proportion of economically disadvantaged students and students with disabilities, while non-rural districts had a higher proportion of English learners, from 2012 to 2017 - Rural Utah districts had a higher proportion of economically disadvantaged students and students with disabilities, while non-rural districts had a higher proportion of English learners, from 2012 to
Rural Utah districts had smaller average class sizes and student-to-teacher ratios, but far fewer unique advanced courses per secondary school, than non-rural districts from 2012 to 2017 - Rural Utah districts had smaller average class sizes and student-to-teacher ratios, but far fewer unique advanced courses per secondary school, than non-rural districts from 2012 to 2017
Rural youth report less access to internship opportunities than urban peers (38% vs. 55%) - Rural youth report less access to internship opportunities than urban peers (38% vs.